SMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


v 


/ 


/ 


O 


u.. 


% 


s 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


i^  1^    III  2.2 
lAO     12.0 


1.8 


u  mil  1.6 


m 


V. 


>> 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


93  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 
WliSTMN  Y    14510 


■^ 


I/. 


^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


\ 


\ 


\nir 


^^ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


□    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


D 


D 


D 


D 


Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


I I    Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculde 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Coloured  "naps/ 
Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 

□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


D 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Rali^  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  lo  long  de  la  marge  intArieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  ae  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  dune  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  Hi  fiim^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagi^es 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe( 
Pages  ddcolor^es.  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tach^es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 


0  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

rri  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

r~n  Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuiilet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc..  ont  it^  fiim^es  d  nouveau  de  facon  6 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  da  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

22X 


10X 


14X 


18X 


26X 


30X 


^ 

12X 


lex 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  fllmd  fut  reprcduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  Iteeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  f;lm6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — •►  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaTtra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  Ee  symbole  ^^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grar>d  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gaucho  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

^! 


THE 


Catholic  Church 


at 


COLONIAL   DAYS: 


THE    THIRTEEN    COLONIES-THE    OTTAWA    AND    ILLINOIS 

COUNTRY-LOUISIANA-FLORIDA-TEXAS-NEW 
MEXICO  AND  ARIZONA. 


1521-1763. 


tt'/rf/  PORTRAITS,   VIFAVS,  MAPS,  AND  FACSIMILES. 


BY 


JOHN   GILMARY    SHEA. 


NEW   YORK: 

JOHN    G.    SHEA. 

1886. 


.i. 


COPYRIGHT,   1886,   BT 
JOHN    GILMARY    SHEA. 


Th,  Ulmtratiomt  in  thh  work  are  cofyrigkuj,  and  reproduction  ij  forbidden. 


BDWARD  o.  JENKINS*  SONS, 

Print trt  and  Electrotyferf, 

ao  North  William  St.,  New  York. 


!,. 


TO  THE  PATRONS 

His  Eminence,  John  Cardinal  McCloskey;  His  Eminence, 
James  Cardinal  Gibbons;  their  Graces,  the  Most  Rev  M  a' 
CoRRiGAN,  D.D. ;  John  J.  Wiluams,  D.D.  ;  Patrick  J  Ryan 
D.D.;  William  H.  Elder,  D.D.;  The  Rt.  Revs.  John  Louoh- 

LIN,  D.D.  ;   WINAND  M.   WiGGER,   D.D.  ;  B.   J.   McQuAID    D  D   • 

John  Conroy,  D.D.;  John  Ireland,  D.D.;  John  L.  SpIlding' 
D.D.;  James  Augustine  Healy,  D.D.;  P.  T.  O'Reilly  DD  • 
Richard  Giljiour,  D.D.;   Stephen  V.  Ryan,  D.D.;  Henry 
CosGROVE,  D.D.;  T.  F.  Hendricken,  D.D.;  M.  J.  O'Farrell 
D.D.;    John   J.    Keane,    D.D.;   Denis   M.    Bradley     DD- 
Boniface  Wimmer,  D.D.;  Rt.  Rev.  Mors.  Wm.  Quinn-  T   s' 
Preston;  John  M.  Farley;  James  A.  Corcoran;  Very  Revs. 
I.  T.  Hecker;  Michael  D.  Lilly,  O.P.  ;  Robert  Fulton,  S  J.- 
Taos. Stefanini,  C.P.;  Revs.  A.  J.  Donnelly;  P.  McSw'eeny,' 
D.D.;  R.  L.  Burtsell,  D.D. ;  John  Edwards;  C.  McCready'; 
James  H.  McGean;   J.  J.  Dougherty;  "W.  Everett;  Thomas 
S.  Lee;  J.  B.  Salter;  J.  F.  Kearney;  J.  J.  Hughes;  Thomas 
Taaffe;  Charles  P.  O'Connor,  D.D.;  P.  Corrigan;  William 
McDonald;   Patrick  Hennessey;   Laurence  Morris;   John 
McKenna;  M.  J.  Brophy;  St.  Joseph's  Seminary,  Troy;  St, 
John's  College,  Fordham;  The  Congregation  of  the  Most 
Holy  Redeemer,   New  York;   St.   Louis  University;   St. 
Xavier's  College,  Cincinnati;  Messrs.  Patrick  Farrelly; 
Bryan    Laurence  ;    David    Ledwitii  ;    Jose   F.    Navarro  • 
Anthony    Kelly;    Henry    L.    Hoouet  ;     Eugene    Kelly' 
Edward  C.  Donnelly;  John  Johnson;  William  R.  Grace' 
Charles  Donahoe;  W.  H.  Onahan;  Pustet&Co.;  Benzioer 
Bros.;  Lawrence  Kehoe;  Burns,  Gates  &  Co.;  Hardy  & 
Mahony, 

BY  WHOSE  REQUEST  AND  AID  THIS  WORK  HAS  BEEN  UNDERTAKEN, 
THE  PRESENT  VOLUME  IS  RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED. 


PREFACE. 


The  History  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States 
from  the  earliest  period  is  a  topic  which  was  planned  and 
laid  out  by  abler  hands  than  his  who,  yielding  to  the  wishes 
of  friends  throughout  the  country,  now  presents  the  first  of 
a  series  of  volumes. 

The  earliest  project,  that  of  the  Rt.  Rev,  Simon  Brute,  the 
great  Bishop  of  Vincennes,  "  Catholic  America,"  a  work  in- 
tended to  consist  of  400  pages  octavo,  was  to  give  an  outline 
of  tlie  history  of  the  Church  in  South  America,  Mexico, 
Central  America,  and  Canada,  before  taking  up  the  annals  of 
religion  in  the  Thirteen  Colonies,  and  under  the  Republic. 
The  sketch  would  have  been  necessarily  very  brief,  and  from 
the  heads  of  chapters,  as  given  by  him,  would  have  been 
mainly  contemporary.  Unfortunately  Bishop  Bi-ute  seems 
never  to  have  begun  the  work. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Charles  I.  White,  author  of  the  elegantly 
written  Life  of  Mrs.  Eliza  A.  Seton,  had  also  proposed  to 
write  a  History  of  the  Church  in  this  country,  and  with 
Colonel  Bernard  U.  Campbell  collected  much  relating  to  the 
early  history  of  religion  in  Maryland,  and  drew  a  rich  fnnd 
of  material  from  the  archives  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  and  of 
the  See  of  Baltimore.  His  library  contained  many  vohmies 
to  aid  him  in  his  work,  especially  for  the  French  missions  at 
the  North,  but  not  for  the  Spanish  territory  at  the  South. 
It  would  seem,  however,  that  ho  never  actually  wrote  any 

(0 


11 


PREFACE. 


part  of  his  projected  work,  nothing  having  been  found 
among  his  papers,  except  a  sketch  of  his  plan. 

While  the  labors  of  the  learned  bishop  and  priest  never 
appeared  for  the  instruction  and  encouragement  of  the  Cath- 
olic body  in  this  country,  a  contribution  to  the  Ecclesiastical 
History  of  the  United  States  was  made  by  a  French  gentle- 
man sojourning  in  our  land.  Henri  de  Courcy  de  la 
Hoche  Ilt'ron,  one  of  the  collaborators  under  Louis  Yeuillot 
in  the  Paris  "  Univers,"  an  excellent  Catholic,  noble,  talented, 
and  gifted  with  keen  appreciation  and  judgment,  became  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  affairs  in  New  York.  He  continued  his 
contributions  to  the  "  Univers,"  and  finding  that  the  ideas 
he  had  imbibed  in  Franco  as  to  the  history  of  the  Church  in 
this  country  were  very  incorrect,  he  set  to  work  in  his  leisure 
momenti^  lo  obtain  from  the  best  sources  accessible  a  clearer 
and  more  accurate  view.  He  was  encouraged  by  many  high 
in  position  in  the  Church.  Bishop  Brute's  papers  were 
opened  to  him  ;  he  received  important  aid  from  Archbishop 
Kcnrick  and  from  bishops  and  priests  in  all  parts  of  the 
country.  T  placed  at  his  disposal  the  books  and  collections  I 
had  made.  In  time  he  began  a  series  of  articles  in  the 
*'  Uni\  ers."  They  attracted  attention,  and  I  translated  them 
for  some  of  our  Catholic  papers.  When  his  articles  had 
treated  of  the  history  of  the  Church  in  Maryland,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  Kew  York  in  part,  declining  healtli  compelled 
him  to  return  to  Europe,  where  ho  soon  after  died.  His 
articles  were  never  collected  in  book  form  in  French,  but 
the  English  translation  was  issued  here,  and  has  been  for 
BOme  thirty  years  the  most  com])rehensive  account  accessible 
of  the  history  of  the  Church  in  this  country.  He  treated  the 
eubject  from  his  point  of  view  as  a  French  llrCgitimist,  and 
M'hile  I  respected  him,  in  many  cases  I  could  not  share 
bis  ideas;  I  simply  translated  his  words.     It  is  a  stigma  ou 


PREFACE. 


Ill 


UB  that  the  memory  of  this  gallant  Christian  gentleman  has 
been  more  than  once  cruelly  assailed.  He  had  not  assumed 
to  instruct  American  Catholics  in  the  history  of  their  Church, 
and  did  not  write  for  them,  or  seek  to  press  his  work  on  their 
notice.  He  wrote  honestly,  and  in  good  faith,  after  greater 
research  than  any  of  our  own  writers  had  given  to  the  subject. 
That  his  work,  abruptly  closed  by  death,  has  done  service,  is 
evident  from  the  constant  references  to  it  by  all  who  have 
since  written  on  the  history  of  the  Church  in  this  republic, 
although  it  treated  only  of  a  very  limited  part  of  the  subject. 

No  other  general  work  has  appeared  on  the  history  of  the 
Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States,  but  local  hist,  ries  and 
biographies  have  gathered  and  preserved  much  to  interest 
and  edify.  These  works  bear  especially  on  New  England, 
New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Oregon,  and 
California,  the  members  of  the  Hierarchy  in  general,  and 
especially  Lives  of  Archbishop  Carroll,  Archbishoi^s  Hughes, 
Spalding,  Bishops  Cheverus,  Flaget,  England,  Neumann, 
Prince  Galitzin,  Father  Jogues,  Rev.  Mr.  Nerinckx,  Mother 
Seton,  etc.  As  a  rule  they  treat  of  a  period  more  recent 
than  that  embraced  in  this  volume. 

In  preparing  the  work  I  have  used  a  collection  of  printed 
books  and  unpublished  manuscripts,  made  patiently  and 
laboriously  by  many  years  of  search  and  enquiry ;  and  em- 
bracing much  gathered  by  my  deceased  friends,  Buckingham 
Smith,  Esq.,  Col.  B.  U.  Campbell,  Rev.  diaries  I.  White, 
D.D.,  Rev.  ,T.  A.  Feriand.  and  by  Father  Felix  Martin,  S.J. 
I  have  been  aided  in  an  especial  manner  by  access  to  the 
archives  of  the  diocese  of  Baltimore!,  afforded  me  by  His 
Eminence  Cardinal  Gibbons ;  to  those  of  the  diocese  and 
Seminary  of  Quebec  by  His  Eminence  Cardinal  Taschereau, 
who  has  enabled  me  also  to  profit  by  his  own  researches  ;  to 
those  of  the  Maryland  and  New  York  Province  of  the  Soci- 


IV 


PREFACE. 


ety  of  Jesus,  afforded  by  tlie  Very  llev.  Robert  Fulton,  and 
for  documents  obtained  from  Rome  by  the  kindness  of  the 
Most  Rev.  Michael  A.  Corrigan,  ]^.D.,  Archbishop  of  New 
York,  and  Very  Rev.  H.  Van  den  Sanden  ;  from  the  Rt.  Rev. 
Bishop  of  liavjma  through  Bishop  Moore,  of  St.  Augustine, 
and  Mr.  William  C.  Preston.  Great  assistance  was  afforded 
by  the  early  registers  of  St.  Augustine,  ISfobile,  Pensacola, 
Detroit,  Kaskaskia,  Vincennes,  San  Antonio,  and  other  Tex- 
an missions,  for  which  I  was  indebted  to  Rt.  Rev.  Bishops 
Moore,  O'SuUivan,  Borgess,  Chatard,  Neraz,  and  the  Very 
Rev.  Administrator  of  Alton.  Besides  the  material  thua 
obtained,  the  colonial  newspapers  down  to  1703  were  ex- 
amined as  far  as  possible,  with  very  scanty  result  indeed, 
to  obtain  what  scattered  notices  of  Catholic  life  might  be 
found  in  the  columns  of  those  early  journals.  I  am  also 
indebted  to  the  Royal  Academy  of  History,  Madrid,  for  im- 
portant papers,  and  to  Mr.  Sainsbury  and  Rev.  J.  H.  Pollen, 
S.J.,  for  documents  from  the  British  archives.  To  Sefior 
Bachiller  y  Morales,  the  Lenox  Library,  the  New  York,  Mary- 
land, and  Wisconsin  Historical  Societies,  I  owe  much. 

The  work  which  I  have  endeavored  to  do  carefully  and 
conscientiously,  has  cost  me  more  labor  and  anxiety  than  any 
book  I  ever  wrote  ;  it  has  caused  me  not  seldom  to  regret  that 
I  had  undertaken  a  task  of  such  magnitude.  To  my  fellow- 
students  of  American  History,  from  whom  I  have  for  so  many 
long  years  received  encouragement,  sympatliy,  and  aid,  1  sub- 
mit my  work  with  some  confidence,  trusting  to  their  past 
courtesy  and  kindness.  New  light  is  to  some  extent  thro\ni 
on  the  voyages  of  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  Captain  Weymouth, 
on  Ayllon's  voyage,  and  the  general  history  of  Virginia, 
Georgia,  and  Florida,  on  the  Capuchins  in  Maine,  the  New 
Mexico  missions,  and  the  development  of  the  Catholic  Churcli 
in  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  Texas. 


PREPACK  V 

From  those  of  my  own  faith  I  ask  forbearance,  hoping 
that  the  vohune  may  prove  of  some  service  till  a  writer 
with  a  clearer  head  for  research,  more  patience  in  acquiring 
the  uecessary  books  and  documents,  and  greater  knowledge 
and  skill  in  presenting  the  results  affords  the  Catholics  of  the 
United  States  a  book  adequate  to  the  subject. 

The  worthies  of  the  early  American  Church  and  its  monu- 
ments are,  as  a  rule,  overlooked  in  the  general  and  local  his- 
tories of  the  country.  For  this  reason  no  expense  has  been 
spared  to  obtain  and  present  fittingly  portraits  of  the  most 
distinguished  personages,  views  of  the  oldest  chapels,  institu- 
tions, and  sites  connected  with  the  Church,  relics  of  the  last 
centuries,  fac-siniiles  of  Registers,  aiid  of  the  signatures  of 
bishops,  priests,  and  religious,  whose  labors  are  recorded  in 
these  pages. 

At  the  solicitation  of  a  venerated  friend,  I  have  given 
the  authorities  in  my  notes,  although  scholars  generally  have 
been  compelled  to  abandon  the  plan  by  the  dishonesty  of 
those  who  copy  the  references  and  pretend  to  have  consulted 
books  and  documents  they  never  saw,  and  frequently  could 
not  read. 

For  aid  in  obtaining  illustrations  I  am  indebted  to  Rev. 
Fatlier  Macias,  of  Zacatecas,  the  venerable  Father  Felix 
Martin,  tiie  Jesuit  J'athers  in  Maryland,  George  Alfred 
Townsend,  Esq.,  Professor  Butler,  Justin  Winsor,  Esq.,  and 
others,  to  all  of  whom  I  express  my  sincere  thanks,  as  I  do 
to  Gen.  John  S.  Clark  for  his  invaluable  topographical  guid- 
ance, and  the  clear  and  accurate  mission  map  of  New  York. 


John  Gilmary  Shea. 


EuzABETH,  N.  J.,  October,  1888. 


Tl 


CONTENTS. 


_  FAaH 

Introduction 9 

BOOK   I. 

THE  CATHOUC   CHURCH    IN   TIIK   ENGLISH   COLONIES. 


CHAPTER  I. 

EARLY  PROJECTS  OF  SETTLEMENT. 

Position  of  (Jiitholics  in  England— Sir  George  Pcckbam  and  Sir 
Tliomas  Gerard  plan  a  Cafliolic  Settlement  in  Norunibega 
under  Sir  Hiiniiitirey  Gilbert— Queen  Elizabeth  sanctions  it— 
Winaladc's  Project— Lord  Armidell  of  Wardour- Opposed  by 
Father  Persons— Sir  George  Calvert  proposes  a  Settlenitnt  in 
Newfoundland— Visits  Virginia— Hepu!  .il -Obtains  a  Charter 
for  Maryland 


17 


CHAPTER  II, 

CATnOUCITY  PLANTED   IN   MARYLAND,    1034-1046. 

The  Ark  and  Dove— The  Roriety  of  .fesus  undertakes  the  Mission- 
Fathers  Andrew  While;  and  Allhani- First  Ma.ss  on  St.  Cjc- 
ment's  Isle— City  of  St.  Mary's  founded— .\  Cliaiiel— Inch'an 
Missions  liogiin— Lands  taken  up  liy  Father  Copley— Catholic 
PrejMmderanee— Questions  raised  l)y  Missionaries- (^)nversion 
of  Indian  Chief  Chilonineon— I,al)ors  of  Missionaries— Death 
of  Father  Hroek— Lord  Halliniore  solicits  Moctdar  Priests  from 
Rome— Is  reconciled  to  the  .lesuits— Puritans  lake  possession 
—Missionaries  arrested  and  sent  to  England— Father  Anilrew 

White- Fathers  Rigbie  and  f:(M)per  die  in  Virginia 

(vil) 


37 


VUl 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE  MARYLAND  MISSION   RESTOIIED,    1648-1668. 

The  Act  of  Toleration — The  Puritans  overthrow  the  Government 
— Missionaries  escape  to  Virginia— liOrd  Baltimore's  Authority 
restored — Father  Fitzherbert's  Case — Bretton's  Chapel 68 

CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  JESUITS  AND  FRANCISCANS  IN  MARYLAND,    1669-1690. 

Mgr.  Agretti's  Report  to  the  Propaganda— A  Franciscan  Mission — 
Father  Massajus  Massey — Catholic  Classical  School — First 
Protestant  Ministers — Sir  Edmund  Plowdcn  and  New  Albion 
—  Catholics  in  New  Jersey — Doiigan,  Catholic  Governor  of 
New  York — Jesuit  Mission  and  School — Catholics  in  other 
Colonies— The  Vicars-Apostolic  in  England— Fall  of  James  II. 
—State  of  Catholicity  in  1690 79 


BOOK  II. 

THE  CATHOLIC  CHURCH    IN   THE   SPANISH   COLONIES. 
CHAPTER  I. 

THE  CHDRCH   IN    rLOHIDA,    1513-1561. 

Ponce  de  Leon  discovers  Florida— Attempted  Bcttlomcnt  in  1521 
with  PriesUt  and  Religious — Ayllon's  disrovery— Settlement  at 
San  Miguel  de  UuandaiK!  on  James  River,  Virginia  — The 
Dominican  Father  Anthony  de  Montesinos  at  San  Miguel- 
Death  of  Ayllon— Expe<lition  of  Narvaez— The  Franciscan 
Father  John  Xuarez  and  other  Priests— Soto's  Expedition  ac- 
roinpani(d  by  strular  and  regulir  Priests— The  Franciscan 
Faliier  Mark  of  Nice  iwnetrates  to  New  Mexii'o — Coroiiado's 
Expedition  — In  the  Valley  of  the  MissiKsippl— Death  of  the 
Franciscan  Father  Padiila— Heroic  attempt  of  the  Dominican 
Father  Cancer— Tristan  de  Luna  attempts  a  Settlement- Do- 
minicans with  him  —  Peter  Menendez  undertakes  to  settle 
Florida — St.  Augustine  founded— Place  of  the  first  Mass— The 
Parish  foundetl— Jesuit  Missions — Father  Segura  and  his  Com- 
panions put  to  Death  in  Virginia— Franciscan  .Missions— In- 
dian Revolt— Fathers  put  to  Death— llooks  in  the  Timuipian 
Languag<'— Florida  visiUHl  by  Bishop  Calx-zas  -Religious  con- 
dition—Bishop  Calderon-  Synod  held  by  Bishop  PalacioB— £i- 
teut  of  MiMions— First  attack  from  Curoliua 100 


CONTENTS. 


\X 


CHAPTER  II. 

THE  CBTOHCH  IN   NEW  MEXICO,    1580-1680. 

Brother  Augustine  Rodriguez-Mission  at  Puaray-Missionaries 
put  to  DeaUi-Espejo's  Expedition— Oiiate  conquers  New  Mex- 
ico-Missions established- Their  success-V.  Mother  Mary  de 
Agreda-Father  Benavides— Indian  Revolt— Missionaries  put 
to  Death— Spaniards  expelled 193 


79 


BOOK  III. 

THE  CATHOLIC  CHURCH   IN   FKENCU   TEEEITOET. 
CHAPTER  I. 

FIRST  WOKK   OP   THE    CHURCU    IN    MAINE,    MICHIGAN,   AND  NEW  YORK 

1011-1653. 
First  Church  on  De  Monts  or  Neutral  Island,  Maine-Jesuit  Mission 
at  Mount  Desert— Its  destruction  by  the  Virginians -Canada 
founded-Fathcr  Jogues  plants  the  Cross  at  8ault  8t.  Marie- 
Taken  Prisoner  by  the  Mohawks— His  escape-Father  Bressani 
a  Captive— Father  Jo'jfues  undertakes  a  Mohawk  Mission-His 
Death— His  Canonization  solicited— French  Capuchins  in  Maine 
-The  Jesuit  Father  Druilleltes  founds  an  Abnaki  Mission  on 
the  Kennebec— Visits  New  England— Father  Poncefs  cuptiv- 
*'y 216 


100 


.CHAPTER  II. 

THE   ARCIiniRIIOPB  OK   ROUEN- ONONDAGA   MISSION   FOUNDED. 

Our  Lady  of  Oanentaa-Its  closc-Mgr.  Francis  de  Laval,  Bishop 
of  Petriea  and  Vicar- Apostolic  of  New  France-Father  Menard 
founds  a  Mission  on  Lake  Sui)erior— His  Death 246 

CHAPTER  III. 

THE  OTTAWA   MISSION,    1603-1675. 

Fatlier  Claude  Allouez— Bishop  Laval  makes  him  Vicar  General— 
PMtonil  against  attending  Idolatrous  Uites-Sault  Ht.  Marie— 
Green  Bay 2fl7 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  CHtmCH  AMONG  THE  IROQUOIS,    1660-1680. 

Qaraconthie  effects  Peace— Missions  restored— Father  JYemin  on 
the  Mohawk— Bruyas  at  Oneida— Carbeil  at  Cayuga— Lamher- 
ville  at  Onondaffa-The  Great  Mohawk  and  other  Converts- 
Catharine  Tegakouita- Veneration  for  her— The  Mission  Vil- 
lage at  La  Prairie— Sanlt  St.  Louis 280 


CHAPTER  V. 

THE  CHURCH   FROM  THE  PENOBSCOT  TO  THE  MI88I8BIPPI,    1680-1690. 

Chapel  at  Pentagoet- Sulpitian  Mission  to  the  West— Father  l^Iar- 
qucttc  with  Joliet  descends  the  Mississippi— Mission  at  Sault 
St.  Marie  destroyed— Illinois  Mission— Dcatli  of  Marquette-  . 
La  Salle  estahlishes  house  at  Niagara— Recollect  Chapel- 
Chapel  on  the  St.  Joseph's- On  the  Illinois-Father  Hennepin 
on  the  UpiHT  Mississippi  —  Uerollcct  Missions  in  the  West 
cease— Death  of  Father  de  la  Hihourde— Milet  at  Niagara- 
Father  Lttinlx-rville  at  Onondaga- Fatlu'r  Milet  a  Prisoner  at 
Oneida-Priests  with  La  Salle  in  Texas— Resignation  of  Bishop 
Laval 


810 


BOOK    IV. 
THE  OATHOLIO  CIIL'ltCII    IN   TlIE   ENGLISH   COLONIES. 


Tl 


CHAPTER  I. 

CATHOUCITT  IN   MAHVI.AND,    1600-1708. 

Caltimnies  against  Catholics- A  Royal  Uovernor  of  Maryland— 
iitholics  excluded  from  the  As,>4Cinl.ly— Anglican  Church  cs- 
t^iblished  by  Law— Tax  for  Ministers-Catholics  disfram^hised 
—Zeal  of  Catholic  Prionts  —  Fathers  Hunter  and  Hr(K)kc 
arraigned— Covernor  Seymour's  outrageous  conduct— thupel 
at  St,  Mary's  taken  from  Cilholics— Penal  Laws  in  New  York 
and  Massachusilis-ln  Maryland— Queen  Anne  saves  the  Cuth- 
olics-Mass  iwrmitled  in  private  Housch-How  Religion  was 
maintjiined 


Coi 


844 


CONTENTS. 


.     280 


1690. 


CHAPTER  II. 

CATHOLICITY  IN  PENNSYLVANIA  AND  MARYLAND,    1708-1741. 

Catholicity  in  Philadelphia  and  Pennsylvania-Converts-Jesuifa 
at  Bohemia  Manor,  Md.-Apostasy  of  Lord  Baltimore-Ad- 
ditional Penal  Laws-Catholics  appeal  to  the  King  of  England 
-Chapel  near  Nicetown,  Pa. -Sir  John  James-First  Penn- 
sylvania Priest^St.  Joseph's,  Philadelphia-Fathers  Wapeler 
and  Schneider-Mission  Work  in  New  Jersey-A  Protestant 
Clergyman  in  New  York  hanged  on  suspicion  of  being  a 
Pnest— Public  Service  of  Father  Molyneux 


810 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE  CHDRCH  IN  THE  COLONIES,    1745-1755. 

Rev.  Hugh  Jones'  Protest  against  Popeiy-Gov.  Bladen's  Procla- 
mation-Gov.  Gooch's  Proclamation-Virginia  Penal  Laws- 
Attempts  in   Maryhmd  to  pass  still   more   cruel  Laws-St 
Joseph  s  Chapel.  Deer  Creek-Petition  of  Roman  Catholics  to 
the  King-Fathers  Greaton  and  Harding  iu  Philadelphia. ...        408 


!8- 

kc 
)el 
rk 
Ih- 

as 


844 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  ACADIAN   CATHOLICS  IN  THE  COLONIKB,    1755-17C8. 

The  Acadian  Catholics-neprive.1  of  Pnest  and  Sacrament-Seven 

tZ:;  tTn' M  "•"  /'"'"■^'  '<~,s-A  pretended  Law- 
Treatment  in  Ma.^sachusett.H-In  New  Vork-In  Po.msylvania 
-In  Maryland-First  Chapel  in  BaUimore-In  South  Caro  ina 
Mainlv""""''""  """  Louisiana-A  few  in  Madaw^a 


CHAPTER  V. 

CATHOLICITY  IN  THE  BRITISH  COLONIES,    1755-1768. 

''""rui;;!';;"'';)';  '"  'I'r'r'  "«"■""'  ^•"•"•"■•—Arrest  of  Father 


431 


440 


fili 


CONTENTS. 


Vii     i 


BOOK  V. 

THE   CATHOLIC  CHURCH   IN   THE   SPANISH   COLONIES. 
CHAPTER  I. 

THE  CHURCH  IN   FLOUrDA,    1690-1763. 

St.  Augustine— Tlie  learned  Florida  Jesuit  Fatlier  Florencia— Pen- 
saeola  and  Father  Sigucnza—Xew  Mis.sious  under  Father 
Lopez— Missions  iw  portrayed  by  Dickenson— C'atholic  Mis- 
sions ravaged  from  Carolina— St.  Augustine  burnt  by  Gov. 
Moore — Ayubale  destroyed  and  Missionaries  slain  by  Gov. 
Moore— Bisliop  Composlehi— Au.xiliary  Bishop.s  for  Floriila— 
Bisliop  Hezino  -Siirine  of  Nuestra  Scnora  de  la  LecUe  pro- 
faned—St. -Mark- Penaacola  taken,  retaken,  and  destroyed— 
Church  on  SanUi  Rosa  Ishuul— Bisliop  Tejada—1 1  is  labors  in 
Florida— Mi.Hsions  in  Soutliern  Florida -Siege  of  St.  Augus- 
tine—Bisliop  Morcll  de  Santa  Cruz  sent  to  Florida  by  the 
Knglish 454 

CHAPTER  II. 

THE  CnUIlCH   IN   TEXAS,    1690-1768. 

Missions  founded  by  Father  Dainian  Mazaiict— Missions  near  the 
Rio  Grande— The  Vcn.  Father  .Vntliony  .Margil  smd  his  Mis- 
sions—Friar Joseph  Pita  killed— City  of  San  Fernando  (San 
Antonio)  founded— Holidays  of  Obligation -Fathers  Oanzabal 
and  Terreros  and  others  killed— Visitation  by  Bishop  Tejada 
—Apache  Missions  -Father  Garcia  and  his  work 479 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE  cnrncii  in  nicw  mexico,  1692-1768. 

Catiiolicity  restored- Revolt  at  Santa  F<'' —  Remains  of  Father 
Joiiii  of  Jesus -Vargas  doubts  the  Indian  plot- Missionaries 
niassacrwi  -Zufii— Albuniuenjue— Bis!io|)s  Crespo  and  Eliza- 


cochea. 


610 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  CHtnCH  IN  AniZONA,   1690-1763, 

Missions  founded  by  Fatlier  Knhn— San  Xavier  del  Bac—MiNsions 
revived  by  Bishop  Crespt>— ^■'alhers  Keler  and  Sedelnmyr - 
Jtsuits  carried  off  by  order  of  the  King  of  Sijain 526 


CONTENTS. 


XIII 


BOOK  VI. 

THE  CHimCH   IN   FRENCH   TERRITORY. 

CHAPTER  I. 
THE  CirURCn  IN  THE  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY,    1690-1763. 

Bishop  St.  Vallier— Synods— Founds  Mission  of  the  Seminary  of 
Qtiobec  in  tlie  Mis.sisaippi  Valley— Jesuits  at  the  Mouth  of  the 
liivcr— Questions  raised— Rev.  M.  Foucault  killed— Mobile,  a 
Parish— Rev.  11.  Roulleaux  de  la  Vente— The  Register— Rev. 
Mr.  Gervaise's  Project— Indian  Missions— Death  of  Rev.  Mr! 
do  Saint  Cosme— The  Seminary  Priests  at  Tamarois— Apala- 
ches-Very  Rev.  Dominic  M.  Varlet,  V.G.— Father  Charle- 
voi.K's  visit— Fort  Chartres— Bi.shop  St.  Vallier's  Pastoral— The 
Company  of  the  West— The  Capuchins  in  Louisiana— New 
Orleans  founded— A  Carmelite-Tlie  Jesuits— The  Ursulines— 
Indian  Slission— Priests  massacred  by  Natchez  and  Y.-'.oos— 
Cahokia-Rev.  Mr.  Gaston  killed  — Ouiatenon— Vincennes- 
The  Re;vi9ter— Bishop's  right  to  appoint  a  Vicar-General  con- 
tested-Irreligious spirit— The  Jesuits  suppressed  in  France- 
Unchristian  conductor  Superior  Council  of  Louisiana— Jesuits 
from  Vincennes  to  New  Orleans  seized-Churches  profaned 
and  destroyed— The  Seminary  Mission  closed 533 


CHAPTER  II. 

THE  CHURCH  IN   MAINE,    1690-1763. 

False  Position  of  Missionaries  -  Jesuits  and  Quebec  Seminary 
Priests-Father  Rale-Churches  destroyed  by  New  England- 
ers-Father  Rale's  Dictionary- 1  lis  Death-The  Peuobscots. . . 


092 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE   FRENCH  CLERQT  IN  NEW  YORK,    1690-1768. 

Father  Milet  at  Oneida- Iroquois  Marlyrs-Mipsions  restored- 
Their  dose-Chaplains  at  French  Ports-Rev.  Francis  Pi,,uet 
and  the  Mission  of  the  Presentation-Visitation  by  Bishop  dc 
Pontbriand— St.  Regis 


G06 


XIV 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE    CHURCH    IN    MICHIGAN,    INDIANA,     WISCONSIN,    AND    MINNESOTA, 

1690-1763. 

Detroit — A  Church  erected— Recollect  Father  Delhalle— Michili- 
mackiiuic— Green  Bay— St.  Joseph's  River— Ouiateuoii— Fa- 
ther Delhalle  killed— A  Priest  on  Lake  Pepin— Father  Mesaiger 
nears  the  Rooky  Mountains— The  Ilurons  at  Detroit  and  San- 
dusky— Bishop  de  Poutbriand  at  Detroit — Relics  at  Michili- 
muckiuac 619 

conclcbion 688 

Index 648 


Pt'i 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


16 


Map  of  the  United  States  show- 
ing   Episcopal   Jurisdiction, 

1531-1763 

Ancient    Pewter    Chalice   and 

Altar  Stone go 

View  of  St.  Clement's  Island . .     42 

Site  of  St.  Mary's,  Md 44 

Map  of  Maryland 45 

Raptism  of  Kiii<(  (^hilomacon. .    53 
Signatures  of    Fathers  Rigbie 

and  Cooper 

Bretton's     House,     Newtown 

Manor,  Md 

Signature  of  Father  Penning- 
ton  

Fort  at  Nei?.'  York  where  Mass 

was  said 

Portrait  of  Father  Juan  Xua- 

rez ... 

Seal  of  Father  Mark  of  Nice. . 
Signature  of   Father  Mark  of 

Nice 

Signatures  of  Fathers  Louis 
Cancer  and  Gregory  de  Be- 

tetiv 

Signatures  of  Fathers  Diego  de 

ToUwi  and  Juan  Garcia 124 

Signature  of  Father  Pedro  de 

^'^Tiii 128 

Signature  of  Hev.  Francisco  de 
Mendoza,  first  Parish  Priest 
of  St.  Augustine 186 


PAOB 

137 


66 

77 

96 

90 

109 
116 

116 


128 


St.  Augustine  and  its  Environs, 
Death  of  Father  Peter  Marti- 
nez, facing 

Signature  of  Father  John  Ro- 
gel 

Death  of  Father  Segura,  fac- 
i'lff 

Signatures  of  Fathers  Segura 
and  Quiros 148 

Signature   of    Father    Francis 
Pareja 

Signature  of  Father  Alonzo  de 
Peflaranda 

Signature  of  Bishop  Calderon. 

Fort  and  Church  at  St.  Augus- 
tine  

Signatures  of  Ciitholic  Chiefs 
of  Apalachc  and  TinuKjua. . 

Portrait  of  Vcii.  Maria  de  Jesus 
de  Agreda igg 

Signature  01  Ven.  Maria  de 
Agreda 197 

Island  of  the  Holy  Cross,  ^Ic. .  217 

Signatures  of  Fathers  Isaac 
Jogues  and  Charles  Rayni- 
baut 

Signature  of  Father  Bres.sani.  . 

Portrait  of  Father  Isaac  Jogues, 
to  face 288 

Chapel  near  Auriesville,  N.  Y., 
to  conunemorate  Death  of 
Father  .logues    235 

(XV) 


141 


142 


145 


156 

159 
168 

169 

180 


228 
233 


xn 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Copperplate  from  ('Impel  of 
Our    Lady  of    Holy   Hope, 

PenUigoet    237 

Signature  of  Father  Druillettes.  239 
Signature    of    Father    Joseph 
Hoiieet 244 

Signatures  of  Fathers  LeMoyne, 
Hagueneau,  Ic  Mcrcicr,  and 
Garreau 245 

Fallier  Chaumonot's  Wampum 
Ik'lt 250 

Ancient  Missionary  Belt 250 

The  Jesuit  Well,  Gancutaa  ...  254 

Portrait  of  Hishop  Laval,  fac- 
ing  257 

Signature  of  Father  Hene  Me- 
nard    262 

Signature  of  Father  Claude  Al- 
louez 260 

Signature  of  Father  Marquette.  271 

Signature  of  Father  Claude 
DaMon 273 

Signature  of  Father  Ant.  Silvy    279 

Map  of  tiie  Sites  of  the  Jesuit 
and  Sulpitian  Missions  among 
the  Inxiuois,  facing 281: 

Signature  of  Fallier  Fremin. . .  284 

Signature    of     Father    Julian         ! 
(Jarnier 202 

Signature  of  Father  RafTeix. . .  294 

Signature  of  Father  John  de 
Lanilierville 297 

Portrait  of  Catharine  Tega- 
kouita 301 

Signature  of  Father  Cbauuio- 
not 302 

Site  of  Father  Manpiette's 
Chapel  and  Grave 819 

Signature  of  Father  John  En- 
jalran 326 

Signatures  of  Fathers  Albanel, 
Haillo(|Uet,  Gravi(T,  and  Ma- 
rest 828 


337 
343 


870 


Perrot's  Monstrance  and  Base 

showing  Inscription 329 

Inscription   on   Father  Milet's 

Cross  at  Niagara 334 

Signature    of    Father    James 

Bigot 

Signature  of  Bishop  Laval 

Signatures  of  Fathers  Peter 
Atlwood  and  George  Thor- 
old 

Portrait  of  Bishop  Bonaventura 
Giffanl,  facing 375 

Signature  of  Father  James  Had- 
dock   877 

Title  of  Father  Schneider's 
Register 898 

Geiger's  House,  Salem  Co., 
N.  J 395 

First  entry  in  Father  Schnci- 
tler's  Register 402 

St.  Joseph's  Chapel  House, 
Deer  Creek,  Md 414 

Fotteral's  House,  Baltimore, 
where  Mass  was  first  said 

Signature  of  Father  John  Ash- 
ton 

Signatures  of  Fathers  George 
Hunter  and  James  Beadnall. 

Signatures  of  Fathers  Schnei- 
der and  Ferdinand  Farmer. . 

Church  at  Goshenhopen 447 

Map  of  Spanish  Florida,  facing.  455 

Portrait  of  Bishop  Tejada,  to 
face .465 

View  of  Pensaeola  on  Santa 
Rosa  I'^land  in  1743.  From 
the  Drawing  by  I)om.  Serres.  467 

Ancient  Silver  Crucili.x  in  the 
Church  at  Pen.saeola 

Maj)  of  St  Augustine  in  1763. . 

Signature  of  Father  Francis 
Hidalgo 

Signature  of  Father  Olivarcs. . 


.  435 


435 


444 


446 


468 

478 

4H1 

482 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


xvii 


Signature  of  the  Ven.  Anthony 

Alariril 484 

Portrait  of  Ven.  Anthony  Mar- 

gil,  (o  facp 489 

Signature  of  Hev.  Joseph  dc  la 

tS'i'za     498 

Signature  of  Fatlier  Gauzabal.  501 
Signature  of  Fatlier  Terreros  .  503 
Signature  of  Bishop  Tejada.  . .  505 
Signature    of    Father    Diego 

Xinienez 508 

Signature  of  Father  Garcia. . . .  509 
Reeord  of  Bishop  Elizacoeliea'a 

Visitation     on      Inscription 

Rock 

Signat(u-e  of  Bishop   St.  Val- 

lier 

Portrait  of  Bishop  St.  Vallier, 

to  face 


533 


537 

Signature  of  Rev.  Henry  Roul- 

leau.x  de  la  Vente 540 

Fac-simile  of  the  first  entry 
in    the    Parish    Register    of 

Mobile 547 

Signature  of  Rev.  F.  Le  .Alaire.  549 
Signature  of    Rev.   Alexander 

Iluve rj^o 

Portrait  and  Signature  of  Very 
Rev.  Dominic  ^^lary  Varlct, 
Viear  -  General,  afterwards 
Bishop  of  Babylon 555 

Title  of  (lie  Kaskaskia  Register.  558  j 

Portrait  of  Father  P.  F.  X. 
Charlevoix ggi 

Signature  of  Father  John  Mat- 
thew  

Signature  of  Father  Matthew 
as  Viear  Apostolic 

Signature  of  the  Carmelite  Fa- 
ther Charles 

Signature  of  F.  de  Reaubois  .  . 

Signature  of  Mother  de  Tran- 
"I't'Pain 569 


504 
504 

506 

568 


Ursuline  Convent,  New  Or- 
leans, begun  in  1727,  now 
residence  of  the  Archbishop.  571 
Signatures  of  the  Jesuit  Father 
Mathurin  Le  Petit,  and  the 
Recollect  Father  Vietorin. . .  573 
Signature  of  Rev.  Ur.  Forget 

Duverger ,f)77 

First  entry  in  the  Parish  Regis- 
ter of  Vincennes  . .'. 579 

Signature  of  Father  Vivier 579 

Signature  of  Father  John  Fran- 

^^^ 580 

Signatures    of     Fathers    Bau- 

douin  and  Vitry 5^3 

Signatures  of  Fathers  le  Boul- 
lenger,     Guymonneau,     and 

Tartarin 554 

Signature    of    Father  Vincent 

Riffot 596 

Fac-.simile  of  opening  words  of 
Father  Rale's  Dictionary  and 

of  his  Signature 602 

Portrait  and  Signature  of  Rev. 

Francis  Piquet 615 

Fort  Presentation,  Ogdensburg, 

ivith  Abbu  I'i(piet's  Chapel. .  616 
Corner-stone  of  Abbe  Piquet's 

f'l'ipel 618 

First  entry  in  the  Detroit  Reg- 
ister  (J24 

Signatures  of  Priests 6',>0,  637 

Signature  of  Father  Simplicius 

Bocquet 632 

Portrait  of  Rt.  Rev.  Ilcury 
Mary  Du  Brcuil  de  Pont- 
briand,  6th  Bishop  of  Que- 
bec  

Signature  of  Father  Julian  De- 

vernai     

Bread-Iron  |)reserved  at  Mich- 

ilimackinac 030 

Signature  of  Father  du  Jaunay  687 


638 


035 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  Catholic  Church  is  the  oldest  organization  in  the 
United  States,  and  tlie  only  one  that  has  retained  the  same 
life  and  polity  au'J  forms  throngh  each  succeeding  age.  Her 
history  is  intenvoven  in  the  whole  fabric  of  the  country's 
annals.  Guiding  the  explorers,  she  left  her  stamp  in  the 
names  gi'i;.i  to  the  natural  features  of  the  land.  She  an- 
nounced Christ  to  almost  every  native  tribe  from  one  ocean- 
washed  shore  to  the  other,  and  first  to  raise  altars  to  worship 
the  living  God,  her  ministry  edified  in  a  remarkable  degree 
by  blameless  lives  and  often  by  heroic  deaths,  alike  the  early 
settlers,  the  converted  Indians,  and  those  who  refused  to 
enter  her  fold.  At  this  day  she  is  the  moral  guide,  the  spirit- 
ual mother  of  ten  millions  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  republic, 
people  of  all  races  and  kindreds,  all  tongues  and  all  countries, 
blended  in  one  vast  brotherhood  of  faith.  In  this  she  has  no 
parallel.  No  other  ijistitution  in  the  land  can  trace  back  an 
origin  in  all  the  nationalities  that  once  controlled  the  portions 
of  North  America  now  subject  to  the  laws  of  the  rejmblic. 
All  others  are  recent,  local,  and  variable.  She  alone  can 
everywhere  claim  to  rank  as  the  oldest. 

The  Church  is  a  great  fact  and  a  great  factor  in  the  life  of 
the  country.  Every  man  of  thought  will  concede  that  the 
study  of  the  history  of  that  Church  in  its  past  growth  and 
vicissitudes,  and  of  her  present  position,  is  absolutely  neces- 
sary in  o  I'e    to  solve  the  problems  of  the  present  and  the 

(9) 


10 

future  iu  the  ronuhl 


fixed  and  uii 


INTRODUCTION. 
for  the  iutluence 


of 


an  orsjjaniaition 


waver  1 


ng  in  doctrine,  polity,  and  worship,  must 
be  a  potent  element,  and  eannot  be  ij^nored  or  slighted. 
lUit  while  from  the  student  and  the  statesman^the  history 


:)f  the  (Jhin-ch  elaiins  ser 


lous  eonsidcration,  to  the  Catliol 


ic 


Cllll- 


tluit  history  is  a  record  fnll  of  the  deepest  interest  and  v,. 
eolation,  a  volume  to  which  he  can  appeal  with  pride.     The 
pages  teem  with  examples  of  the  n..blest  an<l  most  heroic 
devotedness  in  the  i)i-iesthood,  of  the  beneficent  action  of  tl 


Church  where  she  was  free  to  do  1 
in  tiie  laitv,  in  jronei 


le 


ler  work,  of  self-sacrifice 
generous  adherence  to  the  faith  bv  the  flock 


iiiuKl  a(  five  persecution,  insidious  attacks,  open  violence,  and 


constant  prejudice,  where  Catholics 
lation  ti-aiiied  in  un 


reasonniof  animos 


The  Catholic  Church  in  tl 


were  few  aiin'd  a  po])n- 
iity. 


n's  country  does  not  be<rin  her 


history  after  colonies  were  formed,  and  men  had  "looked 
to  their  temporal  well  being.  JI^,-  priests  were  among  the 
explorers  of  the  coast,  were  the  pioneers  of  the  vast  interior; 
with  Catholic  settlers  came  the  minister  of  (Jod.  i.nd  mas^ 
was  said  to  hallow  the  land  and  draw  down  the  blessing  „f 
heaven  before  the  first  step  was  tak,.,.  to  rear  •.  Innnan  habi- 
tation.    The  altar  was  older  than  the  hearth. 

The  entrance  of  the  Catholi,.  (Mnuvh  was  not  the  erratic 

work  of  a  few.      It  was  part  of  her  work   beguii  at  tiie  (i,.,.y 

Pentecost,  carried    ..n    from    age   to   ag.-  with   unswerving 

<'"nrse.  whil..  all  human  institutions  were  changing  and  nioib 

ifyiug  ironnd  her.     The  connnan.l  of  our  L.r.l  to  Hi.  apos- 

fNN  to  go  aiKl  teach  all  nations,  rested  as  an  injunction  on 

the  hi-hops  nf  the  ('luir..|i  in  whom  the  missionarv  spirit 

'«•<••"•'••  iulu-rent.     The  Clnuvl,  nas  constantly  pushing  foi- 

ward  inf..  new  lands,  pri.'sts  eonunissioned  by  h'ishops  bwiring 

t!i<'  i^aith.  ministering  to  th<.s,.  who  accompanied  them,  r<- 

niaiuing  t<»  convert  those  whom  thev  found. 


INTRODUCTION. 


11 


Priests  sent  out  from  Ireland,  and  subsequently  from 
Scandinavia  reached  Iceland,  and  In  ti::>e  a  church  grew  up 
in  that  northern  island  with  bishops,  churches,  convents.  Ad- 
vancing still  onward  in  the  unknown  seas  the  Northmen 
laiuled  in  Greenland,  and  Catholicity  was  planted  on  the 
American  continent  by  priests  frouj  Iceland,  and  in  1112  the 
See  of  Gardar  was  erected  by  Pope  Paschal  11.,  and  Eric  was 
appointed  the  first  bishop.  Full  of  nn"ssi(ynary  zeal,  this  prel- 
ate accompanied  the  ships  of  his  seafarinjif  Hock,  and  reached 
the  land  known  in  the  Sagas  of  the  North  by  the  name  of 
Yinland,  as  an  Irish  bishop,  John  of  Skalholt  in  Iceland,  had 
already  done.  How  far  soutliward  the  navigators  of  the 
north  and  their  spiritual  teachers  carried  the  cross  and  the 
worship  of  the  Catholic  Church,  it  is  not  our  province  to 
decide. 

AViien  Columbus  revealed  to  Europe  the  existence  of  rich 
and  fertile  islands  accessible  fron)  Spain,  the  ministers  of  the 
Church  came.  Priests  accompanied  the  vessels  with  faculties 
from  the  bishop  in  whose  diocese  the  port  of  departure  lay, 
and  where  they  remained  in  the  new  land  the  bishop's  juris- 
diction continued  till  a  local  ecdesiiistical  govermnent  was 
formed.  Tims  the  See  of  S(;ville  accpiired  a  jurisdiction  in 
the  New  World  where  the  standard  of  Spain  was  planteil, 
aiul  she  became  the  mother  uf  the  earliest  churches  in  .\merica. 
Not  inaptly,  the  Cathedral  of  Seville  preserves  in  her  treasury 
a  moiistrince  made  of  the  first  gold  taki'u  to  Europe  by  Co- 
lumi)us,  for  the  first-fruits  (»f  the  precious  metals  of  the  New 
World  were  dedicated  to  the  w>rvice  (»f  Almighty  God  in  the 
Catholic  Church.  The  Sec  of  Santo  Domingo  was  iM-ected 
by  the  Sovereign  PontitT  in  i:)l2,  that  of  Santiago  de  Cul»a 
in  1522,  that  of  Carolensis  in  Yucatan  in  1.')!!),  and  of  Mcxicct 
in  l.l;it>.  These  followed  up  the  work  of  Seville,  the  bishops 
ot   the  new  Sees  sending  jjriests  conmiissioned  by  them  to 


12 


INTRODUCTION. 


l)ear  tlie  faith  northward  till  tlie  territory  over  which  our 
flag  now  floats  was  reached  and  the  cross  planted. 

The  Ohurch  of  Spain  with  her  array  (»f  doctors  and  saints 
from  an  Isidore  and  a  Ix^ander,  a  Ilosius,  a  Thomas  of  Villa- 
iK.va,  wiu^  thus  extended  to  our  soil,  and  her  priests  ofl-ered 
the  first  worship  of  Almiglity  God  on  the  shores  of  Fl„rida, 
of  the  Chesi.peake,  in  the  vaUeys  of  tlie  Mississippi  and  the 
Kio  Grande.  The  work  was  followed  up,  and  though  the 
sod  was  reddened  with  the  blood  of  manv  a  priest  who  won 
the  martyr's  crow..,  there  was  no  faltering,  the  work  went  on 
tdl  in  time  hishops  came  and  every  sacrament  of  the  Ohurch 
was  duly  administered  in  that  ])ortion  of  <.ur  territory.' 

Our  alliance  with  the  (^ithojic  (^hurch  in  Spain  is  not  a 
mere  ("pisode.  The  first  bishops  of  Louisiana  and  ALohilo 
were  sulfragafis  of  Sant..  Domingo  and  of  Santiago  de  (^.ba ; 
the  first  bishop  of  California  a  suffragan  of  Mexico,  while 
Texas,  New  Mi-xico,  and  Arizona  were  in  our  time  detached 
from  dioceses  which  trace  their  origin  to  the  glorious  Chun-h 
in  Spain. 

Souu  after  the  vessels  of  Columbus  bore  back  the  startling 
new^  of  great  discovery,  a  ship  from  llristol,  un.ler  Cabot,  in 
14;»7,  bore  to  the  iK.rtherii  shores  of  our  continent  the  first 
band  of   English-speaking  Catholics,  and  within  fiv.'  y,-ars. 
n  priest,  we  know,  crossed  the  Atlantic  to  adminish-r  the  rites 
of  religion   to   his  countryuKMi    in    America,  offer  the  holy 
siicrifice   and    announce   (he   gospel    in  our  tongue.'     Thus 
Catholicity  came  from    the   land   of  a    St.    Aiiselm.    a    St. 
Thomas  of  Cantcriniry.  a  St.  John  of  Mcvcrly.  whose  (  Innvh 
in  the  next  century,  while  crushed  like  the  primitive  church 
by  the  State  p..wer  of  unbelieving  rulers,  extende.I  her  limits 

'  «!.mw.  SiTui.  Kpiw()|x,niiii.  lijitiMlH ,.,  |M7;t.  j.p  :t;tl, !{;(«;  Torfiuiis 

HiM|(triu  Viiilaiiilin',  p.  7i. 

'  irttrrUjM'.  •Mcanrt  Sclwwilttn  CiiJiot,"  Psri.*,  1HH2.  p  570 


INriiODUCTION. 


13 


to  the  sliorea  of  the  Chcsiipeake,  the  Church  of  Catholic 
England  reviving  the  work  of  the  earlier  Spanish  pioneers 
of  tiie  faitli. 

Close  on  Cyabot  came  French  explorers.  Cartier  sailed 
with  the  blessing  of  the  Bishop  of  St.  Malo,  and  with  priests 
to  whom  he  gave  faculties,  and  in  after  years  Champlain 
founded  Quel)C(',  where  altars  were  raised,  and  priests 
began  their  ministry,  acknowledging  as  their  ecclesiastical 
Supori(»r  the  Arch])i8hop  of  liouen,  who  for  years  governed 
Canada  as  part  of  his  diocese,  through  Vicars-General  ajv 
pointed  by  him,  and  even  towards  the  close  of  the  century 
gave  powers  to  priests  under  which  they  offered  the  sacrilice 
of  the  mass  and  ministered  to  colonists  in  Texas. 

The  (Jhurch  knew  uo  limits  to  lier  conquests.  Her  juris- 
diction was  extended  as  by  a  natural  instinct  over  the  whole 
land.  It  was  never  bounded  by  the  mere  limits  of  white 
settlements.  Father  Padilla,  dying  alono  near  the  banks  of 
the  Missouri,  to  which  he  had  penetrated,  was  still  in  the 
diocese  (»f  Mexico;  Hennepin  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony, 
Manpiette  at  the  Arkansas,  Douay  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, were  in  the  diocese  of  QuelniC.  The  first  Catholic 
settlers  in  Oregon  were  from  Canada,  and  the  priest  sent  to 
minister  to  them  went  as  Vicar-General  of  Quebec,  to 
become  in  time  Bishop  and  Archbishop  of  the  distant  Hock 
he  crossed  the  co'itiiieiit  to  serve. 

The  (^hurch  has  thus  a  continuous  existence  in  this  coun- 
try, eontiimous  in  episcopal  jurisdiction,  in  priestly  work,  in 
the  faithful  who  clung  to  her  altars. 

In  the  earlier  period,  where  three  great  European  nations 
laid  claim  to  different  portioiiK  of  our  territorv,  the  history 
of  the  Church  is  to  be  traced  in  three  different  channels, 
descending  from  Etigland,  France,  and  Spain.  Xo  greater 
contrast  could  bo  found  than  that  of  the  colonial  spirit  of 


14 


INTRODUCTION. 


]) 


the  three  nations.  Spain,  by  lier  government  under  tlic  vast 
system  inaugurated  by  Phih'p  II..  planned,  directed,  contn.Iled 
every  department  of  colonial  administration.  Every  new 
colonization  was  settled  in  detail  in  Spain.  The  bulls  of 
the  Sovereign  Pontiffs  made  the  King  of  Spain  their  Vicar 
in  America,  the  tithes  were  assigned  to  him.  the  nomination 
of  bishops  was  in  his  hands,  the  support  of  the  ministry  mid 
the  missions  was  devolved  upon  him.  Portions  of  the'roval 
revenue  were  then  assigned  by  him  to  great  religious  works, 
and  cliurches,  convents,  universities  and  schools  arose  with- 
out direct  contribution  by  the  people. 

France  was  Catholic,  but  the  Church  and  the  missions  in 
the  territory  she  controlled  in  America  were  not  supported 
by  any  govermnental  plan.  The  zeal  and  piety  of  individu- 
als contributed  far  more  than  the  monarch  to  maintain  and 
carry  on  the  work,  and  the  colon i.sts  si lared  the  feeling  of  the 
mother  country  and  willingly  paid  their  tithes,  and  aided 
to  support  the  religious  bodies  which  had  been  active  agents 
in  bringing  in  settlers  and  clearing  the  land  for  cultivation. 

In  the  English  colonies,  except  for  two  brief  seasons,  Cath- 
olics were  oj)pressed  by  laws  copied  from  the  ai)palling 
penal  code  of  England.  The  Chunh  was  i)r<.scribed,  Iict 
worship  forbidden,  her  adherents  vi.sited  with  every  form  of 
degradation,  insult,  and  extortion. 

Thus  strangely  different  were  tlie  circumstances  under 
which  the  Church  grew  in  Flori.la,  in  Michigan,  in  Mary- 
land.  Yet  in  the  designs  of  (iod  it  was  that  which  deni- 
ed least  fav<.red  that  was  to  develop  m<.st  wonderfullv, 
till  the  episcopate  starting  from  a  threefold  source  ami 
l>lendiiig  into  the  hierarchy  of  the  United  States  with  the  faith- 
ful sprung  from  those  lands,  and  from  Ireland,  (Jermany, 
Swif/crland.  Polan.l.  Italy.  Portugal,  atul  from  the  native 
tribes,   presents  at  the  close  of    the    nineteenth    centurv   a 


INTRODUCTION.  j^ 

spectacle  full  of  consolation  and  hope,  exercising  the  highest 
moral  influence,  stimulating  education,  upholding  the  sanctity 
of  nmrriages,  inculcating  charity  to  the  rich,  and  courageous 
endurance  to  the  poor,  detachment  to  all. 

This  is  the  history  which  it  is  the  purpose  of  this  work  to 
trace.  In  the  volume  here  i)resented  the  narrative  is  brought 
down  to  that  eventful  year,  17G3,  when  England  became  un- 
disputed mistress  of  all  the  territory  east  of  the  Mississippi, 
and  when  to  mere  human  eyes  the  cause  of  the  Cathohc 
Church  throughout  the  laud  seemed  hopeless. 


i; 


t 

ii 
t\ 
tl 
rt 


BOOK  I. 


THE  CATHOLIC  CHURCH  IN  THE  ENGLISH 
COLONIES. 


CHAPTER  I. 

EARLY  PROJECTS  OF  SETTLEMENT. 

The  revolt  of  Henry  VIH.  against  tl,o  authority  of  the  Holy 
See  and  ns  suppression  of  the  religious  houses  had  greatly  im- 
pajred  the  spirit  of  faith   in  the  people  of  England,  but 
still  the  new  ideas,  set  up  by  Luther  and  Calvin  on  the  Conti- 
nent, found  few  proselytes,  even  after  his  death  ;  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Calvinistic  chureh  by  those  who  assumed  the  regency 
for  L.lward  VL  failed  to  win  the  n.ass  of  the  English  people 
fron.  the  faith  of  their  forefathers.     It  was  restored  f,.r  a 
brief  terni  by  Mary,  but  Elizabeth,  on  her  aeeession,  revived 
the  aets  of  the  reigns  of  Henry  and  Edward.     The  mass  was 
abolished   an    act  of  supremacy  passed,  the   images  of  our 
i^ord  and  II.s  Saints  were  ordered  to  be  broken  or  burned 
The  churches  were  tilled  with  a  new  set  of  clergy  who  were 

to  j)ertorm  a  new  religionH  service. 
The  Cathohcs  could  not  join  in"  this.     The  mass  was  and 

18  the  on  y<ivine  worship  to  be  offered  by  a  duly  ordaine.l 

pnost      ^^  ,h  the  chuivhes  built  by  their  ancestors  diverte. 

!"  "■''•='l''>w-I  rites,  they  had  no  alternative  but  to  hear  n... 

"1  secret  said  by  some  lawful  priest.     Protestantism  is  es.e„- 
■a  ly  mtc,k.rant.     Nowhere,  on  obtaining  power,  ,li.l  it  permit 

rcl.g.on,  even  m  private.     Elizabeth  began  a  series  uf  law. 

(17) 


18 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Iff 


II    ! 


to  crush  the  Catliolics,  to  deprive  them  of  all  opportunity  of 
enjoying  the  services  of  religion  and  forcing  thein  to  enter 
the  Church  her  Parliament  had  set  up.  The  penal  laws  of 
this  \vt)man,  one  of  the  most  savagely  bloody  in  the  annals 
of  history,  though  enforced  during  her  long  reign,  failed  to 
secure  even  half  the  pojuilation  of  England  to  the  Church 
of  which  she  was  the  head. 

To  defend  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Pope  was  punished  by  a 
hcavv  tine  ;  the  universities,  the  professions,  the  public  offices 
were  closed  to  all  ivho  would  not  take  an  oath  of  supremacy ; 
a  second  offence  or  a  refusal  of  the  oath  was  puin'shable  with 
detitli.'  Priests  who  adhered  faithfully  to  God  were  kept  hid- 
den, for  the  consolation  of  the  faithful,  but  as  their  ranks 
thimied  by  death,  some  means  was  needed  to  maintain  asucces- 
simi  of  clergymen.  A  seminary  was  established  at  Douay  for 
the  education  of  priests.  To  prevent  the  success  of  this  plau 
Elizabeth,  by  a  new  series  of  laws,  made  it  high  treason  to 
declare  her  a  heretic,  to  bring  from  lioine  any  instrument 
whatever  emanating  from  the  Pope,  to  us'j  any  such  docu- 
ment, to  give  or  receive  absolution.  Pi'rpetual  imprisonment 
wa>  the  penalty  for  possessing  an  Agnus  Dei.  a  rosiiry,  cross 
or  picture  blessed  by  the  Pope  ur  any  of  his  missionaries. 
Anv  Catliolic  who  lied  from  England  to  evade  the  laws  was 
required  to  retm-ii  within  six  months,  under  jienalty  of  con- 
ilscation  of  all  property  belonging  to  him.'  These  laws 
were  soon  enforced.  In  l.")TT  Poland  Jenks.  an  Oxford 
bookseller,  for  having  Catholic  books,  was  sentenced  to  bo 
nailetl  to  the  pillory,  his  sentence  being  attended  by  the  sud- 
den death  of  many  of  the  officials.  Then  the  Rev.  Ciitlibcrt 
Maine,  the  protomartyr  of  Douay  College,  was  convicted  of 
high  treason,  in  having  a  bull  of  the  J*ope  granting  a  jubilee 


'  5  Eliz  ,  p.  1. 


'  11!  Kliz.,  c.  I,  2.  a 


'5 


PROPOSED  SETTLEMENT  IN  MAINE.  \Q 

and  in  having  brought  an  Agnus  Dei  into  tlie  kingdom. 
For  this  he  was  lianged  on  the  29th  of  November,  1577. 
Then  the  gallows  was  kept  busy  with  its  bloody  work.  Two 
other  priests  were  hanged  the  next  year,  four  in  1581,  eleven 

in  1582. 

While  the  government  thus  thought  to  keep  priests  from 
ministering  to  the  English  Catholics  by  fear  of  death,  the 
laity  were  oppressed  with  lines  and  imijrisonment  for  not 
attendhig  Protestant  worship,  for  hearing  mass,  for  keeping 
Catholic  books  or  objects  of  devotion. 

Flight  to  the  Continent  had  been  made  a  crime,  and  was 
always  a  pretext  for  a  charge  of  treason.  Under  these  cir- 
cumstances it  occurred  to  leading  men  among  the  (\itholic 
body,  who  had  still  friends  at  court,  to  seek  a  refuge  for 
their  oppressed  countrymen  out  of  England,  but  yet  within 
her  Majesty's  dominions. 

The  foremost  in  this  j.roject  was  Sir  George  Peckliam,  of 
Dinand,  in  Buckinghamshire ;  but,  of  course,  care  and  pru- 
dence were  recpiired.    The  apjilication  made  by  Sir  IIumi)hrey 
Gilbert  to  Queen  Elizabeth  for  a  patent  to  authorize  him  to 
explore  and  colonize  the  northern  parts  of  America  would 
seen,  to  have  been  inspired  by  Sir  George.     As  early  as 
March  i>2,   1574,  we  find  them   both  with  m.  Carlile,  Sir 
Richard  (ireenville  and  others  ])etitioning  her  to  allow  of  an 
enterprise  for  discovery  of  sundry  rich  and  unknown  lands 
"  fatefully  reserved  for  England  and  for  the  honor  of  v.a.r 
Majestic."  '      Although  Sir  George's  name  does  not  aj.pear  in 
the  patent  actually  issued  June  11.  1578,  it  seems  fram,.]  to 
"icet  the  case  of  the  (^atholics,  and  an    interest    under   it 
was  very  soon  transferre<l  to  Sir  George  Peokhan,  and  a  felluw 
Catholic,  Sir  Thomas  Gerard.     By  its  terms  Sir  IJuniphrey 


'  Domest.  Corrcsp.  Elizabeth,  vol.  95,  X„.  05,  ('„|.  ,,.  475. 


m 


20 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Gilbert  and  his  assigns  are  authorized  from  time  to  time  to 
go  and  remain,  to  do  so  freely,  "  the  statutes  or  actes  of  par- 
liament m.'de  against  fugitives,  or  against  such  as  shall 
depart,  remaine  or  continue  out  of  our  realm  of  England 
without  license,  or  any  other  acte,  statute,  lawe  or  matter 
whatsoever  to  the  contrary  in  any  wise  notwithstanding." 
He  was  authorized  to  tiike  any  of  the  Queen's  subjects  "  as 
shall  willingly  accompany  him,"  "so  that  none  of  the  same 
persons,  nor  any  of  them  be  such  as  hereafter  shall  be  spec- 
ially restrained  by  us,  our  heires  and  successors."  The  only 
restriction  on  his  power  to  make  laws  was  that  they  should 
not  "  be  against  tlie  true  Christian  faith,  or  religion  now 
professed  in  the  Church  of  England,"  or  such  as  would 
withdraw  men  from  their  allegiance  to  the  crown.' 

This  would  aurhorize  Catholics  to  go  and  remain  there 
under  the  protection  of  the  laws  that  might  be  established, 
so  long  as  no  law  was  passed  against  the  Church  of  England. 
Ilaies,  one  of  the  historians  of  (tilbert's  undcrtakiiiir,  men- 
tions  the  discouragement  that  befel  him,  and  says :  ''  In 
furtherance  of  his  determination,  amongst  others  Sir  George 
Pi'ckham,  km'ght,  showed  himself  very  zealous  to  the  actitm, 
greatly  aided  him,  both  by  his  advice  and  in  the  charge. 
Other  gentlemen  to  their  ability  joined  unto  him,  resolving 
to  adventure  tlwMr  substance  and  lives  in  the  same  cause." 

Two  years  were  spent  in  gathering  artisans  and  supplies 
for  the  projected  settlement,  but  the  Catholic  projectors  felt 
the  necessity  of  some  definite  sanctioii  of  their  undertaking. 
They  applied  openly  and  withont  disguise  as  the  following 
petition  shows  : 

"Articles  of  peticion  to  the  riglite  Iloiinorabh^  Sr  Kraiin- 
cis  Wallsinghame  Knighte   Principall   iSeeretjiirie   unto   the 


Iliikluyt,  I.,  p.  677  :  iii.,  174.      ITiiziird's  Collcrtion,  i.,  ],p.  24-28. 


PROPOSED  SETTLEMENT  IN  MAINE.  21 

Quens  Mat'"  bj  S'  Thomas  Gerrarde  and  S^  George  Pecke- 
Lam  Knightes  as  followeth  viz 

"  That  where  Sr  Iluiuferie  Gylberte  Knighte  hatli  granted 
and  assigned  to  the  saide  S'  Thomas  and  8^  George  authori- 
tie  by  virtue  of  tlie  Quens  Mat'"  Ires  Patents  to  discover  and 
poeesse  &c  certain  lieathen  Lands  &c 

"  Their  liumble  peticion  is — 

"  Firste  tliat  it  wolde  i)lease  lier  Mat^"  that  all  souche  par- 
sons whose  names  shall  be  sett  downe  in  a  booke  Indented 
made  for  that  purpose  th'one  pte  rcmayninge  with  some  one 
of  her  Mat^"  pryvie  Councell  th'other  w'"  the  said  S^  Thomas 
and  S^  George  maye  have  lycens  to  travell  into  those  coun- 
teris  at  the  nexte  viaige  fur  conqxieste  w'"  all  manne'  of 
necessarie  provission  for  themselves  and  their  families  their 
to  remaine  or  retonie  backe  to  Englande  at  their  will  and 
pleasure  when  and  as  often  as  nede  shall  require. 

"  Item  the  recusantes  of  abillitie  that  will  travell  as  afore- 
saide  maie  have  lil)ertie  uppon  discharge  of  the  penalities 
dewe  to  her  Mat^"  in  that  behallffe  to  prepare  themselves  for 
the  said  voiaare. 

"Item  that  other  recusantes  not  havinge  to  satisiie  the 
saide  penaltie  maie  not  w'-'standinge  have  lyke  libertie  to 
provide  as  aforesaide  and  to  stand  charged  for  the  paiement 
of  the  saide  penalities  untill  suche  tyme  as  God  shall  make 
them  al)le  to  paie  the  same. 

"  Item  that  none  under  color  of  the  saide  Lycence  shall 
departe  owte  of  this  realme  unto  any  other  foren  Christian 
Kealme. 

"  Item  that  tlioy  nor  anye  of  them  shall  doo  anye  aete  tend- 
ing to  the  breache  of  the  leage  betwone  her  Mat''  and  anye 
other  Prince  m  amytie  w'-  her  highnes  neither  to  the  pre- 
judice of  her  Mat''  or  this  Kealme. 

"Item  that  the  xth  ],soii  wch  they  shall  carrie  wth  them 


23  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

shalbe  soucbe  as  have  not  any  certainetie  wliereuj)pon  to 
lyve  or  raaintaine  themselves  in  Euglande."  ' 

That  Queen  Elizabeth  consented  may  be  inferred  from  the 
fact  of  Peckbam's  contiimed  interest ;  but  lier  policy  required 
silence,  and  a  pjovernmcnt  detective  or  spy  discovered  the 
real  nature  of  the  voyage,  and  in  a  report  made  known  the 
connection  of  Sir  George  Peckbam  and  Sir  Thomas  Gerard 
with  the  intended  expedition. 

"  I  have  heard  it  said  among  the  Papists,"  writes  this  spy, 
"  that  they  hope  it  will  prove  the  best  journey  for  England 
that  was  made  this  forty  years."  "  I  do  not  hear  of  any 
further  cause  of  the  departure  of  Sir  George  Peekham  and 
Sir  Thomas  Gerard  than  that  every  Papist  doth  like  very 
well  thereof,  and  do  most  earnestly  pray  their  good  suc- 
cess." ' 

The  place  of  the  intended  settlement  was  Norumbega,  a 
district  described  in  the  then  recently  published  Cosmog- 
raphie  of  Thevet,  a  Franciscan  priest  who  claims  to  have 
visited  it.  This  province  is  generally  regarded  as  being  the 
present  State  of  Maine.* 

The  fleet  that  finally  sailed  from  England,  June  11,  1583, 
consisted  of  the  Delight  or  George,  of  120  tons;  the  bark 
Raleigh,  of  200  tons ;  the  Golden  Hind  and  Swallow,  each 
of  40  tons,  and  the  Squirrel,  of  10  tons,  carrying  in  all  260 
persons.  Sighting  land  on  the  30th  of  July,  they  entered 
the  harbor  of  St.  John,  Newfoundland,  where  Sir  Ilum- 


'  Public  Record  Office  Copy.  State  Papers.  Domestic.  Eliz.  1580, 
(1583.)    Vol.  14fl.   No.  40. 

'  Letter  from  P.  H.  W.  (There  i.s  reason  to  believe  his  real  name 
was  Tichbouriie  aliiw  Hcnjaniin  Beard)  dated  April  19,  1582.  Vol.  15^, 
No.  14.     I  am  indebted  for  tlu;  reference  to  .1.  11.  Pollen,  S.  .1. 

'  Prof.  Ilorsford  in  ii  recent  tract  claims  Mius.'<acliusetts  as  Norum- 
bcga. 


PROPOSED  SETTLEMENT  IN  MAINE. 


23 


phrey  took  possession  in  the  name  of  the  queen.  lie  thou 
issued  some  hiws.  "  The  first  for  religion,  which  in  puhlique 
exercise  should  he  according  to  the  Church  of  England."  ' 

This  while  osteusihly  setting  up  the  Estahlished  Church  so 
as  to  avoid  all  cavil,  really  allowed  the  Catholic  service  in 
private.  Gilbert  wrote  from  this  port  to  Sir  George  Pock- 
ham,*  from  which  it  is  evident  that  the  Catholic  knight 
did  not  accompany  the  expedition,  and  we  are  left  entirely 
in  the  dark  as  to  the  Catholics  who  really  came  out. 

Sailing  thence  to  select  a  place  for  settlement  in  iS^'orum- 
bega,  Gilbert  passed  Cape  Eace.  Soon  after,  his  best  vessel, 
loaded  with  all  the  supplies  for  his  colonists,  was  lost,  only 
a  few  who  clung  to  the  wreck  surviving,  when  it  was  driven 
by  the  tides  on  the  coast  of  Newfoundland. 

Thoroughly  discouraged,  Gilbert  abandoned  the  projected 
settlement,  and  attempted  to  reach  Europe,  saih'ng  himself 
in  the  frailest  of  his  fleet.  In  a  storm  that  would  liave 
tried  stauncher  ships,  his  voice  was  heard,  from  time  to 
time,  calling  to  the  vessel  near  him :  "  We  are  as  noere 
heaven  by  sea  as  by  land."  Then  the  voice  was  silent ;  the 
wail  of  the  waves  alone  was  heard.  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert, 
with  his  hopes  and  his  projects,  had  disappeared,  meeting 
his  fate  with  a  courage  the  world  has  never  ceased  to 
admire.* 

The  other  vessels  reached  England,  and  the  survivors  of 
the  Delight,  taken  to  Spain  and  saved  by  the  kindly  captain 
who  rescued  them,  also  regained  their  native  land.* 

•  Ilaies,  "A   Report  of  the  Voynge,"  etc.     Ilakluyt,   iH^Tp.   IRl. 
"  First,  thiit  Religion  pu])li(iuely  exercised  should  be  such  and   none 
other,  then  is  vsed  in  the  Church  of  England."   "A  True  Report  "  etc 
lb.  p.  160.  '         ■' 

'  See  letter  in  Purchas,  iii.,  p.  808 ;   Hazard's  Collection,  i.,  p.  32. 
3  Hales  in  Hakluyt,  i.,  pp.  677-9  ;  iii.,  p.  159. 

•  A  Relation  of  Richard  Clarke.     Hakluyt,  iii.,  p.  168. 


24 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


|r^    : 


Sir  George  Peckliam  was  not  dismayed   by  this  unfor- 
tunate result  of  the  atteini)t.     He  is  the  first  English  Catho- 
lic whose  writings  call  for  our  notice,  so  far  as  they  regard 
the  exploration,  colonization,  and  Cliristianizing  of  this  con- 
tinent.    Ilis  little  work,  "A  true  Report  of  the  late  Dis- 
coveries and  possession  taken  in  the  right  of  the  Crowne  of 
England  of  the  Newfound  T^uds  by  that  valiant  and  worthy 
gentleman.  Sir  Ilnmfrey  Gilbert,  Knight,"  is  preserved  to 
us  in  Hakhiyt,  and  breathes  a  truly  Christian  spirit.     That 
he  hoped  to  organize  u  new  exjjedition  is  evident.     "  Now 
where   I   doe   understand   that   Sir   Ilumfrey   Gilbert,    his 
adherents,  associates  and  friends,  doe  nieane  with  a  conue- 
nient  supply  (with  as  much  speed  as  may  be)  to  maintaine, 
pursue  and  follow  this  intended  voyiige,  already  in  part  per- 
formed, and  (by  the  assistance  of  Almighty  God)  to  plant 
tliom.elvcs  and  their  people  in  the  continent  of  the  hither 
part  of  America,  between  the  degrees  of  30  and  00  of  sej)- 
tentrionall  latitude,"  he  writes;  thoi  he  proceeds  to  expatiate 
on  the  benefit  England  would  derive  from  colonies,  and  the 
necessity  of  endeavoring  to  rescue  the  Indians  from  their 
ignorance  and  idnlatry. 

Hut  if  Sir  George  IVckham  was  sj\nguine,  the  Catholics  in 
England  were  apparently  in  general  opposed  t(.  any  scluMue 
of  colonization.  Speaking  of  a  later  ]troji'ct  the  famous 
Jesuit  Father  Persons  wrote:  "The  Ilercticks  also  would 
laughe  and  exprobrate  tlio  siune  unto  them,  as  they  did  when 
Sr.  (teorge  Peckhame  and  Sr.  Thomas  Gerrarde  alnjut  xx 
years  gone  should  have  made  the  same  vlage  to  Nerembrago 
by  the  (^Ill-en  and  Couticells  conscnte,  with  some  evacuations 
of  I'apists,  as  then  they  called  them,  which  aftempte  beeanjo 
presently  then  m(»st  odious  to  tlie  Catliolicke  party."  ' 

'  I*(T*>im.  "  My  iurJjfl'mpnt  ii>M)m  trmmfcriiiK  KnglUhi- ('utholiquug  to 
tlin  niirlliiTn  piirlcn  of  .ViiKTicu."     KKiri 


PROPOSED  SETTLEMENT  IN  MAINE. 


25 


For  some  years  no  further  steps  were  taken  in  regard  to  a 
Catholic  colony,  but  in  1605  one  Winslade,  who  had  served 
in  the  Spanish  Armada,  formed  a  project  for  gathering  the 
scattered  English  Catholic  exiles  on  the  continent,  and  with 
them  establishing  a  settlement  in  America.  The  scheme  evi- 
dently found  men  to  approve  and  men  to  condemn  it. 

The  expedition  sent  out  in  the  Archangel,  Capt.  Wey- 
mouth, March  5,  1005,  by  the  gallant  Sir  Thomas  Lord 
Arundoll  of  Wardour,  and  Henry  Wriothesley,  second  Earl 
of  Southamptou,  his  relative,  who  had  conformed  to  the 
State  Church,  was  probably  connected  with  this  project. 
An  air  of  mystery  was  preserved  with  regard  to  this  expedi- 
tion, and  the  only  ])ubllshed  account  of  it  loaves  everything 
vague,  yet  the  religious  tone  of  the  writer,  James  Rosier, 
imlicates  a  higher  motive  than  trade  or  discovery.  "We," 
he  says,  ''supjwsing  not  a  little  present  private  profit,  but  a 
jiublicjue  good  and  true  zeale  of  promulgating  God's  holy 
church,  by  planting  Christianity  to  be  the  sole  intent  of  the 
Honourable  setters  forth  of  this  discovery."  ' 


'  "A  True  Relation  of  nioRt  prosperous  voyapp  nindolliis  present  yeere, 
lOO.'i,  IJy  ('aplaiiie  Oeorfre  Wcymoutli  in  the  discovery  of  the  land  of  Vir- 
giniii:  Where  he  dlseouered  00  miles  vp,  a  most  excellent  Hiiier,  to- 
gether with  n  most  fertile  land.  Written  by  lames  Hosier,  a  (Jentleman 
emi)loye(l  on  the  voya^'e."  L(mdini,  Impensis  Oeo.  Hisliop,  1(105,  p.  iU. 
The  pious  tone  of  Hosier's  narrative  would  lead  one  to  sup|)ose  him  a 
clergyman  :  jioliey  would  reipiire  ndaptinj;  the  tone  of  his  remarks  to 
Protestant  ears.  If  he  were  the  I'roteslunt  minister  sent  by  Southamplon, 
he  would  have  no  motive  for  cvneealing  his  charaeler  and  not  speakinjf 
openly,  and  he  would  not  iL'nore  the  Karl  of  Southampton  and  ref<T  only 
to  Lord  Arunde'il,  as  Hosier  does  :  while  if  he  were  the  priest  sent  l>y  Iho 
Catholic  nobleman,  it  would  be  natural  He  beglnH  his  Prefaee : 
"IJeiiij;  employed  in  this  voyage  by  the  Hi^'ht  Honorable  Thomas 
Anmdell,  Haron  of  Warder,  to  take  due  notice  and  make  true  report  of 
the  discovery  therein  performed."  He  collected  an  Indian  vocabulary  of 
400  or  500  words,  of  which  a  part  is  ^dvon  in  I'urchas'  rilfirims,  iv.  pp. 
1039-1007.    He  concludes  the  Prefact! :    "  So  with  my  prayers  to  (Jod  for 


i    I 


!     I 


K  :i 


26 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


He  notes  that  tli 


iled  on  Easter 


/,  reached  the  coast 
on  Whitsunday,  from  which  circumstance  they  named  the 
place  Pentecost  Harbour;  Jie  tells  us  too  that  they  set  up 
crosses  at  various  points.' 

The  Archangel  made  the  coast  near  Cape  Cod  in  May, 
a!ul    running    northward     reached     Monhegan,    to    which' 
Weytnouth    gave  the    name  of   St.   Cxeorge's,   planting   a 
cross  which  remained  there  for  years.     He  erected  another 
at   Booth    Bay,   which   ho   named   Pentecost  Harbour,  and 
ascended    the    Kennebec    River.      Mgr.  Url)an  (\'rri,  in  a 
report  of  the  Propaganda  to  Pope  Ijmocent  XL,  seems  to 
refer  to  this  exi>edition  where  he  writes :     "  Soon  after  V'ir- 
ginia  was  discovered,  the  King  of  England  sent  thither  a 
(^itholic  Earl,'  and  another  nobleman  who  was  a  Heretick. 
Tliosetwo  Lords  were  attended  by  I'rotestants  and  Catholicks, 
and  two  priests;  so  that  the  Catholicks  and  Hereticks  per- 
forme.1  for  a  long  time  tlic  exercise  of  religion  under  the 
same  roof."  ' 


fric.ml"r  »'•■'"  "^  '*"  '"'>''''"'^"«  ""'l  w«»  disposed  people.  I  rest  your 

'  pp.  13.  81,  (.fc  muml.  in  his  "  George  Wovmouth  luul  the  Konne- 
KH-.  rnaintuiKs  ,|„.  K,...n..lH.,-  to  bo  the  river.  Prince,  in  Im  r.prinl  of 
Hosier  (Hath,  IMOO)  the  (Jcorjje'H. 

•  Lonl  Arunil..||  was  u  c.nnt  or  Earl  of  the  Holy  Roman  Knpire 
and  of  eourse  wasspok.ii  of  at  Home  by  that  title. 

'  "  Inslru.lions  f„ro..r  Holy  Father  Inn..rent  \\  eoneerninff  the  Pres- 
ent State  of  Heli^ri..!!  in  the  Several  I'.-.rts  of  .he  \V..rl.l.  Hv  MonsiKnor 
I  riKiMo  (Vrri,  Se,T..|ary  to  the  Con^'re^miion  ,le  Pro|m)ran,la  Ki.le  '•  in 
M'.l...  'An  .\ee.,„nt  of  the  Slate  of  the  Hnn.an  Catholieii  HellKion 
llirouKh.M.t  the  Worl.l  ••    Lon.l.m.  1715.    See  pair,.  IflS 

I-"M  Arun.l.n  „f  War.j.M.r  kindly  informs  me  that  u^^■iu^  to  the 
de^tni.tmn  of  papers  ,!„hnir  th- si..^.e  ..f  W'Mr.lour  Ca.Ur  in  KMit  noih- 
!>-'  r.  n,  ,ms  in  ih.-  an  hivs  of  that  aneient  CHtholie  honm-  to  ^ive  full 
liKl.t  ..n  thiH  early  Caiholie  .  x,M.,liiion  to  „nr  shore*.  The  Karl  of  S..nth 
...npton  enp,p.,l  with  Lonl  Thoma.  Annul.  11  wan,  In-  think.,  the  H,....,nd 
Karl,  bn.lher  inlaw  to  Lonl  Arun.lell  an<l  Hon  ..f  the  patron  of  Shako- 


PROPOSED  SETTLEMENT  IN  MAINE. 


27 


During  Wcyrnoutli's  absence  the  i)hm  of  Winslade  had 
been  subniitted  to  tlie  famous  Jesuit  Father  Robert  Persons, 
one  of  tiie  ablest  men  of  ]iis  time.  His  deei,'  ion,  entitled  "  My 
iii(li>:ement  about  transferring  Englishe  Catholiques  to  the 
northern  parts  of  America  for  inhabiting  those  partes  and 
converting  those  barbarous  people  to  (/hrlstianitie,"  was  so 
adverse  that  it  apparently  led  Lord  Arundell  to  abandon  the 
project. 

The  reasons  alleged  by  Father  Persons  were  that  the  king 
and  his  council  would  never  favor  the  plan,  as  it  made  them 
out  persecutors,  and  without  the  consent  of  government 
men  could  not  sell  estates,  and  leave  the  kingdom.  The 
wealthy  Catholics  would  sooner  risk  losing  part  of  their 
property  by  tines  in  England  than  venture  it  all  on  such  an 
enterprise,  and  the  poor  could  not  go  without  the  rich.  In 
the  next  place  "it  would  be  verie  ill  taken  by  the  Catholicks 
generally,  as  a  matter  sounding  to  their  discredite  and  eon- 
tempte,  to  have  as  it  were  theire  exportatione  to  W\r- 
harouse  peojile  treated  with  Princes  m  theire  name  without 
theire  knowledge  or  coiisente."  He  also  feared  thiit  the  dimin- 
ishing of  the  number  of  Catholics  in  England  might  lead 
to  laws  to  prevent  Catholics  from  leaving  the  countrv.  In 
the  next  place,  the  plan  pn^jiosed  assembling  1,0()(»  in  some 
part  of  the  continent  froju  which  they  were  to  sail.  Persons 
objected  that  they  eould  not  be  maintained  while  waiting  the 
assemblage  of  the  whole,  and  no  foreign  state  wouKl  pcrnnt 
it.  Spain,  always  jealous  of  European  colonization,  would 
surely  ol)struct  their  projwt  not  only  in  Sjiaiu,  but  in  Flan- 
ders and  elsewhere. 

"  Finally  what  theire  successe  would  be  amongst  tliose 
wilde  people,  wilde  beastes.  unexperienced  ayre,  unprovicU^d 
lande  (Jod  only  knoweth,  yet  as  I  sayd,  the  inteiitioiie  of  coii- 
vertinge  those  j>e<iple  liketh  me  so  well  and  in  so  high  a  de- 


28  TRE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

gree  as  for  that  onelj  I  would  desire  myself  to  goe  in  the 
lorney  shutting  my  ejes  to  all  other  difficulties  if  it  were  pos- 
sible to  obtayue  it." 

The  plan  embraced,  therefore,  not  only  a  settlement  as  a 
refuge  for  the  oppressed  Catholics  of  England,  but  a  system 
<^f  nussions  for  converting  the  Indiana.     How  strange  it  is, 
tliat  a  uumou  settlement  for  converting  the  Indians  on  that 
very  coast  of  Norumbega,  founded  by  one  of  his  fellow-mem- 
bers of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  should  be  broken  up  by  Per- 
sons' fellow-countrymen  less  than  ten  yeai-s  after  he  wi-ote.' 
Such  was  the  second  project  of  Catholic  colonization  in  our 
present  territory.     It  failed,  but  strangely  enough,  the  plan 
proposed  by  Winslade  Wiis  carried  out  by  the  English  Sepa- 
ratists, who  gathered  in  Holland,  and  with  scajity  resources,  and 
api)arently  a  want  of  all  ,>rudence  sailed  in  wiliter  to  land  on 
the  bleak  New  England  coast,  not  to  fail  in  their  projects 
settlement,  but  to  (»pcn  the  way  for  others  who  filled  the 
l'""i.  and  established  enduring  institutions. 

The  next  to  take  up  the  project  of  Catholic  colonizati.m 
was  a  convert,  one  who  ha.l  held  high  an.l  important  offices 
n.  the  English  g<.vern.nent,  was  thoroughly  conversant  with 
its  spirit  and  ways,  and  who,  as  a  member  of  the  \'ir.Hniu 
Com,,a..y,  must  have  been  fully  conversant  with  all  that'had 
been  done  to  create  colonies  in  America. 

Sir  (ieorge  Calvert,  .le.s<.en.led  from  a  noble  Flemish  f„„- 
ily,  was  born  at  Kipling,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1.-.,S2.  He  took 
hiH  degrees  at  Oxford  as  ba.-lulor  and  master  of  arts  .,nd 
showed  ability  as  a  i)oet.  After  making  a  tour  of  Europe 
I.e  obtained  an  app<,intment  in  Ireland,  an.l  was  promoted  to 
<.ther  oni,.es.  being  often  employed  on  publi,.  atlairs  at  homo 


iHl'un.r'"'  "'""^''  "''""'""  «*•'"'''"""  '>'  »'•  «'>"V"r  o„  Mo„t  D.s.rt 


CALVERT  IN  NEWFOUNDLAND. 


29 


and  abroad,  where  a  clear  bead,  prompt  action,  and  bonest 
})urpose  were  required.  Sir  Robert  Cecil,  tbe  trusted  miuister 
of  Elizabeth,  made  the  young  man  bis  chief  clerk,  and  when 
h(j  himself  became  lord  high  treasurer  named  Calvert  clerk  of 
the  Privy  Council.  Knighted  in  1617,  he  became  one  of  the 
secretaries  of  state  the  next  year.  Favors  flowed  upon  him, 
among  others  a  large  grant  of  land  in  Ireland.  At  a  very  early 
period  he  became  interested  in  American  colonization.  In 
1609  he  was  one  of  the  Virginia  Company  of  Planters,  and 
flfteen  years  later  one  of  the  provincial  council  in  England 
fc»r  the  government  of  that  province.  In  1620,  too,  he  pur- 
chased the  southeast  peninsula  of  Newfoundland,  and  sent 
out  Captain  Edward  Wynne  with  a  small  colony,  who  formed 
a  settlement  at  Ferryland. 

Meanwhile,  this  public  man,  brought  up  amid  the  wily  and 
unprincipled  statesmen  of  the  courts  of  Elizabeth  and  James, 
able  but  faithless,  grasping  and  insincere,  to  whom  religion 
was  but  a  tool  for  controlling  the  people,  began  to  study  re- 
ligious affairs  seriously.  The  Pnritans  and  ISei)aratists  and 
Presbyterians  were  working  among  the  lower  and  iriore  ig- 
norant classes,  building  up  a  large  body  of  dissenters ;  the 
Church  of  England  was  inert,  many  of  the  abler  and  purer 
men  seeking  to  recover  what  they  had  lost  at  the  reforma- 
tion, rather  than  reject  more. 

Calvert  liad  not  been  indiirerent  to  the  salvation  of  his  own 
soul,  ann'd  all  the  engrossing  cares  of  office,  and  the  allure- 
ments of  the  court.  He  felt  the  importance  of  religion  and 
gJive  it  his  serious  thought  and  intpiiry.  In  the  Puritan 
school  he  saw  only  a  menace  to  all  government  civil  and 
eccle^^iastical.  In  the  Anglican  Church  oidy  a  feeble  effort  to 
r.'tiieve  a  wrong  step.  T.)  his  decisive  niiild  the  only  coiuvc 
for  any  man  was  to  return  to  the  ancient  Church.  This  be- 
came clearer  and  clearer  to  his  mind,  and  he  prepared  to  ar- 


30 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


range  hisivlfairs  to  meet  the  consequences  attendant  on  a  pro- 
fession of  a  faith  proscribed  by  the  laws  of  the  state.  In  1«)24 
he  rolin<iiiished  his  seat  in  Parliament,  and  was  received  into 
the  Church.  He  then  announced  his  change  to  tlie  king 
and  tendered  his  resignation  as  secretary  of  state.  King 
James  retained  him  as  a  member  of  the  Privy  Council ;  ho 
als(.  rogranted  to  him  the  estates  in  Ireland,  exempting  him 
from  obligations  which  he  now  as  a  Catholic  could  not  fulfil, 
and  to  reward  his  long  and  faithful  service,  created  him 
Baron  of  Baltimore  in  the  kingdom  of  Ireland. 

Evidently  in  anticipation  of  the  return  to  the  Church  of 
his  ancestors  Calvert  had  on  the  7th  of  Ai)ril,  1023,  obtained 
a  charter  for  the  province  of  Avalon  in  Newfoundland,  mak- 
ing him  a  lord  proprietor  where  he  was  as  yet  only  a  land- 
holder. 

His  view  was  to  lead  out  a  colony  and  make  it  his  resi- 
dence. That  it  was  his  design  to  make  it  a  refuge  for  op- 
presse<]  Catholics  cann<»t  bo  doubted.  He  was  already  in  in- 
timate relations  with  Sir  Tliomas  Arundell,  who  had  been 
connected  witll  a  previous  scheme  of  the  kind,  and  the  union 
of  the  tw(»  fann'Iics  was  soon  cement(>d  by  a  marria"-e. 

The  charter  of  Avalon  nume  him  "true  an<l  abschite  L..rd 
and  proprietary  of  the  region"  granted,  which  was  erecte.I 
into  a  province,  with  full  power  to  make  ne<'ess;iry  laws,  ap. 
p..int  ofHcers,  enjoy  the  patronage  and  advowson  of  all 
churches.  Full  authority  was  given  to  all  tlie  king's  subjects 
to  proceed  to  tlie  province  and  settle  tliere,  notwithstanding 
any  law  to  the  contrary.  The  settlers  were  to  be  exempt 
from  all  taxation  imposed  by  the  king  or  his  successors. 

It  was  provided  that  the  laws  should  not  be  repugnant  or 
c.ntrary  to  those  (.f  Englan.l,  and  a  special  clause"  Provided 
allways  that  fio  interpretati(.n  bee  admitted  thereof  (of  the 
charter)  whereby  VukVa  holy  and  truly  Christian  religion  or 


r  ' 


CALVEET  IN  NEWFOUNDLAND. 


31 


allegiance  due  unto  us,  our  Iieircs  and  successors  may  in  any 
thing  suffer  any  prejudice  or  diminution."  '  To  give  a 
charter  directly  favoring  or  protecting  the  Catholic  religion 
was  what  the  king  could  not  do.  But  the  Avalon  charter  en- 
abled Catholics  to  emigrate  to  that  province  without  hindrance, 
and  enabled  Calvert  to  make  such  laws  as  he  pleased,  and  re- 
served no  power  to  require  him  to  enforce  the  English  penal 
laws  against  Catholics.  Thus  under  the  charter  Catholics 
could  hold  lands,  have  their  own  churches  and  priests.  It 
was  unnecessary  for  Lord  Baltimore  to  pass  any  s})ecial  law 
permitting  them  to  do  so. 

Embarking  in  an  armed  vessel  of  three  hundred  tons,  in 
1027,  he  reached  Ferryland  about  the  23d  of  .Inly,  with 
colonists  and  sup2)lies.  With  him  went  two  seminary  ])riests, 
the  Rev.  Messrs.  Longvill  and  Anthony  Smith.  After  a 
short  stay  in  his  province  he  returned,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Long- 
vill accompanying  him.  A  chapel  had  been  set  up,  and 
mass  was  regularly  offered,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith  being  joined 
next  year  by  a  priest  named  Ilacket,  when  Lord  Baltimore 
came  over  with  most  of  his  family  to  make  his  home  in 
Xewfoundland.  The  colonists  were  not  all  Catholics,  how- 
ever ;  and  Lord  Baltimore  showed  his  sense  of  the  equal 
religious  rights  of  all  by  giving  the  Protestant  colonists  a 
jilace  for  worship  and  a  clergyman.  This  minister,  a  Rev. 
Mr.  Stourto!!,  was  not  content  witii  full  liberty;  he  returned 
to  England,  and  tiled  an  information  against  Lord  JJallimore 
for  permitting  mass  to  be  said.  His  intolerance  was  that  of 
Ids  time  and  country.  Lt>rd  Baltimore,  in  practically  ])lHcing 
both  religions  on  an  e(pial  footing,  making  both  tacitly  sanc- 
tioned, giving  religious  freedom  to  all,  rose  ])re-eniiiiently 


'  The  Charter  is  given  at  leugth  in  Bchiirf,  "  History  of  Maryland, " 
i..pp.  33-40. 


!    I 


f  i!  f 


32  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

above  his  time.  lie  nobly  endeavored  in  Avalon  to  enable 
each  c  aas  of  settle.-8  to  worship  God  according  to  the  dic- 
tates of  their  conscience,  and  it  was  brought  up  against  him 
asaenme.  Taught  by  this  rude  experience,  we  shall  see 
that  m  lus  next  exjK'rin.ent,  he  left  each  class  to  provide 
n.nnstorsof  .-eligion  for  themselves,  or  neglect  to  do  so,  as 
they  preferred.  ' 

Lord  Baltimore  found   the  climate  very  severe,  and  was 
80on  discourage,!  by  the  depredations  of  the  French,  with 

victory  '""'  '^'"'^'  ^"^''""'^'  ^''"■""'^'  '''^"•^'^•^"■'  t^'« 

I^Hly  Baltimore,  sailing  down  to  Virginia  to  obtain  su,)- 

l^I.cs,  was  charme<l  with  the  beauty  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  and 
I'PParently  urge.l  her  husband  to  cast  his  fortunes  there  rather 
than  on  the  bleak  shore  of  Newfoundland.  LonI  IJaltimore 
who  was  a  member  of  the  Council  of  Virginia,  visited  that 
P'-ov.nce  Ml  October,  1G29,  with  a  view  of  removin./his 
settlement  th.ther.  The  acting  governor,  John  P^.ttTand 
'•tl'--  othc.als mduding  Clayborne,  at  once  demanded  that 
l.e  shouhl  take  the  oath  of  supremacy.'  I„  this  they 
.'t.s„„,e,l  powers  not  given  to  the  ofHc-ials  in  Virginia,  su.-h 

Snd!'"'"^  ''™   '"'"'''^  *"  *''"  ''•^"'"'"-  ""'1  -""-'  i" 
jr:.i.s  nmnifestation  of  hostility  and  bigotry  wa.  unexpected 


I>""<r,  hut  ihcr.'  is  not  ..  «•  .^i        '•-"""•  """'  ""■  fl'inl  j;ivcs  „  similar 

-.-  •»  ^- ■'  .i:/::;:::'L::;;:i;;:;;7;;r;:;;;:'r'''  "'«■■ '■■  "- 


I 


LORD  BALTIMOPE  IN  VIRGINIA. 


33 


by  Lord  Baltimore.  J>eforc  leaving  jS'ewfouiidland,  he  had 
Avritten  on  the  I'Jth  of  August,  1029,  to  King  Charles  I., 
soliciting  the  grant  of  a  precinct  of  laud  in  Virginia  to  which 
he  wished  to  remove  with  forty  persons,  and  there  enjoy  the 
same  privileges  that  had  been  granted  to  him  at  Avalon.' 
He  evidently  aimed  at  employing  his  means  and  ability  to 
build  up  Virginia  in  which  he  had  so  long  been  interested. 

The  conduct  of  the  Virginia  officials  showed  Lord  Balti- 
more clearly,  however,  that  Catholics  could  not  li\e  in  peace 
in  that  colony ;  and  that  to  secure  them  a  refuge  he  nmst 
obtain  a  charter  for  a  new  province.  Leaving  his  family  in 
Virginia,  he  sailed  to  England  to  employ  his  influence  in 
obtaining  a  new  grant.  Li  February,  lOoO,  Lord  Baltimore, 
with  Sir  Thonuxs  Arundell  of  "VVardour,  applied  for  a  grant 
of  land,  south  of  the  James  llivcr,  "to  be  peopled  and 
planted  by  them," ''  the  bravest  Englishman  of  his  time 
again  renewing  his  attemj^t  at  colonization  within  our  limits. 

Clayborne,  who  had  been  one  of  those  who  prevented 
Lord  Baltimore  from  settling  in  Virginia,  prom])ted,  as  their 
action  shows,  by  hostility  to  his  religion,  was  now  secretaiy 
of  that  province.  When  the  king,  at  the  petiti  .  of  Lords 
Baltimore  and  Arundell,  signed  a  charter  for  territory  south 
of  Virginia,  in  February,  1631,  Clayborne  and  other  repre- 
sentatives of  that  colony  who  were  then  in  England,  were 
appalled  at  the  result.  To  their  prejudiced  minds  it  was 
(langi'rous  for  Virginia  to  have  Catholic  subjects,  but  that 
danger  was  little  compared  to  having  a  colony  controlled  by 
Catholics  at  their  very  border.  The  charter  just  granted 
was,  on  their  vehement  remonstrance,  revoked.  Baron  Arun- 


-f 


'  Colonial  Papers,  v.  27.     Kirke,"  Conqucat  of  Canada,"  i.,   p.  158. 
Scliiirf,  "Maryland,"  i.,  p.  44. 

-  Sainsbnry,  "  Calendar  of  State  Papers."    Johnson,  "  Foundation  of 
Maryland,"  p.  18. 


8 


f 


111! 

i 

I 

I 
t 


84 


Ti/^  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


.lell  (lied,  but  Lord  Baltimore,  persisting  in  his  dcsip,,  solie- 
ite.l,  in  lieu  of  the  territory  south  of  Virginia,  a  district 
to  the  northward.  Virginia  had  gained  nothing,  and  further 
ojiposition  uii  her  part  was  ti-eated  as  vexatious.' 

Charles  L  ordered  a  ])atent  to  he  issued  to  Lord  Baltiinorf, 
granting  to  him  the  territory  north  of  the  I'otomae  to  the 
fortieth  degree,  with  the  portion  of  the  eastern  shore  of  the 
Chesapeake,  lying  opposite,  and  extending  to  the  ocean.  This 
province  the  king  named  Terra  Mariiu,  or  Maryland,  in 
honor  of  his  (pieen,  Ilenri(>tte  Marie,  daugliter  of  Henri  IV., 
and  doubtless,  too.  in  memory  of  the  old  Spanish  name  of 
the  Chesapeake,  retained  on  many  charts,  "  Baia  de  Santa 
Maria." 

Tin;  charter  for  :\raryland,  in  which  the  long  experience 
and  political  wisdom  of  Lord  JJaltimore  are  manifest,  has 
generally  been  regarded  as  one  of  his  best  titles  to  the  respect 
of  posterity.     Sir  (ieorge  Calvert  "  was  a  man  of  sagacity  and 
an  observing  statesman.    Uc  had  beheld  the  arbitrary  admin- 
istration of  the  colonies,  and  against  any  danger  of  future 
oppression,   he  provided  the   strongest   defence   which    the; 
promis,>  of  a  monarch  could  afford."     "  The  charter  secured 
to  the  emigrants   themselves  an    independent  share  in  the 
legislation  (.f  the  province,  of  which  the  statutes  were  to  be 
oshd)lished  with  the  advice  and  approbation  of  the  majoritv 
of  tli(!  freemen  or  their  deputies.     Kopresentative  givern- 
ment   wa.s   indissolubly    connected   with    the    fundamental 
charter."     The  king  oven  renounced   for  himself  and   his 
siic<-(ssors  the  right  to  lay  any  tax  or  impost  on  the  people  of 
Maryland. 

"  Calvert  deserves,"  says  l?aneroft,  "  to  be  ranked  among 


'  Ayspmiirh  MSS.  in  Urilisli  Museum,  cited  by  Scharf,  Hist,  ilary- 
iiiud,  i.,  p.  50. 


THE  MARYLAND  CHARTER. 


85 


the  most  wise  and  benevolent  lawgivers  of  all  ages.  He 
was  the  first  in  the  history  of  the  Cln-istian  world  to  seek  for 
religious  security  and  peace  by  the  practice  of  justice  and 
not  by  the  exercise  of  power;  to  plan  the  establishment  of 
popular  institutions  with  the  enjoyment  of  liberty  of  con- 
science ;  to  advance  the  career  of  civilization  by  recogm'zino- 
the  rightful  equality  of  all  Christian  sects.  The  asylum  of 
Catholics  was  the  spot  where,  in  a  remote  corner  of  the 
world,  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  which,  as  yet,  had  hardly  been 
explored,  the  mild  forbearance  of  a  proprietary,  adopted 
religious  freedom  as  the  basis  of  the  state." 

J^efore  the  chaj-tcr  passed  the  Great  Seal  of  England. 
Lord  Baltimore  died ;  but  his  son  obtained  the  promised 
grant  under  the  same  liberal  conditions  and  proceeded  at 
once  to  carry  out  his  father's  plans,  chief  among  which  was 
"  to  convert,  not  extirpate  the  natives,  and  to  send  the  sober, 
not  the  lewd,  as  settler,-,  looking  not  to  present  profit,  but 
future  expectation."  ' 


'  Soino  rcrcnt  writers,  notably  S.  P.  Strccter  and  E.  I).  Ncill,  havu 
endeavored  to  detract  from  the  first  Lord  Haltiinore's  claim  to  our  respect 
as  an  exponent  of  religious  liberty.     The  older  writers  uniformly  recog- 
nized it.     Gen.  B.   T.   .Johnson,   reviewing'  the  wliole  (piestion,    says : 
'•Calvert  adopted  the  prineijile  of  religious  liberty  as  covered  by,  and 
included  in,  the  guarantees  of  the  Great  Charter,  not  that  there  could  be 
liberty  of  conscience  without  security  of  personal   properly,  but  that 
there  cotdd  be  no  security  of  personal  [iroperly  wiliiout  lilierty  of  eon- 
science."    "  Foundation  of  Maryland,"  p.  Vi.    h;eharf,  "  History  of  .Mary- 
land," i.,  p.   r>-l,  says;    "Calumny  has  not  shrunk  from  attackimr  his 
honored  name.    Detraction  has  been  busy,  and  as  the  facts  couM  not  be 
denied,  Calvert's  motives  have  been  assailed,  but  empty  assertion,  con- 
jecture, surmises,   however  ingeniously  malevolent,  have  happily  exer- 
cised very  little  influence  over  the  minds  of  intelligent  and  candid  men  " 
See  the  (luestion  of  the  credit  to  be  given  to  the  charter  and  to  f.oi'd 
Baltimore  discussed  in  "American  Catholic  Quarterly,"  .\.,  p  (|.w     Cil 
vert's  giving  0(iualily  to  Catholic  and    Protestant  worship  in  Avalon  is 
the   practical  proof  of  his  motive.    That  no  charters  but  his  allowed 
toleration  or  colonial  legislation,  shows  that  the  ideas  did  not  emanate 
from  the  crown. 


I  I  1^ 


t^\ 


36 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


A  Catholic  nobleman,  at  a  time  when  his  faith  was  pro- 
scribed in  England,  and  its  nunisters  constantly  butchered 
by  law,'  was  thus  made  ])ropnetary  of  a  colony  in  America, 
where  the  colonists  were  to  make  their  own  laws  ;  where  no 
roliijion  was  established,  M'here  the  laws  required  no  royal 
assent.  It  was  a  colony  where  Catholicity  might  be  planted 
and  llourish. 


'  Within  twenty  years  ten  Catholic  priests  and  several  laymen  had  been 
han,i,a'd,  drawn,  and  quartered  in  England  for  their  religion,  one  of  them 
as  recently  as  1028. 


ANCIKNT  TEWTEH  CirAl.irE  ANI1  PATKN, 
OP  THK  KAHI.V  DAY.S  OF  MAUYI.AND, 
WITH  Al.TAK  STONK  I'UKBEUVKD  AT 
WOODSTOCK  COLLEOK. 


CHAPTER  II. 


CATnOLICITY   PLANTED   IN   MARYLAND.       1634-1646. 

The  project  of  a  Lome  beyond  t!ie  Atlantic  for  the  perse- 
cuted Catholics  of  England  was  at  last  on  the  point  of  being 
successfully  carried  out.  The  attempts  of  Peckham  and 
(ierard,  of  Winslade,  of  Lord  Baltimore  at  Avalon,  all  show 
the  same  object,  and  leave  no  room  for  doubt  that  Calvert's 
design  in  founding  Maryland  was  to  give  his  fellow-believers 
a  place  of  refuge.  The  object  was,  of  course,  not  distinctly 
avowed.  The  temper  of  the  times  required  great  care  and 
caution  in  all  official  documents,  as  well  as  in  the  manage- 
Trient  of  the  new  province. 

Cecil,  Lord  Baltimore,  after  receiving  his  charter  for  Marj- 
land,  in  June,  1632,  prepared  to  carry  out  his  father's  plans. 
1'erms  of  settlement  were  issued  to  attract  colonists,  and  a 
body  of  emigrants  was  soon  collected  to  begin  the  foimdation 
of  the  new  province.  The  leading  gentlemen  who  were 
induced  to  take  part  in  the  project  were  Catholics ;  those 
whom  they  took  out  to  till  the  soil,  or  ply  various  trades,  were 
not  all  or,  indeed,  mainly  Catholics,  but  they  could  not  have 
been  very  strongly  Protestant  to  embark  in  a  venture  so  abso- 
lutely under  Catholic  control.  At  Avalon  Sir  George  Cal- 
vert, anxious  for  the  religious  life  of  his  colonists,  had  taken 
over  both  Catholic  and  Protestant  clergymen,  and  was  ill- 
repaid  for  his  liberal  conduct.  To  avoid  a  similar  ground  of 
reproach,  Baron  Cecil  left  each  part  of  his  colonists  free  to 
take  their  own  clergymen.     It  is  a  significant  fact  that  the 

(37) 


38 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Protcstaut  portion  were  so  indifFerent  that  they  neither  took 
over  any  minister  of  religion,  nor  for  several  years  after 
Maryland  selilouients  began,  made  any  attempt  to  procure 
one.  On  1)ehalf  of  the  (Catholic  settlers,  Lord  Baltimore 
applied  to  Father  JJiehard  IJlount,  at  that  time  ])r()vineial 
of  the  Jesuits  in  England,  and  wrote  to  the  (uMieral  of  the 
Society,  at  Rome,  to  excite  their  zeal  in  behalf  of  the  English 
Catholics  who  were  about  to  proceed  to  Maryland.  He  could 
offer  the  clergy  no  suj)port.  "  The  Baron  himself  is  unable  to 
find  support  for  the  Fathers,  nor  can  they  expect  sustenance 
from  heretics  hostile  to  the  faith,  nor  from  Catholics  for  the 
most  part  poor,  nor  from  the  savages  who  live  after  the  man- 
ner of  wild  beasts." 

The  prospect  was  not  encouraging,  and  the  proximity  of 
the  ('(.Ionics  of  Virginia  and   New  England,  both  hostile  in 
feeling  to  Catholicity,  made  the  jx.sition  of  a  Catholic  mi,'*, 
sinnary  one  of  no  little  danger.     The  Jesuits  did  not  shrink 
fn.m  a  mission  Held  where  they  were  to  look  for  no  sujjport 
from  the  proprietary  or  their  rt(K-k.  and  were  to  live  amid 
dangers.     It  was  decided  that  two  Fathers  were  to  go  as  gen- 
tlemen adventurers,  taking  artisans  with  them,  and  acrpiiring 
lands  like  others,  from  which  they  were  to  draw  their  sup- 
port.    Tliis  re(piired  means,  and  we  are  not  told  by  whom 
tliey  were  furnished,  but  circumstances  strongly  indi('ate  that 
Father  Thomas  (\)pk.y,  of  ail  (.Id  English   family,  but  born 
in  Spain,  sup])lied  the  means  by  which  fho  first  missionaricH 
were  sent   out  and    maintained.'     The    Maryland    pilgrims 
under    I^onard    Calvert,   Im.ther   of   the  lord    prt^prietury. 


'  MrmoriBi  of  Fiitlicr  Henry  .Mi.r.',  Vico- Provincial.  Foley,  "  Ke(?onl« 
of  the  Kn^ii^i  I'rovincc,"  iii,,  pp.  m\\-\  Thoiniis  Copley,  known  on  the 
ininsion  iw  Father  IMiilip  FiHtur,  look  uj.  lun.l^  elaiiniii!:  thai  Falhers 
White.  .Mthain,  and  their eoMi|mnionH  had  Itt-fu  nt-nt over  liy  him.  Kilty, 
Lttiidholder'n  AuMiKtanS,  pp.  «1«-H. 


I     I 


MARYLAND  SETTLED. 


39 


consisted  of  his  brother  George,  some  twenty  other  gentle- 
men, and  two  hundred  laboring  men,  well  provided.  To  con- 
vey these  to  the  land  of  Mary,  Lord  Baltimore  had  his  own  pin- 
nace, the  Dove,  of  fifty  tons,  commanded'  by  Robert  Winter, 
and  the  Ark,  a  chartered  vessel  of  350  tons  burthen,  Eichard 
Lowe  being  ca]itain.  Leonard  Calvert  was  appointed  gover- 
nor, Jerome  llawley  and  Thomas  Comwaleys  being  joined  in 
the  commission.  Among  the  gentlemen  who  came  forward  to 
take  part  in  the  good  work  was  Richard  Gerard,  sou  of  the 
baronet  Sir  Thomas,  one  of  the  first,  as  we  have  seen,  to  pro- 
pose Catholic  colonization  in  America,  and  active  with  Peck- 
ham  in  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert's  expedition. 

Lord  Baltimore  met  with  many  vexations  and  delays.    He  ob- 
tained from  tJie  Lords  of  the  Admiralty  a  warrant  exempting 
his  men  from  impressment ;  but  as  by  his  very  charter  the  object 
of  his  colony  was  religious,  the  i)roprietary  being  praised  for 
his  pious  zeal  and  desire  to  propagate  the  Christian  faith, 
every  cJigine  was  employed  to  defeat  the  expedition.     On 
hostile  representations,  the  attorney-general  at  last  made  an 
information  in  the  Star  Chaml)er  tiiat  Lord  Raltimore's  ships 
had  de])arted  without  proper  papero  from  the  custom-house, 
and  in  contempt  of  all  authority.     It  was,  moreover,  alleged 
that  the  emigrants  had  abused  the  king's  officers  and  refused 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance.     On  these  malicic.us  charges 
ships  were  sent  in  pursuit  of  the  Maryland  vessels,  and  the 
Ark  and  Dove  were  brought  back  to  London.     The  charges 
were  soon  disproved,  but  Lord  Baltimore  had  been  put  to  great 
i'xpensc,  and  his  expedition  jeoparded.     His  enemies,  how- 
evi-r,  could  not  force  hijii  to  abandon  his  undertaking.' 

The  Ark  and  Dovi',  when  released,  bore  away  again,  ai.  1 
putting  in  at  (^owes,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  took  aboard  othor 


Lord  Bultimoro  to  tho  Earl  of  fitrafTonl-     Hir,iff(.r.l'«  Lettcm. 


|i: 


) 


40 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


members  of  the  expedition.     From  this  period  we  have  a« 
our  giude  the  narrative  of  the  voyage,  written,  in  all  proba- 
b.hty,  by  FatJier  Andrew  White.     This  learned   man,  who 
after  serving  on  the  English  mission  as  a  seminary  priest,  had 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  enemies  of  the  tnie  faith  and 
spent  years  in  prison,  had   been  banished  from  England  in 
1606.     On  the  Continent  lie  entered  the  Society  of  Jesiw 
iand  filled  professors'  chairs   in  several  colleges.'     He  had 
l)een  selected  by  the  provincial  as  chief  missioner  to  Mary- 
land, and  was  accompanied  by  Father  John  Altham,or  Grave- 
nor,  and  by  Thomas  Gervase,  a  lay  brother." 

They  sailed  from  Cowes  on  the  22d  of  Noveml)er  1  (];{;{ 
the  feast  of  Saint  Cecilia.     In  the  stormy  weather  which  they 
soon  encountered,  the  Dove  was  driven  from  her  consort,  anil 
the  two  priests  in  the  Ark  expecting  for  their  party  the  fate 
which  seemed  to  have  overtaken  her,  unite.l  all  tlie'rathoiics 
in  prayers  and  devotions  to  cnr  Lord,  to  the   blessed  Vir.Wii 
Saint   Ignatius,  and  the  Angel  (Guardians  of  Maryland,  ."m- 
werating  that  province  as  a  new  votive  offering  to\)ur  F/uly 
of  the  Inmiacnlatc  Conception.     Sweeping  around  by  R.rba- 
does,  by  Mont^.rrat,  whence  the  fugitive  Irish  Catholics  bad 

and  1.1  I  u.m.T.      Socictas  .Fr.mi,"  p.  so3.     Pniffuc,  l(tl»4. 

■  Tlio  •■  UHatio  Iiinoris  '•  ,„,,„i,„„  no, .thor  priest  .-x.vpt  F.  Altlm.n    in,! 
W  lino  wouM.  „f  rnunH..  not  mniti.,,,  hirnnHf  by  „„ (in,  ',         |, 

"  "  " '\     ^'  '*•"""  "  "'">•  '••^•l-'irr  explanation  wliy  Altluui,  ,.„.l  oUi.t 

.•^M■  y  n..^JU.>narl..  ..,..1  .no,-..  „.,.n  o„..  „„„„..    This  was  a  rosul,  of         . 
«««  i„  hn^Un,,,  „.,„vMh,.ir  rHativvs  an.l  llios,.  who  hurhon.l    h 

>^uu.     Af...rhi.  puti..n,  r.w«r.l,  I  ,nak..  no  nuT.  coujcc.ur.    in  any 


V  I 


r 


THE  JESUITS  /A"  MARYLAND. 


41 


not  yet  been  driven  by  English  hate,  by  Nevis  and  other 
West  India  Islands,  the  two  vessels,  which  had  again  joined 
company,  glided  peacefully  at  Jast  between  the  capes  into  the 
bay  which  Spanish  navigators  named  in  honor  of  the  Mother 
of  God,  but  vphich  was  to  bear  its  Indian  name  of  Chesapeake. 
The  avowed  hostility  of  Virginia  made  Leonard  Calvert 
anxious  to  learn  what  reception  awaited  him.     lie  anchored 
for  a  time  at  Point  Comfort  and  forwarded  to  the  governor 
letters  ho  bore  from  the  king  and  the  auth(»rities  in  England. 
Encouraged  by  a  courteous  welcome,  Calvert  then  proceeded 
up  the  bay  to  the  territory  embraced  within  the  charter  of 
Maryland.     The  Catholic  character  of  the  colony  is  at  once 
apparent.     For  each  natural  landmark  a  title  is  drawn  from 
tiie  calendar  of  the  Church.     The  Potomac  is  consecrated  to 
St.  Gregory;  Snuth's  Point  and  Point  Lookout  become  Ca])e 
St.  Gregory  and  Cape  St.  Michael.     AVhen  the  Pilgrims  of 
IMaryland  reached  the  Heron  Islands  they  named  them  after 
St.  Clement,  St.  Catharine,  and  St.  Cecilia,  whose  festivals  re- 
called the  early  days  of  their  voyage.     Near  the  island  named 
St.  Clement  they  came  to  anchor.     "On  the  day  of  the  An- 
nunciation of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  in  the  year  l«ia4," 
writes  the  author  of  the  "  Relatio  Itineris,"  "  we  celel)rate(l 
the  first  mass  on  that  island  ;  never  before  had  it  been  offered 
in  that  region.      After  the  holy  sacrifice,  bearing  on  our 
slioulders  a  huge  cross,  which  v.-e  had  hewn  from  a  tree,  we 
moved  in  procession  to  a  spot  selected,  the  governor,  com- 
missioners and  other  Catholics,"  putting  their  hands  first  unto 
if,  "and  erected  it  as  a  trophy  to  Christ  our  Saviour ;  then 
himd)ly  kneeling,  wo  recited  with  deej)  emotion,  the  Litany 
of  the  Holy  Cross."  ' 


'  "  Ilcliilio  IlincriH  iid  Miirvliiiiilliiin,"  Hiiltiriiurf,  1874,  p.  !J3.  The 
miuniHcript  of  the  Hcliilio  willi  uii  Iiuliiin  ciilccliisni  wiis  fotuid  in  ISifJ 
in  Mio  Art'liivt's  of  tlio  I'roft'SHfil  I  louse  at  Uoiiii-,  liy  an  Aintriiiiii  .k'.suil. 


42 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Ml 

M! 


8T.    CLKMENT'8  ISLAND.    EASTERN  KXn,    WIIEHE   THE   FIRST  MASS   WAS 
SAID   IN   MARYLAND,    MARCH  25.  UU.      FROM   A  DRA^mo  „V  K    ^ 
MAYER.  *  ''■  "• 

Catliulifity  tlms  planted   her  cross  and  her  altar  in  the 
heart  <.f  the  English  colonies  in  America,  March  25  1034 
The  laud  was  consecrated,  and  then  preparations  were  n.a.ie 
to  select  a  sj.ot  for  the  settlement.     Leaving  Father  White  at 
St.  Clement's,  the  governor,  with  Father  Altiiam,  ran  ui)  the 
nver  .n  a  pinnace,  and  at  Potomac  on  the  southern  slu.re 
met  Archd.an.  regent  of  the  powerful  tribe  that  held  swav 
<.ver  that  part  of  the  lan.l.     The  priest,  through  an  interpre- 
ter n.ade  kn..wn  his  desire  to  instruct  the  chief  in  the  tru(. 
faith.     Arduhau  g-avo  every  mark  of  frimdlv  assi.nt      The 
emperor  of  Piscataway,  who  controlled  a  considerable  extent 
of  territory  on  the  Maryland  side  of  the  river,  wa.  also  won 
<.ver  by  the  Catholic  pilgriu.s,  although  on   their  first  a,>- 
l»n.ach  the  Pisc-ataways  came  llo,.king  to  the  shore  to  oppol 
ti.em  in  arms.     Having  thus  prepussesse.l  the  most  powerful 
native  rulers  of  the  neigld^riug  Indiiu.s  to  regard  the  new 
Falhor  William  M.-.^horry.     A  tranHJatio,,  bv~Nrr"¥roiik7TT"ir" 

^n.  , ,,,..n..al  S.i..„  ,.Hn,.,  „...  I....;,.  .i„.  a  ul^^,.  ^i...  '        i;!^" 
Iv  A    I„.,ry„.plc  i„  ,ST4,    A  r..r.vr,...i  v..r.i.,„  i,  ,iv..„  ,,  „...  W.     ,.    .^ 

r";'rv;;' !^- •"-••■  ah...! r";:^!:;;;;.,^,^:::;^;: 

Lor.1  i.al,wnor..H  I.|,u„a.i.,„  i„  MurylaM..."  I..,n.l.,„,  um ,  N  w  V  ,  k 
1H«..  p.  1 .  n  .h,«  «hi..h  follows  ,1...  U..lu.i.,  ,.l,.H..lv  l,u.  pru.lc. .  y  .  ^" 
el.rat,M|  ,1...  tirst  ,na-« "  tK.co.u.M  ■  •  ndlcl  ..rtaiM  pray.n  '  ^ 


FIRST  CHAPEL  AT  ST.  MABY'S. 


43 


settlers  favorably,  Leonard  Calvert  sailed  back  to  Saint 
(Jlenient's.  Then  the  pilgrims  entered  the  Saint  Mary's,  a 
bold  broad  stream,  emptying  into  the  Potomac  about  twehe 
nules  from  its  mouth.  For  the  first  settlement  of  the  new 
])rovince,  Leonard  Calvert,  who  had  landed,  selected  a  spot  a 
i^liort  distance  above,  about  a  mile  from  the  eastern  shore  of  the 
river.  Here  stood  an  Indian  town,  whose  inhabitants,  harassed 
by  the  Su8<iuehaunas,  had  already  begun  to  emigratp  to  the 
westward.  To  observe  strict  justice  with  the  Indian  tribes 
<'alvcrt  purchased  from  the  werowance  or  king,  Yaocomoco 
tliirty  miles  of  territory.  The  Indians  gradually  gavp  up  some 
of  their  houses  to  tlie  colonists,  agreeing  to  leave  the  rest  also 
after  they  had  gathered  in  their  harvest.  The  colonists,  who 
had  according  to  tradition  tarried  for  a  time  on  the  ground 
now  known  as  St.  Inigoes,'  (;anie  up  and  the  Governor  took 
the  colors  ashore,  the  ger.tl*:inen  and  the  servants  under  arms, 
receiving  them  with  a  salute  of  musketry,  to  which  the  can- 
non of  tlie  vessels  replied.  lie  took  possession  of  the  Indian 
town  and  named  it  St.  jMary's.  One  of  the  oblong  oval  In- 
dian l)ark  houses  or  witchotts  was  assigned  to  the  priests. 
With  the  lielp  of  their  good  lay  brother,  the  two  Jesuit 
Fathers  soon  transformed  it  into  a  chapel,  the  first  shrine  of 
Catholicity  in  Maryland. 

The  native  tribes  were  conciliated  ;  Sir  John  Harvey,  Gov- 
ernor of  Virginia,  came  as  a  welcome  guest ;  the  new  settio 
nient  bi'gan  with  Catholic  and  Protestant  dwelling  together 
in  hariiionv,  neither  attempting  to  interfere  with  the  religious 
rights  of  the  other,  "  and  religious  liberty  obtained  a  home, 
its  only  home  in  the  wide  world,  at  the  humble  village  which 
bore  the  name  of  St.  Mary's."  * 


'  Foley.  "Records  of  the  EngliNh  Province,"  lii.,  p.  823. 
ItiueriH,"  p.  IW.     "  .\  Hdiitiou  of  Maryland,  1«35,"  p.  12. 

»  Ilancroft,  "  History  of  the  United  States,"  I.,  p.  347. 


"RdaUo 


!i 


If 
i  -is 

i'l 
11 

i-f 

r! 

'i 

t  ■. 

i  / 

!} 


f 


44 


Tiffi  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Thus  began   the  city  of  St.   Mary's,   March   27,   1634. 

"  St.  Mary's  was  the  liome,  the  chosen  home  of  the  disciples 

of  the  Roman  Church.     The  fact  lias  been  generally  received. 

It  is  sustained  by  the  traditions  of  two  hundred  years,  and  by 

volumes  of  written  testimony  ;  by  the  records  of  the  courts  ; 

by  the  proceedings  of  the  ])rivy  council ;  by  the  trial  of  law 

oases  ;  by  the  wills  and  inventories  ;  by  the  land  records  and 

rent-rolls ;  and  by  the  very  names  originally  given  to  the  towns 

and  hundreds  to  the  creeks  and  rivulets,  to  the  tracts  and 

manors  of  the  county."  ' 


MTK  OP  THE  orrv  ok  rt.  maht's,  m>.,  wm-.RE  tttk  Frn«T  r.TnoTic 

OHAPEI,    WAS     EKECTED.      FKOM     A     HK..Trit      uv  '-^THOIJC 

TOW.VHENI).  HKLTdt     HV    OKOIiOE    ALFRED 

The  settlers  were  H,H)n  at  work.  ir„„ses  for  their  use  were 
erect.,,,  crops  were  planted,  activity  and  in.lu.try  prevailed. 
St.  Mary  s  chapel  w.-u.  <ledicated  to  the  worship  of  Almightv 
rod,  and  near  ,t  a  fort  stood,  rea.iy  to  protect  the  settlers 
It  was  require<l  by  the  fact  that  (T.,yborne,  th,.  fan.ti.-ai 
enemy  of  Wd  Baltinmre  and  his  Catbolic.  projects,  who  had 
^.Iready  sc-ttle  on  K..,  !.,,,.,,  was  exciting  the  Indians 
ligjunst  the  colonists  of  Maryland. 

The   little  con.munity  gave  the  priests  a  field  too  limited 
for  the.r  zc-al.      The  daily  nuiss.  the  instructions  fro,,,  the 

'  l)uvi8,  ■■  Day  Star."  p,  149. 


MAP  OK  MAUYI.ANI).  FHOM  ONE  PnBLISHKD  BETWEEN  1670  AND  1090. 


; 


P 


i 


fill 


46  m^;  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

altar,  private  conforencee  witl.  any  desiri„g  clearer  knowledge 
of  the  faith;  all  tl.ese  were  the  ordmary  work  ;  but  the  kT 
dian   nbes  were  to  be  reached.     The  Yaoco.nocos  n«ir  St 
Mary  s  hunted  and  fished  for  the  colonists  an<]  were  constantly 
m  the  httle  town.     The  nussionaries  began  to  study  their 
language,  colJecting  words  and  endeavoring  to  underst;nd  its 
structure  and  forms.     They  found,  however,  that  each  little 
tnbe  seemed  to  have  a  different  dialect  or  a  distinct  languic^e  • 
hut  undeterred  by  this,  they  went  steadily  on,  and  the  resStJ 
<'t  their  investigations  are  still  preserved.' 

Another  priest,  with  a  lay  brother,  came  to  share  their 
abors  before  the  close  of  the  year  UJ;Jo  ;  and  the  next  vear 
four  priests  were  reported  .-u.  the  number  assigned   to"the 
Maryland  mission.     Of  their  early  labors  no  record  is  „re- 
Kerved,  and  we  learn  only  that  they  were  laboring  diligently  tu 
overcome  the  difficulties  presented  by  the  Indian  lai^.ia-l ' 
I  i.e  two  priests  last  assigned  to  the  mission,  and  wlur.p- 
parently  did  not  reach   Maryland   till    ,...)r,  were  the  11,1 
1  homas  Copley,  known  on  the  records  of  the  Socictv  of  Jesus 
as  Father  Philip  Fisher,  with  Father  .FohnKnolle;.     vXr 
Copley  (Pisher)  became  superior  of  the  mission,  and  at  oi.ee 
ook  steps  to  place  the  affairs  of  the  ^-ommunitv  -m  a  self.     . 
p.>.-tn^W     l^Hler  the  Conditions  of  P,.n;ation  issued  bv 
Lord    Jaltimore,  August  S,  l.l;],J,  every  one  of  the  ..mtlemen 
advenmrers  of   U,;3.  was  entitle<l  to  tw.>  thonsan.r  acres  Iw 
every  hve  men  brought  ov.^r,  and  the  «une  quantitv  of  land 
for  every  ten  men  brought  over  in  the  two  succecling  vears 


'..''■l"i^ :;;•::;;;;::';'?„■;. '  ^^  ■-"» "-  »■■'.- 

'  Notes    for  Iti;(5-i(5:w  •  ri.    n   \a      ■r\ 


'Ni 


THE  JESUITS  IN  MARYLAND. 


47 


Under  these  provisions  Father  Fisher,  using  his  real  name 
of  Thomas  Copley,  entered  a  claim  for  Mr.  Andrew  White, 
Mr.  John  Altham,  and  others  to  the  number  of  thirty 
brought  over  by  him  iu  the  year  1G33 ;  as  well  as  for  him- 
self  and  Mr.  John  Knolles,  and  others  to  the  number  of  nine- 
teen brought  over  in  1037.'  The  position  taken  by  Lord 
Baltimore  that  the  Catholic  priests  who  went  to  Maryland 
were  not  ro  look  to  him  or  to  the  settlers  for  support,  left 
them  no  alternative  but  to  maintain  themselves,  as  there  was 
no  hope  of  any  one  establishing  a  riind  for  their  use.  The 
lan<ls  then  taken  up  were  cleared  and  put  under  cultivation 
by  tli(.i  missionaries  and  for  two  centuries  maybe  said  to  have 
met  all  the  cost  of  maintaining  Catholic  worship  and  its  min- 
isters in  those  portions  of  Maryland." 

Sickness  prevailed  in  the  colony,  and  the  missionaries  did 
not  escape.  "Within  two  months  after  his  arrival  Father 
Knolles,  a  talented  young  priest  of  nnich  hope,  sank  a  vic- 

'  Kilty.  "The  Land-IIoldcr's  Assistunl,"  Baltimore,  1808,  pp.  30,  OG, 
07,  08.  Other  lands  were  cliiinied  by  Copley,  as  assignee  of  settlers  win', 
had  returned  to  England. 

Mr.  Henry  Foley,  Records  of  the  English  Province,  vii.,  IIJO,  etc.: 
and  Woodstock  Letters,  xi.,  pp.  18-24,  xv.,  pp.  44-7,  diseussii'iir  the  sub- 
ject ably,  consider  the  identity  of  Thomas  Copley  and  Father  Philip  Fisher 
established,  and  this  was  the  result  of  my  own  studies.  Boih  ari'  repre- 
sented as  born  at  Madrid  at  the  close  of  the  10th  century  ;  e.ich  came  to 
Maryland  in  1(!:{7  (Auirust  S)  with  Father  Knolles  ;  each  was  carried  olf, 
and  each  died  in  l(i,V,>.  Neither  recognizes  the  existence  of  the  other. 
('oi)!ey  took  up  lands  for  all  the  Jesuit  Fathers,  but  no  lands  for  Fisher! 
and  Fisher  as  superior  alludes  in  his  account  of  the  mission  to  no  Fatlier 
('oi»ley.  .\  very  interesting  sketch  of  Father  Copley  by  .Mis.  K.  C.  Dor- 
sey  is  in  Woodstock  Letters,  xiii.  p.  !>r)0,  cf.  .\iv.  p."34f) ;  .\v.  p.  44. 

■  It  has  been  charged  that  the  Catholic  missionaries  in  adojiting  the 
course  tiny  did,  beeame  farmers  and  merchants  ;  but  the  taunt  i")ines 
with  a  very  ill  grace  from  ndnisters.  whether  Episcopalian  or  Calvinist 
whose  predecessors  in  this  country  lived  on  money  wrung  bv  process  of 
law  from  many  who  did  not  belong  to  their  tloek  and  who  rejected  their 
teaching. 


48 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


tim  .0  ,1,0  climato,  .„„1  li,,,tl,.r  Gervase,  one  of  tho  origmal 
baud  of  settlors,  also  ,lio,l.'  "nguul 

TI.0  hostility,  oxcitod  by  Clajlwrno  prevented  .he  estal.lisl,. 
nentof  any  „.,ssi„„  .n.oug  .,.„  I,„,ia„  .ri^,  „.,  the  t 

ernor  deeu.cd  ,t  rash  for  an,-  n.lssio y  to  tak     „„  his  S 

dence  „,  an  Indian  villa,,„;  ,„„  ,J  t,„lZ^^- 
fo,,nd  en,ph,vn,ent  for  their  .eal,  severar  iw'  fh^ 
.nstrnetod  and  received  into  the  Chnreh.  ()„e  of  tie  I  1? 
or.  v.s.,ed  a  neighhorin,  province,  Virginia ,«  ^  ,  ^  ,  ''; 
o„„dt>vo  Frc,,clnncn  lon«  strangers  to  the  sac  „„: 

►Ll>cs  Of    h,.,  provnlcntial  presence  of  a  J.ricst  to  make  their 
,.;aee  „-,th  CM.     The  Father.,  fo.nj  iveral  Ca  ,„  i  " 
.r,nna  hel   for  service  whose  terms  they  purchased  ..  e    , 
;;;;^:..;;..«.Mo  Ma,v,and  and  live  where  .hey  could  p.ci e' 

We  „m  picure  to  onrsclvcs  the  h'ttle  colonv    the  onlv 
1  a-  under  the  ,1a.  of  E„,|and  whc.  (-..holi,    vc^.C^ 
e  on  con,par.a„ve  frecdou,,     A  public  chapel    whc-c '2" 
was  rcsularly  s:>i,l,  where  sennon,  were  „  cached    '   T 

;.-".^  holidays,  where  the  child,.,  IJi'sX';: 

«    -  .ccl„s,„   and  ad„l,s  were  «ro„„de,l  in  the-faith  I  v 

inst,  ,ct,ons  .s.nted  to  their  capaci.y-„„d„„l„c,l|,.  the    it 

N,„day.seho<,    in  the  co„„„,._whc,.c  ,v.rca,s  wet  ^J^^ 

those  who  w,sl,„l  ,„  perfonn  ,|,e  spi,.i,„al  cxc,-ci.*s 

After  a  „,„„  l-athcr  White  took  up  his  residence  with 
.r  ,uaco,nc„,  cincf  or  kin,,  of  IVuxe,,.,  a  ,„a„  „f  ^ 

fen  t„  the  ,n,«a„„ary  and  they  were  l,„p,i,„,|  „f,„  (,„,„„ 
-efnlly  „,str„cted  and  their  persevcani  .cs,ed;  I.u.m': 


■  Au«o,u  Uuor  of  ,61».    •■  R.|„,|„  ,„„„|, ,. ,,.,  ,^  ^ 


EQUALITY  OF  RELIGIOUS  RIGHTS. 


49 


quacomeii,  tlioiigli  he  followed  the  instructions  and  seemed 
convinced,  hesitated  and  procrastinated.  He  had  shown  his 
good-will  by  bestowing  on  the  nn'ssion  a  tract  known  as  Meta- 
pawnien,  a  spot  so  fertile  that  its  produce  was  the  main  reli- 
ance of  the  Marjhmd  missionaries.  Yet  with  the  unstable- 
ness  so  frequent  among  Indians  he  soon  changed,  all  design 
of  embracing  the  faith  vanished,  and  his  hostility  to  the  mis- 
sionaries and  to  the  JVIaryland  settlers  became  so  marked  that 
Leonard  Calvert  recalled  Father  V/hite  to  St.  Mary's.  The 
first  permanent  Indian  mission  was  thus  defeated,  great  as 
the  hopes  were  that  had  been  based  on  the  influence  which 
the  Patuxent  chief  exercised  over  the  surroundina'  tribes.' 

The  prevailing  influence  in  Maryland  was  Catholic  ;  the 
leading  gentlemen  who  had  given  their  means  and  personal 
services  to  the  project,  like  Cajitain  Thomas  Cornwaleys, 
Cuthbert  Fenwick,  Thomas  Green,  were  Catholics,  but  several 
of  those  whom  they  brought  over  under  the  conditions  of 
plantation  were  Protestants.  For  many  years  these  had  no 
clergymen,  l)ut  a  chaiiel  was  soon  reared  for  their  use.  They 
were  protected  in  its  exclusive  use,  and  interference  with 
tlieir  religious  views  by  taunts  or  opprobrious  words  was  pun- 
ished.^ 

Care  was  taken  by  the  lord  proprietary  to  maintain  this 
equality  of  religious  rights.  The  oath  of  office  taken  by  the 
governors  from  the  outset  evinces  this.  "And  1  do  further 
swear  that  I  will  not  by  myself  or  any  other  person,  directly 
or  indirectly,  trouble,  jnolest,  or  discountenance  any  person 

'  "  Rcliitio  Itincris,"  p.  63.  ' 

■  Lt.  William  Lewis  was  fined  in  1088  for  ubusinff  Protestants  who  were 
readin.!,'  aloud  a  book  that  ofTended  hini.  See  iiroeeedinirs  analyzed  in 
Bcliarf,  i.  pp.  100-7.  Dr.  Thomas  Gerrard  was  lined  in  UW2  for"taldii- 
away  the  keys  and  books  of  the  I'rotestant  chapel.  Maryland  Archives^ 
i,  |).  119  ;  Johnson,  "  Old  Maryland  Manors,"  p.  29  ;  Bo/.nmn,  "  History 
of  Maryland,"  ii.  pp.  199-200;  Davis,  "  Day  SUir,"  p.  33. 


ff) 


i- 


ill 


ti 


I 


( 


60 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


whatsoever,  professing  to  believe  in  Jesus  Clirist,  and  in  par- 
ticular no  Ilonian  Catholic,  for  or  in  respect  of  religion,  nor 
his  or  her  free  exercise  thereof  within  the  said  province,  .  . 
nor  will  I  make  any  diiferenco  of  persons  in  conferring  of- 
tices,  rewards  or  favors,  for  or  in  respect  to  their  said  religion, 
hut  meerly  as  I  shall  find  them,  faithful  and  well  deserving 
of  his  said  Lordship  and  to  the  best  of  my  understanding 
endowed  with  niorall  vertues  and  abilities  ,  ,  .  and  if  any 
other  officer  or  persons  whatsoever  shall  .  .  .  molest  or  dis- 
turb any  person  .  .  .  professing  to  l)elieve  in  Jesus  Christ, 
meerly  for  or  in  respect  of  his  or  her  religion  or  the  free 
exercise  hereof  upon  notice  or  com])laint  thereof  made  to 
him,  I  will  apply  my  power  and  authority  to  relieve  any  per- 
son so  molested  or  troubled,  whereby  he  may  have  right  done 
him."  ' 

Lord  Baltimore's  scheme  end)raced  not  only  religious  but 
legislative  freedom,  and  his  charter  provided  for  a  colonial 
assembly.  Maryland  begins  her  history  in  March,  1034,  and 
in  less  than  three  years  an  assembly  of  the  freemen  of  the 
little  colony  was  convened  and  opened  its  sessions  on  the 
2r)-2r>th  of  Jamiary,  1037.  All  who  had  taken  up  lands  were 
summoned  to  attend  in  person.  The  Catholic  priests,  smn- 
moned  like  the  rest,  had  no  wish  to  take  part  as  legislators. 
Through  Ilobert  Gierke  they  asked  to  be  excused  from  serv- 
ing.'    When  the  Assembly    met,    John  Lewgar,   secretary 


'  Chalmers,  p.  235;  McMuhon.  "Hist.  Maryliind,"  22G.  Lnnirford. 
"  Hofutation  of  Babylon's  Fall  ";  "  Viririniaand  Maryland,"  pp.  22,  23,  26'. 
The  terms  of  the  oath  are  taken  from  the  Parliament  Navy  C'ommittoe 
31st  Dec,  10,52,  where  they  are  iriven  in  a  treneral  way,  and  not  as  those 
of  an  oath  introduced  recently.  Streeter,  ' '  Maryland  Two  Hundred  Years 
Ajj;f),"  p.  20,  and  some  .subsequent  writers  endeavored  to  show  that  this 
oath  (lid  not  date  back  to  1630 ;  tlie  whole  question  can  be  studied  iu 
8eharf,  i.,  p.  171. 

'  "  Maryland  Archives,"  i.,  p.  5. 


NEW  QUESTIONS. 


61 


to  Lord  Baltimore,  wiis  tlie  leading  spirit.  A  recently  con- 
verted Protestant  minister,  he  was  little  versed  in  the  canons 
luid  rules  of  the  Catliolic  Church.  Some  of  the  laws  intro- 
duced hy  him  excited  grave  doubts  in  the  minds  of  Catholic 
gentlemen  in  the  Assembly,  who  submitted  the  matter  to 
the  missionaries.  To  their  minds  the  projiosed  acts  so 
contiicted  with  the  laws  of  the  Church  that  no  Catholic 
could  conscientiously  vote  for  them.  Their  opinion  gave 
great  umbrage  to  Leonard  Calvert,  the  governor,  and  still 
greater  to  Lord  Baltimore  when  the  affair  was  reported  to 
him.' 

The  variance  of  opinion  was  most  unfortunate  in  its  results 
to  the  colony,  as  impairing  the  harmony  which  had  hitherto 
prevailed,  and  threatened  to  prevent  the  growth  of  the 
(-'hurch  in  its  usefulness  and  the  spreading  of  missions  among 
the  Indians.  A  chapel  had  by  this  time  been  erected  at  St. 
Mary's,  and  a  cemetery  was  duly  blessed  to  receive  the  remains 
of  those  wiio  died  in  the  faith." 

Secretary  Lewgar,  though  sincerely  a  Catholic,  and  subse- 
quently a  priest,'  was  at  this  time  too  unacquainted  with 
t!ie  canons  of  the  Church  to  act  dispassionately.  His  letters 
to  Lord  Baltimore  seem  to  have  excited  that  nobleman 
so  much  that  he  resolved  to  force  the  Jesuit  Fathers  to  aban- 
don rlio  mission.  lie  declared  the  grant  of  land  by  the 
Patuxent  king  null  and   void,  and   objected   to  a  further 


'  r,aws  were  introduced  regarding  marriage  and  proving  wills,  then 
regarded  as  within  the  province  of  ecclesiastical  courts,  establishing  courts, 
and  one  curious  enactment  deprived  a  woman  of  lands  descending  to  her 
unless  she  married  before  an  age  fixed  by  law.  "  Maryland  Archives," 
i.,  ]).  15. 

■'  "  Y«  ordinary  burying  place  in  St.  Mary's  Chapel  yard  "  is  alluded  to 
in  John  TJoyd's  will,  1658.     Davis,  p.  83. 

•'  He  died  at  London  in  lo55,  while  attending  the  plague-stricken.  As  to 
his  writings,  see  Dodd,  iii.,  p  264. 


:    / 

f 

I    i 


I    f 


J'sf         ^ 

1.  ■'• 


i  i  ■ 


Hi 


II 


« i 

1 

■  w 

1 

1  E 

■ 

'     K 

52 


rilE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES 


acqxiisition  of  land  by  the  missionaries.  At  the  same  time 
he  toc»k  mciusiires  to  request  the  Congregation  tie  Projia- 
giuida  Fide  at  Rome  to  establish  a  mission  in  his  province  of 
Maryland.  In  carrying  out  his  plan  he  acted  disingenuously, 
evidently  withholding  all  information  as  to  the  actual  exist- 
ence of  a  mission  in  his  colony,  founded  by  the  English 
|)rovince  of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  A  more  dire(;t  and 
straightforward  coursi;  would  have  been  to  submit  the  case 
to  the  authorities  in  Rome  and  solicit  such  a  modilication  of 
ordinary  rules  as  the  exceptional  state  of  affairs  in  Maryland 
seemed  to  reijuire. 

It  was  apparently  to  support  his  application  to  Rome  that 
the  Maryland  Assembly,  on  the  liUli  of  March,  KJ.'JS  (().  S.), 
passed  an  act  entitled  "An  Act  for  Church  Liberties,"  the 
first  Miction  of  which  provided  that  "Holy  CMiurch  within 
this  province  shall  have  all  her  rights,  liberties  and  immu- 
nities, safe,  whole  ami  inviolable  in  all  things."  ' 


'  "  Mnryland  Archives,"  i.,  pp.  .^5,  40,  82.  It  was  to  he  in  forces  (ill  \\w 
next  AsscMilily  and  then  be  inmie  perpetual.  Tliat  ii  law  of  j^eneral  reliir 
ions  freedom  wa.s  then  passed  has  been  a.s8ertcd,  but  no  such  aet  ean  now 
l)e  found. 

■•  After  the  Charter  was  thu.s  granted  to  Lord  Rallimore,  who  waHihen 
«  Honian  Cathulie,  his  Lordship  emitted  his  pn.elaniation  to  eneourajre 
the  settlement  of  his  province.  i>romisin,tr  tiierein  aniont;  Hher  lhinj,'s. 
lilH'ify  of  eonsejeiiee  and  an  .  .|ual  exereise  of  relitrion  to  every  denom- 
ination of  Cliristi.ins  who  wouhl  transiw.rt  Ihemseives  and  reside  in  hf.^ 
provinee,  and  that  he  would  proenre  it  law  to  be  passed  for  that  purnose 
afterwards.  The  llrst  or  seeond  .\sseml.ly  that  met  after  the  eolonism 
arrivid  here,  some  lime  in  the  year  IWtS,  a  perpetual  law  was  pa.s.sul  in 
pursuance  of  his  Lordship's  promi.se,  and  indeed  sueh  n  law  wa«  encily 
obtained  from  lliose  who  were  the  (Irsl  settlers.  This  aet  was  eonllnneil 
ill  HMO  and  airnin  in  1U.V>."  Heply  of  fpiMT  to  Lower  House  of  .\ssem- 
Illy  in  I7."H,  eii  <i  liy  Sehnrf,  i.,  p.  l,-»4. 

"  The  [vojile  who  first  s..||1.mI  in  tliis  provinee  were  for  the  most  pari 
llonian  Calho'ies,  and  that  iilthou'.'h  every  other  wet  was  tolerated,  a 
majority  of  the  inliahilants  eonlinued  Papists  till  the  Revolution."  (Jov. 
MiariK's  letter  of  Deo.  l."i,  i::i.s,  iu  Maryland  Siat«j  Library. 


same  time 

do  Pi-(jj>a- 

[)r<)viiico  of 

it'tnal  oxist- 
lie  Engl  is;  1 
direct  and 
lit  the  case 
liticatioii  of 
1  Maryland 

IJome  that 
!;58  (O.  S.), 
LTties,"  tiie 
I'C'li  within 
uid  inium- 


forr^  till  tlio 
:i'ncral  rclii; 
act  rail  now 

III)  waHilicii 
!)  ciicoiirajio 
lliiT  lliiiitrs, 
very  (Icnoin- 
rcsiili"  in  ||i.s 
liat  |iiirj)(>s(> 

III'    CIllllllhlH 

MM  |m.s.std  in 
r  woM  fnpjly 
s  ooiiliiiiu'il 

V  of  Ash  III- 


n'  most  jiart 
tolcratcij,  a 
on."    Oiiv. 


I^ Andreas  VitirX  SJAiigijAn  7\udia  cH-^anlau' 
LU.GiAinerica^  BraviiicU^AyoCtohci/ldhorihirx  clarus, 

BAPTISM  OF  KINO  CHIIOMAOON    BY  FATHKR  ANDRHW  WHITa 
nioM  TAMNiii  "aoctrrAS  ivea.    ■«»« 


MARYLAND  MISSIONS. 


nlati' 


Meanwhile  tlie  missionaries  were  continuing  their  labors, 
'atlier  John  Brock,  who  liad  become  Superior  of  the  Mis- 
lion,  residing  with  a  lay  brother  at  the  plantation,  apparently 
;hat  known  as  St.  Inigoes ;  Father  Altham,  who  had  become 
ell  acquainted  with  the  country,  being  stationed  at  Kent 
sland  on  the  eastern  shore,  then  a  great  centre  of  the  Indian 
'"tra(l(>,  and  Father  Philip  Fisher  at  the  chapel  in  St.  Mary's, 
the  capital  of  the  colony. 

I'ather  White  had  penetrated  to  a  new  field,  a  hundred 
and  twenty  miles  from  St.  Mary's,  having,  in  June,  1039, 
planted  his  mission  cross  at  Kittamaquindi,  capital  of  Pisca- 
tftM-av,  the  realm  of  the  Tayac  or  Chief,  Chitomaclicn  or 
Childmacon.     This  was  i:>robably  at  or  near  the  present  town 
of  that  name,  fifteen  miles  south  of  the  city  of  Washington. 
Tlic  chief,  predisposed  by  dreams,  on  which  Indians  depend 
80  much,  received  the  missionary  warmly,     lie  listened  to 
file  instructions  and,  touched  by  grace,  reso'''ed  not  only  to 
encourage  the   missionary's  labors   among  his  people,  but, 
iritli  his  wife  and  children,  to  end)raco  the  faith  jireached  to 
them.     lie  put  awiiy  his  concubines,  learned  how  to  pray, 
«ii(I  observed  the  fasts  and  abstinences  of  the  Church.     lie 
Ijfpi'uly  avowed  his  remniciation  of  all  his  former  supersti- 
iloiis  and  idolarry,  and  declared  that  religion  was  far  more 
liim  than  any  other  advantage  he  could  derive  from  the 
hites.     Visiting  St.  Mary's,  this  catechumen  was  received 
til  every  mark  of  friendship,  and  when  h(>  was  sufficiently 
stnicted.   and    his  dispositions    deemed   certain,    he   was 
It'iiiidy  baptized  at  Kittamaipiindi,  his  capital,  on  the  Htli 
July,    1(140,  receiving  at   the  sacred  font    the  name  of 
'liarles.     ilis  wife,  the  devoted  friend  of  tli(>  mission,  rts 
ived  in  baptism  the  name  of  Mary,  and  her  infant  child 
at  of  Anne.     The  king's   chief  councillor,  Aresorcoipies, 
ith  his  son,  enjoyed  the  same  blessing.     This  interesting 


In 


\ 


i       :    i 

u 


,.. 


I  1 
'I  J    » 


54 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


ceremony,  the  administration  of  the  holy  sacrament  of  regen- 
eration to  a  chief  of  such  influence  and  his  family,  took 
place  in  a  new  bark  chapel,  erected  for  the  occasion. 
Ix^mard  Calvert,  the  governor,  came  with  Lewgar,  the  sec- 
retary of  the  colony,  and  Father  Altham,  to  show  hy  theii- 
presence  the  importance  of  the  event. 

In  the  afternoon  the  king  and  queen  were  united  in  miitri- 
niony  according  to  Christian  usage  ;  then  a  large  holy  cross 
Wius  erected,  the  Indian  chief,  the  English  governor  and 
secretary,  with  natives  and  settlers  lending  their  shoulders 
and  hands  to  hear  it  to  its  destined  place,  the  two  Jesuit 
Fathers  chanting,  as  they  went,  the  Litany  of  our  Lady  of 
Loretto,  the  niurnnir  of  the  river  as  it  flowed  down  past  the 
site  of  the  future  capital  of  the  country,  aiul  the  voices  of 
the  hoary  forests  echoing  the  response.' 

The  two  missionaries  were  soon  after  prostrated  by  fever, 
and  they  were  conveyed  to  St.  Mary's.  Father  Altham  did 
not  rally  from  its  efl'ects;  he  sank  under  the  disease  and  died 
on  the  Ath  of  November,  1(540.  Father  White  bc-ran  to 
mend,  an<l  in  February,  having  regained  some  strength, 
joined  Father  Brock,  at  Piscataway,  in  order  to  make  the 
mission  a  solid  one;  but  he  agjiin  fell  sick,  exciting  the  alarm 
of  Father  Brock,  who  feared  that  listening  only  to  his  zeal 
he  would  sink  under  his  age  and  increasing  inflrmities,  the 
result  doubtless  ./f  the  years  spent  in  English  jirisons.  Much 
of  the  success  of  the  society's  labors  in  Maryland  depended 
upon  Father  White,  inasmiu'h  as  he  possessed  tlu'  grcitest 
influence  over  the  minds  of  the  Indians,  and  spoke  their 
liinguages  with  greater  fluency  and  accuracy  than  any  of  tJii- 


'  Annual  liptlpr.  1680, in  "  Ilelatio  !tlnpri«,"  p.  65, pfc;  Foley,  "  V.,r 
onls,"  lil.,  p.  372.  Tanner,  "  Soeiela-M  .lesu  Apostoluriuii  Iniilalrix." 
Priiiruc,  KHM,  pp.  H();t-4.  The  curiiiim  picliirc  of  the  liaptiMin  of  (hiio 
iimcheii  is  reprodiicoil  exiK'tly  from  the  nt)w  nire  work  of  Tuiiiier. 


K 


» 


MARYLAND  MISSIONS. 


65 


other  missionaries.  It  was  Fatlier  Brock,  however,  who  was 
to  be  the  next  victim  to  the  climate.  After  announeinir  the 
faith  to  the  tribe  of  Anacostans  or  Snakes,  and  converting 
their  king,  lie  died  before  the  close  of  the  year. 

Father  Brock,  whose  real  name  was  Ferdinand  Poulton, 
belonged  to  a  family  which  had  given  many  members  to  the 
Society  of  Jesus.  He  was  born  in  Buckinghamshire  about 
the  beginning  of  the  century,  and  entering  the  Society  in 
1022,  was  sent  out  as  Superior  of  the  mission  in  1638  or  1639, 
being  then  a  professed  Father.  He  was  accidentally  shot 
while  crossing  Saint  Mary's  Eiver. 

A  letter  written  shortly  before  his  death  gives  interesting 
details  of  the  labors  of  the  Fathers  on  the  Maryland  mission, 
which  we  have  used  in  our  account.     Its  closing  sentences 
show  how  completely  he  was  absorbed  in  the  work."     "  The 
mere  idea  of  our  Superiors  recalling  us  or  not  sending  others 
to  help  us  in  this  glorious  work  of  the  conversion  of  souls,  in 
some  sort  iminigns  the  Providence  of  God  and  his  care  of  his 
servants,  as  though  he  would  now  less  than  formerly  provide 
for  the  nourishment  of  his  laborers.     On  which  account  our 
courage  is  not  diminished,  but  rather  increased  and  strength- 
ened ;  since  now  God  will  take  us  into  his  protection,  and 
will  certainly  provide  for  us  himself,  especially  since  it  has 
pleased  the  divine  goodness  already  to  receive  some  fruit  of 
our  labors  however  small.     In  whatever  manner  it  may  seem 
good  to  his  divine  IMajosty  to  dispose  of  us,  may  his  holy  will 
be  done !     But  as  much  as  in  me  lies,  I  would  rather,  Ial)()r- 
ing  in  the  conversicm  of  the  Indians,  expire  on   the  bare 
ground  deprived  of  all  Innnan  succor  and  perishing  with  hun- 
ger, than  onco  think  of  abaiuh.ning  this  holy  work  of  (Jod 


'  Letter  of  Fnthrr  .lolm  Brock,  StonyhurKt  MS8    iv    p  10)>  •  V   ,s 

Cntholic  M,.>ra7.in,.,   tH4H,  p.  r,34.     Foley.  "  Uecunls.''   iii.',  pp.  i,«H,  iwa  ; 

liclutio  ItineriH,"  p.  78.  >  n  .        . 


I, 


L 


m 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


from  the  fear  of  want.  May  God  grant  me  grace  to  render 
liini  some  service  and  all  the  rest  I  leave  to  divine  Provi- 
dence. The  King  of  Piscatavvay  lately  died  most  piously ; 
but  (lod  will  for  his  sake  raise  up  seed  for  us  in  his  neigh- 
bor, the  King  of  Aiiacostan,  who  has  invited  us  to  come  to 
liiin,  and  has  decided  to  become  a  Christian.  ]\Iany  likewise 
in  other  localities  desire  the  same.  Hopes  of  a  rich  harvest 
shine  forth,  unless  frustrated  by  the  want  of  laborers  who 
can  sjioak  the  language  and  are  in  sound  health." 

This  energetic  Su])erior  was  cut  off  amid  i)]ans  approved 
liy  the  Provincial  for  establishing  new  stations,  and  he  had 
proposed  a  scheme  for  conmiencing  a  seat  of  learning  for  the 
province  of  ^laryland.' 

In  1642  Father  Philip  Fisher,  again  Superior,  contin- 
ued his  labors  at  Saint  Mary's,  among  the  settlers  and 
neighboring  Indians.  Here  the  young  empress  of  Piscata- 
way  was  solemidy  baptizetl,  and  remained  to  be  educated  in 
(Christian  and  civilized  life.  Father  Andrew  White  attended 
I'iscataway  and  the  scattered  missions.  He  suffered  greatly 
from  a  Puritan  captain  on  whose  vessel  he  end)arked  to 
shorten  his  voyages,  and  he  even  feared  that  he  might  be 
carried  off  to  New  England  ;  but  the  vessel  was  frozen  in  the 
ice  of  the  Potomac  opposite  the  Indian  town  of  that  name 
to  which  Father  White  proceeded  over  the  ice  on  foot,  the 
inhf»8pital)le  craft  soon  after  sinking  crushed  by  the  ice  of  the 
river.  The  missionary  was  weather-itound  at  this  point  nearly 
two  months,  but  thoy  were  a  s<>asoii  of  grace  to  the  Indians. 
"  The  ruler  of  the  little  village  with  the  principal  men  among 
the  inhabitants  wjis  during  that  time  added  to  the  C'hurch, 


'  "  Tho  liopp  of  pstablisliinp  n  Collepo  wliicli  yo\i  hold  fortli.  I  pinbrace 
with  plciiHurc  ;  and  sliall  not  dchiy  iny  Haiiclion  to  tho  plan,  when  it  shall 
have  renchi'd  maturity."  Letter  to  Father  Brock,  U.  S.'Cath.  Mug., 
vli.,  p.  (WO. 


iB     i 


I' 


1^-^' 


MARYLAND  MISSIONS. 


67 


and  received  the  faith  of  Clirist  through  baptism.  Besides 
these  persons,  one  was  converted  along  with  many  of  his 
friends  ;  a  third  brought  his  wife,  his  son,  and  a  friend  ;  and 
a  fourth  in  lilce  manner  came,  together  with  another  of  no 
ignoble  standing  among  his  people.  Strengthened  by  their 
example,  the  people  are  prepared  to  receive  the  faith  when- 
ever we  shall  have  leisure  to  instruct  them."  ' 

About  this  time  the  Fathers  seem  to  have  converted  also 
some  Virginia  settlers  so  as  to  arouse  animosity,  for  the 
acts  of  the  colony  show  that  the  Catholics  were  deemed  nu- 
merous and  active  enough  to  crush.  In  1G41  it  was  en.icted 
timt  no  popish  recusant  should  attempt  to  hold  any  office  in 
that  colony  under  the  penalty  of  a  thousand  pounds  of  to- 
bacco." 

Father  Roger  Rigby  was  soon  after  stricken  down  with 
illness  amid  his  apostolic  labors  at  Patuxent. 

The  efforts  of  the  missionary  at  Port  Tobacco  resulted  in 
the  conversion  of  almost  all  the  tribe,  so  that  Father  White 
resolved  to  malve  their  town  his  residence,  Piscataway  hav- 
ing become  exposed  to  the  ravages  of  the  Susquehannas, 
who  had  already  attacked  a  mission  station  and  killed  all  the 
whites  who  were  there  cultivating  the  soil.  The  report  that 
the  missionary  himself  had  been  slain  spread  far  and  wide, 
and  reached  the  ears  of  the  lioly  Jesuit  Father  Isaac  Jogues, 

•  "  Annual  Lcltcr,"  1642.     Foley,  "  Records,"  ill.,  p.  381. 

'  An  nnsrnipiilous  enemy  of  the  missiouMries  at  this  time  attests  the 
constant  eonversions  of  Trolestiints  as  (lislinelly  as  the  Jesuits  and  their 
friends.  "  His  country,"  writes  theauliior  of  "  Viriiiniu  and  Maryland," 
"  till  he  einplo^-ed  Captain  Stone,  never  had  but  papist  povernors, 
and  counsellors,  dedicated  to  St.  Ipiatius,  as  they  call  him,  and  bia 
('happ<'l  and  Holy  day  kept  solemnly.  The  Protestants,  for  the  nio,st 
part,  miseralily  disturbed  in  the  cxereL^ie  of  their  HeliRion,  by  niariy 
waves  jilainly  enforced,  or  by  subtil  practises,  or  hope  of  jireferment  to 
turn  Papists,  of  which  a  very  sail  account  nuiy  from  time  to  time  bo 
given,  even  froni  their  first  arrivall  to  this  very  day."    P.  18. 


R** 


I       I 


m    i 


m 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


wlio,  rescued  by  the  Dutch  from  the  inhuman  cruelties  of 
the  Mohawks,  was  then  at  Manhattan.' 

Tlie  danger  of  the  inroads  of  this  fierce  tribe  compelled 
the  missionaries  to  confine  themselves  to  visits  to  the  Indian 
towns  instead  of  taking  up  their  residence  in  them.     "  Where- 
fore," says  Father  Fisher,  "we  have  to  content  ourselves 
with   excursions,  many   of  Avhicli  we  have  made  this  year 
(1(540),  ascending  the  river  called  the  Patuxen.     Hence  this 
fruit   has  arisen,   the   conversion  of  young  Queen  of  Pa- 
tuxen   and    her  mother,  also   of  the  young  Queen  of  Por- 
tobacco,  of  the  wife  and  two  sons  of  Tayac  the  great,  so- 
called,  that  is  the  emperor,  who  died  last  year,  and  of  one 
hundred  and  thirty  others.     The  following  is  our  manner  of 
making  an  excursion:     We  are  carried  in  a  pinnace  or  gal- 
ley (the  father,  the  interpreter,  and  a  servant),  two  rowing 
when  the  wind  fails  or  is  contrary,  tlie  other  steering.     We 
take  with  us  a  little  chest  of  bread,  butter,  cheese,  corn  cut 
and  dried  before  ripening,  beans  and  a  little  flour ;  another 
chest  with  a  bottle  of  wine  for  mass,  a  bottle  of  holy  water 
for  baptism,  an  altar  stone,  chalice,  vestments ;  while  a  third 
box  contiiined  trifles  for  presents  to  the  Indians,  bells,  combs, 


"  In  this  raid  the  Suacnichannas  sent  a  spear  at  an  Anarostan  In- 
dian, piercing  liiin  througli  tiie  body  below  the  armpits,  lie  was  oar- 
ried  in  a  dying  state  to  I'iseataway,  wliere  Father  White  prepared  him 
for  death,  and  touclied  liis  wounds  with  a  rclicpiary  containing  a  i)article 
of  the  True  Cross.  As  he  was  .summoned  to  atten-l  an  nircd  dsing  Indian 
at  some  dist^uice.  he  directed  the  Anaeostan's  friends  to  take  his  body 
when  he  died  to  the  chai>el  for  burial.  Tlie  ne.xt  day  as  the  missionary 
wa.s  returning  in  Ids  canoe,  he  was  met  by  this  very  man,  perfectly  n'- 
stored  to  heallli,  a  red  spot  on  each  side  showing  where  the  wound' had 
iK'cn.  He  declared  "  that  from  the  hour  at  which  the  Father  had  left 
him  he  had  not  ceased  to  invoke  the  most  holv  name  of  Jesus,  to  whom 
he  a,scrd)ed  his  recovery.  The  nnssionary  urge<l  him  in  view  of  so  great 
a  favor  to  tliank  Ood  and  p<Tsevere,  freatintr  with  love  and  reverencj"that 
holy  name  and  the  most  holy  cross."     "  Hehitio  Itineris,"  pp.  «7-8. 


MARYLAND  -MISSIONS. 


59 


3rueltie8  of 

!  coiupelled 
the  Indian 

"  Where- 
t  ourselves 
3  this  year 
Hence  this 
ien  of  Pa- 
in of  Por- 

great,  so- 
md  of  one 
manner  of 
ace  or  gal- 
vo  I'owing 
■ing.  We 
,  corn  cut 
•;  another 
loly  water 
ile  a  third 
lis,  combs, 


ucostan  In- 
lo  was  cur- 
cparcil  him 
i;;  a  panicle 
yiii;;  Indian 
I'  his  body 
missionary 
crffcliy  rc- 
iVoiind  had 
i;r  had  left 
f,  to  whom 
of  so  jrrcat 
ercnce  tlmt 
87-8. 


fishhooks,  needles,  thread,  &c.;  a  small  mat  to  pitch  as  a  tent 
when  they  had  to  sleep  in  the  open  air,  and  a  larger  one  for 
rainy  seasons.  The  servant  is  equipped  for  hunting  and  for 
preparing  food  when  taken.  In  our  excursions  we  endeavor, 
when  possible,  to  reach  some  English  dwelling  or  Indian 
village  at  nightfall ;  if  not,  we  land,  and  the  missionary  se- 
cures the  boat,  gathers  wood  and  builds  a  fire,  while  th(> 
others  go  out  to  hunt.  If  they  take  any  game  it  is  prepared  ; 
if  not  we  lie  down  by  the  fire  and  take  our  rest.  If  fear  of 
rain  threatens  we  erect  our  hut  and  cover  it  with  a  larger 
mat  spread  over,  and,  thank  God,  we  enjoy  this  humble  fare 
and  hard  couch  with  as  joyful  a  mind  as  we  did  more  lux- 
urious provisions  in  Europe ;  with  this  present  comfort  that 
God  imparts  to  us  now  a  foretaste  of  what  He  will  be- 
stow on  those  who  labor  faithfully  in  this  life,  and  He  miti- 
gates all  hardships  with  a  sense  of  pleasure,  so  that  his  divine 
majesty  appears  to  be  present  with  us  in  an  extraordinary 
manner."  ' 

Meanwhile  Lord  Baltimore  had  applied  to  the  Propaganda 
to  establish  a  mission  in  Maryland,  and  give  faculties  to  a  Pre- 
fect and  secular  priests ;  the  Sacred  Congregation  accordingly, 
in  August,  IG-lrl,  issued  faculties,  which  were  transmitted  to 
Dom  Kosse^ti,  afterwards  Archbishop  of  Tarsus.  The  Jes- 
uits remonstrated  in  an  appeal  to  the  Holy  See,  saying,  "  The 
Fathers  do  not  refuse  to  make  way  for  other  laborers,  but 
they  humbly  submit  for  consideration  whether  it  is  expedient 
to  remove  those  who  first  entered  into  that  vineyard  at  their 
own  expense,  who  for  seven  years  have  endured  want  antl 
sufTerings,  who  have  lost  four  of  their  numl)cr,  laboring 
faithfully  unto  death,  who  have  defended  sound  doctrine  and 
the  liberty  of  the  Church,  incurring  odium  and  temporal 


"  Rtlatio  Itlneris,"  Annual  Letter,  1643,  pp.  80-3. 


m 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


I088  to  themselves,  vvlio  have  acquired  the  languages  of  tlio 
Indians." ' 

This  memorial  arrived  too  late.  The  Propaganda  had 
already  acted  on  tlie  petition  of  Lon'  BnUiniotv.  and  in  1(142 
two  sei-ular  j)rie8ts  arrived  in  Marvlitxi  (■>  !-i'j,:hi  tiie  mission 
estahlisiied  hy  the  Sacred  Congregation.  The  names  of  these 
l)ioneers  of  tiie  secular  clergy  in  this  country  are  not  re- 
corded, and  we  have  no  details  of  their  labors.  On  iindinsr 
that  they  were  expected  to  take  a  dilfcrent  theological  view 
of  questions  for  Avliich  they  had  not  been  ])re])arc(!.  .I.  , 
declined  to  condenni  the  course  pursued  by  the  missionaries 
already  in  the  country,  leaving  it  to  superior  authority  to 
decide  the  question  after  duo  examination.' 

iMeanwhilc  attempts  had  been  made  in  England,  through 
the  intervention  of  ?,(rs.  Peasley,'  to  effect  a  reconcih'ation 
between  the  lord  proj)rietor  and  the  missionarii's.  I.,ord 
Baltimore  long  resisted  all  advances,  but  finally  yielded,  ex- 
acting severe  conditions,*  wliich  the  provincial  was  to  sign. 


'  "  Memoriiil  "  of  F.  Henry  More.     Foley,  "  Records,"  iii.,  p.  mi. 

»  Throu^'li  tlie  kiiidiies.s  of  His  Kiiiinonce  ('ii>-(liiial  .lai-ohiiii  search 
\yus  made  in  tlie  archives  of  tlie  Propaganda  for  any  record  of  the  facul- 
ties firanted,  but,  unfortunately,  none  could  be  traced.  Neill,  in  his 
'•  Founders  of  Maryland,"  p.  UK!,  chartres  these  priests  with  not  keejiinj,' 
faith  with  Lord  Haltiniore  ;  but  this  is  most  unjust,  the  Froi)a,!,'anda  hav- 
ing sen!  them  out  to  act  as  mi.ssionarie.^,  not  ■.  judges  on  a  ])oint  of  canon 
law.  which  could  have  lieen  decided  at  Home  had  Lord  Baltimore  sought  u 
deci.sion. 

'  Letters  of  W.  Feiwley.  Oct.  1  and  7,  1042,  of  Ann  Fea.sley,  Oct.  5. 

•They  resigned  all  claim  to  the  lands  ceded  by  the  Indian  king,  and 
agreed  to  taki-  no  others  ;  they  accepted  the  English  statutes  against 
pious  uses,  as  in  force  in  .Maryland,  and  agreed  to  take  up  no  lands  except  by 
sju'cial  ])erniission  of  Lord  Baltimore  ;  the  missionaries  were  to  claim  no 
(xemplions  or  privileges  in  Maryland  not  legally  allowed  them  in  Kiig- 
land,  except  that  corporal  punishment  was  not  to  be  inllieted  on  any 
missionary  unless  for  a  capital  offense.  N'o  missionary  was  to  1h'  sent  to 
Maryland  without  special  permi.ssiou  of  Lord  Baltimori! ;  luiy  missionary 


MARYLAND  MISSIONS. 


61 


and  every  missionary  sent  out  was  to  obtain  direct  permission 
froin  the  lord  proprietor  and  take  an  oath  of  allegiance  to 
him.' 

Under  these  stringent  conditions  two  Jesuit  Fathers  were 
proposed  to  Lord  Baltimore,  and,  receiving  his  sanction,  sailed 
for  Marylimd  in  1042.'  But,  though  harmony  was  restored, 
the  missionaries  must  have  felt  discouraged  and  ham]iercd, 
and  the  now  Conditions  of  Settlement  issued  by  Lord  Balti- 
more M»car  the  impress  of  groat  jealousy  of  the  Church, 
reviving  the  English  ideas  of  mortmain,  and  inadvertently 
paving  the  way  to  direct  persecution  of  the  whole  Catholic 
body. 

The  Puritan  party  in  England,  while  the  Anglican  church 
was  dominant,  sought  the  support  of  the  CathoHcs  who  suf- 
fered like  themselves  from  the  rule  of  the  State  churcli, 
althougli  the  scidlolds  did  not  run  red  with  Puritan  as  they 
did  with  Catholic  blood. 


then  ill  the  colony,  or  subsequently  sent,  was  to  be  recalled  within  a  yeiir 
at  the  request  of  Lor]  U;il(iinore.  No  missionary  was  to  be  allowcul  in 
the  colony  who  did  not  take  an  oatli  of  allegiance  to  liini  as  lord  ]iro- 
1  trie  tor. 

'  The  Conditions  in  Ifi48  excepted  specially  all  coriioralions,  etc.,  as 
well  spiriluid  as  tcinponil,  and  i)r(i|iibited  their  acquirinj;or  holdinu;  land 
without  special  license,  either  in  lluur  own  name  or  in  the  name  of  any 
person  to  their  use.  Kilty,  p.  41.  Those  in  1(;49  forbade  any  ad- 
venturer or  planter  to  transfer  lands  to  any  such  cori)oration  or  in  trust 
for  it,  wiliiout  license,     lb.,  p.  50. 

'"Helatio  Itineris,"  p.  S9,  is  incorrectly  translated  "  two  others";  it 
sliould  read  "two  new  Fathers."  Who  they  were  even  the  minute  ro- 
searciies  of  Hr.  Foley  and  Father  Treacy  fail  (o  enalile  us  to  say  posi- 
tiv;'ly.  There  are  three  letters  extant  of  \V.  Peasley  and  his  wife  .\ini, 
addressed  evidenily  to  the  i»rovinciaI  in  September  and  October,  l(i42. 
"  I  have  prevailed  for  the  present  einiiloyment  of  two  of  yours."  They 
wore  to  sail  in  Ingle's  ves.sel,  but  may  not  have  come?. 

'  "I'limla  ab  lllust.  Doni.  fiarone  Baltimore  concepta  qutc  subscribi 
c.xigita  H.  I'rov.  Soe.  ,Iesu  in  Angli.i."  MSS.  Stonyhursi,  vol.  iv.,  No. 
t08.     "Onmibus  has  pracseutes  lecturis."    lb. 


hi 


02  TITE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

In  Virginia,  Purita.i   settlers   from    JVew  England  were 
reated  UMth  great  l.arshness  by  the  authorities,  zealous  „,. 
|ol.K".-s  of  the  Anglican  church  ;  ('layborne,  who  had  tendered 
the  oath  ot   s„p,enKK.y  to   Lord  J>>alti,nore,  being  then  an 
a^heren    of  the  donunant  party.    To  the«e  harassed  Puritans 
Lord  Ha   unore  offered  an  asyhnn,  and  n.any  settled  in  Mary- 
'"■Hi      AVhen  the  civil  war  was  enkindled  in  England  these 
.nei.  began  to  evince  great  hostility  to  Lord  Baltimore  and  the 
Cahohcs      After  the  n,al  power  fell  Clayborue  joined  the 
1  untan  side,  and,  taking  as   his   lieutenant  a  reckless   sea 
captan.  nan.ed  Ingle,  once,  as  generally  believed,  a  pirate, 

^^l  '"  u1'"'  '^"'■''"'  ^^"""-^^-^  ^^  ^'"P  which  ho 
<allu    Ihe  Refonnation,  resolved  once  more  to  atten.pt  an 
overthrow  of  the  authority  of  the  Baltin.ores.    Aided  by  the 
."..rate  ul  Pur.tans,  who  supported  their  old  enemy  agair.st 
t  -r  fra.ul,  Clayborne  not  only  held  Kent  Island  ag.ins 
all  the  eftorts  of   Governor  Calvert  to  reduce  it,  but  with 
Ingles  a,d  mvaded  St.  Mary's  country,  drove  the  governor 
fron.  lus  capital,  compelling  hi.n  to  seek  flight  in  Vir.Wnia 
and  n.ade  hin.self  master  of  the  province.'     He  let  L.^ie' 
loose  on  the  CVuholic  settlers,  and  pretending  the  authoHfy 
of  a  le  ter  of  marque,  this  ruffian  plundered  the  houses  of  the 
dwef  Io„.an  Catholics,  like  Cornwaleys  and  Fenwick,  and 
especally  the  nn'ssionaries,  and   for   two  years   n.aintdned 
a  reign  of  terror  in  Maryland.     Ingle  had  brought  some  of 
t  .e  nussu.nanes  over  to  the  province  as  captain  of  vessels 
'•'■artered  oi^mvnedj)^^  „„^i  ^,.^^  ^^^^^.,.^^ 

ulicre  the  rule  was  too  strict  for  nvinv     U„t  o.n.-.  „  i^n.!,i,in<l, 

in   rautul.        I-indni^  thomsclvrs  i„  „  oapaoity  to  ovorswiv  IIukp 

'.>  luiwKB,     I .  ij.  {  hurcli  111  Maryland,     p.  30. 


ES. 

England  wero 
is,  zoaloua  u^y 
3  liatl  tendci'od 
wing  then  an 
issed  Puritans 
ttleii  in  Miirj- 
EnglaTid  tlit'so 
iniore  and  tliu 
ne  joined  tlie 
reckless  soa 
■ed,  a  pirate, 
lip  wln'cli  he 

0  atteni])t  an 
;Vided  by  the 
loniy  against 
'hind  against 

it,  but  with 
the  governor 

in  Virginia, 
le  let  luirle 
le  authority 
oupcs  of  the 
cMiwick,  and 

niaintained 
gilt  some  of 

1  of  vessels 
as  familiar 

'  the  Puritans 
few  Kn.irlaiui, 
)incrs  proved 
•(>r.sway  those 
if'k  iitiarrcls, 
lachel,"  cited 


MISSIONARIES  DEPORTED. 


63 


with  their  residences  and  their  persons.  The  Catholic  gentry 
and  the  missionaries  wero  the  chief  objects  of  his  malice. 
Invading  their  estates  with  a  lawless  baud,  he  drove  out  or 
seized  the  people,  carried  off  and  destroyed  property,  leaving 
the  houses  mere  wrecks.  Captain  Cornwaleys  estimated  the 
damage  done  his  place  in  February,  1645,  at  three  thousand 
pounds. 

The  houses  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers  at  Potopaco  and  St. 
Inigoes  were  similarly  plundered  and  wrecked,  but  this  tera- 
l)oral  loss  was  little  compared  to  the  affliction  of  the  hunted 
and  scattered  Catholics  when  they  beheld  the  venerable 
Father  Andrew  White,  the  founder  of  the  Maryland  mission, 
and  Father  Thomas  Co\)\cj,  fall  into  the  hands  of  this  man, 
who,  treating  thoi.i  as  criminals,  loaded  them  with  heavy 
irons.  After  being  kept  confined  for  some  time,  the  two 
missionaries  were  sent  by  Ingle  to  England. 

There  the  two  Fathers  were  indicted  under  the  penal  laws 
of  27  Elizabeth,  for  having  been  ordained  priests  abroad  and 
coming  into  and  remaining  in  England  as  such,  contrary  to 
the  statute,  a  crime  punishable  with  death.  When  brought 
to  trial,  however,  they  pleaded  that  they  had  been  brought 
violently  into  England,  and  had  not  come  of  their  own  will, 
but  against  it.  The  judges  acknowledged  the  force  of  the 
argument  and  directed  an  acquittal.  They  were  not,  it 
would  seem,  liberated  at  once,  but  were  detained  in  prison 
and  finally  sent  out  of  England  under  an  order  of  perpetual 
banishment. 

Father  White  reached  Belgium,  whence  he  endeavored  in 
vain  to  regain  the  missions  of  his  beloved  Maryland  ;  but  his 
advanced  age  and  his  broken  constitution  would  in  them- 
selves have  made  him  no  longer  fit  for  such  a  laborious  life 
as  awaited  the  priests  who  attempted  to  revive  religion 
there. 


I 

It 


r 


04 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


As  wo  can  no  longer  record  liis  labors  on  our  soil,  it  is 
well  to  sketch  here  the  life  of  this  founder  of  the  Maryland 
mission.  Father  Andrew  White  was  l)orn  in  London  io 
1579,  and  was  etlucatcd  at  Douay,  where  he  was  ordained 
priest  about  the  year  KiOa.  Heturning  to  England  as  a 
seminary  priest  lie  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  authorities  at 
the  very  threshijld  of  his  missionary  career,  and  after  spend- 
ing: some  time  in  prison,  was  sentenced  to  perjietual  banishment 
with  f(>rty-h\('  otiier  priests  in  lOOO.'  Seeking  admission  to 
the  Society  of  Jesus,  he  was  one  of  the  lirst  to  enter  the 
Tiovitiatc  opened  at  St.  Jolurs,  Louvain,  where  one  of  his 
fellow  novices  was  the  celebrated  Father  Thomas  (iarnett, 
who,  returning  to  England,  died  on  the  scalTold  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  Father  White  went  through  his  jieriod  of 
pi'iibation  with  great  humility  and  piety,  ])reparing  fur  the 
dangercuis  mis  !'>ii  of  his  native  land,  to  which  at  the  close  of 
his  n(  viceshi|^  he  was  at  oiu-e  sent.  There  he  labored  with 
great  zeal  and  fruit,  attending  by  stealth  the  oi)pressed  Cath- 
olics, encom-aging  them  iii  trials,  sustaining  their  faith,  and 
wlicn  an  <i|)portunity  offered,  instructing  Protestants  ami 
recnnciling  them  to  the  faith  of  their  fathers,  the  recollec- 
tiiiu  of  whi<'h  was  still  fresh  in  most  English  families.  After 
some  years  his  s.iperiors  ajipoiistiMJ  him  to  a  professor's  chair 
in  one  of  the  C(tlleges  maintaineil  by  the  English  province  in 
Spain. 

His  ability,  learning,  and  piety  found  an  ample  tield,  and 
be  was  |in''""ct  of  studies,  professor  of  sacred  Scripture,  dog- 
matic theology,  and  Hebrew,  at  Vallado.id  and  Sevilk,  hold- 
ing also  the  po.sition  of  su|)erior  or  minister.  It  is  an  evidence 
of  his  great  merit  and  learning  that  he  was  admitti'd  to  tlir 
four  vows  as  a  profe-sed  Father  on  the  I.Mhof  .imie,  It'.i'.i. 

'  ('hullniuT,  "  Minsiiiiiiiry  I'ricHU." 

•  Foley.  ••  \{v,nuU  of  111.'  Kiidisli  I'n.viii...,"  iii  .  p   ;!:i». 


ES. 


our  Hoil,  it  18 
tlie  Miiryliuul 
in  London  in 
!  was  ortliiinod 
England  ;is  a 
!  uutlioritics  in 
id  al'toi-  f^pfud- 
iiid  ImnishniiMit 
g  admission  to 
;  to  ontrr  tlu' 
.^•0  one  of  liis 
onias  (rarnctt, 
(lid  ill  tlio  fol- 
liis  ])i'riod  of 
)ariiig  for  tlic 
at  tlio  cIo^*»!  of 
V  laltorod  with 
ppirssed  C'atii- 
iiiir  faith,  and 
rotcstants  and 
N  tlio  rL'colk'c- 
iiiiilios.  AftiT 
•dfcssor's  chair 
.-li  province  in 

iipic  tii'M.  and 
•Scripture,  dog 
Scvilli ,  hold- 
is  an  cvidtiicc 
ilinittcd  to  the 
I'  .Innc,  It: 111. 

.■U 


FATHER  ANDREW  WHITE. 


65 


•  *■* 


:l 


After  forming  future  martyrs  and  apostles  in  the  colleges  of 
the  society,  he  was  sent  to  Jielgiuin,  where  he  taught  theol- 
ogy at  Louvain  and  Liege  for  several  years,  till,  at  his  earnest 
refjuest,  he  was  allowed  to  share  the  labors  of  those  whom 
he  had  trained  for  the  post  of  peril.'     His  career  in  the 
Maryland    mission    among   whites   and    Indians    has    been 
ah'cady  traced.     After  his  second  banishment  he  succeeded 
in  reaching  England,  and  was  assigned  to  the  JLun])shire 
district,  or  i-esidonce  of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury,  si)ending 
the  laiit  years  of  his  life  in  the  house  of  a  Catholic  nobleman. 
As  his  weakness  increased  he  Avas  urged  to  prepare  for  death, 
but  ho  answered,  "My  hour  is  not  yet  come,  nor  is  St.  John 
the  Evangelist's  day."     When  that  festival  arrived,  in   the 
year  UiM,  he  heard  interiorly  :  '•  To-day  thou  shalt  be  with 
nil'."     IJc  tlicii  directed  a  fellow-priest  to   be  summoned, 
and.  receiving  the  last  sacraments,  closed  his  niortitied  life 
December  27.  1  (!.")<!.     Through  life  to  its  close,  on  his  mis- 
sions and  in  prison,  he  fasted  twice  a  week  on   bread  and 
wati'r.     AVhen  his  jailer  once  told  him  that  if  he  treated  his 
jioMi- old   body  so  badly  ho  would   not  have  strength   to  be 
iianged  at  Tyburn,  the  apostle  of  Maryland  replied:  "It  is 
this  vory  fasting  which  gives  me  strength  enough  to  bear  all 
for  the  sake  of  Christ."" 

When  Fathers  White  and  Copley  fell  into  the  hands  of 
liiglo.  Father  Horiiard  Iliirtwell,  who  had  heen  sent  out  in 
ltl4.">   as  Superior  of  the   Maryland   mission,  seems   to  have 


'  Tiiiiiiir.  '■.-^n(iciii;-i.T(su.\i)(isfol(irumItnitntrlx."Priiiriii'.  101)4.  p.  so.l. 
AmimimI  I.ctt.T,  Kir.tl,  cil.Ml  l.y  K(.l..y.  iii..  p,  ;ws.  This  nuilior  t;iviN 
pp.  -inx-r.ii.  two  IrKiTs  of  Palhcr  Aiidnw  Whii...  Mis  In.liaii  raitrlilsni 
i^cxtiiiii  111  H...11C.  It'll  of  Ills  Miinlaiid  (iiimiinar  and  Vociibul.iry  i,..ili. 
iiii:  i-  (l.'tliiil.ly  known.  Tlic  ivc.vcry  of  F,iil,cr  While's  Indian'  works 
^^olll<|  he  Ih.'  more  vallialilc.  us  Ih>  wii-  o.'voikI  ,iII  ,Ioi|lit  th,.  (l,s| 
Kncllshniun  who  allcinpl.Ml  to  iviliirc  an  tiidian  I.in-im-..  !o  j,,  miinai 
iciil  firir.!*.     Hcf,  loo,  •■  W  oodsiock  Lellcrs,"  .\i\.,  p.  ,'tM4. 


60 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


|i  I 


L'luded  the  persecutors ;  while  Father  Eoger  Kigbie  and  John 
("doper  escaped  to  Virginia  by  the  aid  of  Indian  converts  or 
were  taken  there  as  prisoners.  Both  died  in  that  jtrovince 
iu  l(i4(t,  htnv  or  where  no  record  remains  to  tell,  but  certainly 
victims  to  the  hatred  of  the  Catholic  faith,  even  though  thcv 
did  not  perish  by  the  hand  of  violence.  Both  were  young 
and  zealous;  both  were  of  the  nund)er  of  twenty-three 
young  Jesuits  who  in  July  and  August,  ItUO,  wrote  to  the 
Provincial,  Father  Edward  Knott,  earnestly  seeking  to 
be  sent  to  the  Maryland  mission.  These  letters  full  of 
zeal  and  devotion,  arc  preserved  as  precious  treasures  in  the 
College  of  the  JSacretl  Heart  at  Woodstock,  Maryland,  and 
from  them  we  reverently  traced  the  fae-similes  of  their  signa- 


^^%^ 


a 


i^Y^ 


tures.  Father  Roger  Uigliie  arrived  in  Maryland  in  H>41, 
and  soon  won  univcrsil  esteem.  Though  prostrated  bv 
M'rious  (li>ease  at  I'atuxent.  he  jursevered.  mastered  the 
language  of  his  Hock,  and  composed  a  catechism  in  it. 
Father  .lolin  Cooper,  a  native;  of  Hampshire,  reaclic(|  Marv- 
la'id  'II  It'll  1.  and  the  next  year  was  torn  t'ldiii  his  tlock. 

Father  Ilartwell,  the  Superior  of  the  mission,  did  not  sur- 
vive these  terriM(>  blows,  liis  death  to<i  is  rccordc(l  in  this 
fatal  year.  .Not  a  priof  was  left  iu  the  iiroviiicc  of  Murv- 
land.' 

Socloscd  the  first  period  of  the  Afaryland  mission.    Its  i - 

ord  is  a  iiolilc  one.     Imbued  with  Catholicity  the  proviiiee  had 


'  Foli-y,  "  Ili'f(inl«  of  iIh'  Kiitflisli  I'riivinci',"  Hi.  pii.  ;it:)-!{ht  ;   vii 
pp.   HIM.  'Mi.  *I.VI:   H.  V.  CmiiplMll  in  I'.  8,  ChIIi.   Mittf  ,  vii..  pp.  .V.'li 
K'lU :  Hcv.  W,  I*.  Tn-Hcy,  •' Ciitaliiir'"'  "f  "Ur  MiKHidimrv  FmiIhtm,  HUM 
l»*(i:i,"  \V<Ni(|tt<Kk  Litters,  xvi.,  pp.  Wt-Wi. 


J6l 


J 


ES. 

gbie  and  John 
:aii  ooiiverts  or 
tluit  pvovince 
1,  hut  I'lTtaiiilv 
11  though  tht'v 
h  woiv  Vdiiiiii' 
■  twt'uty-thrt'i' 
>,  wrote  to  thi' 
y  Fct'kiiig  t<» 
lottorrt  full  of 
•ensures  in  tlii' 
Marvlaiul.  ant! 


(tf  tlii'ir  sigua- 


Amu]  in  1041, 
prostrated  hv 
mastered  the 
ccliisiii  in  it. 
•eaclu'<|  Mary- 
liis  riiiek. 
1.  (lid  Milt  sur- 
edrded  in  this 
iiK'e  of   Miirv- 


MARYLAND  MISSIONS. 


67 


been  conducted  with  a  wisdom  seen  iu  no  otlier  colony.     The 
destitution,  famine,  and  Indian  wars  tliat  mark  the  early  days 
of  other  settlements  were  unknown  in  Maryland.    Catholicity 
was  planted  Avith   the  colony,  and  exercised   its  beneticent 
iiiHueiice  ;  the  devoted  priests  instructed  their  people  assid- 
uously, teaching  the  young,  and  reviving  the  faith  of  the 
adults  ;  men  led  away  by  false  doctrines  in  England,  moved 
by  their  example,  sought  light  and  guidance.     Full  of  apos- 
tolic zeal  these  priests  extended  their  care  to  the  Indian  tribes 
along  both  shores  of  the  Potomac  to  the  Piscataway,  and  up 
the  Patuxent  to  Mattai)any,  so  that  nearly  all  the  Indians  on 
those   two   peninsulas  were   thoroughly   instructed    in   the 
fundamental  doctrines  of  Christianity,  and  many  received 
into  the  church  had  learned  to  lead  a  Christian  life.     The 
success  had  not  been  attained  without  sacritice;  live  of  the 
devoted  priests  in  the  short  twelve  years  had  lahl  down  their 
lives;  two  were  in  chains  to  stand  trial  and  perhaps  face 
death  on  the  scatfold.' 


'  The  (lui'stion  lias  been  mooted  whetlier  it  is  proper  to  my  timt  Mary- 
laiid   was  11  (Mtiioli.'  .oKmy.    It    l,„s   lufri   well   replied:    ••Tbe  eoloily 

" '"'" '>  spiviluul  Kwi'les  w<'iv  tatholies,  wliosc-  oidy  public  worsliip 

was  aecordin-  to  Cailiolic  rites,  was  a  failiolic  colony"  (Seliarf,  i.    p. 
10U);  and  surely  it  was  so  wlien  tlie  I'ailiolicitv  was"  active    z('al.>u< 

exemplary,  and  edifying:.    Tl Olij-elions  .Vnswered  C'oncern'imr  Mary' 

land.' a  document  of   the  li f   i|,c  seithm.'nl,  discusses  at    len>:l"li 

wlieih.T  111..  Calholic  colony  of  .Maryland  wouhl  be- daiigeroiis  to  New 
IJifiland  and  N'irjriniu. 


ssioii.     Its  I'l'c- 
I'  province  had 


I.    H7.'(-i{MT  ;     vii 

It.,  vii..  pp.  .V,Mi, 
rv  Fatliers,  J(i:tl 


tH^'- 


nt] 

If 


r?i 


R[ 

i 

I 

i    '  '■  T 

.  i 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE   MARYLAXn   MISSION    RESTORED.       1(548-1008. 

"With  the  triuinph  of  Clayboriie  and  Ingle  Catliolieity 
seemed  so  ntterly  overthrown  in  Marvland  that  Lurd  I'alti- 
ni(ire  lost  heart,  and  thonirht  of  abandoning  the  province. 
lie  irave  orders  to  seenre  his  ])ersonal  property  and  send  it 
over  to  England.  Unt  liis  brother  Leonard  was  made  of 
sterner  stnlf.  (iatliering  a  force  in  Virgin!  '.e  suddenly 
snrpriseil  the  factinn  in  Maryland  and  reeovu'ed  possession 
of  the  province,  where  the  authority  of  the  lord  proprietary 
was  unee  more  established. 

The  lield  was  again  open  to  the  labors  of  the  priests  of  the 
{'atholic  Church.  It  would  seem  that  Lord  Baltimore  again 
appMed  to  the  Holy  See  for  secular  mis>ionaries.  but  failed  to 
olitMJn  them.'   anil   the  .Ic-uit    Fathers  were  pcrmitte>l  to  re- 


'  Foley,  "  Hwonis,"  ill.,  p.  !3H7. 

I.iinl  lialliniorc  ((unplMiiicd  tt.  Ajrri'tti  in  Ifid'.t  iIkiI  tlic  IFoly  Si'i>  fur 
four  iinil  l\v<'iily  yc^rs  iiad  refused  to  >end  iiii-isiouiirics  to  Marx  liiiid, 
wliieh  curries  l)iiek  lii-i  unsureMsful  appliciilion  to  KH.'i.  Mjir.  I'rltaii 
Cerri.  in  liis  veiiori  to  |'n|)e  Iiuioeent  XI.,  Mpeakini;  of  Maryland,  s.iys  ; 
"A  mission  niis.'lil  ea.-ily  he  setllid  in  that  eounlry,  tlie  said  lord  liavint' 
freciuenlly  desired  it  of  the  CoUirreiiatioii  "  Steele,  '  .Vii  Aeeoui;!  of  the 
Slate  of  llie  IJoinan  CalUolidi  Uelitrion,"  ji.  l(i».  It  wa.s  apparently  well 
known  that  Lord  Baliiniore  wished,  .ilioui  this  linie,  to  substitute  oilier 
ndssionaries.  In  "  VirLrinia  and  Maryliind  ;  or  the  Lord  Halliniore's 
jiriiiled  (Use  uni'ased  anil  answered,"  l.iindoii,  lil,Vi,  we  read  :  ' The  liel 
tcr  to  jircl  friemK  lirst  made  it  a  n  eptacle  for  I'apisix  and  Priests  and 
.le miles,  in  some  extraordinary  and  zealous  manner,  lint  hath  since  di'- 

( tented  Ihem   iiiaiiy  limes  and   many  ways  ,  thoiiirh  IntellJL'enee  wilh 

HuIIm,  Letter*.  iVc.  from  the  Pope  and  Home,  lie  ordinary  for  his  own  In 
tersts."   (Force's  edition,  p.  I'J  > 


y\'^4- 


MISSION  RESTORED. 


69 


;48-lG08. 

igle  Catholicity 
Imt  Lord  Balti- 
^  the  province. 
.Tty  iiiul  Hcnil  it 
il  \va;s  iiiiule  of 
i'  '.e  sudilciily 
L-red  possession 
ord  proprietary 

lie  priests  oi  the 
liidtinmre  afjaiii 
ies,  l)ut  faile(l  to 

IHTUlitted    to   !•('- 


t  till'  Holy  Sec  fur 
irii-^  to  M:iivlaiicl, 
Ull.'i.  Mjrr.  Irlmii 
>f  Miirvlaiid,  siiys  : 
If  siiiil  lord  hiiviiiLr 
All  Aifouni  of  the 
as  iipparciitly  well 
to  NubNtiliilo  ()tli)>r 
l.ord  Hulliiiion-'s 
!■  read  :  "  'I'lii'  Ixt 
i«  mid  Prii'HiM  ami 
liiit  liatli  siii('(>  di'^ 
Il  InicllL'i'ncc  Willi 
irv  fur  lii'<  own  In 


% 


visit  the  land  -.vhere  their  heroic  little  band  had  labored  amid 
eutfering  and  death.     Father  Thomas  Copley  was  sent  over 
as  he  had  been  eleven  years  before.     Writing  to  the  General 
of  the  Society  on  the  1st  of  March,  1048,  he  reports  his 
arrival  with  his  companion  in  Virginia  in  Jannary.     From 
that  ]n-ovince  he  penetrated  to  St.  Mary's,  where  he  found 
his  tiock  collected  after  having  been  scattered  foi-  three  years. 
Once  moi-e  was  the  holy  sacrifice  offered  in  the  land,  confes- 
sions heard,  baptism  conferred  ;  but  caution  was  still  rerpiircd, 
and  the  i)riests  performed  their  sacred  duties  almost  secretly.' 
Leaving  his  companion.  Father  Lawrence  Starkcx-,  concealJd 
apparently  in  Virginia,  Father  Copley  then  proc^'eded  to  his 
Indian  neophytes  from  among  whom  he  had  been  torn  by 
Ingle's  men. 

Though  the  authority  of  Lord  Baltimore  was  restored,  the 
state  of  affairs,  and  especially  of   the  Catholic   Church  in 
Maryland,  became  very  precarious.     Puritans  expelled  from 
Virginia  had   been  allowed  by  Lord  Baltimore  to  settle  in 
Anne  Arundel  County,  but  from  the  first  they  disavowed  his 
authority   as   supporting  antichrist.     As  their  numliers  in- 
creased they  made  common  cause  with  Clayborne,  and  began 
to  ontnumber  the  Catholics,  who,  for  a  tinie,  had  formed  'the 
'nai<.rity,  especially  of  tl:e  landholders,  as  the  contemporane- 
ous records  of  wills  sliow. 

The  illustrious  governor,  Leonard  Calvert,  did  not  long 
survive  his  trimnph.  This  devoted  Catholic  die<l  amid  his 
family  and  friends  on  the  !>th  of  June,  1<;47,  leaving  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  colony  to  Thomas  (Jreene.  In  tlie  following 
yi'ar  L.rd  Baltimore  appointe.l  William  Stone  as  governor, 
and.  in  view  of  a  future  pre|)on«lerance  of  Protestants' 
endeavored  to  establish,  as  by  a  charter  of  libertv.  that  free- 
dnm  of  conscience  which  his  father  and  himself  "had  so  loug 
advocated  and  practiced. 


ill 


II 


' 


il  , 


P! 


;j. 

'^N 

1               * 

, 

'  i 

j 

• 

^ 


70  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

In  pnmiauce  of  hh  instructions  Governor  Stone  convened 
an  assembly  at  St.  INIary's,  on  the  2(1  day  of  April,  1049.    This 
body  consisted  of  the  lieutenant-governor,  Stone  represent- 
ing the  Catholic  proprietary  ;  the  council,  Thomas  Greene  and 
Robert  Clarke,  Catholics  ;  John  Price  and  Kobert  Vaughn, 
Protestants;  and  nine  burgesses,  Cuthbert  Fenwick,  William 
Uretton,  George   ^Manners,  John    Maunsell,  Thomas   Thorn- 
i>.M-ongh   and  Walter  Peake,  Catlx.lics,  and  Philip  Conner, 
liichanl   lianks,  and   liichard  Urowne,  Protestants.     The  as- 
send)ly  is  a  famous  one  in  history,  as  it  passed  an  "Act  con- 
cerinng  religion  "  which,  after  intlicting  penalties  on  any  one 
who  should  call   another  by  a  sectarian  name  of  reproach, 
1  roceeds  in  these  noble  words :     "And  whereas  the  enforc- 
ing of   ('(.nscionce   in  matters  of    religion    hath   freipiently 
talleii  out  to  be  of  dangerous  conse(iuence  in  those  connnon- 
wealths  where  it  has  been  practiced,  and  for  the  more  (piiet 
and  peaceable  government  of  this  province,  and  the  better 
to  preserve  nnitual  love  and  unity  amongst  the  inhabitants, 
no  ])ers(iu  or  persons  whatsoever  within  this  province  or  the 
islands,  ports,  harbors,  creeks,  .ir  havens  thereunto  belonging, 
])rot'essiiig  to  belie V(Mn  Jesus  Christ,  shall   from  henceforth 
be  anv  ways  troubled  or  molested,  or  discountenanced  for  or 
in    respect   of  his  or  her  religion,  nor  in  the  free  exercise 
thereof  within  this  province  <ir  the  islands  thereunto  belong- 
ing, nor  any  way  ( |)ellcd  to  the  iu'lief  or  exercise  of  any 

other  n-ligion.  against  his  or  her  consent."  ' 

"  The  jmssiige  (.f  this  a(  t,"  says  McSherry,  "  is  one  of  the 
immd  iMKists  of  Maryland,  and  its  exact  execution  until  the 


'  The  ac'tt  of  1«M9,  lfl5(),  oi^fhifcn  in  nuinlMT,  were  drawn  up  by  Lonl 
HulliiiK.if  iiikI  tniiisinittcil  to  the  Assfintily.  wtiiili  imssfil  tmly  it  piirt  in 
UWU  (.\pri!  M)  uml  th.'  ri'st  April  'J.'i,  U\M,  in  scssionn  iiclil  at  St.  Murys, 
They  wen-  conlirnn'il  losri-tlitT  l)y  I^ord  Hallinmrr's  licclaralidit,  ilatfii 
AniruNt  H\.  in.^O.  "  M^ry!an(l  Ari'liivcH," !.,  pp.  '.'44-7  ;  Hainslmry,  ■'  Cal 
pn.lur(.f  Stall'  I'aprrs.  '  i,  p.  3^M» ;  'I'olonial  Kntry  Hook."  vol.  5!1,  pp.  4-'-'(>. 


ia 


«€ 


ES. 


THE  TOLERATION  ACT. 


71 


(tone  convened 
H,  16i9.    This 
;oue  represent- 
iKis  Greene  and 
obert  Vanglin, 
iwic'k,  William 
lioiuus   Tlioni- 
?liilip  Conner, 
tants.     The  as- 
l  an  "  Act  con- 
ties  on  any  one 
le  of  reproach, 
eas  the  enforc- 
ath   iVeipicntly 
those  conmion- 
thc  more  (piiet 
and  the  better 
the  inhabitants, 
])r<)vince  or  the 
unto  belonjrinjj, 
•om  henceforth 
tcTianced  for  or 
le  free  exercise 
ercnnto  bclonir- 
exorcise  of  any 


"  is  one  of  the 
ntion  nntil  the 


drawn  up  by  Lord 

iMSi'd  only  n  part  in 
held  lit  St.  Mary's, 
dcclaratidti,  dated 
;  Sninslmry,  "  Cal 
."vol.  M.  pp.  4-20, 


,* 


government  was  overthrown  by  the  Puritans,  and  from  its 
restoration  till  the  Protestant  revolution,  forms  one  of  her 
greatest  glories."' 

Efforts  have  been  made  to  deprive  Catholics  of  the  credit 
of  this  act.  Gladstone's  endorsement  of  the  efforts  gave  rise 
to  a  triumphant  Catholic  vindication.'  It  was  no  novelty  :  it 
was  the  last  Catholic  act  contirming  the  policy  which  had 
olttaiiied  from  the  founding  of  the  colony,  and  wliich  was 
maintained  so  long  as  Catholic  proprietors  were  in  power, 
ceasing  only  with  Catholic  inHuence.  "  The  religious  tolera- 
tion which  historians  have  so  much  extolled  in  the  Catholic 
colonists  and  founders  of  INfaryland  did  not  originate  with, 
or  derive  its  existence  from  that  law  of  1040,  but,  on  the 
contrary,  it  exi.sted  long  anterior  to  and  independent  of  it. 
This  great  feature  in  the  Catholic  go/erimieiit  of  Maryland 
had  been  established  by  the  Catholic  lord  proj)rietary,  his 
lieutenant-governor,  agents  and  colonists,  and  faithfully  prac- 
ticed for  fifteen  years  prior  to  the  Toleration  Act  of  1649. 
Prom  10114  to  1049  it  had  been  enforced  with  nnwaverincr 
firmness,  and  protected  with  exalted  benevolence." 

The  act  of  1 040,  with  its  broad  views  of  religious  freedom, 
is  one  of  the  grounds  of  pride  in  Catholic  Maryland.  Natu- 
rally those  who  are  haunted  by  a  perpetual  jealousy  of  every 
Catholic  claim  have  sought,  l)y  specious  arguments  and 
cunningly  arrayed  facts,  to  make  it  appear  that  the  Catholic 
body  in  Maryland  could  lay  no  claim  to  the  honor. 

The  history  of  the  act  and  of  otliers  closely  connected  with 
it  is  now  known.  Lord  Baltimore,  mIio  saw  the  necessity  of 
adopting  some  plan  for  the  future  government  of  the  prov- 
ince that  would  save  his  own  rights  and  the  liberty  of  the 
Catholic  settlers  from  being  overthrown,  drew  up  a  body  of 


'  U.  II.  Clarke.  Catholic  World,  Dirfinlicr.  1h:.\ 


:m 


72  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

sixteen  laws  during  the  suuinier  of  164:8,  and  transmitted 
them  frum  Bath,  in  England,  to  be  passed  and  made  per- 
petual hy  the  Assembly,  and  with  them  the  oaths  to  be  taken 
by  the  governor  and  the  members  of  the  council.  These 
acts  were  to  be  passed  without  any  alteration,  addition,  <.r 
dinn'nution.  Tlie  Assembly  of  lOiO  passed  nine  of  these 
acts  in  April,  and  in  the  Assembly  held  in  the  following 
year,  the  other  seven  were  passed.  Lord  Jialtimore  having 
complained  of  their  neglect.  In  their  action  in  April,  1«;.50, 
the  whole  sixteen  laws  were  read  and  considered,  and  they 
were  assented  to  by  the  ])roprietary  in  one  instrument,  dated 
August  "20,  1(150. 

The  first  of  these  laws  was  the  act  conccruimr  rclitrion.  It 
emanated  from  the  Catholic  proprietary,  and  was  passed  by 
u  legislature  in  which  the  majority  were  Catholics.' 

The  next  year  the  Asseml)ly  re<[uired  an  oath  fi'oni  nu'm- 
bers,  which  was  in  itself  a  harbinger  to  Catholics  of  coming 
(litticnltics.     One   Catholic   mcndicr,   Thomas   Matthews,  of 


'Johnson,  "Foundation  of  Maryland,"  pp.  111-123.  Mr.  Oladstono 
prctendi'dthat  this  act  was  based  on  an  order  of  the  Kn.irlish  House  of  Com- 
mons, irivint:  freedom  of  eonseienee  in  the  Sunnner  Islands,  mikI  also  on 
(I  Hnllsh  (irdinanee  of  l»i47.  Tlie  assertion,  eoniinir  from  a  Hrilish  I'rinie 
Miin'sier,  attracted  attention.  Exundnation  shows  that  tlie  order  merely 
jrave  freedom  of  worship  to  an  independent  eongreiration,  under  Uev. 
Patriek  Copland,  in  the  Herrnudas  ;  that  it  passed  only  one  hou.se,  and 
never  took  e(T<'(t,  The  ordinance  of  1017,  refern'd  to  liy  Mr.  (Jladstone, 
never  passed,  aial  so  far  as  toleration  was  j'oncerned,  the  House  of  Coni- 
moius  resolved  that  it  wiw  not  to  extend  to  Catholics,  or  take  away  any 
penal  laws  apunst  them.  ".lournals  of  the  Commons,"  l(141-rt.  Hush- 
worth.  "Collection,"  vii.,  p.  H49.    .I<ihnson,  ■•  Foundation  of  Maryliind," 

Father  llunfer.  in  the  list  century,  referred  to  the  act  as  pa.ssed  in 
1040.  Imt  it  is  more  likely  that  this  is  only  an  error  in  copying'  for  lfi49. 
His  statement  that  it  was  re-enacted  in  lO.")!)  is  easily  understood.  The 
iniries  show  that  in  l(i."iO  the  whrjle  si.xteen  laws  were  read  and  consid- 
ered, and  this  was  considered  a  re-<nactin>,'of  the  nine  passed  in  1(J4U. 


^ 


!!      I 


PURITAN  RULE. 


73 


transmitted 
d  made  por- 
s  to  l)e  taken 
ncil.     Tlieso 

addition,  (ir 
ine  of  tlRve 
:ie  followini;: 
more  liaviiij^^ 
April,  Itl.'iO, 
ed.  and  they 
uuient,  dated 


It 
as  j)a!<sed  liy 

-S, 

I  from  nieni- 
?s  of  coniinfr 
Vlattliews,  (if 


Mr.  Oliulstone 
1  House  of  Coin- 
ids,  iilid  iilso  (111 
!i  Urilisli  I'riiiu! 
ic  (iniiT  iiuTcIy 
(111,  uiuliT  Hov. 
one  house,  and 

Mr.  (iliidstone, 
lldiisc  of  t'otil- 
tiike  away  any 

l(!4J-(!.    "Uusli- 

(it  Maryliind," 

?t  !is  pas.'ied  in 
fiyinjr  for  1041). 
derstodd.  The 
ad  Mild  consid- 
sfd  in  1049. 


Saint  Inigoes,  on  his  refusing  to  take  this  oath,  to  which  he 
declared  he  had  conscientious  objections,  was  expelled ;  and 
liis  successor,  Fenwick,  also  a  Catholic,  took  it  only  with  the 
understanding  that  the  craftly  devised  language  was  not 
meant  to  infringe  liberty  of  conscience  or  religion. 

To  preserve  the  Catholic  missions  among  the  native  tribes 
ill  wliicli  so  much  had  been  accomplished  since  the  estab- 
lisliuieiit  of  the  colony,  Lord  Baltimore,  in  KJo],  set  apart 
ten  tiiousand  acres  of  land  at  Calverton  manor,  on  the  Wico- 
mico liiver,  for  the  remnant  of  the  Mattapany,  AVieomicons, 
Patuxent,  Lamasconsons,  Highahwixons,  antl  Chapticon 
Indians ;  the  Assembly  had  already  recognized  his  constant 
elforts  to  Christianize  the  native  trilies,  and  thus  the  first 
Indian  reserve  was  formed  by  a  Catholic,  and  under  the 
direction  of  the  Catholic  clergy. 

The  Catholics  were  at  this  time,  as  estimated  by  the  iabo- 
ridiis  and  accurate  Mr.  Davis,  based  on  wills,  conveyances, 
tax  lists,  and  otiicial  records,  three-fourths  of  the  popnla- 
tidii  of  Maryland.  They  enjoyed  the  services  of  zealous 
priests  who  attended  chapels  at  different  points  from  Corn- 
wallys'  Neck  to  Point  Lookout,  and  education  secular  and 
religious  was  fo.stered.' 

In  U!52,  Clayliorne  and  Bennett,  as  commissioners  of  the 
Coiiimoinvealth  of  J]ngland,  overthrew  the  proprietary  gov- 
erniiient,  and  when  Lord  Baltimore  prepared  to  restore  it. 
they  convened  an  assembly,  first  prohibiting  any  C*atliohc 
to  vote  for  or  to  sit  as  a  delegate.  The  body  called,  after 
thus  excluding  the  Catholic  majority,  pas.sed  an  act  con- 
cerning religion,  which  began,  "  It  is  hereby  enacted  and 
declared  that    none  who   profess    and  exercise  the  Popish 


'  Tlieru  are  .xonie  data  showinjf  tlie  existence  of  u  thriviiifr  .scbool  con- 
ducted hy  Ralph  C'rourii,  under  the  direction  of  the  Cafhohc  clergy  at 
this  time. 


:jm 


74 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


I     I 


11     Ii 


(ooimnonly  called  the  Roman  Catliolic)  religion,  can  be  pro- 
tected in  thifi  province  by  the  laws  of  England,  formerly 
established  and  yet  unre])ealed;  nor  by  the  government  of 
the  Conniionwealtli  of  England,  etc.,  but  to  be  restrained 
from  the  exercise  thereof."  It  concluded  thus:  "Provided 
such  liberty  be  not  extended  to  Po])ery  or  ])relacy,  nor  to 
such  as  under  the  jH'ofession  of  Christ,  hold  forth  and  prac- 
tice licentiousness."  ' 

A  reign  of  terror  was  thus  established  instead  of  the 
tolerant  aiul  friendly  ]>olicy  of  tl.j  Catholic  rulers.  Gov- 
ernor Stone  endeavored  to  restore  the  pro])rietai'y's  power. 
He  took  the  field,  with  the  support  of  the  Catholics  and  the 
I'rotcstants  who  adhered  to  Lord  J'altimore,  but  was  defeated 
in  a  hard-fought  engagement,  after  which  the  I'uritans 
evinced  their  ferocious  cruelty  by  shooting  four  ])risoners  in 
cold  blood.  As  three  of  these  were  Catholics,  it  shows  that 
hatrcil  of  Catliolicity  guided  them  in  this  as  in  their  legisla- 
tion.' 

Then  we  find  the  anti-Catholic  power  gaining.  Thus,  in 
in54,  Luke  (iardner  was  charged  with  enticing  Eleanor 
Hatton  to  his  house,  "to  train  her  up  in  the  llonian  Catholic 
religion."  This  was  deemed  "a  great  affront  to  the  govern- 
ment, and  of  very  dangerous  and  destructive  consecpiences 
in  relation  to  the  peace  and  welfare  of  the  province." 

'  Schiirf,  "  History  of  ^larylimd,"  i.,  ]>.  215.  •■  Maryland  Archives," 
i.,  lip.  :U(t-l.    Hawks,  "  Marylanil,"  p\).  4:.'-:i. 

■'  Tlio  Puriian  account,  "  Virginia  niid  Baltimore,"  ]).  10,  .supprcs.sps  all 
nu'iition  of  the  (■.xccutimi  in  cold  blood  (,(  Kltonhcitd,  Lewis.  Legate. 
Pedro.  The  character  of  the  tract  must  he  horiie  in  mind  in  weijrliiiifr 
its  value  elsewhere.  For  another  account  sec  Hainnioiid,  "Leah  and 
lijiehel,"  |).  25.  The  petition  of  Kdward  Lloyd  and  seventy-seven  iiihah- 
itaiitw  of  Severne  .//(■</*  Anne  .\rundei  County,  in  ](i5i),  airaiiist  the  oath 
of  alleiriance  to  Lord  Halliinore,  because  Catholicity  was  tolerated  is 
piven  in  "  V'irijinia  and  Haltimorc,'  pji.  'v'H-O.  They  certainly  had  no  part 
in  passing  the  act  of  lt(49. 


9 


IS. 


MARYLAND  WITHOUT  PRIESTS. 


75 


1,  can  be  pro- 
ud, formerly 
(vernineut  of 
1)0  restrained 
:  "  Provided 
elacy,  nor  to 
rtli  and  prac- 

stead  of  the 
riders.  Gov- 
tary'.s  power, 
lolics  and  the 
was  (k'fi'ated 
tlie  J*nritaii.s 
prisoners  in 
it  shows  that 
their  legisla- 

iif.  Tlius.  in 
•iiig  Eleanor 
man  Catholic 
>  the  gdverii- 
coiisecinences 
uce." 

land  Archives," 

8,  supprcssps  all 
Lewis,  Li'LTatc, 
11(1  ill  wcigliini; 
11(1,  "  Leah  and 
itj'scvcn  iriliiih- 
iiraiiist  tile  Diiih 
as  tolerated  is 
inly  had  no  part 


Wliile  Maryland  was  thus  convulsed,  and  difHculties  in- 
creased for  Catholics,  Father  Thomas  Copley  died  in  105;3, 
leaving  Father  Lawrence  Starkey  alone  on  the  nn'ssion,  but 
he  was  joined  the  next  year  by  Father  Francis  F'itzherbert, 
who  made  St.  Inigoes  his  residence,  the  veteran  Starkey  at- 
tending the  scattered  missions  from  Portobacco. 

The  Puritans,  after  their  victory  on  the  Severn,  and  their 
savage  triumph,  hastened  to  St.  Mary's  County.  There  they 
rushed  into  the  houses  of  the  priests,  clamoring  for  the  lives  of 
the  hypocrites,  as  they  styled  them,  and  certainly  intending  for 
any  they  might  secure,  the  fate  of  the  Catholics  slaughtered 
on  the  Held.  Such  had  been  their  course  in  England,  and  it 
would  lind  greater  ])retext  here.  But  the  two  Fatherb  managed 
to  escape,  ascibing  it  to  the  Pro^^dence  of  God  that  they 
were  carried  away  before  the  very  eyes  of  their  vindictive 
pursuers  ;  l)ut  their  books,  furniture,  and  everything  else  in 
the  houses  fell  a  prey  to  the  spoilers.  The  missionaries  were 
carried  into  Virginia  amid  constant  ])eril,  and  in  the  utmost 
want  of  all  things.  There  they  lived  in  a  mean  hut,  sunk 
in  the  ground  like  a  cistern  or  a  tond),  so  that  they  com- 
pared themselves  to  Saint  Athanasius,  who  lay  concealed  for 
se\eral  years  in  a  similar  refuge.  Their  supplies  from  Eng- 
land were  intercepted ;  they  could  obtain  no  wine  to  say 
mass,  and  their  ministry  was  reduced  to  stealthy  visits,  by 
boats,  to  Catholics  who  could  be  reached  from  Virginia.' 

The  missionaries,  unable  to  return  to  their  congregations 
in  Maryland,  remained  in  Virginia,  where  Father  Stai-key 
died  in  the  midst  of  his  trials,  F'ebruary  19,  1657." 

Lord  Baltimore,  however,  at  last  recovered  his  authority, 
liberty  of  conscience  was  restored,  and  F^ither  Fitzherbert 

'  Foley,  "Records,"  iii.,  p.  389. 

'  nis  real  name  seems  to  have  been  Laurence  Sankey.  lie  was  born  io 
Lanca:;hire  in  1006,  and  entered  the  Society  in  1636.    Foley,  vii.,  p.  685. 


'  1 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


^mS  .  m^ 


^ 


<  <if 


Q- 


A 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


•-  128 

mmm 

t  1^ 


2.0 


1.4    IIIIII.6 


ffh 


^. 


aW^ 


'W 


/A 


'  W 


o 


/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTIRNY    14)10 

(714)  •;j-4iOJ 


iV 


^"-, 


'^v\ 


iV 


V 


rv 


^^ 


6^ 


4^ 


76 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


returned  to  Marylancl,     The  influx  of  Protestants  after  this 
increased,  and  the  Jesuit  Fathers  labored  with  zeal  to  win 
over  such  as  seemed  well  disposed.     This  led  to  a  curious 
case,  in  1658,  when  Father  Francis  Fitzherbert  was  indicted 
for  treason  and  sedition,  and  giving  out  rebellious  and  mu- 
tinous speeches,  and  endeavoring  to  raise  distractions  and 
disturbances.     The  grounds  were  that  he  had  preached  at 
the  general  muster  of  the  militia,  at  Patuxent  and  Xewtowu, 
and  had  threatened  to  excommunicate  Thomas  Gerrard  of 
the  council  for  not  bringing  his  wife  and  children  to  church. 
The  arraigned  priest  demurred  on  the  ground  that  by  the 
very  first  law  of  the  country,    Holy   Church  within   this 
province  was  to  have  an<l  enjoy  all  her  rights,  liberties,  and 
franchises,  wholly  and  without  l)lemish,  amongst  which  that 
of  preaching  and  teaching  is  not  the  least.    '*  Neither  imports 
it  what  church  is  there  meant,  since  by  the  true  intent  of 
the   act    concerning   religion,    every   church    professing  to 
believe  in  God  the  Father,  Son  and  Holy  Ghost,  is  accounted 
II(*ly  Church  here."     Moreover  he  claimed  that  by  the  act 
entitled,  "  An  Act  concerning  Religion,"  no  one  was  to  be 
molested  in  the  free  exercise  of  his  religion  ;  "and  undoubt- 
edly preaching  and  teaching  is  the  free  exercise  of  every 
churchman's  religion."    The  court,  all  apparently  Protestimts 
except  one,  sustained  the  demurrer.' 

The  early  Maryland  Catholics  were  liberal  in  contributijig 
to  the  support  of  the  church,  and  frecpient  legacies  and 
becpiests  appear  in  their  wills.  On  the  10th  of  Xovember, 
1»5»U,  an  several  of  the  good  and  zealous  Roman  Catholics  of 
Xewfown  and  St.  Clement's  Bay  had  agreed  to  erect  a 
chapel,  and  had  selected  as  most  convenient  for  them  all  a 
8IK»t  on  land  of  William  liretton,  Es<i.,  one  of  the  lawgivers 


'  DuviH,  "Day  Star,"  p.  55. 


MANOn   noC»K  AT  NEWTOWN  OH  DRETTON'B  NECK. 


78 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


of  1649,  that  gentleman,  with  the  hearty  good  liking  of  his 
dearly  beloved  wife,  Temperance  Bretton,  "  to  the  greater 
honor  and  glory  of  Almighty  God,  the  ever  Inuuaculate 
Virgin  Mary  and  all  saints,"  granted  to  the  said  Roman 
Catholic  inhabitants,  and  their  posterity,  an  acre  and  a  half 
of  ground  for  a  chapel  and  cemetery,  and  here  rose  the 
modest  chapel  of  Saint  Ignatius,  the  first  Catholic  church  of 
Newtown.' 

With  the  restoration  of  the  Stuarts  and  the  fall  of  the 
Puritan  rule.  Lord  Baltimore  regained  his  authority,  and 
Catholic  settlers  began  to  arrive.  Before  16(38,  John  and 
Joseph  Hebron,  Catholics,  from  Scotland,  settled  on  the 
eastern  shore,  in  Kent  County,  and  their  descendants  retained 
the  faith  for  some  generations.' 


'  The  (Iced  for  tlie  land  for  the  church  and  graveyard  bears  date  Nov. 
10,  um.  Davis,  '•  Day  Star,"  p  227.  It  was  a  trianRular  piece  at  the  head 
of  yt.  N'icliohi.s'  Creek,  near  Bowling's  Cove.  A  few  old  bricks,  with 
nionar  still  adhering,  are  the  last  relics  of  St.  Ignatius  Chapel,  and  near 
it  is  the  graveyard  used  for  more  than  two  centuries.  The  church 
on  Sundays  in  the  old  time  was  reached  in  sailboats  from  miles  around. 

The  manor  at  Newtown,  or  Hrctfon's  Neck,  passed  from  Hretton,  and 
was  pureh:ised  by  tlie  Jesuit  missionaries.  In  tlieir  hands  tlic  house  and 
chapel  have  been  u  centreof  Catholicity,  surrounded  by  lands  and  streams 
that  bear  the  name  of  St.  Francis,  St.  Margaret,  St.  Lawrence,  St.  I'etcr, 
St.  John,  St.  Winifred,  St.  Michael,  St.  Gabriel,  St.  Anne.  The  house 
erected  by  Hretton.  of  old  Knglish  brick,  U  r.tiH  .standing,  its  originid  one 
story  having  had  another  added,  making  it  a  stately  mansion,  beautifully 
siluateii  on  tlie  Neck.  It  contains  relics  of  Fathers  who  labored  in  Mary- 
land in  the  last  two  centuries.  "Historical  points  connected  with  New- 
town manor  and  church,  St.  .Mary's  Co.,  ,Md."  Woodstock  Letters,  xiii., 
I>p  <ll>,  lltt,  and  xiv  ,  p  (U,  etc. 

'  Hanson.  "  History  of  Old  Kent,"  pp.  197->^.  Virginia  about  this  time 
(10(11  (showed  the  old  iiitoler.iiiccby  passing  an  act  imposing  a  line  of  i'20 
oil  ttuy  one  who  neglected  to  attend  the  service  of  the  Protestant  church 


IS. 


liking  of  his 
3  the  greater 
Iininaculate 
said  Roman 
•e  and  a  lialf 
tere  rose  the 
He  church  of 

s  fall  of  the 
ithority,  and 
8,  John  and 
:tled  on  tlie 
ants  retained 


)ears  date  Nov. 
lieee  tit  the  head 
Id  bricks,  with 
lapel,  and  near 
The  tliurch 

miles  around. 
II  Hretton,  and 

tile  house  and 
id.sand  streumB 
.■nee,  St.  I'eter, 
e.  The  house 
it8  v)riginiil  one 
on,  beautifully 
bored  iti  Mary- 
ted  with  Xew- 
i  Letters,  xiii., 

about  this  tliiu; 
K  a  tine  of  4.-J0 
eMtaut  ehnnli 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  JESUITS   AND   FRANCISCANS   IN   MARYLAND,    1GG9-1000. 

From  the  diiSculty  in  which  the  Society  was  involved  in 
England,  and  a  great  loss  of  means  for  maintaining  the  mission, 
few  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers  scut  to  Maryland  during  the  admin- 
istration of  Charles  Calvert,  who  was  governor  of  the  prov- 
ince from  lOOl  to  1675,  remained  for  any  considerable 
period. 

When  the  Abbate  Claudius  Agretti,  a  canon  of  Bruges, 
was  sent  by  the  Holy  See  on  a  special  mission  to  England  in 
1(509,  he  visited  Cecil,  Lord  Baltimore,  at  his  villa,  and  that 
aged  nobleman  complained  that  t'l' re  were  otdy  two  priests 
in  Maryland  to  minister  to  the  Isvo  thousand  Catholics  in 
that  province,  and  that  the  Holy  See,  although  solicited  for 
twenty-four  yea-s  to  send  missionaries  there,  had  taken  no 
action  in  the  matter.' 

Of  the  three  priests  of  the  Society  on  the  mission  in  Mary- 
land in  lOOO,  one.  Father  Peter  Pelcon  or  A[anners,  a  young 

'  Hrady,  "  Annalaof  tbeCntholie  Hierarchy  in  England  and  Scotland," 
I?oinc,  1HT7,  p.  1  It?.  So  far  as  can  be  traced  the  Jesuit  Fatiiers  enii)loyed 
on  the  Maryland  mission  from  ItitJO  to  1074,  were  Fathers  Henry  Pel- 
biiin.  Edward  Tidder,  John  Fitzwilliam,  Francis  Fit/hcrlH'rt,  IVler  Pel- 
con,  I'eter  Riddell,  George  Pole.  William  Warren,  Michael  Forstcr  (Ou- 
lick* ;  but  the  only  two  actually  there  at  the  close  of  1060  were  William 
Pelham  and  Michael  Forster  (Gulick).  Father  Treacy  (Woodstock  F-et- 
ters.  XV.,  p.  01),  omits  ^'ifzwilliam  and  Riddell,  and  places  Forater  later. 
Foley,  "  Records,"  vii. .  gives  the  niunber  on  the  Maryland  mission  in  10(10 
as  I  ;  10)11,2  ;  IOOil-7.  3;  1072-4.  2,  vol.  vii.,  xc-r;cvi.  The  .Vnnua'.  Let- 
ters, 1671^  ("  Rcl.  Itin.,"  pp.  08-90),  gives  two  as  the  number  for  those 
years. 

(79) 


80 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


and  zealous  missioner  full  of  the  apostolic  spirit,  met  death  in 
the  discharge  of  his  duty.  He  had  bound  himself  by  a 
special  vow  to  consecrate  his  whole  life  and  labors  to  the 
Maryland  mission,  if  his  superiors  permitted  it.  A  saintly 
man  who  had  vowed  to  love  no  creature  except  in  God  and 
for  God,  his  influence  was  extraordinary.  Catholics  were 
brought  by  him  to  a  loving  and  exact  discharge  of  all  Chris- 
tian duties,  and  to  firmness  of  faith  amid  trials  and  seductions ; 
even  Protestants,  won  by  his  piu'e  and  devoted  character, 
sought  guidance  and  instruction  from  him,  so  that  nearly  a 
hundred  conversions  were  ascribed  to  his  iufiuence,  althougli 
he  did  not  live  to  receive  them  all  into  the  Church.  On 
Wednesday,  in  Easter  week,  Ai>ril  2-i,  10(59,  he  was  sum- 
moned to  a  distant  call,  and  at  once  set  out.  The  spring  rains 
had  swollen  the  streams  into  torrents,  and  in  atteiii])tiiig  to 
cross  one,  the  missionary  and  his  horse  wore  swept  down  the 
current  and  engulfed  in  the  waters.' 

•The  report  of  the  Abbate  Agrettiwas  considered  in  a  Par- 
ticular Congregation  of  the  Proi)aganda,  held  September  9, 
1()T(»,  and  the  last  decree  tlicn  passed  directed  "that  letters 
shoidd  1)0  written  to  tlie  Internuncio  reganliiig  the  n;issiun  to 
the  island  of  Maryland  in  America,  in  order  that  at  the  in- 
stance of  the  temporal  lord  of  the  aforesaid  island,  he  should 
dej)Ute  missionaries  of  approved  merit,  and  send  in  their 
names  to  the  Cardinal  Protector  for  the  issue  of  the  necessary 
faculties.' 


I  He  liiid  Ixcii  twclvp  yc'ttni  in  the  Society  aud  died  at  the  age  of  8S. 
Xolicc  of  iiim  liy  Viry  Rev.  F.  Simeon,  provincial  of  Kntrliuid,  Foley, 
iii.,  1).  i)lM)  ;  Anmiiil  i.ctlcr,  in  "  Uelatio  Itincris,"  p.  ICi  ;  his  real  name  Wiis 
'apparently  Felcon.  Foley,  vii,  p.  «79.  The  Annual  Letters  report  .'.I 
e-Kiv.THions  in  1071  ;  TO  in  lOTS  ;  28  in  Ht7!l.  The  haptisnis  for  threw 
years  were  1(K),  70,  75. 

'  Hrady,  "Annals  of  the  ("atholie  Hierarchy,"  pi>.  118-9.     The  Inter- 
niineio  was  the  Alihate  .Mroldi  at  Hrns.Hcls. 


If  If 


THE  FRANCISCANS  IN  MARYLAND. 


81 


(I  at  till'  iigf  of  88. 


18-0.     The  Inter- 


A  mission  fc  anded  about  this  time  in  Maryland  by  the 
Franciscan  Fathers  of  the  English  province  was  evidently  a 
result  of  this  decree  of  the  Propaganda.  The  Jesuits  had  an 
illustrious  founder  of  their  mission  in  the  person  of  Father 
Andrew  White ;  the  Franciscan  mission  claims  as  its  founder 
a  truly  apostolic  man,  Father  Massseus  Massey  a  Sancta  Bar- 
bara. In  a  congregation  of  the  province  held  October  12, 
1672,  in  Somerset  House,  one  of  the  royal  palaces  in  London, 
then  apparently  the  residence  of  the  Portuguese  ambassador, 
the  establishment  of  a  mission  of  the  order  in  Maryland  was 
decided  upon,  and  Father  Massey  was  appointed  to  found 
it,  with  another  Father  to  be  selected  by  the  provincial.' 
Father  Massey  with  his  associate  reached  Maryland  apparently 
in  1673,  and  entered  into  a  portion  of  the  labors  and  harvest 
of  the  missionaries  already  there;  perfect  harmony  being 
maintained  between  them  for  the  common  prosperity  of  the 
Catholic  cause.' 

In  1674,  the  French  Jesuit  Father  John  Pierron,  who  had 
been  employed  on  the  Mohawk  mission,  and  had  thus  become 
familiar  with  the  English  colonial  ways,  was  transferred  for  a 
time  to  the  Acadian  tnission.  AVhile  attached  to  this  station, 
he  made  a  tour  through  the  English  colonies  as  far  as  Virginia. 
On  the  way  he  was  shocked  to  see  baptism  so  generally  neg- 
lected, and  endeavored  to  do  what  good  he  could,  but  he 
found  few  to  benefit  by  his  ministry.  He  had  interviews 
with  some  of  the  ministers  at  Boston,  and  the  Labbadists  a 
few  years  after  found  his  visit  there  still  a  topic  of  conversa- 
tion. He  was  at  last  cited  before  the  General  Court,  but  he 
proceeded  on  his  journey.  "  He  found,"  says  the  Relation  of 
1674,  "in  Maryland  two  of  our  English  Fathers  and  one 


'  " Ex-Registro,  FP.M.,  Prov.  Anglte,"  p.  86— Oliver,  'Collections," 
p.  541. 
»  Annual  Letter  of  1678,  in  "  Relatio  Itincris,"  pp.  9H-0. 

6 


1 

m 

i 

1 

■f.r 

H 

t 

flj 

m 

|g 

"{ 

B 

jt 

^n 

i 

■fl 

M 

IHB 

Sli 


,    ^' 


.  I 


Ir 


■'i 


82 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


brother  ;  the  Fathers  dressed  like  gentlemen,  and  the  brother 
like  a  farmer  ;  in  fact,  he  has  charge  of  the  farm  which  gives 
the  two  missionaries  their  support.  They  labor  with  success  in 
converting  the  Protestants  of  the  country,  where  there  are  in 
fact  many  Catholics,  among  others,  the  governor.  As  these 
two  Fathers  are  not  enough  alone,  Father  Pierron  offers  vol- 
untarily to  go  and  help  them,  and  at  the  same  time  found  a 
mission  among  the  neighboring  Indians,  wliose  language  he 
understands.  But  this  scheme  presents  many  difficulties  and 
seems  to  me  impossible."  ' 

The  want  of  all  records  of  this  period  makes  it  impossible 
to  tell  in  what  iield  each  of  the  Jesuit  and  Franciscan  mis- 
sionaries labored  at  this  time.  New  York,  in  which  New 
Jersey  was  then  included,  was  open  to  Catholics  and  some  may 
have  settled  there,  to  whom  these  Fathers  occasionally  made 
visits.  There  seems  to  have  l)een  a  wider  iield  than  that  of 
the  two  thousand  Catholics  in  Maryland,  who  were  nearly  all 
in  the  same  district,  for  in  1G74  the  F'ranciscans  in  a  congrega- 
tion held  in  ^lay,  appointed  Fathers  Polycarp  Wicksted  and 
Basil  ITobart  to  the  INfarylaiid  mission,  and  the  next  year  the 
Jesuit  Father  Nicholas  (irulick  came  to  America  with 
Father  Francis  Pennington  and  two  lay  brothers."  In  the 
following  year  the  Franciscan  Father  Henry  a  Sancto  Fran- 
cisco a])pears  in  Maryland,  and  in  October,  Father  Edward 
Golding  was  sent  out ;  Father  ilassey  remaining  superior 
till  1077,  when  Father  Henry  Carew  replaced  him,  his 
])redecessor  becoming  guardian  of  the  convent  in  London. 
The  same  year  the  Jesuit  Superior  Thomas  (lawen  arrived.' 

'  "  Reliifion  do  lii  NouvcUc  Francr,"  1674,  in  "  Rchitions  Inwlitos,"  ii., 
pp.  8,  10;  Diinkcrs  and  Sliiyter,  ".lourivil,"  p.  388. 

•'  Ex  Roffi.stro,  FF.M.,  Prov.  Anglia",  p.  88.  Jesuit  Annuol  LcUer, 
1675,  ill  "  Hi'l.  Itineris,"  p.  99. 

»Ex  Itegistro,  pp.  07, 104, 108 ;  Aunuul  Letter,  1677.  "Rel.  Ilin.,"p.  100 


CATHOLIC  EDUCATION. 


83 


Two  Labbadists  vlio  visited  Maryland  about  this  time 
(1679-80)  write:  "Those  persons  who  profess  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion  have  great,  indeed  all  freedom  in  Maryland, 
because  the  goveraor  makes  i)rofession  of  that  faith,  and  con- 
sequently there  are  priests  and  other  ecclesiastics  who  travel 
and  disperse  themselves  everywhere,  and  neglect  nothing 
which  serves  for  their  profit  and  purpose."  ' 

One  result  of  this  increase  of  the  clergy  was  the  opening 
in  1677  of  a  Catholic  school  in  Maryland,  with  a  course  of 
study  which  included  the  humanities.  It  was  directed  by 
Father  Forster  and  Mr.  Thomas  Hothersall,  an  approved 
scholastic  of  the  Society,  prevented  by  constant  headaches 
from  Ijeiug  ordained.  The  sons  of  the  planters  won  applause 
by  their  application  and  progress.  In  1681  two  scholars  who 
had  i)assed  through  the  course  at  this  academy  crossed  the 
Atlantic  to  complete  their  university  studies  at  St.  Omer's, 
and  witli  true  American  energy,  at  once  made  a  bold  effort 
to  l>e  the  lenders  in  the  various  classes. 

This  system  was  kept  up  by  the  Jesuit  Fathers  in  Maryland 
till  the  American  Eevolution,  their  school  being  occasionally 
suspended  by  the  hostility  of  the  provincial  government. 
Trained  in  preparatory  schools,  the  sous  and  even  the 
daughters  of  the  more  wealthy  ^Maryland  Catholics  were  sent 
ai)roa(l;  some  returned  to  America  to  mix  in  the  world;  not 
a  few  young  Marylanders  became  religious  laboring  in  the 
vineyard  in  England  or  America,  or  leading  holy  lives  in 
convent  cloisters.' 


'  Diuikers  and  Sluytcr,  "  Journnl  of  a  Voyage  to  New  York,"  Brooklyu, 
1H()7,  p.  221.  Of  the  Protestant  ministers  of  Maryland  and  Virginia,  they 
say,  p.  218  ;  "  You  liear  often  that  these  hiinisters  are  woi-se  tlian  anybody 
else,  yea,  are  an  abomination." 

'  Foley,  "Records  of  tlie  English  Provluoe,"  vii.,  p.  275  ;  Woodstock 
Letters,  xiii.,  p.  269. 


' 


II  U  i 


i 


Iff 


1  ^ 


•■•iit 


^    '■ 


84 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Among  the  early  pupils  of  this  aciideiiiy,  we  sliould  prob- 
ably find  on  the  roll  the  name  of  Robert  Brooke,  a  memlier 
of  a  pious  Catholic  family,  who  was  born  in  Maryland  in  10(i3» 
and  entering  the  Society  of  Jesus  at  Watten  in  1(>84,  wius  ap- 
parently the  first  priest  of  the  order  ordained  from  Lord 
Baltimore's  province,  and  he  is  the  first  of  five  priests  his 
family  gave  to  the  Society  of  Jesus.' 

The  Protestants  in  Maryland,  whether  of  the  Established 
Church  or  the  Puritan  bodies,  had  been  free  to  establish  their 
own  churches,  l)ut  they  were  to  all  appearance  profoundly  in- 
diirerent.  Tiiis  wtis  perhaps  but  the  general  rule,  the  French 
Calvinists  in  Florida,  the  Dutch  in  New  York,  the  Swedish 
Lutherans  on  the  Delaware,  the  Pilgrims  of  Plymouth,  all 
coming  over  and  remaining  for  some  time  without  a  minister 
of  religion.  It  was  not  till  1(')50  that  a  Protestant  clergyman, 
Rev.  Mr.  AVilkinson,  appeared  in  the  province,  and  he  re- 
flected no  credit  on  his  profession.  The  historians  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  in  Maryland  admit  and  deplore  the  un- 
worthy character  of  the  early  ministers  of  their  faith.  In- 
stead of  Ijuilding  up  Protestant  congregations  they  induced 
many  to  seek  the  guidance  of  the  Catholic  priests,  whose  zeal 
and  edifying  life  spoke  louder  than  words.  There  could, 
under  such  circumstances,  be  little  life  in  the  Protestant  body, 
and  in  107(5  we  find  the  Rev.  Mr.  Yeo,  one  of  the  three  Episco- 
pal clergymen  in  Maryland,  appealing  to  the  Arclil)ishop  of 
Canterbury,  drawing  a  sad  picture  of  Protestantism  in  the  col- 
ony, and  urging  him  to  solicit  from  Lord  Baltimore  some  sup- 


'  Foley,  "  Rpconls."  vii.,  p.  01.  Matthew  Brooke,  l)orn  in  Mnrylnnd  in 
1(572.  is  the  first  seeular  priest  of  the  provinec.  He  sul)se(nienlly  entereil 
tlie  Society.  II)..  p.  90.  There  is  at  Woodstocli  ('oile;re,  ii  very  toiieli 
in  i:  ill  count  by  Fiilher  Peter  I'eleom  ( Manners),  of  the  death  of  HoIkt! 
Hniipke,  Esq.,  "  Narrafio  Mortis  .Vdmoduni  Pia;  Uoni  Koberti  Brooke  in 
Marylandia,  Anno  Doni  lOftT.  Octobris  S." 


)l 


5:5. 


MARYLAND  MISSIONS. 


85 


Bhould  prob- 
»ke,  a  iiieinljer 
yland  in  1003, 

1084,  Wiis  ap- 
id  from  Lord 
ve  prie8t8  liis 

le  Established 
establisli  their 
profoimdly  in- 
le,  tlie  French 
:,  the  Swedish 
Plymouth,  all 
out  a  minister 
mt  clergyman, 
e,  and  he  re- 
torians  of  the 
?plore  the  un- 
eir  faith.  In- 
I  they  induced 
sts,  whose  zeal 
There  could, 
•otestant  body, 
e  three  Epl«?o- 
Archbishop  uf 
ism  in  the  col- 
noresome  t^up- 


■n  in  Miiryliinil  in 
s('<iu('nlly  I'ntcrcil 
;r(',  11  very  toticii 
(lentil  of  H<>l)er; 
{oberti  Brooke  in 


port  for  a  Protestant  ministry.  The  lord  proprietary  replied 
that  he  supported  no  clergy,  that  all  denominations  were  free  in 
Maryland,  and  that  each  had  maintained  its  own  ministers 
and  churches  voluntarily.' 

During  the  period  of  Catholic  influence  in  Maryland,  the 
Indian  converts  in  many  cases  lived  side  by  side  with  the 
white  settlers.  The  chiefs  adopted  the  usages  of  civilized 
life ;  their  daughters  were  educated  and  frequently  married 
into  families  of  the  colonists.  Descendants  of  the  aborigi- 
nal rulers  of  the  soil  exist  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Pisca- 
taway  and  on  the  eastern  shore.  It  is  constantly  asserted  by 
Maryland  writers  tha<-  the  blood  of  the  native  chiefs  is  now 
represented  by  the  Brents,  Fenwicks,  Goldsboroughs,  and  other 
distinguished  families  of  the  State. 

The  original  chapel  at  St.  Mary's,  although  the  first  city 
of  Maryland  remained  a  kind  of  scattered  village,  had  by 
this  time  grown  too  small  or  otherwise  uusuited  to  the  wants 
of  the  Catholics  of  white  and  Indian  origin  who  attended  it. 
In  1683  steps  were  taken  in  the  council  of  the  colony  to  lay 
out  a  site  for  a  new  church,  and  cemetery.  Unfortunately 
no  plan  of  St.  Mary's  exists  and  apparently  no  data  by  which 
to  form  one  now  to  show  the  site  of  the  original  chapel  and 
the  ground  where  the  early  settlers  and  Governor  Leonard 
Calvert  were  laid.' 

'  Chalmers,  "Annals,"  p.  375;  Soliarf,  i.,  p.  282-3.  Yet  the  Privy 
Coundl  thought  some  provision  should  be  made,  and  in  a  few  years  this 
was  most  iniquitously  carried  out. 

''  Kilty,  "  Land-Holders'  Assistant,"  p.  123.  Lord  Baltimore  in  council 
ordered  land  to  be  laid  out  there  for  "  the  chappel.  state  house,  and  bury- 
ing place."  The  Annual  Letter,  1696,  says  of  St.  Mary's,  that  "  with  the 
residence  of  the  illustrious  Lord  Baltimore  surrounded  by  six  other 
ho\ises,  it  boresomesemblance  tea  village."  Foley,"  Records,"  vii.,  p.  clix. 
"  But  it  can  hardly  be  called  a  town,  it  being  in  length  by  the  water 
about  five  miles,  and  in  breadth  upwards,  toward  the  land,  not  above  a 


! 


^jdi»^  ^^)i:-.^j&::iiA*iM:iA-SSim3aM 


80 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


The  grant  by  (Miarled  II.  of  territory  in  America  under 
which  his  brother  James,  Duke  of  York,  put  an  end  to  the 
Dutch  rule  in  New  Netherlaiid,  brought  the  whole  coast 
from  the  borders  of  Connecticut  to  the  Potomac,  under  the 
control  of  Catholic  ])roprietors,  who  would  naturally  favor 
the  immigration  and  freedom  of  their  fellow-believers.  The 
district  acquired  by  James  was  one,  however,  in  which  Catho- 
lics had  always  been  few  and  rarely  permanent  residents. 
Two  Portuguese  soldiers  at  Fort  Orange  in  1(!2(5 ;  a  Portu- 
guese woman,  and  a  transient  Irishman  met  by  Father  Isaac 
Jogues,  in  1043,  are  the  earliest  on  record.' 

Yet  soon  after  Lord  Baltimore  applied  foi-  his  Maryland 
charter,  another  Catholic  gentleman,  Sir  Edmund  Plowden,  a 
descendant  of  the  famous  lawyer  of  that  name,  solicited  for 
himself  and  some  associates  a  patent  for  lands  on  the  Hudson 
and  Delaware,  including  what  is  now  known  as  Kew  Jersey 
and  Long  Island.  A  charter  was  granted  by  writ  of  Priv;y 
Seal,  witnessed  by  the  Deputy  General  of  Ireland,  at  Dublin, 
June  21,  1034,  by  which  a  county  palatine  was  erected  under 
the  name  of  New  Albion.  Captain  Thomas  Yong,  a  corre- 
spondent of  the  famous  priest  Sir  Toby  Mathews,  utider  this 
erected  a  fort  or  trading  house  at  Eriwomeck  on  the  Jersey 
side  of  the  Delaware  about  1034  and  resided  there  some  years. 
Plowden  himself  came  over  in  1042  and  nearly  lost  his  life  by 
a  umtiny  of  his  crew,  who  set  him  ashore  on  a  desert  island 
two  years  afterwards.  Some  of  the  English  settlers  recog- 
nized his  authority,  but  the  Swedes  stubbornly  refused  to  al- 


niilc,  in  all  which  spiur,  excepting  only  my  own  home  and  htiildiiics 
wiicrcin  llic  said  t'uurts  and  ])iil)li('  odiccs  arc  kept,  thiTi'  ari'  not  alu)\  c 
tliirty  lioiiscs,  and  those  at  considerable  distunee  from  eacji  oilier,  and 
the  l)uildings  ....  very  mean  and  little."  Lord  Baltimore,  in  Sciiarf,  i.. 
p.  •.MI4. 

'  Hrodhead,  '^  History  of  New  York,"  i.,  p.  109;  Martin,  "Life  of 
Father  Isiuic;  Jojrues,"  p.  1.54. 


:s. 


FIRST  SERVICE  IN  NEW  YORK. 


87 


iiierica  under 
n  end  to  the 

whole  coast 
ac,  under  thi' 
aturally  favdr 
ihevers.  Tlic 
which  Cathd- 
ent  residents. 
)20 ;  a  Portn- 

Father  Isaac 

his  Marvhiiul 
1(1  Plowden,  a 
,  solicited  for 
ti  tlio  Ilndsdii 
■s  Mew  Jei'scy 
vrit  of  l'n\y 
nd,  at  Duhliii, 
erected  under 
'ong,  a  corre- 
ivs,  under  this 
Dn  the  Jersey 
re  some  years, 
ost  his  life  by 
desert  island 
«ottlers  recog- 
refused  to  al- 

('  1111(1  liuildiiips 

•TV  illc  Ildt   llllllVC 

('{K'li  Oilier,  mill 
irc,  In  Scliarf,  i., 

[arliu,  "  Life  nf 


low  him  even  to  trade  tin  the  Delaware.  Ilis  plans  of 
settlement  proposed  a  recognition  of  Christianity  and  beyond 
that  the  most  complete  toleration  for  all.  That  his  object  may 
have  l)een  to  secure  a  refuge  for  oppressed  Catholics  is  very 
pi-ol)able,  but  nothing  that  can  be  deemed  a  Catholic  settle- 
ment was  founded  by  him,  nor  is  there  any  trace  of  any  visit 
til  New  Albion  by  any  Catholic  priest,  or  the  erection  of  a 
chapel.' 

The  grant  to  James,  Duke  of  York,  was  -followed  by  the 
establishment  of  English  authority  and  the  opening  of  the 
coimtry  to  Enghsli  colonization.  James  subsequently  ceded 
part  of  his  territory  under  the  name  of  New  Jersey  to  a  num- 
ber of  persons,  prominent  amon^  whom  was  James,  the  Cath- 
olic Earl  of  Perth.  There  was  no  attempt  to  form  any  largely 
Catholic  settlement  at  any  point,  though  Catholics  obtained 
positions  under  the  new  colonial  governments  and  some  came 
over  to  better  their  fortunes,  and  make  homes  for  themselves 
in  the  New  World. 

In  1074,  James  sent  out  as  second  in  authority  to  Governor 
Andros,  and  his  successor  in  case  of  death.  Lieutenant  An- 
thony Brockholls.  This  gentleman  was  of  a  Catholic  family 
in  Lancashire,  England,  and  would  have  been  excluded  from 
holding  oHice  in  England  by  the  Test  Act  recently  passed  in 
tiiat  country.  "  But  as  that  statute  did  not  extend  to  the 
British  American  Plantations,  the  Duke  of  York  himself," 
says  a  New  York  historian,  '■  a  victim  of  Protestant  intoler- 
ance, was  able  to  illustrate  his  own  idea  of  '  Freedom  to 
worship  God,'  by  appointing  a  member  of  the  Church  of 
Rome  to  be  his  second  colom'al  officer  in  New  York." 


'  In  rejtanl  to  New  Albion  iind  Plowden,  see  Rev.  Dr.  U.  L.  Burtsell, 
"A  Missing  Piige  of  Catholic  History,"  Catholic  World,  xxxii.,  p.  204 ; 
Gregory  B.  Keen,  "Note  on  New  Albion"  in  Winsor's  "Narrative  and 
Critical  History  of  America,"  iii..  p.  457. 


88 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


i| 


Brockliolls  took  an  active  part  in  the  affairs  of  the  colony, 
as  conunaiuler-in-chief  (1677-8,  1680-8)  and  member  of  the 
council  till  the  power  of  William  III.  Mas  established,  lie 
married  in  the  colony  and  many  of  his  descendants  exist  to 
this  day. 

Lieutenant  Jervia  Baxter,  another  Catholic,  was  a  promi- 
nent, active,  and  able  otficer  of  the  colony,  in  administrative 
posts  and  in  the  council  chamber. 

There  is  some  ground  for  believing  that  there  were  several 
Catholics  from  the  Netherlands  at  Albany  in  1677,  for  whose 
s])iritual  consolation  the  Franciscan  Father  Hennepin  was 
invited  to  settle  at  that  place.'  There  were  Catholics  also  in 
other  parts,  and  there  are  indications  that  priests  reached  New 
York,  either  secular  priests  from  England  or  Franciscans  from 
Iklaryland.*  Two  Labbadists  who  v'sited  New  York  and  the 
neighboring  provinces  in  1679  with  the  view  of  selecting  a 
spot  for  a  colony  of  their  sect,  state  that  the  Catholics  believed 
them  to  be  really  i)riests,  and  were  so  persistent  that  they 
could  not  get  rid  of  them  or  disal)use  them.  The  pour 
Catholics,  long  deprived  of  masM  and  the  sacraments,  and  evi- 
dently looking  for  promised  priests,  took  these  French  sec- 
taries to  be  really  ministers  of  their  faith,  and  \\nshed  them  to 
8ay  mass,  hear  their  confessions,  and  baptize  their  childion. 
Uankers  and  Sluyter  mention  expressly  a  family  of  French 


I  Ilpntippin,  "  Nouvclle  Dccouvertf,"  Utrecht,  1697,  p.  39;  Brodhead, 
"  IliHtory  of  New  York,"  ii.,  p.  807. 

Rev.  Peter  Smitli,  iiCntholic  priest,  who  Ih  snid  lohavebeen  chapkin 
to  Donpan.  »tnte<l  in  an  aflldavit  ma(U'  in  London  in  1075,  that  he  wan  in 
New  Vorl«  in  106.'!.  Letter  of  Edward  Antill  to  .laniex  Mexander,  April 
IH,  1752.  A  liaptinni  apparently  hv  him  in  noted  in  10H5.  Urodliead 
supi)oneH  one  of  tlie  .lesuit  FalherH  to  have  heen  known  as  .John  Smith. 
Imt  this  is  mere  eonjeeliire.  "  Father  Sniitli."  Donjran'N  eliiiplain,  is  al 
luded  to  in  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  pp.  01!J.  747;  iv.,  p.  'MH  ;  tlie  n:»nie 
Jolm  Smith  apiwarH,  il.,  p.  17, 


I  ! 


CATHOLICS  IN  NEW  JERSEY. 


89 


:  tlie  colony, 
inber  of  the 
jlLslied.  He 
ants  exist  to 

vas  a  promi- 
Jminletrative 

were  several 
7,  for  whose 
enne])in  was 
holies  also  in 
reached  New 
iciscans  from 
fork  and  the 
if  sclectinf;  a 
olics  helieved 
!nt  that  thoy 
.  The  pour 
ents,  and  evi- 
I  French  sec- 
shed  them  to 
lu'ir  chihhvn. 
ly  of  French 

29;  Brfxllieud, 

fc  Im'Oh  rhaplnin 
),  that  lu'  was  in 
lIcxmihUt,  April 
(IM5.     Hrodlicad 

as  Jolin  Sinitli. 
I  cliapluii),  is  III 

;j|)«;   tin-  ii:»nu' 


Catholics  who  kept  a  tavern  at  Elizabethtown,  New  Jersey, 
and  who  treated  them  with  every  courtesy,  convinced  to  the 
last  that  their  guests  were  priests,  afraid  to  avow  their  real 
character.' 

There  was  one  Catholic  of  note  in  New  Jersey  at  this  time 
who  was  active  in  all  public  affairs.  This  was  William 
Douglas,  who  in  1(580  was  elected  member  of  Assembly  from 
Bergen.  When  that  body  convened  in  Elizabethtown  in 
June,  they  ])romptly  expelled  Douglas,  "  the  aforesaid  mem- 
ber upon  examination  owning  himself  to  be  a  Roman  Cath- 
olick,"  and  a  warrant  was  issued  to  the  town  of  Bergen  for  a 
new  choice." 

Tlichard  Towneley  was  apparently  of  the  staunch  Catholic 
fiimily  which  endured  such  memorable  sufferings  for  the 
faith,  l)ut  there  is  no  evidence  of  his  fidelity. 

In  1()82,  the  Duke  of  York  appointed  as  Governor  of  New 
York,  Colonel  Thomas  Dongan,  the  younger  son  of  an  Irish 
Catholic  baronet  of  great  wealth  and  inHuence,  who  subse- 
quently became  Earl  of  Limerick.  Colonel  Dongan  was  a 
Catholic,  a  man  of  eidarged  views  and  great  energy  ;  he  had 
seen  eervico  in  the  French  armies,  and  had  been  English  Gov- 
ernor iif  Tangier. 

One  great  object  of  James  was  to  detach  the  Five  Nations 
from  the  French,  and  keep  that  rival  nation  north  of  the 
great  lakes.  The  influence  of  the  French  over  the  Indians 
had  been  accpiired  and  retjiined  in  no  small  degree  by  the 
zealous  labors  of  the  missionaries,  who  at  this  time  were 
drawing  many  converts  from  the  Five  Nations  in  New  York 
to  La  Prairie  in  Canada,  where  a  Catholic  Indian  village  had 


'  DnnkiTs  iiiid  Sluytcr,  "  .Fournul  of  ti  Voytige  to  New  York,"  Brook- 
'^      lyn,  IHCT   p.  147. 

"  "  Docunu'MlJi  Ueluling  to  thu  Coloniul  History  of  New  Jersey,"  New- 
ark, 1880,  p.  «13. 


m 


mmammmmm 


■  m 


90 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


been  formed.  To  counteract  tbis  it  was  evidently  arranged 
at  tbis  time  to  estabUsb  a  Jesuit  mission  in  Kow  York,  tbe 
Fatbers  to  form  a  CatboHe  village  of  Iroquois  Indians  mider 
Eno-lisb  influence.  Tbis  plan  was  subsequently  avowed  and 
Saratoga  mentioned  as  tbe  site.' 

One  of  tbe  Englisb  Fatbers  selected  for  tbe  New  York 
mission,  Fatber  Tbomas  Harvey,  embarked  witb  Gov- 
ernor Dongan  in  tbe  Constant  Warwick,  an  old  Parlia- 
mentarian frigate,  and  arriving  at  Nantaeket  in  August,  1(583, 
proceeded  overland  witb  tbe  governor,  and  readied  New 
York  before  tbe  close  of  tbat  montb.' 

There  is  very  good  ground  for  believing  tbat  Fatber  Forster 
(Gulick),  Superior  of  tbe  Maryland  Jesuits,  was  already  in  or 
near  New  York  to  receive  tbe  new  member  of  bis  mission 
and  arrange  for  future  action.  A  baptism  at  Woodbridge, 
New  Jersey,  in  June,  1088,  seems  evidently  to  bave  been 
performed  by  bim,  and  bis  presence  near  New  York  would, 
under  tbe  circumstances,  be  perfectly  natural.' 

Fatber  Warner,  tbe  Englisb  provincial,  writing  to  tbe 
general  of  tbe  society,  February  20,  1683,  says :  "  Fatber 
Tbomas  Ilervcy,  tbe  missioner,  passes  to  New  York  by  con- 
sent of  tbe  governor  of  tbe  colony.  In  tbat  colony  is  a 
resiwctable  city,  fit  for  tbe  foundation  of  a  college,  if  faculties 
are  given,  to  wbicb  college  tbose  wbo  are  now  scattered 
tbrougbout  Marylaiul  may  betake  tbemselves  and  make  ex- 
cursions from  tbence  into  Maryland.     Tbe  Duke  of  York, 

'  See  DonRiiu'g  Keport,  N.  Y.  C'oloniii!  Dor.,  iii.,  p.  394. 

•  UnHlli.'ail.  "IliHtory  of  New  York,"  New  York,  1H71,  pp.  H74-5. 

»  Dollirr  (Ic  Casson,  historian  of  Montreal,  rcronlM.  Au>r.  20.  1700.  the 
bapliKtii  in  .lunp,  Um.  of  Holicrl  du  I'oili.-rs,  Lorn  on  Htaloii  Inland,  "at 
IIoiliridKC  8  litii^ucH  from  Menatc,  by  a  .IcHuit  couu'  from  Mary-F.aml 
anil  nam.'.l  .MftHt.r  .luillot."  Thr  only  num.'  at  all  amonK  tlio  Fathon.  at 
till-  lime  oppn)a<lilnK  thU  Ih  (Julick,  hIho  writtt-n  (hilllck.  FoU-y,  vil.. 
p.  275. 


RELIGIOUS  LIBERTY  IN  NEW  YORK. 


91 


the  lord  of  tliat  colony,  greatly  encourages  the  undertaking  of 
a  new  mission.  He  did  not  consent  to  Father  Thomas  Her- 
vey's  sailing  until  he  had  advised  with  the  provincial,  the 
consultors  and  other  grave  fathers."  ' 

Father  Henry  Harrison  and  Father  Charles  Gage,  with 
two  lay  brothers,  soon  joined  Father  Harvey  in  New  York. 
Tliough  of  Enghsh  family,  Father  Henry  Harrison  was 
born  in  the  Netherlands,  and  was  probably  selected  on  that 
account,  as  being  more  likely  to  effect  good  among  the 
Dutch.' 

The  Catholics  had  a  small  chapel  in  Fort  James,  which  stood 
south  of  the  Bowling  Green,  and  this  spot  may  be  deemed 
the  first  where  mass  was  regularly  said  in  New  York.  Sixty 
pounds  a  year  was  paid,  we  are  told,  to  "  two  Komish  priests 
that  attended  on  Governor  Dongan."  The  establishment  of 
a  Latin  school  was  one  of  the  early  good  works  of  the  Jesuit 
Fathers.  It  was  held  apparently  on  the  king's  farm,  subse- 
quently leased  by  Governor  Fletcher  to  Trinity  Church,'  and 
was  attended  by  the  sons  of  Judges  Palmer  and  Graham, 
Captain  Tudor,  and  others,*  the  bell  of  the  Dutch  church  in 
the  fort  being  rung  to  summon  the  pupils.' 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  administration  of  the  Catholic 
governor,  Dongan,  was  the  convening  of  the  first  legislative 
assembly  in  New  York,  which  met  on  the  17th  of  October, 
1G8;{.  In  the  Bill  of  Rights,  passed  on  the  ;](tth,  the  broad 
principle  of  religions  freedom  is  recognized,  as  it  was  wher- 
ever (Catholics  had  any  influence.  It  declared  that  "  no  per- 
son or  persons  which  profess  faith  in  God  by  Jesus  Christ 


'  Folpy,  "Records  of  the  Englisli  Province,"  xW.,  p.  848. 

•  Harrison  Rcctna  to  romc  in  1085  and  Gage  in  1086.    lb.,  pp.  835,  843. 

•  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.  iv.,  p.  400. 

•  T,cis1(T's  correspondence  in  "Doc.  History  of  N.  Y.,"  \\.,  pp.  14,  147. 

•  Urodhead.  ii..  p.  487. 


I 


I 


i  ^ 
I!  ' 


(fi 


!  *■ 


\\L. 


92 


rir£  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


shall  at  any  time  be  anyways  molested,  punished,  disquieted, 
or  called  in  question  for  any  difference  of  opinion  or  matter 
of  religious  concernment,  who  do  not  actually  disturb  the 
civil  peace  of  the  province ;  but  that  all  and  every  such  per- 
son or  persons  may,  from  time  to  time  and  at  all  times, 
freely  have  and  fully  enjoy  his  or  their  judgments  or  con- 
sciences in  matters  of  religion  throughout  all  the  province ; 
they  behaving  themselves  peaceably  and  (piietly,  and  not 
utiing  this  liberty  to  licentiousness  nor  to  the  civil  injury  or 
outward  disturbance  of  others."     The  Christian  churches  in 
the  province,  and  the  Catholic  was  actually  one,  were  to  be 
"held  and  reputed  as  privileged  churches,  and  enjoy  all  their 
former  freedoms  of   their  religion  in  divine  worship  and 
church  discipline." 

The  New  York  Legislature  thus  carried  out  the  liberal  spirit 
of  James'  instructions  to  Andros  in  Uu'i,  and  subsequently  to 
Dongan,  who  were  to  "  jiermit  all  persons,  of  what  religion 
soever,  quietly  to  inhabit  within  their  government,  without 
giving  them  any  disturbance  or  disipiiet  whatsoever  furor  by 
reason  of  their  differing  opinions  in  matters  of  religion,  })ro- 
vided  they  give  noe  disturbance  to  the  public  ])eace,  nor  doe 
molest  or  disiiuiet  others  in  the  free  exercise  of  their  relig- 
ion." ' 

It  was  doubtless  the  freedom  thus  guaranteed  that  led  the 
Jesuit  Fathers  to  build  hoj^s  of  founding  a  i)ermanent  mis- 
sion in  New  York,  with  an  increasing  Hock  of  Catholics. 
The  arrival  of  Fathers  Harrison  and  (iage  enabled  them  to 
visit  scattered  Catholics  atid  jirepare  for  the  ])romising  future. 
While  Catholicity  wiw  thus  endeavoring  to  g.iin  a  foothohl 
on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson,  a  new  field  was  o|)ened  to  it. 
Charles  II.,  to  cancel  a  debt  of  the  Crown  to  Admiral  Penn, 


'  Brixlhwul,  "  IliMtory  of  New  York."  II.,  p.  454  ;  a  II)., 


p.  487. 


? 


s. 

i,  disquieted, 
ion  or  matter 
y  disturb  the 
ery  such  per- 
at  all  times, 
nents  or  con- 
tlie  province ; 
etly,  and  not 
ivil  injury  or 
u  churches  in 
e,  were  to  he 
enjoy  all  their 
worship  and 

le  liberal  spirit 
ibKe(juently  to 
what  religion 
inent,  without 
)evcr  for  or  by 
•  religion,  i)ro- 
|)eace,  nor  <loe 
of  their  relig- 

sd  that  led  the 
ernianent  mis- 
:  of  Catholics. 
ial)k'd  them  to 
tmising  future, 
pun  a  foothold 
jA  opened  to  it. 
Admiral  Pemi, 

8  11).,  p.  487. 


RELIGIOUS  LIBERTY  IN  PENNSYLVANIA.      93 

granted  to  the  Admiral's  son,  on  the  4th  of  March,  1681,  a 
territory  in  America,  extending  live  degrees  westward  from 
the  Delaware  River,  with  a  breadth  of  three  degrees.  This 
became  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania.  Penn,  from  a  foi> 
pish  young  courtier  had  become  a  zealous  member  of  the 
Society  of  Friends,  and  though  he  had  written  a  most  impas- 
sioned book  against  the  Catholic  religion,  enjoyed  the  friend- 
ship of  the  Duke  of  York,  and  was  fidly  in  accord  with  the 
principles  of  religious  liberty  which  James  had  so  much  at 
heart.  These  views  Penn  carried  out  in  the  province  granted 
to  him.  Dutch  Calvinists  and  Swedish  Lutherans  were  al- 
ready there,  and  Catholics  had  made  an  attempt  at  coloniza-  ^ 
tion.'  Now  it  was  to  receive  a  large  body  of  emigrants, 
cliiefly  followers,  like  Penn,  of  George  Fox.  In  the  thirty- 
tifth  clause  of  the  laws  agreed  upon  in  England  by  AVilliam 
Penn,  it  was  provided:  "That  all  persons  living  in  the 
province  who  confess  and  acknowledge  the  one  Almighty 
and  Eternal  God  to  be  the  Creator,  Upholder  and  Ruler  of 
tlie  World,  and  that  hold  themselves  obliged  in  conscience  to 
live  peaceably  and  justly  in  civil  society,  shall  in  no  way  be 
molested  or  prejudiced  for  their  religious  persuasion  or  prac- 
tise in  matters  of  faith  and  worship,  nor  shall  they  be  com- 
pelled at  any  time  to  frequent  or  maintain  any  religious 
worship,  place  or  ministry  whatever."  ' 

Penn  exerted  himself  to  obtain  emigrants  fro.ii  Germany, 
and  among  the  settlers  who  came  out  there  may  have  been 
Catholics  wlio  sought  hf)mes  in  this  and  other  colonies  now 
thrown  open  to  them.  As  there  was  constant  intercoui-se 
between  New  York  and  Maryland,  official  and  persojial,  the 
Maryland  missiduaries  juight  easily  visit  the  rising  city  of 
Philadelphia.     The  northern  visit  of  Father  Gulick  was  not. 


'  The  Fnimu  of  Government,"  1682. 


rfpM" 


MMIIi 


NHm 


94 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


apparently,  the  only  one ;  and  there  are  indications  that 
Pennsylvania  was  visited  at  an  early  day  by  some  of  the 
Franciscan  Fathers. 

After  sending  out  Markhani  as  his  deputy,  who  bore  let- 
ters from  King  Charles  and  from  Penn  to  Lord  Baltimore, 
the  proprietor  of  Pennsylvania  himself  landed  at  Newcastle 
in  the  latter  part  of  October,  1082.  That  some  Jesuit 
Father  or  other  priest  called  upon  him  soon  after  is  not  un- 
likely, as  such  a  visit  would  explain  tlie  report  of  his  death, 
which  war;  soon  carried  to  England,  with  the  assertion  that 
he  had  died  a  Jesuit.' 

In  Virginia  and  the  New  England  colonies  there  were  at 
this  time  few,  if  any,  resident  Catholics,  occasional  transient 
cases  comprising  nearly  all,'  Ur.  Le  Baron,  a  shipwrecked 
pjiysician,  being,  perhai)s,  one  of  the  few  who  professed  the 
true  faith  amid  that  spiritual  darkness. 

Such  was  the  position  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  Eng- 
lish colonies  when  the  weak  Charles  II.  died,  reconciled  to 


'  "  I  fiii<l  soiiip  persons  Inivo  liiid  ho  little  wisdom  and  so  nuich  miilice 

ns  to  report  my  death,  and  to  mend  the  matter,  dead  a  Jesuit  too 

I  am  Htill  alive  and  no  Jesuit."— Letter,  Philadelphia,  Atigust  168:5,  p.  il- 
Ford,  "  A  Vindieation  of  William  Penn,  I'roprietary  "f  Pennsilvania," 
IrtKi,  Penn.  Mas,',  of  Hist.,  vi.,  pp.  17(5-7,  denies  his  hein^r  a  Papist  and 
keepini:  a  Jesuit  to  write  his  hooks.  A  visit  of  a  reput<'d  jiriest  to  Penn 
when  ill  would  eafcily  ffive  rise  to  such  stories.  Penn  also  justitied  him- 
self upiinst  the  eharge  of  ill-treatinfr  a  monk,  Proud,  "  History  of  Penn- 
sylvania," i.,  J).  ;n7.  Wat.son  eited  the  allusion  of  Penn  to  an  old  (iriest, 
asshowinjr  the  pre.senre  of  aCalliolie  jiriest  in  the  ooiony  ;  Init  Westeotl. 
in  his  "  History  of  Philadelphia,"  showed  that  the  reference  was  to  the 
Swedish  Lutheran  minister.  Catholic  writers  in  Pennsylvania  have  failed 
to  throw  any  new  lipht  on  this  early  period.  They  copy  Westeott  now 
as  (hey  formerly  copied  Watson.  I  called  the  attention  of  Hev.  A.  A. 
Lamhinji's  ])ul>lishers  to  Mr.  Westcotl's  work,  and  euahled  him  to  avoid 
rejM'atinfr  Watson. 

'  See  "Report  of  a  French  Protestant  Refugee  In  Boston,"  1087; 
Brooklyn,  1808,  pp.  10,  80.  • 


VICARS-APOSTOLIC  IN  ENGLAND. 


95 


iications  that 
some  of  the 

who  bore  let- 
rd  Baltimore, 
i  at  Newcastle 

some  Jesuit 
ter  is  not  uu- 

of  his  death, 
assertion  that 

there  were  at 

Glial  transient 

shij)wre('ked 

professed  the 

;h  in  the  Enp;- 
,  reconciled  to 


1  so  much  ratilice 

esuit  too 

ugiist  ioh;5,  p.  a. 
f  Pcniisilvaiiin," 
■inj;  a  Papist  and 
I'li  prii'st  to  Poiin 
l»o  justilU'd  hiin- 
Ilistory  of  IViiii- 
1  to  an  old  iiricst, 
y  ;  Inil  Wcstcolt. 
crciKT  was  to  tli<' 
Iviinialiavc  failed 
ipy  \S'cstrott  now 
)n  of  HfV.  A.  A. 
)k'd  lilni  to  uvoid 

1   Uoston."  ItWTi 


the  Church,  and  his  brother  James,  an  avowed  Catholic,  as- 
cended the  throne  in  HJ85. 

One  of  the  lirst  beneficial  results  was  the  appointment  of  a 
Vicar-Apostolic  for  England.  Dr.  John  Leyburn,  a  divine 
of  great  zeal  and  learning,  President  of  Douay  College  and 
Yicar-General  of  Bishop  Smith,  was  appointed  by  Pope  In- 
nocent XL  Bishop  of  Adrumetum  and  Vicar-Apostolic  of  all 
England.  lie  was  consecrated  in  Kome  on  September  9, 1G85, 
and  on  reaching  England  was  provided  with  apartments  in 
Saint  James'  Palace.  Three  years  subsequently  his  jurisdic- 
tion was  restricted  to  the  London  district,  three  other  bishops 
being  appointed  as  Vicars-Apostolic  of  the  Western,  IMid- 
land,.and  Xorthern  districts.'  From  the  date  of  his  appoint- 
ment to  the  close  of  the  American  Kevolution,  the  Catholics 
in  the  British  colonies  in  America  and  their  clergy  were 
subject  to  Doctor  Leyburn  and  his  successors.  Bishops  Gif- 
fard,  Petre,  and  the  illustrious  Doctor  Challoner,  with  his  co- 
adjutor, Talbot.  It  was  nearly  sixty  years  since  a  Catholic 
bishop  had  appeared  in  England,  and  7iishop  Leyburn  was 
the  first  who  for  a  hundred  and  thirty  yf^.  irs  had  traveled  un- 
molested through  the  island  in  the  dif  -arge  of  his  episcopal 
functions.  The  Holy  See  in  the  time  of  Innocent  XII. 
made  the  secular  clergy,  and  all  regulars,  even  Jesuits  and 
Benedictines,  subject  to  the  Vicar-Apostolic  in  whose  dis- 
trict they  were,  for  approbation  with  regard  to  hearing  con- 
fessions, for  the  cure  of  souls,  and  for  all  parochial  offices. 

During  the  closing  years  of  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  Father 
Itlichael  Foster,  the  Jesuit  Superior  in  Maryland,  contiimed 
the  old  mission  work.  Yet  he  had  only  two,  or  at  most  three. 
Fathers  with  him,  one  being  Father  Francis  Pennington,  who 


'  Brady,  "  Annals  of  the  Catholic  llit'rarchy  in  England  and  Scotland," 
Rome,  1877,  p.  140,  etc. 


96 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


m 


^    I 


FAC-8IMILE  OP  SIGNATURE  OF  FA 
TIIEH  FUANCI8  PENNINGTON. 


became  superior  on  the  death  of  Father  Forster,  and  con- 
tinned  so  for  a  considerable  period,  being  for  nearly  five 

years  the  only  priest  of  his  or- 
'^C  f^'^J /^  tier  in  Maryland.' 

Father  Henry  Carew  was  ap- 
pointed President  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan   Mission    in   1677,   and 
served  in  Maryland  for  six  years,  dying  at  sea  on  the  voyage 

back  to  England. 

From  1680  to  1684  Father  Massey  was  again  superior,  and 
then  disappears  from  Mar:yland,  filling  the  position  of  Guard- 
ian at  Gronow,  and  Douay,  then  of  Vicar,  Minister,  and 
Connnissary-General  of  the  Province. 

As  Father  Hobart  died  subsequently  in  Maryland,  he  ap- 
parently remained  in  the  colony  during  this  period,  but  some 
of  the  others  may  have  returned.  There  were  not  more  than 
six  Franciscans  at  any  time  on  the  mission,  and  apparently 
generally  only  three  or  four  priests  of  that  order.' 

It  is  not  eafly  to  comprehend  why  the  Church  did  not  at 
this  time  show  more  vitality  in  the  old  Catholic  province ; 
but  the  clergy  were  few  in  number,  and  the  Society  of  Jesus 
thought  of  making  New  York  the  centre. 

That  religion  was  not  more  prosperous  under  a  Catholic 
king  and  with  a  Catholic  lord  proprietor,  residing  for  a  time 
in  the  province  of  Maryland,  seems  strange  indeed. 

Among  the  interesting  points  connected  with  the  history 
of  Catholicity  in  this  country  during  the  reign  of  James,  was 


I  Fatlipr  Fmncis  Ppnnincton  oxpiml  nt  the  houRP  of  Mr.  Hill,  New- 
town, M(l.,  February  22,  1000.    F.  Trfucy's  List,  Woodstock  Lettefs,  xv., 

r.  03, 

'  "  Ex-IU-giBtro  FF.M.,  Prov.  Anj;liiP."  pp.  M.  88,  97,  108,  115,  1!M; 
Oliver,  'CollpctionH,"  p.  541.  Fiitlu-r  Hobiirt's  death  was  reported  at 
the  ("luipttT  held  July  10,  l«»8. 


«.        { 


11  i 


CLOSE  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  MISSION. 


97 


of  James,  was 


the  attempt  of  Captain  George  Brent  to  establish  a  Catholic 
settlement  in  Virgniia.  With  Richard  Foote,  Eobert  Bar- 
stow,  and  Nicholas  Hayward,  of  London,  he  purchased  of 
Thomas  Lord  Culpeper  thirty  thousand  acres  of  land  between 
the  Potomac  and  Eappahannock,  and  prepared  to  bring  over 
settlers.  They  applied  to  the  king  for  a  guarantee  of  relig- 
ious freedom,  and  James,  by  patent,  dated  February  10, 1687, 
granted  "■  unto  the  petitioners,  and  all  and  every  the  inhabitants 
which  now  are  or  hereafter  shall  be  settled  in  the  said  towne 
and  the  tract  of  land  belonging  to  them,  the  free  exercise  of 
their  religion,  without  being  prosecuted  or  molested  upon 
any  penal  1  laws  or  other  account  of  the  same." 

The  reign  of  James  IL  was  too  brief  to  produce  any  other 
permanent  result  for  the  Church  in  whose  cause  he  had 
labored  and  suffered.  The  scheme  of  a  grand  uTiion  of  all 
the  American  colonies  into  one  government,  with  the  brjad 
chai-ter  df  equal  religious  rights  for  'ill,  which  emanated  from 
the  able  mind  of  James,  was  not  to  be  carried  out  for  a  cen- 
tm-y,  when  the  united  colonies  shook  off  the  yoke  of  the  Prot- 
estant sovereigns  of  England. 

Plots  were  formed  to  overthrow  James  and  call  over  the 
Prince  of  Orange.  All  was  ready  in  the  colonies  to  forward 
the  movement.  No  sooner  did  tidings  arrive  of  the  landing 
of  William  than  a  rising  took  place  in  New  England.  In 
New  York,  the  fanatical  Leisler,  full  of  declamation  against 
Popery,  seized  the  government.  In  Maryland,  Coode,  a  min- 
ister, associated  men  as  infamous  as  himself  for  the  defence 
of  the  Protestant  religion,  and  overthrew  the  proprietary 
government. 

In  New  York,  Colonel  Tiiomas  Dongan  had  recently 
ceased  to  be  governor,  but  a  Catholic  priest  still  resided  in  the 
fort,  nnder  Nicholson,  and  probably  fled  with  that  officer, 
hunted  like  a  wolf.  The  Jesuits  Harvey 
7 


Uongan  was 


fi 


j 

! 

! 

i 

t 

'V 

i 

It 


98  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

and  Harrison  narrowly  escapod  Leisler's  hands.  The  hitter 
managed  to  secnre  a  passage  to  Europe,  was  captured  and 
robbed  by  Dutch  pirates,  l)ut  linally  reached  Irehuid  by  way 
of  France.  Father  Harvey,  though  forced  to  abandon  his 
New  York  mission  for  a  season,  did  not  renounce  all  hope  of 
continuing  his  labors  there.  He  made  his  way  on  foot  to 
Maryland,  but  succeede.1  in  reaching  New  York  again  the 
next  year  in  company  with  another  Father,  who  did  not, 
however,  remain  lon-g  to  share  his  labors  and  perils.  Father 
Harvoy  continued  on  the  New  York  mission  for  some  years, 
till  health  and  strength  gave  way,  when  he  sought  Maryland, 
to  die  among  his  bretiiren.' 

The  fall  of  James,  planned  long  before  in  a  scheme  for  the 
establishment  of  the  Church  of  England  on  a  firmer  basis 
than  ever,  was  effected  by  inflaming  the  fanaticism  of  the  old 
dissenting  element  which  had  overthrow!.  Charles  I.,  as  it  wii8 
now  exerted  to  expel  James.     It  was  by  no  fortuitous  acci- 
dent that  men   like    Leisler  in   New   York,  and   Coode  in 
^Nfaryland,  were  allowed  to  rave  like  maniacs  ag-ainst  Popery 
and  seize  the  government  of  those  provinces.     Seeing  nothing 
but  visions  of  Papists  around  him,  Leisler  stimulated  the  In- 
dians against  the  French,  and  congratulated  them  openly  on 
the  fearful  scenes  of  massacre  they  perpetrated  at  Lachiiie. 
(N,ode  urged  William  HI.  to  redeem  the  pcple  of  Maryland 
"  from  the  arbitrary  will  and  pleasure  of  a  tyrannical  Popish 
government,  under  which  they  had  so  long  groaned."     AVill- 
iam  ma.le  b.)th  royal  provinces,  profiting  by  dis<.rders  that 
were  doubtles,s  planned  in   Englan.l.     Lord    Haltimore  was 
d,>prived  of  all  his  rights  as  pr.)i.riotary  without  any  form  -.f 
law.  or  even  a  formal  accusation  that  he  had  forfeited  his 
charter. 


-  Annual  Letters,  Foky,  iii..  pp.  894-5  ;  vii.,  i>.  dix,  p.  355,  p.  343. 


CLOSE  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  MISSION. 


99 


In  both  colonies  steps  were  taken  to  establish  the  Church 
of  England  formally.  In  New  York  the  bill  of  rights  was 
abolished,  all  toleration  or  religious  freedom  was  scouted,  and 
Catholics  were  excluded  from  office  and  franchise  and  the 
career  of  })enal  laws  began. 

Penn,  shrewd  and  cautious,  avoided  any  outward  show  of 
his  kindly  feelings  in  the  affairs  of  his  province,  although  he 
boldly,  in  a  tract  pul)lished  in  England,  urged  the  repeal  of 
all  penal  laws  against  Catholics. 

The  year  1690  was  an  era  when  all  hopes  of  the  true  faith 
on  this  coast  seemed  blasted,  and  the  prospects  of  the  Church 
in  the  English  colonies  gloomy  beyond  description. 


FORT    AT    NEW    YORK    WHERE    A    CATnOMC    CHAPEL    EXISTED    tTNDEK 
JAMES   II.      FIIOM   THE   VIEW   BY  ALLAHD,    1G73. 


BOOK    II. 

THE  CATHOLIC  CHURCH  IN  THE  SPANISH 
COLONIES. 


Tf 


I    I 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE   CnUECH   IN    FLORIDA,   1513-101)1). 

ALTHoroH  Columbushhnselfinhi. first  landfall  had  nearly 

C  ,l"r  l™t  it  w»  not  .Ml  1513  tl.al  Jol.n  Ponoo  dc  Leon, 
™  "f  Ac  oarlv  .■ou.panion,  of  Colaml,u»,  lo,l  by  the  In.lun 
"IrtVo  prWr  Land  of  lii.uini,  «>ugl,t  of  tl.c  Sp,...  1. 
Xrrcl,  a  ,lnt  autUomms  Wm  to  discovc-  and  «.-  tic  .  . 
Zdoe  .not  bore  date  February  23.1512,  bnt  .  ou«^, 
.     •       1  hv  the  BMioi.  of  I'alencia,  no  clause  in  tbe 

r  Z  feX  .  "o  -^^^  of  ""-'«»  '"  '■" 

s^LZnlln^fortbe  ™nver«o„  <,f  tl,c  lud.au,     R^ 

Tuntiug  to  Porto  Kico.  where  he  had  been  etnploycd  ,,  t  e 
rilvice,  Poueo  de  Leou  obtained  a  vessel  to  n,ake  the 
^^vtr  e»  aithori^ed  by  hi,  patent  within  the  year  pre«rd,ed 
b  T  tlnor.  The  authoritie.  in  Porto  ^^".^^^^ 
hU  ves«l  under  the  pretext  that  it  was  needed  >n  the  royal 
Zy-Z  and  it  ^^  n"t  till  March.  1513,  that  he  bore  away 
rromLportof  San  German  witu  ..r.e  --'"•  ""X 
rienced  Anton  de  Ala,nino»,  of  P.  l.«.  bcHff  '=..  pdot.    Aft.r 

(100) 


DISCOVERY  OF  FLORIDA. 


101 


threading  the  Bahamas  he  steered  northwest,  and  on  Easter 
Sunday,  called  in  Spanish  Piiscua  Florida,  came  in  sight  of. 
the  continent.  Then  running  north  till  the  2d  of  April 
he  landed,  ajid  prompted  alike  by  its  beauty,  and  by  the  re- 
membrance of  the  day  of  its  discovery,  bestowed  on  the  coim- 
try  the  name  Florida,  which  it  retains  to  this  day.  Hav- 
ing taken  possession  in  the  name  of  the  King  of  Spain,  he 
followed  the  coast  southerly  till  he  reached  the  Martyrs  and 
Tortugas,  and,  doubling  the  cape,  entered  a  fine  bay  that 
long  bore  his  name.  Satisfied  with  his  discovery  he  returned 
to  Porto  Kico,  leaving  to  one  of  his  vessels  the  search  for 
Bimiui. 

For  the  land  which  he  had  thus  discovered  for  Spain,  he 
solicited  a  new  patent,  which  was  issued  on  the  27th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1514.  The  former  asiento  for  an  island,  whose 
existence  was  not  ascertained,  had  authorized  the  usual  en- 
slavement of  Indians.  This  unjust  and  cruel  system  had 
been  introduced  by  Christopher  Columbus,  and  was  followed 
by  all.  In  a  letter  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  the  discoverer 
of  the  new  world  proposed  sending  slaves  and  Brazilwood  to 
Sjjain.  He  actually  dispatched  five  shiploads  of  unfortunate 
Indians  to  be  sold  there,  but  Isabella,  shocked  and  indig- 
nant, caused  the  natives  of  America  to  be  set  free.'  Las 
Casas  declares  that  between  1491  and  1496  one  third  of  the 
population  of  Hispaniola  was  swept  off  by  this  system. 
The  Benedictine,  Buil,  delegate  of  the  Holy  See,  the  Fran- 
ciscan, Francis  Ruiz,  afterward  Bishop  of  Avila,  and  his 
companions,  in  vain  endeavored  to  arrest  the  iniquity. 
But  in  the  month  of  September,  1510,  three  Dominican 


'  Letter  of  Columbus  to  the  sovereigns  in  Duro,  "  Colony  la  Ilistoriii 
Postuma,"  pp.  49-51.  Columbus  even  ordered  the  cars  and  noses  of  In- 
dian sliivos  to  be  cut  off  for  slight  faults.  Navarret«,  ii.,  p.  110;  Las 
Casas,  "  Ilistoria  de  Indias,"  Lib.  1,  cap  xciii.,  cvi. 


fl  M 

1 

1 

'  ' 

lii! 


Ill 

• 

'it  ' 

lui. 

102'  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

FathorB,  from   the  convent  of  San  Est6van    in  Salamanca 
landed  in  lli.paniola.     With  the  supenor,  1-ather  1  eter  de 
Cordoba,  catne  Father  Anthony  de  Monte.inos,  a  great  lover 
.f  Btrict  observance,  a  great  religious  and  great  preacher. 
When  they  had  taken  time  to  study  the  condition  of  affairs, 
Father   Montesinos,   in    1511,   ascended   the   pulpit  of  the 
(^ahedral  of  Santo  Domingo,  and  in  a  .ermon  f.il  of  elo- 
quence, denounced  the  enslavement  .nd  cruel  treatment  o 
the  Imlians  .s  sinful  and  wicked,  sure  to  draw  down  Cod 
anger  on    them  all.      The  bol  1  denunciation  of  the  great 
r)..niiiican  fell  like  a  thunder-clap  on  the  Auiniral,  I. ego 
(V>lumb,is,  on  the  officials  and  the  Spaniards  at   arge^     1  h  y 
called  upon  his  superior  to  censure  him,  but  lather  1  etcr  <le 
Cordoba  replied  that   Father  Anthony's  sermon  was  sound, 
.nd  was  sustained  by  his  brethren.     Then  the  Uommicans 
were  denounced  to  the  king  and  his  council  for  eondemmng 
what  the  Spanish  monarchs  had  approved.     ( 'ensured  on  the 
facts  as  pre«.nted.  Father  Montesinos  and  his  superior  were 
cited  to  Snain  in  1512.  but  there  they  pleaded  the  ..ause  of 
the  Ind-  m  so  eloquently  an<l  so  ably  that  they  -^unied      e 
next  year,  having  won  a  great  triumph  ,n  inducing  the  king 
to  take  some  steps  to  save  the  natives.'  ^ 

The  intluence  of  the  action  of  Father  Montesinos,  the  ti  st 
to  dencmnce  human  slavery  in  America,  can  be  seen  in  t  le 
second  patent  to  John  I'once  de  Leon.  1'--!"-;  ^ 
the  natives  must  be  summoned  to  submit  to  the  (  athol.c 
faith  and  the  autl.ority  of  the  King  of  Spain,  and  they  were 
not  to  be  attacked  <.r  captured  if  they  submitted.      Years 

U)-U  oitinit  !.ns  Cu.aH,  ••  HW..riu  ApuloKHir.,"  Lib.  t..'ap.  r.x  v.  II«r- 
rTrllT\   Lib.  viii,  .xi..  xii.    S..-  H.lps.   •  Spanish  (•..n.,ue.t  n  Xn.-r 

H  '•  Ik  iv  Ob.  ii. .  -bl.b  IH  .lovotcl  ....tir..ly  U.  thi.  affair  ;  alsoiK>uk 
!^U..  ch   I..  (•  aniin..!  llrMr    •  UU-  of  Canii.ml  Xiu^vu..,"  pp.  50»-.. 

*  '•  roleccioii  tic  l)<«uiiunt.w  Inediuw."  xxii .  PP-  »»-«• 


THE  CHURCH  IN  FLORIDA. 


103 


>alamanca, 
r  Petor  de 
^reat lover 
;  preacher. 
,  of  affairs, 
pit  of  the 
full  of  elo- 
•eatinent  of 
own  God's 
f  the  great 
linil,  Diego 
rge.     They 
ler  Peter  de 
was  sound, 
Doiniuieans 
wiideinning 
sured  on  the 
iperior  were 
the  eaiiee  of 
•eturned  the 
iug  the  king 

iioB,  the  first 
li  seen  in  the 
re(|nireB  that 
the  Catholic 
,iid  they  were 
tted.'     Years 

Hoiiif,  lOHl.PP 
•lip  ctxlv.  Il«r 
iiii|u««t  ill  AniiT- 
flair ,  aNo  IkjoW 
(. "  pp.  50»-4. 
i. 


rolled  by,  however,  before  Ponce  de  Leon,  employed  by  the 
l:i!)<r  in  the  wars  with  the  Caribs,  could  sail  to  settle  in  Florida. 
At  last,  in  1521,  he  completed  his  preparations,  and  his  pro- 
ject shows  the  intluence  of  the  religious  thought  that  was  to 
control  the  settlement  of  Florida.  Writing  on  the  10th  of 
February  to  Charles  V.,  Ponce  says :  "  I  return  to  that 
island,  if  it  please  God's  will  to  settle  it,  being  enabled  to 
carry  a  number  of  people  with  whom  J  sliall  be  able  to  do 
so,  that  the  name  of  Christ  may  be  praised  there,  and  your 
Majesty  served  with  the  fruit  that  land  produces."  And  a 
letter  to  the  Cardinal  of  Tortosa,  afterwards  Pope  Adrian 
\'l.,  l)reathes  the  same  spirit.  Ponce  de  Leon  sailed  with 
two  vessels  carrying  settlers  with  live  stock  and  all  requisites 
for  a  permanent  establishment,  and  bore  with  him  priests  to 
miiuster  to  his  people,  and  friars,  in  all  probability,  of  the 
order  of  St,  Dominic,  to  conve?-t  the  Lidians.  lie  readied 
land,  and  began  to  erect  dwellings  for  his  people,  thungh, 
unfortunately,  we  cannot  fix  the  time  or  place,  but  facts  lead 
to  the  inference  that  it  was  on  the  bay  whicli  he  discovered 
on  his  first  voyage.  If  this  conjecture  can  be  received,  the 
altar  reared  by  the  priestj^  and  friars  of  this  expedition 
nnist  have  been  on  the  western  shore  of  Florida,  near  Char- 
lotte Harbor.  The  Spanish  settlers  while  rearing  house  and 
i'hapel  were,  however,  constantly  attacked  by  the  Indians, 
and  at  last  Ponce  de  Leon,  while  bravely  leading  a  charge 
to  re])ulse  them,  received  a  severe  and  dangerous  wound,  the 
stone  lu>ad  of  the  arrow  defying  all  the  skill  of  a  sm-geon 
to  extract  it.  Then  the  projected  settlement  was  abandoned  ; 
priests  and  people  re-emharked  ;  the  temjuirary  homes  and 
chapel  were  abandoned.  One  vessel,  with  the  stricken  com- 
maiKler,  reached  tiie  neighboring  island  of  Cuba ;  the  other 
was  driven  to  the  coast  of  Mexico,  where  Cortes,  in  his  need, 


."!: 


I   ■ 


1 1 


104  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

appropriated  the  stores.'  The  first  offering  of  the  Holy 
Sacritice  in  this  country,  the  initial  point  in  the  history  of 
the  Church,  is  thus  unfortunately  very  vague,  for  we  know 
not  yet  the  time  or  place  and  have  no  clue  to  the  name  of 
any  of  the  secular  or  regular  priests. 

Ik'fore  this  disa.strous  effort  at  colonization  by  John  Ponce, 
another  i)oint  on  the  coast  north  of  the  limits  of  his  explora- 
tion had  been  reached  by  two  vessels  from  Santo  Domingo. 
Lucas  Vasquez  de  Ay  lion,  one  of  the  judges  of  that  island, 
though  in  the  enjoyment  of  an  honorable  office,  great  wealtli, 
and  a  happy  home,'  aspired  to  the  glory  of  discovering  and 
colonizing  some  land  hitherto  unknown.     Having  solicited 
the    necessary    i)ermis,sion,   he   des])atched   a   caravel   com- 
man.lcd    by  Francisc'o  Gonlill..,  in    l.VJO,  to  explore   north 
of  the  limits  of  Ponce  de  Leon.     While  this  vessel  was  run- 
ning amid  the  Bahamas  it  came  in  sight  of  another  caravel, 
wlii'i'h  itroved    to   have  been  sent   out    by  Matienzo,  also  a 
judije  in  Santo  I)(.mingo.     Its  object  was  not  exploration, 
but  to  <':irry  back  a  cargo  of  Indian  slaves.     The  cai)tains  of 
the  two  vessels  agreed  to  sail  in  company,  and  holding  on 
thi'ir  com-se,  in  eight  or  nine  days  reached  the  coast  near  the 
mouth   <.f   a  great  river,  on  the  L>:.th  of  June.  1521,  and, 
adopting  a  custom  c.mstantly  followed  by  the  Catholic  navi- 
gjitors  of  th..se  days,  name.l   river  and  land  St.  John    the 
Paptist,  the  day  being  the  feast  of  the  precursor  nf  our  l.or.l. 
Ayllon  had  instructed  the  captain  («f  his  caravel  to  culti- 
vate a  friendly  intercourse  with  the  natives,  and  to  avoid  all 
li..stilities;  but  (Jordillo.  inHueiiced  by  Qiiex<.s.  n.mmandcr 
.,f  Matieiizo's  vessel,  joined  him  in  seizing  a  muMber  of  In- 
dians, uud  Sidled  off  with  them.     Ayllon,  on  the  arrival  of 


1  ()vi.'(i()  "  HiHt..rin  Oi'iuTiil  v  Naiunil  .I.'  his  Indliis."  111.,  p.  fl02.  Hrr 
rora  "  D.rudu."  iii.  ;  l-il'-  i' •  ^  ■*='  V..lmlur<s,  •■  Ilislorm  <!.•  ru<Tl.. 
HIco  "  Mtiilri.l.  p.  (»7.     Toniui'inmlii.    '  Moimr.|.im  liulltiim,"  i.,  |'   M. 


SAN  MIGUEL  DE  GU AND  APE. 


105 


;he  Holy 
listory  of 
ffQ  know 
1  name  of 

m  PoiK'C, 
5  exploni- 
Doiiiingo. 
at  island, 
at  woaltli, 
'riiiif  aii<l 
r  solii'itfd 

I  vol     ('(iMl- 

>re  north 
I  was  run- 
r  caruvol, 
izo,  also  a 
;i)I(irati(in, 
aptaiiirt  of 
oliling  on 
;t  near  the 
r)21,  and, 
hdlic.  navi- 
Jolin    the 

uiir  i.tird. 
el  tti  cuUi- 
o  avoid  all 
iiiiiinander 
her  (if   In- 

arrival  of 

\\  (122.    IlT- 
Ik  (Ic   Puerto 

"  i.,  p.  r.(H. 


the  vessels,  condemned  Cxordillo;  he  brought  the  matter 
before  the  Admiral  Diego  Columbus ;  the  Indians  were  de- 
clared free ;  but,  though  Ayllon  released  those  bi'ought  on 
his  vessel,  Matienzo  evaded  the  decision  of  the  council  and 
subsequent  orders  of  the  king.  It  is  a  strange  fact  that  the 
history  of  this  country,  as  written  hitherto,  represents  the 
upright  Ayllon,  whose  whole  Indian  policy  was  Christian 
and  humane,  as  a  man  guilty  of  the  greatest  cruelty  to  the 
natives,  while  Matienzo,  the  real  culprit,  is  ignored. 

Taking  one  of  these  Indians  from  our  shores,  whom  he 
had  ph'ced  under  instruction,  and  who  received  in  baptism 
the  name  of  Francisco,  Ayllon  sailed  to  Spain  to  present  to 
the  king  a  report  of  the  discovered  territory,  and  olitain  a 
cedula  or  patent  for  its  occupation  and  settlement.  Fran- 
cisco gave  wonderful  accounts  of  the  land,  and  Ayllon, 
on  the  12th  of  June,  152;?,  received  a  patent,  reipiiring  him 
to  explore  the  coast  for  eight  hundred  leagues,  and  form  a 
settlement  within  three  years. 

The  patent  shows  the  Christian  obligation  imposed  on  the 
adelantado.  lie  was  "to  attract  the  natives  to  receive 
preachers  who  would  inform  and  instruct  thcTu  in  the  affairs 
of  our  holy  Catholic  faith,  that  they  might  become  (Chris- 
tians." Tlie  document  also  says:  "And  whereas  our  prin- 
cipal intent  in  the  discovery  of  new  lands  is  that  the  iidiabit- 
ants  and  natives  thereof,  who  are  without  the  light  or 
knowledge  of  faith,  may  be  brought  to  understand  the  truths 
of  our  holy  Catholic  faith,  that  they  may  come  tt)  a  knowl- 
edge thereof  and  become  Christians  and  1h'  saved,  and  this 
is  the  chief  motive  that  you  are  to  bear  and  hold  in  this 
affair,  and  to  this  end  it  is  pr»)per  that  religious  persons 
should  accompany  you,  by  thePe  presents  I  empower  you  to 
carry  to  the  said  land  the  religious  whom  you  may  judge 
necessary,  and  the  vestments  and  other  things  ni<odf»il  for 


100  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

the  observance  of  cHrine  worship;  and  I  oonnuaud  that 
whoever  you  shall  tlms  expend  in  transporting  the  said 
.eli'.ious,  ;s  well  as  in  maintaining  them  and  giving  them 
^vlua  is  needful,  and  in  their  support,  and  for  the  vestments 
and  other  articles  required  for  the  divine  worship,  shall  be 
paid  entirely  from  the  rents  and  profits  which  in  any  manner 
^liall  belong  to  us  in  the  said  land."  ' 

Thus,  in  1523,  did  the  Iving  of  Spain  a^ssuire  the  charge 
of  maintaining  divine  worship  on  our  coast. 

Various  circumstances,  and  especially  a  vexatious  lawsuit 
instituted  bv  Matienzo,  prevented  Ayllon  from  attempting 
the  colonization  of  the  land  of  Saint  John  the  Ikpt.st  hut 
in  15'>5  he  sent  Pedro  de  Quex.)s  with  two  caravels  to 
explore.  That  navigator  ran  along  the  coast  for  seven  hun- 
<lred  miles,  setting  up  stone  crosses  with  the  name  of  CharlcB 
V.  and  the  date  of  taking  possession. 

Earlv  in  June  of  the  following  year  Ayllon  completed 
the  pi-eparations  for  colonizing  his  grant,  and  sailed  fn.m 
l»„c.rto  <le  la  Plata  with  three  large  vessels,  carrying  si.x 
hundred  persons  of  both  sexes,  with  abundant  supplies  and 
h.,r<e.       The  Dominican  Fathers  Antli.my  de   MontesinoB 
an.l  Anthonv  de  Cervantes,  with  brother  Peter  <le  Estrada 
accompanied    the   colonists.     The  vessels  reached  the  coas 
north  of  the  river  Saint  John,  probably  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Watc-ee.  but  one  vessc>l  was  soon  lost.     Ayllon  at  om-e 
Hc-t  to  work  to  replace  it,  and  tin.ling  the  coa^t  unsuite.l  for 
Hc-ttlen.ent,  sailed  northward  till  he  reached  the  Chesapeake. 
Entering  the  capes  he  ascende.l  a  river,  and  began  the  estab- 
lishment of  his  colony  at  (Juandapc,  giving  it  tbe  name  of 
8t.  Michael,  the  siK>t  being,  by  tlie  testimony  of  Kcija,  Uie 

a..   Avllon"  in  Nalarr......  •(oleccion  Uo  Vmg.«  y  DcHcul.r.nucn.o.. 

Mmlria.  1829,  II..  pp.  l-'^«.  !•'»«• 


SAN  MIGUEL  DE  GU AND  APE. 


107 


pilot-in-chief  of  Florida,  that  where  the  English  subse- 
quently founded  Jamestown.  Houses  were  erected,  and  the 
holy  sacrifice  was  offered  in  a  temporary  chapel  by  the  zeal- 
ous priests.  Sickness  soon  showed  itself,  and  Ayllon,  sinking 
under  a  pestilential  fever,  died  in  the  arms  of  the  Dominican 
priests  on  St.  Luke's  day,  October  18,  152t;.  Winter  set  in 
early,  and  the  cold  was  intense.  Francis  Gomez,  who  suc- 
ceeded to  the  command,  could  not  control  the  people.  His 
authority  was  usurped  by  mutineers,  who  provoked  the  negro 
slavys  to  revolt  and  the  Indians  to  hostility.  It  was  at  last 
resolved  to  abandon  the  country,  and  in  the  spring  Gomez, 
taking  the  body  of  Ayllon,  set  sail  for  Santo  Uoniiiigo,  but 
the  vessel  containing  the  remains  foundered,  and  only  one 
hundred  and  fifty  of  the  whole  party  reached  Ilispaniola/ 

~^'or  Ayllon  tlie  authentic  documents  arc  the  Cedula  of  1523  and  tlie 
proceedings  in  the  lawsuit  brought  by  Matien/.o.  where  the  testimony  of 
Quexos,  Alduna,  and  others  who  were  on  the  first  voyage,  is  given,  and 
the  Act' of  tiiking  possession.  Father  Cervantes  survived  Father  Mon- 
tesinos,  and  in  1561  gave  testimony  in  regard  to  the  settlement  on  the 
James.'  Many  facts  relating  to  Father  Montesinos  are  given  in  Fer- 
nandez, "  Ilistoria  Eclesiastica  de  Nuestros  Tiempos,"  Toledo,  1011, 
p  !24>  'Melendez.  "  Tcsoros  Verdadcros  de  Itus  Yndias  en  la  Ilistoria  de 
la  gra'n  provincia  de  San  Ivan  Bavtista  del  Pcrv."  Rome,  1(581,  pi).  10- 
n  •  Charlevoix,  "  llistoire  de  Saint  Domingue,"  i.,  p.  233  ;  Touron, 
"Histoire  de  I'Amerique,"  i.,  pp.  213,240-8.  258-5,  321;  Valladares. 
"  Ilistoria  (le  Puerto  Rico."  Madrid,  1788,  p.  102.  According  to  Helps, 
"Spanish  Contiuest  of  America,"  he  went  subsecpiently  to  Venezuela, 
and  opposite  his  name  on  the  list  preserved  in  his  convent  at  Salamanca 
are  the  words  "  ()l)iit  martyr."  Navarrete,  iii.,  pp.  72-3,  correctly  slates 
that  Ayllon  sailed  north :  and  the  Relacion  of  Ecija,  Piloto  mayor  of 
Florida,  who  was  sent,  in  1(W»,  to  discover  what  the  English  were  doing, 
gives  iilaces  and  distances  along  the  coast  with  great  accuracy,  and  states 
that  the  Kiiglish  had  settled  at  Ouandape,  the  distance  to  which  he  gives. 
Writing  only  eighty-three  years  after  Ayllon's  voyage,  and  by  liis  olllce 
being  in  possession  of  Spanish  charts  and  derrolcros  of  the  coast,  his 
statement  is  conclusive.  The  Father  General  of  the  Order  of  St.  Dom- 
inic, Very  Hcv.  F.  Larroca,  had  search  made  for  documents  as  to  the 
great  priest  Montesinos,  but  none  were  traced.  The  stone  found  at  Pom- 
pcy,  N.  Y.,  may  Ih!  a  relic  of  Ayllon.     See  II.  A.  Homes'  paper  on  it. 


X08  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

The  second  altjir  of  Catholic  worship  on  our  soil  was  thus 
abandoned  like  the  first ;  but  its  memory  is  linked  with  that 
of  the  illustrious  missionary  Montesinos,  whose  evangelical 
labors  in  Puerto  Rico  had  won  him  the  title  of  apostle  of 

tliat  island. 

Meanwhile  the  gulf  shore  had  been  visited  and  explored 
by  expeditions  sent  out  from  Jamaica  by  Francis  de  Garay, 
governor  of  tluit  island.     By  one  of  these  the  Mississippi  was 
discovered,  and  received  the  name  of  Espiritu  Santo  ;  but  the 
only  settlements  attempted  by  Garay  were  south  of  the  Rio 
Grande.     In    1527,   Paniilo  de   Narvaez,  wishing   to   rival 
Cortes,  obtained  a  patent  for  the  territory  e\i)lored  by  Garay, 
and  ])rojectcd  a  settlement  at  Rio  de    Palmas.     He   sailed 
from  Spain  on  the  17th  of  June  with  live   vessels,  carrying 
six  hundred  persons,  to  settle  and  reduce  the  country.     Sev- 
eral secular  priests'   accompanied  the  expedition,  and  five 
Franciscan  friars,  the  superior  or  commissary  being  Father 
John    Xuarez,  who,  with  one  of   his   companions,   Brother 
John  de  Palos,  bdonged  to  the  original  band  of  twelve  who 
founded  the  mission  of  their  order  in  Mexico.     While  en- 
deavoring to  enter  the  harbor  of  Havana,  Narvaez's  fleet  was 
driven  on  the  coast  of   Florida,  near  Apalacho  Bay.     Sup 
posing  that  he  was  near  his  destination,  Rio  do  Palmas,  he 
landed  most  of  his  pt>ople,  directing  the  ships  to  keep  along 
the  coast;  but  so  unwise  were  all  his  arrangements  that  his 
ships  and  his  [K'ople  never  were  able  to  find  each  other  again. 
;\iti,'r  undergoing  many  sufferings  and  finding  the  country 
sterile  and  destitute  of  wealth  or  resources.  Narvaez  returned 
to  the  gulf,  and  built  five  large  V)oats,  in  which  he  hopetl  to 
coast  along  till  he  found  some  Spanish   Kcttlement.     Kacli 
lH)at  carried  nearly  fifty  men,  and  in  one  of  them  the  coin- 


'  El  AHturiano  is  the  only  oiu'  named. 


was  thus 
with  that 
,aiigelical 
iipostle  of 

explored 
le  Garay, 
ssippi  was 
) ;  hut  the 
f  the  Rio 
to   rival 
l)y  Garay, 
[le  sailed 
,  carry  iuj;; 
try.     8ev- 
,  and  live 
iig  Father 
S  iJnithor 
vclve  wlto 
While  eii- 
s  fleet  was 
lay.     Su]v 
Pahnas,  he 
<('('p  alorif? 
ts  tliat  hit* 
ther  ajrain. 
11'  country 
7,  retiirtu'd 
!  hoped   to 
'Ut.      Kach 
I  the  com- 


[FEiA¥  JJWAK!  EOlAElGlS 


j7i-.72  pii  Ori^oulB^fiv.U  in  the  Himmt  cfjjkchkj . 


110  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

missary,  Father  Xuarcz,  Jind  his  companions  embarked  in  Sep- 
tember, 1528.     The  whole  party  followed  the  shore,  in  great 
suffering  for  food  and  water,  rarely  able  to  obtain  either  from 
the  LuUans.     About  the  first  of  November  they  reached  a 
point  where  the  Mississippi  sent  out  its  strong  current,  fresh- 
ening the  sea-water  so  that  they  could  drink  it ;   but  their 
clunrsy  boats,  managed  by  unskilful  men,  could  not  cross  the 
mouth  of  the  great  river  safely.     The  boat  with  Narvaez 
perished ;  that  in  which  the  missionaries  were  was  found 
afterwards  on  the  shore,  bottom  upward.     Ko  trace  of  the 
Fathers  was  ever  discovered.     Some  of  the  boats  were  driven 
on  the  land,  and  a  number  of  Spaniards  reached  land  safely, 
among  them  the  priest  Asturiano.     But  he  must  have  died 
before  these  wretched  survivors  endeavored,  by  rafts  and 
otherwise,  to  work  their  way  along  the  coast.     Of  the  whole 
arrav  of  Panfilo  de  Narvaez,  only  four  persons,  C^abeza  do 
Vaca.  Dorantes,  Castillo,  and  Stephen,  a  negro,  after  years 
of  suffering  and  wandering,  reached   Petatlan,  in   Siualoa, 

April  I,  153G.' 

This  expedition  aimed  at  a  point  beyond  the  limits  of  our 
Kepublic,  and  was  only  by  accident  on  our  shores.  In  the 
vague  narrative  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  there  is  no  inenti..n  of 
the  celebration  of  the  holy  sacrifice  by  the  priests  after  they 
landed,  nor  of  any  labors  such  its  we  may  infer  they  undertook 
to  solace  their  comrades  in  life  and  death.  It  is  rather  from 
their  sufferings  that  this  little  band  of  clergymen  find  a  place 
in  the  history  of  the  Church  in  this  country,  wiiile  the  merit 
(.f  Father  Xuarez  and  his  humble  comiianion,  Ih-othcr  John 
de  I'alos,  have  entitled  them  to  an  lu.norable  place  in  the 
annals  of  their  order. 


'For  this  ..xpcaitioii  tlif  l.-iidinir  iiuthority  is  "La  rolncion  quo  .lio 
Alui.r  nun.-/.  chImv,,  .le  vaca,"  /an.ora.  1542  ;  rcpri"tc<i,  l.",()  ;  translutwl 
l.y  Uuriiinghiim  Sniilh.  Washington,  1851  ;  New  Yorit,  1871. 


1 


,ni 


II 


FATHER  JUAN  XUAREZ. 


Ill 


Father  John  Xuarez  was  the  fourth  of  the  band  of  twelve 
Frauciscaiis  eeut  to  Mexico.  He  belonged  to  the  province 
of  St.  Gabriel,  and  came  to  America,  in  1523,  with  Father 
Martin  de  Valencia,  and  was  immediately  made  guardian  of 
the  convent  established  at  Huexotzinco,  where  he  was  long 
remembered  by  the  Indians  as  a  holy  religious.  Brother 
John  de  Palo.s  came  from  the  convent  of  St.  Francis,  in 
Seville,  and  showed  great  zeal  in  acquiring  the  Mexican  lan- 
guage, so  that  he  was  able  to  instruct  the  Indians  in  their 
own  tongue.' 

The  expedition  of  Panfilo  de  Narvaez  would  scarcely  have 
found  a  place  in  the  civil  or  ecclesiastical  history  of  America 
had  it  not  inspired  expeditions  from  the  Atlantic  and  from 
the  Pacific  coast,  which  reached  the  very  heart  of  the  conti- 
nent, and  one  of  which  led  to  subsequent  settlement  and  to 
mission  work. 

Impelled  by  the  accounts  which  Cabeza  de  Yaca  spread 
through  Spain,  and  apparently  by  the  air  of  mystery  assumed 
by  that  oificer  as  to  realms  of  which  he  heard,  Hernando  de 
Soto,  a  gentleman  of  Xerez,  who,  even  in  days  of  cruelty, 
was  esteemed  cruel  in  his  career  at  Nicaragua,  Darien,  and 
Peru,  obtained  a  grant  of  the  lands  previously  embraced  in 


'  Torquemnda,  "  Monarquia  Indiana,"  iii.,  pp.  4.37,  447.  Their  por- 
traits Wirt'  enpravcd  by  Mr.  Smitli  from  flie  orijrinuls  preserved  in  the 
convent  of  Tlutelalco,  and  we  give  that  of  Father  Xuarez. 

"Relacion  of  Alvar  Nufioz  Cabeza  de  vaca,"  New  Yorli,  1871,  pp.  99, 
100.  Bareia,  in  bis  "  Ensayo  Cronologico,"  spealvs  of  Fatlier  Xuarez  as 
Hishop,  but  neither  Cabeza  de  Vaca  nor  Torqueniada  evidently  Itnew 
anytliinj:  of  his  elevation  to  the  episcopate,  and  the  portrait  is  absolutely 
without  anythina:  indicative  of  his  being  a  bishop.  There  is  no  trace  of 
the  erection  of  any  see  or  diocese  of  Rio  de  Palnias  ;  his  name  occurs  in 
no  worlv  giving  the  list  of  bishops  in  Spanish  America,  when  even  his 
nomination  by  the  king  would  have  entitled  him  to  wear  outward  murks 
of  the  episcopal  character.  Aleman,  "  Hist,  de  Mexico,"  i.,  p.  37.  We 
must  therefore  regard  this  statement  of  Barcia  as  utterly  unfounded. 


112 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


the  conees6ic»ns  to  Narvaez  and  Ayllou.  His  project  created 
the  greatest  entliusiasm  in  Spain  ;  men  sold  their  estates  and 
offices  to  join  the  expedition  of  Soto,  elated  at  being  ad- 
mitted to  share  its  dangers. 

The  king  made  it  one  of  the  conditions  of  his  grant  to 
Soto  that  he  sliould  carry  and  have  with  him  "  the  religious 
and  priests  who  shall  be  appointed  by  us,  for  the  instruction 
of  the  natives  of  that  province  in  our  holy  Catholic  faith,  to 
whom  you  are  to  give  and  pay  the  passage,  stores,  and  the 
other  necessary  subsistence  for  them  according  to  their  con- 
dition, all  at  your  cost,  receiving  nothing  from  them  during 
the  siiid  entire  voyage,  with  which  matter  wc  gravely  charge 
you  that  you  do  and  comply,  as  a  thing  for  the  service  of 
God  and  our  ovni,  and  anything  otherwise  we  shall  deem 
contrary  to  our  service." 

The  expedition  set  sail  from  Spain  April  6,  1538,  exceed- 
ing in  numbers  and  ecpipment  anything  yet  seen  for  the 
conquest  of  the  Indies.  It  was  made  up  of  men  of  high 
rank  and  blood,  full  of  ambition,  and  attired  in  all  the  gay 
trappings  of  fashion,  as  though  it  were  a  party  of  pleasm-e 
rather  than  a  dangerous  expedition  into  an  unknown  land. 

The  religious  influence  manifested  throughout  seems  to 
have  l)een  very  slight.  Twelve  priests,  eight  ecclesiastics  and 
four  religious,  are  said  to  have  accompanied  the  expedition, 
consisting  of  nearly  a  thousand  men  ;  but  the  names  of  none 
of  them  are  given  in  the  narratives  of  Soto's  wanderings,  ex- 
cept that  of  Father  John  de  Gallegos. 

No  mention  is  made  of  the  celebration  of  any  Sunday  or 
holiday  by  any  special  service,  but  the  holy  sacrifice  was  ajv 
parently  offered  when  they  encamped,  until  in  the  terrible 
battle  of  Mauila,  vestments,  church  plate,  wheat,  flour,  and 
bread  irons  were  consumed  in  the  general  coTiflagration,  Oc- 
tober, 1540.     After  that,  according  to  Garcilaso  de  la  Vega, 


PRIESTS  WITH  SOTO. 


iia 


ijreated 
tes  and 
ng  ad- 

;raiit  to 
iligious 
nit'tion 
aith,  to 
md  the 
cir  cou- 
during 
charge 
rvice  of 
1  deem 

exceed- 
for  the 
jf  high 
the  gay 
ikuisure 
land. 
>oius  to 
tics  and 
edition, 
of  none 
ugs,  ex- 

nday  or 
was  ai> 
terrible 
lur,  and 
ion,  Oc- 
A  Vega, 


mass  prayers  were  said  before  a  temporary  altar  by  a  priest  in 
vestments  of  dressed  skins. 

Mcjst  of  the  priests  and  religions  perished  in  the  long  and 
straggling  march  of  the  force  from  TamjmBayto  Peiisacola, 
then  to  the  Savannah  and  tlie  land  of  the  Cherokees,  thence 
to  Mobile,  whence  Soto  struck  to  the  northwest,  crossing  the 
Mississippi  at  the  lower  Cliickasaw  Bluffs,  and  penetrating  to 
the  bison  range  t^outli  of  the  Missouri ;  then  pushing  down 
the  western  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  till  death  ended  all  his 
projects  and  disappointments.  May  21, 1542.     When  his  suc- 
cessor, Muscoso,  reached  the  settled  parts  of  Mexico  with  the 
few  survivors  of  the  brilliant  array  that  had  left  Spain  so  full 
of  dehisive  hopes,  three  friars  and  one  French  priest  alone 
survived  of  the  clergymen.     Once  only  in  the  narratives  do 
the  clergy  appear  in  any  scene  of  interest.     This  was  in  the 
town  of  Casqui,  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  soon 
after  Soto  crossed  it.     The  Indians  came  to  the  Spaniards  as 
superior  beings,  worshipping  a  more  powerful  God,  and  be- 
sought their  medintion  to  avert  the  long  drought  and  cure 
their  blind.     The  Spanish  commander  said  they  were  but 
siTifui  men,  yet  they  would  pray  to  the  Almighty  for  them, 
and  he  ordered  a  huge  ])ine  tree  to  be  felled  and  a  cross  made 
and  reared.     Then  the  whole  force,  except  a  sniall  band  left 
as  a  guard,  formed  a  procession,  and,  led  by  the  priests  and 
religious,  moved  on  toward  the  cross,   chanting  litanies,  to 
which  the  soldiers  responded.      On  reaching  the   cross  all 
knelt,  prayers  were  recited,  and  each  kissed  the  symbol  of 
man's  redemption.     Many  of  the  Indians  joined  in  the  pro- 
cession, and  imitated  the  actions  of  the  Spaniards.     When 
the  devotions  at  the  cross  wore  concluded,  the  jirocession  rt^ 
turned  to  the  camp  in  the  same  order,  chanting  the  To  Deum.' 

'  No  relijrions  chronicle  frivcs  dctiiils  as  to  any  of  tlio  priests  or  friars 
who  ncconiivinicd  Soto,  and  the  pages  of   the  "Gentleman  of  Elvas  " 
8 


114  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

Less  brilliant  in  its  inception,  more  fortunate  in  its  close, 
was   anotl.er  expedition,  also   inspired  by  the  accounts  of 
Caheza  de  Vaca.     Its  course  was  not  marked  by  wanton  crn- 
el'ty  or  by  retributive  sutTering.     It  was  judiciously  managed ; 
the  troops  were  well han.Ued  ;  it  laid  open  provinces  Nvhe.e  set- 
tlements in  tune  were  formed.     Above  all,  it  claims  our  notice 
iu  tills  work  because  there  was  a  religious  intluence  through- 
out     Zeal  for  the  salvation  of  the  native  tribes  was  manifest, 
and  it  resulted  in  a  noble  effort  of  Franciscan  Fathers  to 
plant  a  mission  in  the  very  heart  of  the  American  coutinent, 
a  thousand  miles  from  either  ocean,  the  Mexican  Gulf    or 
Hudson  Bav.     This  was  the  expedition  directed  by  the  wise 
and  upright  viceroy,  Don  Antonio  de  Mendoza.     Purchasmg 
the  negro  slave  Stephen  from  Dorantes,  a  companion  of  C  abeza 
de  Vaca,  and  setting  free  all  Indians  who  had  followed  the 
four  8ur^^vor8,  he  sent  Viusquez  de  Coronado  as  governor  to 
Sinaloa,  directing  Father  Mark,  an  illustrious  Franciscan  from 
Kice,  in  Italy,  to  penetrate  into  the  interior,  with  Stephen  aB 
his  guide,  assuring  all  the  native  tribes  he  encountered  that 
the  viceroy  had  put  an  effectual  stop  to  the  enslavement  of 
the  Indians  and  sougbt  only  their  good.     "  If  (iod  our  Lord 
is  pleased,'' says  the   viceroy  in  bis  instructions  to  lather 
Mark,  -that  you  find  any  large  town  where  it  seems  to  you 
that  tbere  is  a  good  opportunity  for  establishing  a  convent 
and  sending  religious  to  be  employed  in  the  conversion,  you 
are  to  advise  me  by  Indians  or  return  in  person  to  Cub.acan. 
With  all  secrecy,  you  are  to  give  notice  that  prov.s.on  be 
,nade  without  delay,  because  the  service  of  our  LordaiuUlic 

by  IkTiumdo  de  Soto,"  New  York,  1851. 


»     ■  ♦ 


FATHER  MARK  OF  NICE. 


116 


good  of  the  people  of  tlie  Land  is  the  aim  of  the  pacification 
of  whatever  is  discovered." 

The  instructions  were  handed  to  the  Franciscan  Father  in 
November,  1538,  by  Governor  Coronado,  and  after  an  inef- 
fectual attempt  by  way  of  the  province  of  Topiza,  as  directed 
by  the  viceroy,  he  set  out,  March  7,  1539,  from  San  Miguel 
de  Culuacan  with  Father  Honoratus,'  Stephen  and  liberated 
Indians ;  but  on  reaching  Petatlan  his  religious  companion 
fell  sick  and  was  left  to  recruit.     Then  Father  Mark  jour- 
neyed on,  keeping  near  the  coast,  meeting  friendly  tribes, 
who  hailed  him  as  a  "  Sayota,"  man  from  heaven.     He  heard 
of  California  and  its  people  on  tlie  west,  and  of  tribes  at  the 
north,  dwelling  in  many  large  towns,  who  were  clothed  in 
cotton  dres-es  and  had  vessels  of  gold.     He  spent  Holy  "Week 
at  Vacapa "  and  sent  Stephen  northward,  with  instructions 
that  if  he  found  any  important  place  he  was  to  send  back  a 
cross  by  the  Indians,  its  size  to  be  in  proportion  to  the  great- 
ness of  the  town  he  might  discover.     In  a  few  days  messen- 
gers came  from  Stephen,  announcing  that  thirty  days'  march 
beyond  the  point  he  had  reached  was  a  province,  called  Ci-. 
bola,  in  which  were  seven  great  cities  under  one  lord.     The 
houses  were  of  stone,  three  and  four  stories  in  height ;  that 
the  peojile  were  well  clothed  and  rich  in  turquoises.     After 
waiting  for  the  return  of  his  Indian  messengers  and  receiving 
confirmation  of  the  story  of  the  seven  cities,  he  left  Vacapa 
on  Easter  Tuesday,  urged  by  fresh  messengers  from  Stephen 
to  come  on  with  all  speed.     On  the  way  he  met  Indians  who 
had  visited  Cibola,  the  first  of  the  seven  cities,  and  had  ob- 


'  Castancda  de  Najcrn,  whoever  he  was,  writing  twenty  years  after 
Coronado's  expedition,  gives  Father  ]\Iark  two  other  friars,  in  direct  con- 
tradiction of  F,  Jlurlc's  contemporaneous  account.  Ternaux  Compans' 
edition,  p.  10. 

''  Now  Sun  Luis  de  Bacapa,  in  Sonora. 


!. 


116  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

taiued  bixiJalo  hides  and  turquoises  there.  These  tuniuoises 
were  greatly  prized  in  Mexico,  where  the  Aztecs,  who  called 
them  chalchihuitl,  used  then  both  .us  jewelry  and  as  n.oney. 

xVs  Father   IMark    proceeded,    lie   re- 
ceived continnation  of  the  intelligence 
from  the  Indians,  who  assured  him 
that   in   Tott)nteac,  u   province   near 
Cibola,  the  men  wore  woollen  goods 
like  his   habit,     lie  told   them  that 
they  must  mean  cotton,  but  they  as- 
sured him  that  they  knew  the  ditler- 
cnce;   that  it  was  woven   from   the 
wool  of  an  animal.     They  explained 
to  him,  also,  how  the  i)eople  in  the 
towns  reached  the  top  of  their  houses 
by  means  of  ladders.    Passing  another 
desert,  he  traversed  a  delightful  val- 
ley '  still  encouraged  by  tidings  from 
Stephen,   and    can.e   to  'a    .loert    which    was   tifteen    da^ 
.njch    from   Cibola.     Accompanied  by   many   Ind.aus,  he 


8EAI,  OF  FATTIER   MARK 
OK    NICK. 


FAC-MM 


MH.F    OK  THF.   SIONATVnf,   OF   FATin-H   MAUK   OF   NKTK. 


l.,,,0.  tn. TOSS  this  des^.rt  on   .he  ini,  of   Mav  an.l   travelled 
<„,  till  the  -Jlst,  when  a  mesw-ngcr  .-aine.  in  t.-rror  and  spent 

I  Whlpi'lo  n-ganlH  It  as  the  vulU-y  of  H"'  <i'l''- 


A  PRIEST  EXPLORER. 


117 


with  fatigue,  bearing  a  tale  of  disaster.  Stejihen,  when 
within  a  day's  march  of  Cibohi,  had  sent  tlie  chief  some 
tokens  of  his  coming,  but  tlie  Indians  refused  to  receive 
them,  and  tlireatened  to  kill  him  if  he  came.  Stephen  per- 
sisted and  reached  Cibola.  lie  was  not  allowed  to  enter,  but 
was  placed  in  a  house  without  the  town  and  stripped  of  all 
the  goods  he  carried.  The  next  day  he  and  his  companions 
were  attacked  by  the  natives,  and  the  messenger  alone  escaped 
to  carry  back  the  sad  tidings.  Though  his  life  was  in  peril 
from  his  Indian  attendants,  who  held  him  responsible  for  the 
death  of  their  countrymen  in  Stephen's  party.  Father  Mark 
resolved  to  push  on,  at  least  to  see  the  town,  hoping  to  rescue 
any  survivors.  He  declared  that  he  came  in  sight  of  Cibola 
and  planted  a  cross,  to  take  possession  of  the  country.  He 
then  returned  and  made  a  report  of  the  expedition  to  the 
viceroy,  who  transmitted  it  to  the  king.' 


'  Wc  follow  Father  Mark's  "Relation."    Castafieda  de  Xajera  is  not 
an  eye-witness,  and  wrote  more  than  twenty  years  afterwards.     He  must 
have  written  from  vapue  recoUeotions  of  what  he  liad  heard  ;  and  in  re- 
gard to  what  he  saw  on  Coronado's  expedition,  he  shows  ^\n\{  hostility 
to  the  commander,  throwinif  doubts  on  his  impartiality.     Father  Mark 
was  a  native  of  Xiee,  then  a  eity  of  Savoy,  now  of  France.     He  arrived 
in  St.  Domiiiifo  in  15;!!,  and  after  visitinj;  Peru  went  lo  Mexieo,  where 
he  liecame  the  third  Proviiieial  of  his  order.     He  .set  out  with  Coronado 
after  his  return  from  his  first  e.xpedition,  but  returned,  haviiiu'  contracted 
a  (li.sease  from  wliich  he  never  recovered.     He  died  in  tlie  convent  of  his 
order  in  flii>  City  of  Me.vieo.     Toriiuemadii,  iii.,  pi>.  IW,  iir:t,  4l)l>.  (ilO. 
li  has  been  usual  to  assail  this  Franciscan  in  terms  of  coarse  vituperation, 
but  the  early  translations  of  his  narrative  contained  exajr^reratlons  and  in- 
terpolations not  found  in  his  Spanish  text.     This  is  admitted.     Haynea, 
in  "  Winsor's  Narrative  and  Critical  History,"  ii.,  p.  4W» ;  Coronado,  Let'- 
terto  Emperor,  Aujf.  i$,  1540;  Hanuizio,  iii.,  p.  i«iO ;  Oct.  50,  l,-)41,'Ter- 
naux,  "Cnstaileda,"  p.  mi.   Castai^eda,  "  l{elation,"  p.  4H.  oriKinated  the 
charpes  apiinst  him.     Haynes  follows  his  real  narrative  and  does  not  note 
a  sincle  statement  as  false  or  brini;  any  evidence  to  show  any  assertion 
untrue.    That  the  Navajoes  wove  woollen  j,'oods  and  other  tribes  cotton  ; 
that  tuniuoises  were  mined  in  New  .Mexico  ;  that  the  Pueblo  Indians  en- 


m 

'■Ml 


m 


•i 


118  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

Father  Mark  thus  stands  in  history  as  the  earhest  of  tlie 
priestly  explorers  who,  unanned  and  afoot,  penetrated  into 
the  heart  of  the  country,  in  advance  of  all  Europoa«s-a 
barefooted  friar  efiecting  more,  as  Viceroy  Mondnza  wrote, 
than  well-armed  parties  of  Spaniards  had  been  able  to  ac- 
complish. The  point  reached  by  Father  Mark  was  certamly 
one  of  the  towns  of  the  Fueblo  Indians  of  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona,  whose  remarkable  dwellings  and  progress  m  civil- 
ization he  was  the  first  to  make  known. 

Encourai-ed  bv  the  report  of  the  Franciscan  explorer,  the 
vicerov  ordered^  Francis  Vasquez  de  Con.nado  to  a.lvance 
into  the  country  with  a  considerable  force.     The  army  of  oc- 
cupation fornuMl  at  Culiacan,  and  Coronado,  on  the  -2d  of 
\prll     i:.4o.  to.>k   the  advance  with  a  detachment,  accon.- 
inincd  l>vthe  missionaries,  Fathers  Mark  of  Nice,  John  de 
>a,lilla.  i)anicl  and   Louis,  with  the  lay  brothers  Lu^  de  Fs- 
calona  and  -lohn  of  the  Cross.'     Father  Antln.ny  \  ictona 
another  misMonary,  broke  his  leg  a  few  days  afterwards,  and 
was  sent  back  to  the  main  army     Taking  the  route  by  ^^ay 
of  Chichilticale,  known  later  as  the  ( ^..is  ( Wandes  ni  Arizona, 
Coronado,  crossing  a  desert  and  the  (Jila,  reached  (.).ola^ 
twenty  miles  from  its  banks.     It  was  a  town,  w.th  houses 
three  or  four  stories  high,  huiU  on  a  rock,  and  n.ntamed  t.o 
ln.ndre.1  warriors,  some  of  whom  sallied  forth  to  check  the 
invaders.     Coronado  sent  forward  (iarci  Loi>ez.  w.th  l< athc.-s 
Daniel  and  b.uis,  to  explain  his  friendly  intent,  but  the    ..- 
dians  rei,lied  with  a  .hower  of  arrows,  one  piercing  the  haut 
of  Father  Daniel.     Th..ugh  they  tied  from  a  charge,  the  In- 
dians defended  the  town  bravely,  but  it  was  taken  by  storm, 

and  the  rest  of  the  seven  towns  siibmitted.     ^ 

tenHTthd;  l^nuneH  bj^^lloorin  tbJroof .  rradu.!  by  li^Wr^  .niRht  a,,,H.ar 
ut  tlu.  .inu-  (ulHc  HtaU.nu.ntM.  but  art-  nil  now  a.inu.....J  to  \.  .  u. 
.  8„me  make  Ihese  tbc  m-ular  au.l  n-lipous  n,m..-s  of  on.  brother 


FATHER  PADILLA  AT  QUIVIRA. 


119 


Coroiitido  dispatched  an  officer  to  Mexico  to  give  an  ac- 
count of  his  operations,  and  Father  Mark  returned  with  him, 
C'oronado  and  many  of  liis  followers  liolding  him  responsible 
for  the  exaggerations  of  the  Indian  accounts. 

While  one  detachment,  attended  by  the  fearless  Fatiier 
I'adilla,  visited  Tusayan,'  a  district  of  seven  towns  like 
Cibola,  and  another  subsequently  reached  the  wonderful 
canon  of  the  Cijlorado,  the  main  body  of  the  expedition  came 
uj)  from  Sonora  and  the  whole  force  united  at  Cibola.  Co- 
ronado  then,  in  person  or  by  his  officers,  reduced  Acuco  or 
Acoma,  Tiguex,  Ciciiye  or  Old  Pecos,  the  central  town  of  the 
district,  Yuciuayunque  and  Jemez.  None  of  these  towns 
gave  indication  of  any  rich  mines,  and  the  country  did  not 
encourage  the  Spaniards  to  attempt  a  ])ermanent  settlement. 
The  tr()((]is  were  scattered  and  lived  on  the  natives,  whom 
their  oppression  forced  into  hostilities.  No  record  remains 
of  the  services  of  the  Franciscan  Fathers  during  this  period, 
but  when,  in  April,  1541,  Coronado  set  out  for  the  Province 
of  (^)iiivira,  of  whose  wealth  a  treacherous  Indian  guide  told 
the  gre-itest  marvels,  we  find  Father  John  de  Padilla  in  the 
detachment.  The  missionary  thus  crossed  the  bison  ])lains, 
meeting  oidy  Querecho  Indians,  who  lived  in  tents  of  biw)n 
skins  and  moved  from  ])lace  to  place,  with  their  trains  of 
dogs.  Marching  to  tiie  northeast,  Coronado,  sending  back 
part  of  his  force,  at  the  end  of  sixty-seven  days  arrived  on 
the  baid<s  of  a  great  river,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  St. 
Peter  ami  St.  Paul,  as  they  readied  it  on  the  feast  of  the  Holy 
Apostles.  Quivira,  as  lie  found  it,  yielded  nothing  to  repay 
his  long  march.  No  gold  was  to  be  seen,  and  the  people 
were  less  advanced  than  those  of  New  ]\rexi<'o,  though  they 
cultivated  Inilian  corn,     llo  could  not  have  been  far  from 


Buiuli'Iier  n-gnnls  this  iw  the  district  of  the  Moqtii  towns. 


^fe 


.1  i 

1 

120  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

the  Missouri  River,  for  an  Indian  woman,  held  as  a  slave, 
e«-aping  from  Coronado's  party,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
survivors  of  DeSoto's  expedition  and  was  taken  to  Mexico.' 
After  erecting  a  cross  bearing  the  inscription,  "  Francis  Vas- 
quez  de  Coronado,  general  of  an  expedition,  reached  tins 
spot,"  the  Spanish  connnander  returned  to  Tiguex.  Another 
winter  spent  in  New  Mexico  without  any  further  discoveries 
brought  him  to  the  resolution  to  abandon  the  country. 

Siwuiards  had  thus  occupied  New  .Mexico  for  two  years, 
but  there  is  not  the  slightest  hint  that  they  anywhere  erected 
the  most  perishable  form  of  chapel ;  yet  we  can  scarcely  con- 
ceive it  possible  that  Coronado's  camp  was  planted  so  long 
without  some   action  to   erect  a  place  for   divine  worship. 
The  expedition  was  judiciously  conducted,  their  live  stock 
was    abundant,  and  the  men  did  not  suffer  from  want  or 
hardship.     A  settlement  might  easily  have  been  formed,  but 
no  steps  were  taken  to  establish  one,  and  when  Coronado 
evacuated  New  Mexico,  the  little  missionary  party  who  so 
bravely  remained  were  the  only  representatives  of  civiliza 

tion  and  Chrisfianity. 

The  temporarv  chapel  at  Tiguex,  probably  not  far  from 
the  modern  Mernalillo.  was  the  first  chapel  <.f  New  Mexico, 
where  during  the  two  years'  occupation  mass  was  regularly 
oflFered,  and  the  gospel  preached  with  zeal  and  fervor  by  the 
Bons  of  St.  Francis,  Father  I'adilla  elTcting  great  good 
among  the  soldiers  by  his  ministry,  as  Tor-nieiniuia  declares. 

Father  FadHla  and  the  lay  brother,  Luis  de  Kscalona,  re- 
B(,lved  t<.  remain,  for  the  purpose  .)f  establishing  a  mission, 
the  former  having  been  impressed  especially  with  tlie.lisposi- 
tions  manifesterl  by  the  people  of  Quivira.     Corona.l..,  when 

TcHHUiftedii,  "  IWntion  du  Voyajje  <le  Ciholii,"  p.  IH".. 

.  .•  Mo,.ur.,uia  Indiana,"  iii.,  1>.  «10.  HHudclicr.  •'  Ilist..ri.al  Introdu.'. 
lion,"  I),  ina. 


DEATH  OF  PADILLA. 


121 


about  to  leave  New  Mexico  in  April,  1542,  gav^e  the  mission- 
ary afi  guides  the  Quivira  Indians,  who  had  accompanied  him 
from  their  country ;  Andrew  del  Campo,  a  Portuguese,  a 
negro,  and  two  Zapoteca  Indians  of  Michoacan,  Luke  and 
Sebastian,  also  joined  him.  The  little  missionary  party,  for 
the  negro  and  the  last  named  Indians  had  received  the  habit 
of  the  order,'  had  a  horse,  some  mules,  and  a  little  flock  of 
sheep.  The  missionary  took  his  vestments  and  chapel  outfit 
and  some  trifles  to  give  the  Indians.'  He  set  forth  his  design 
in  a  Lenten  sermon  preached  to  the  Spanish  force  at  Tiguex, 
and  tleparted  soon  after  for  the  scene  of  his  projected 
mission.  Brother  Luis,  who  is  represented  by  writers  on  the 
expedition  as  a  very  holy  man,  determined  to  take  up  his 
residence  at  Cicuye,  hoping  to  set  up  the  cross  in  all  the 
neighboring  villages,  instruct  the  people  in  the  faith,  and 
baptize  dying  children. 

Father  Padilla  seems  to  have  reached  Quivira,  but  wishing 
to  visit  a  neighboring  tribe  he  set  out  for  them,  and  was 
attacked  by  the  wild  savages  of  the  plains.  Seeing  that 
escajie  was  all  but  impossible,  he  thought  only  of  his  com- 
panions. He  bid  del  Campo,  who  was  mounted,  gallop  for 
life,  and  the  young  Indians  to  fly,  as  escape  was  possible  for 
them.  Then  he  knelt  down,  and  in  prayer  awaited  the  will 
of  the  Indians,  commending  his  soul  to  God.  A  shower  of 
arrows  pierced  him  through,  and  the  lirst  martyr  that  the 
Church  can  claim  on  our  soil  fell  in  the  very  heart  of  the 
northern  continent.     Campo  did  not  wait  to  see  what  fate 


'  Apparently  as  incinljcrs  of  the  Tliird  OrdiT,  for  Toniucnuula  states  ex- 
pressly that  they  were  not  lay  brothers,  hut  men  who  (Icvoted  themselves 
to  the  mission.  (Donados  ;  in  Freneh,  donnes.)  "  Monanjuiii  Ind.,"  iii., 
p.  Oil. 

'Jaramillo,  "  Relncion,"  in  Smith's  Coleccion,  p.  154;  in  Ternaux 
Compans.  pp.  880-1,  214.  194. 


H  '/ 


122 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


befel  the  missionary ;  urging  his  horse  to  its  utmost  he  dis- 
tanced his  pursuers,  and  in  time  wns  safe  among  the  S})anish 
residents  of  Panuco.  Kot  so  Luke  and  Sebastian ;  hu'kiug 
amid  the  tali  grass  they  waited  till  the  murderous  Indians 
had  departed ;  then  they  retraced  their  steps,  and  raising  the 
mangled  remains  connnitted  them  to  the  earth,  amid  their 
tears  and  prayers.  Oidy  then  did  they  in  earnest  endeavor 
to  reach  the  Spanish  settlements.  Traversing  New  Mexico 
they  bore  to  Culuacan  the  tidings  of  the  glorious  death  of 
Father  John  de  Pad  ilia. 

Nothing  definite  was  ever  learned  of  the  fate  of  Brother 
John  of  the  Cross  (Luis  de  Escalona).  When  Coronado  was 
setting  out  he  sent  the  ])ious  Brother  a  little  flock  of  sheep. 
The  messengers  found  him  near  Cicuye,  starting  for  some 
villages  fifteen  or  twenty  leagues  distant.  lie  was  full  of 
hope,  but  avowed  that  the  old  Indians  regarded  him  with  no 
favor,  and  would  ultimately  kill  him. 

Father  Padilla  Is  properly  the  protomartyr  of  the  mis- 
sions in  this  country.  Other  priests  had  died  by  diseas«,\ 
hardship,  or  savage  cruelty,  but  they  were  attached  to  Spanish 
expeditions,  and  had  not  begun  any  special  labors  for  the 
conversion  of  the  native  tribes,  as  this  worthy  Father  and  his 
companions  had  done.' 

The  ministers  of  the  Catholic  faith  had  thus,  before  the 


'  ("astiincdii  do  Najcra  (TprnaMXM,  pp.  21t-5  ;  "  [{clar.im  de!  Siiccso  " 
(Siuilli's  Colcrcion,  p.  l")-!):  Jarainilli),  "  HeliU'ion  "  (III.,  ().  1(»'J) ;  Tor- 
<|iK!inii(ln,  "  .Monaniuiii  Indiana, "i.,  p.  009  ;  iii..  pp.  610-1  ;  Hapinc,  "  llis- 
toin-  Gi'iu'rali'  de  I'Oripinc  ct  Projrri'z  dcs  Recolct.s,"  Paris,  ItCil.  p|i. 
XU-4.  Father  .John  de  Pa<lillii  wa.s  a  native  of  Andalusia,  and,  after 
servinj^  in  the  army,  entered  the  Franrisean  order  in  the  Province  of  the 
Holy  (lonpel  in  .Mexico.  He  was  the  lirst  );uiirdian  of  the  convent  of 
Tulnntzinro,  but  yearninp  to  devote  himself  to  the  Indian  niission.s  was 
sent  a.M  piardian  to  Tzopallan,  in  Miehoaean.  He  liiul  aeeompanied 
Father  .Mark  of  Nice  on  soini'  of  his  earlier  explorutions. 


FATHER  CANCER'S  FLORIDA  MISSION.       123 


c^lH^J(itH  cC^ 


middle  of  the  sixteenth  ceutury,  carried  the  cross  and  an- 
nounced Christianity  from  the  banks  of  the  Chesapeake  to 
the  canons  of  the  Colorado.  Had  tlie  priests  with  Soto 
been  able  to  say  mass,  the  march  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament 
and  of  the  Precious  Blood  across  the  continent  would  have 
been  complete. 

Soon  afterwards   a   memorable   and  heroic  attempt  was 
made  to  plant  Christianity  among  the  natives  of   Florida. 
The  Dominican  Father,  Louis  Cancer,  full  of  the  spirit  of 
Montesinos  and  Las  Casas,  had  alone  and  unsupported  concil- 
iated the  fierce 
tribes  of  a  pro- 
vince of  Central 
America,  before 
whose  conquest 
by  force  of  arins  Span- 
ish   prowess    had    re- 
coiled.     Armed   only 
with  his  croes,  Father 
Cancer  so  completely 
won  the  district  that  it 
bears  to  this  day  the 
mime  of  Vera  Paz,  or 
Trne  Peace,  in  token 
of    his    victory.      In 
1540   this  courageous 
miR'sionary  conceived  the  project  of  endeavoring  a  sinn'lar 
peaceful  and  Christian  conquest  of  the  natives  of  Florida. 
His  plans  were  ably  seconded  by  Father  Gregory  de  Beteta, 
and  other  prominent  men  of  his  order,  and  were  in  time  laid 
before  the  Spajiish  king,  who  gave  them  his  hearty  approval. 
On  this  remarkable  man  the  emperor  Charles  V.  now  cast 
his  eyes.     Four  tyrants,  he  said,  had  entered  Florid  \,  effect- 


AUTOaRAPnS  OP  FATIIEHS  LOUIH  CANCER 
AND  OREaonT  DE  BKTKTA. 


m 


(i 


4.. 


124  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

i,ig  no  good,  but  causing  inucli  mischief,  and  now  lie  would 
try  religious.  Father  Cancer  was  formally  appointed  by  the 
kh.g  and  couTU'il  to  begin  this  pious  concpiest  of  Florida. 
Without  deluding  himself  its  to  the  dangers  that  awaited 
him,  the  devoted  sou  of  Saint  Dominic  accepted  the  perilous 
commission.  Bv  a  royal  decree,  which  proved,  however,  m- 
elTectual,  all  natiVes  of  Florida,  especially  those  brought  away 
bv  IMuscoso.  were  to  be  set  free  and  sent  back  to  their  native 
country  with  Father  Cancer.  So  niany  difficulties  arose  that 
most  persons  would  have  abandoned  the  project,  but  the 
earnest  Dominican  regarded  the  royal  instructions  as  per- 


AVTOCHArilH  OF   KATnKUS  DIKOO  DK  TOI.OSA    AM.   .HAN   OAUCIA. 


cmptorv,  and  persevered  to  the  ei.l.     In  ir.4',.  he  sailed  from 
^'era  ("ru/  in  an  unarmed  vessel  called  the  Santa  ^lana  de 
la  Encina.     Fathers  (;rc.g..ry  de  15eteta,  Dieg..  de   Jolnsa 
John  (iarcia.  and  some  othei-s  accomi.anied  him,  all  prepared 
t.,  I;.n.l  in  Flori.la,  and  attempt  founding  missi.ms  among  the 
Indians  without  the  atten.lance  of  Spanish  s..Miers  to  protcl 
thorn  from  the  bloodthirsty  impulses  of  those  whom   they 
H.ntrht  to  wTve.     After  touching  at  Havana,  wher."  they  ob- 
t.,ine.l    as   interpreter  a   converted    Florida  woman   nauu.l 
Miig.luleua,  the  nnssi<,naries  with  their  vessol  ran  across  t.. 


s. 

ow  lie  would 
ointod  by  tlie 
t  of  Florida, 
tliiit  awaited 
1  the  perilous 
liowever,  iii- 
;)roHglit  away 
0  tlieir  native 
ties  arose  that 
iject,  Imt  the 
stions  as  per- 


?. 


f 


.lUAN   OAUCIA, 

lu,'  Kiik'd  from 
Siinta  ^laria  de 
.'go  lie  Tolosa, 
111.  all  prepared 
idiiH  among  the 
diers  to  pmtiM't 
»se  whom  they 
where  they  «>1>- 
wdiiiaii  iiaiiu'(l 
•1  ran  aeross  to 


DEATH  OF  FATHER  CANCER. 


125 


t,h     peninsula,  and  on  Ascension-day  anchored  on  the  west- 
ern shore,  near  Tampa  Bay.     The  scheme  of  the  Domini- 
can Fathers  was  one  that  required  an  examination  of  the 
coast  to  tind  a  trihe  whose  friendly  attitude  would  justify 
remaining  amoTig  them.     But  this  the  captain  of  the  Santa 
i\Iaria,  John  de  Arana,  who  seems  to  have  been  utterly  re- 
gardless of  the  intentions  or  fate  of  the  missionaries,  reso- 
lutely oi)posed.     He  ran  a  short  distance  up  the  coast,  then 
returned  to  his  anchorage,  and  insisted  that  the  Dominican 
Fathera  must  land  there  or  sail  back  with  him.    The  mission- 
aries held  a  consultation  ;  to  most  of  them  it  seemed  rash  to 
attempt  any  mission  under  such  circumstances,  when  they 
were  not  at  liberty  to  select  a  favorable  spot  or  a  friendly 
tribe;  but  Father  Cancer  felt  bound  by  his  instructions,  and 
did  not  regard  himself  at  liberty  to  abandon  an  attempt,  pro- 
posed by  himself  to  the  king,  without  making  some  endeavor 
to  carry  it  out.     A  few  Indians  who  were  fishing  near  the 
vessel,  and  whose  cabins  were  in  sight,  seemed  well  disposed, 
and  the  missionaries  landed  to  open  intercourse  with  them. 
Father  Diego  de  Tolosa  disembarked  with  Fuentes,  a  pious 
man  who  had  given  his  services  to  the  mission,  a  sailor, 
and  Magdalena.     They  proceeded  to  the  Indian  cabins;  but 
while  those  on  hoard  were  awaiting  their  return,  a  Spaniard 
reached  the  vessel  who  had  been  for  many  years  a  prisoner 
in  the  hands  of  the  Indians.     He  assured  the  missionaries 
that  Father  Diego  and  Fuentes  had  been  already  murdered  ; 
but  as  ^lagdalena  was  seen  on  the  shore,  an<l  declared  that 
they  were  alive  and  well,  Father  Cancer  and  his  surviving, 
companions  were  divided  in  o])inion.    Father  Louis  finally  re- 
solved to  land,'  notwithstanding  the  remonstrances  of  Beteta 


'  "  Diiro  (luc  un  iipr"  de  tunlii  iin|) "  (]m'  Im  trcs  nfios  (lup  sc  onlena,  no 
I's  i)ieii  sc  (icsliajiii  asi,  i  mas  (iikId  ilcpucs  de  in"  Irabajos  estumos  bieii 
juntoH  al  puiito  del  Esp,  S.  do  vamos."     V.  ('aiicer.  ilS. 


126  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

and  Mitfioz,  the  escaped  prisoner.  The  sailors  were  afraid  to 
row  their  boat  to  the  shore,  and  Father  Louis  jiunped  into 
the  water  and  waded  ashore.  From  the  ship  he  was  seen  to 
ascend  the  sloping  bank,  till  Indians  surrounded  him ;  his 
hat  was  torn  from  his  head,  and  as  the  good  Father  knelt  in 
prayer,  the  Indians  butchered  him.  Thus  perished,  in  ol)e- 
dience  to  a  sense  of  duty.  Father  Louis  Cancer  de  Barbastro, 
one  of  the  Tnost  remarkable  missionaries  of  his  order,  whose 
wonderful  sway  over  the  Indians  of  Central  America  justi- 
tied  a  confidence  that  the  same  means  would  influence  the 
Mobilian  tribes.  The  boat  was  driven  off  by  showers  of  ar- 
rows, and  the  Santa  Maria,  with  his  dejected  brethren,  sailed 
back  to  Vera  Cruz.' 

For  several  years  the  northern  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  INIex- 
ico,  and  the  ocean-swept  coast  of  Florida,  were  avoided  by  all 
who  sought  to  colonize  or  concjner ;  and  the  mariners  of 
Spain  knew  them  as  a  dangerous  and  iidiospitable  land,  where 
many  a  rich  galleon  had  been  wrecked,  where  man  escaped 
the  danger  of  the  sea  only  to  meet  a  more  cruel  death  at  the 
hands  of  the  savagep. 

In  1553  a  rich  fleet,  dispatched  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Spam 
by  the  viceroy,  Don  Louis  de  Velasco,  was  driven  on  the  coast 
of  Texas.  Nearlv  all  were  wrecked.  One  vessel  returned 
to  the  port  with  "the  disastrous  news,  three  others  reached 
Seville,  all  the  rest  perished ;  and  of  the  thousand  persons 
on  them,  only  three  hundred  reached  the  shore  on  si)ars, 
planks,  and  cases  of  merchandise,  and  made  their  way  to  the 


1  ■•  R(.]arion  do  la  Floridn  "  in  Smith's  Colc-crion.  pp.  190-202  ;  "  \h'<\xu- 
rimcntos  v  rcspuestiis  -;  opinions  talicn  on  tl.o  vrss.-l.  MS.  Harcia,  "  hn- 
sayo  (>om.lop,-o."  pp.  2,->-B.  Davila  I'a.lilla,  "  Ilistoria  do  ia  I'rovn.r.a 
dc  Santiago dL.M<-xiro."d..  liv.-lvii.;  Touron.  "  Ilistoiro  d.-l  Anunquc 
vi. .  p.  81 .  Fernandez,  ' '  Historia  EdesiaHtiea  de  Nucstroa Tiempos,  K.ll . 
eh.  43.  p.  150. 


DE  LUNA'S  ATTEMPTED  SETTLEMENT.        127 


afraid  to 
iped  into 
18  seen  to 
liiui ;  his 
•  knelt  in 
d,  in  ol)e- 
jarhastro, 
er,  whose 
•ica  justi- 
iience  tlie 
.TR  of  ar- 
•en,  sailed 

of  l\Iex- 

dod  by  all 
[irincrs  of 
lid,  where 
n  escaped 
ath  at  the 

z  to  Spain 
1  the  coast 
I  returned 
's  reached 
id  perMiiiR 
on  s])ar8, 
H-av  to  the 


:)2  ;  "  RM|ni- 
Unrria.  "  Kii- 
111  Proviiiciu 
rAiiRTiciuc." 
iiipos,"  toil. 


Rio  Grande,  but  nearly  all  perished  before  reaching  Panuco, 
including  several  religious  of  the  order  of  St.  Doiniuic' 

It  had  become  vitally  important  to  Spain  either  to  con- 
vert and  conciliate  the  natives  on  the  northern  shores  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  southern  Atlantic,  or  to  plant  settle- 
ments on  the  coast.  The  storms  that  sweep  those  seas  had 
wrecked  so  many  treasure  shijis  that  the  French  were  begin- 
ning to  trade  with  the  natives  for  the  silver  that  they  secured, 
and  the  Indians  seldom  spared  the  shipwrecked  Spaniards 
who  fell  into  their  hands. 

In  1555  the  Archbishop  of  Mexico,  and  in  the  following 
year,  on  the  accession  of  Philip  II.,  the  Viceroy  of  Mexico, 
Joan  de  Urango,  Piidiop  of  Santiago  de  Cuba,  whose  diocese 
embraced  Florida,  and  others,  urged  upon  the  king  the  ne- 
cessity of  planting  colonies  in  Florida.'  Philip  approved  the 
project,  and  confided  its  execution  to  the  viceroy  Yelasco ; 
the  Provincial  of  the  Dominicans  in  Mexico,  Father  Domi- 
nic of  St.  Mary,  being  commanded  to  send  religious  of  his 
order  with  the  colonizing  expedition. 

A  fleet  of  thirteen  vessels  was  fitted  out  at  Vera  Cniz  and 
placed  under  the  command  of  Don  Tristan  de  Lnna  y  <\.re- 
llano,  son  of  the  Marshal  Carlos  de  Luna,  Governor  of  Yucatan. 
It  comprised  a  force  of  1,500  soldiers,  many  of  whom  had 

'  Diivila  Padilla,  "  Ilistoria  de  la  funilacion  de  la  Provinria  de  San- 
tiago de  Mexico,"  Madrid,  1596,  pp.  231-268.  Burcia,  "  Eiisayo  Crono- 
logico,"  pp.  28-31. 

■'  "  Ponnie  a  nuestro  oficio  pastoral  y  al  oflcio  npostolico  quo  tenemos 
pertenece  procurar  por  todas  las  vias  y  modos  que  pudiereiuos  conio  la  Fee 
de  C'liristo  Nuestro  Redentor  sea  ainpliada,  y  todas  la.s  geiites  veiigan  en 
coiioeimiento  do  Dies  y  salvar  sus  animas,  suplieamos  a  V.  M.  sea 
servido  jiroveer  y  inandar  jwr  las  vias  que  mas  justas  pareeieren  que  la 
Florida  y  gcnte  della  veiigan  eii  connsciiniciito  de  su  Criador,  pues  la 
tenemos  tan  cerca  y  sabenios  la  innumerable  gente  (pie  en  ella  se  condena 
por  no  haber  quicn  les  prediquc  ol  Santo  pjvangello."  Archbishop  of 
Mexico  to  the  emperor,  Nov.  1, 1555.     "  Col.  de  Doc.  Ined.,"  3,  p.  526. 


I 

m 
If 


128 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


ArTOGRAPn  nv   FATItEU  PEDRO  DE 
FKRIA. 


already  been  iu  Florida,  with  a  iiuniber  of  settlers,  and  all 
necessary  inii)lenients  for  tilling  the  earth,  clearing  the  for- 
ests, and  building  houses 
and  defences.  At  the  head 
of  the  spiritual  direction  of 
the  intended  colony  was  the 
Dominican  Father  Peter  de 
Feria,  afterwards  Bishop  of 
Chiapa. 

The  plan  was  to  form 
one  settlement  on  the  Gulf 
coast,  one  at  Coosa,  inland, 
and  a  third  on  the  Atlantic  at  Santa  Kleiia:  not  reduciiiir 
the  Indians  by  conque<;t,  but  as  Father  Feria  states  in  a  letter 
announcing  his  tle])arture,  "by  good  exami)le,  with  good 
works,  and  with  presents,  to  bring  the  Indians  to  a  knowledge 
of  our  holy  Faith  and  Catholic  truth." 

The  viceroy  acted  with  great  ])rudence  and  forecast,  lie- 
fore  sending  out  the  expedition  he  dispatched  Guido  de  La- 
bazares,  an  experienced  pilot,  to  examine  the  coast  and  select 
a  port  for  the  vessels  to  enter.  The  pilot  selected  Pensacola 
J}ay,  which  he  named  Fernandina,  a  safe  and  good  harl)or, 
with  a  well-wooded  country  abounding  in  game  and  iish,  and 
a  soil  that  richly  repaid  the  rude  Indian  cultivation.  Then 
the  I'xpedition  prepared  to  sail,  the  viceroy  coming  in  jierson 
to  Vera  Cruz  to  address  and  encourage  Tristan  de  Luna  and 
those  placed  under  his  command.  Father  Peter  de  Feria  went 
as  vice-jirovincial  of  Florida,  accompanied  by  Father  Dominic 
of  the  Annunciation,  Father  Dominie  de  Saliizar,  Father  Joli?) 
Mazuelas,  Father  Dominic  of  St.  Dominic,  and  a  lay  brother. 
They  saiknl  June  1 1,  IT).")!*,  but  though  they  entered  Pensa- 
cola Bay,  Ti-istan  de  Luna,  instead  of  settling  there  as  was 
intended,  yielded  to  the  advice  of  his  pilots,  and  lost  time  in 


:s. 


DOMINICANS  IN  FLORIDA. 


129 


ttlers,  aiul  all 
ariiij^  the  for- 
Kliiig  houses 
At  the  head 
il  direction  of 
olon  V  was  the 
ther  Peter  de 
rds  Bisliop  of 

fvas  to  form 
;  on  the  Gulf 
])oosa,  inland, 
not  reducing 
itcs  in  a  letter 
;,  with  good 
a  knowledge 

orecast.  J5e- 
Ciuido  de  La- 
ast  and  select 
ed  Peiisacola 
good  harbor, 
and  lish,  and 
itioii.  Then 
ng  in  jierson 
de  Luna  and 
le  Feria  went 
her  Dominic 
Father  .lolin 
I  lay  brother, 
tered  ]*ensa- 
thcre  as  was 
I  lost  time  in 


looking  for  Ichuse  or  Santa  Eosa  Bay,    Here  the  disembark- 
ation began,  but  was  carried  on  with  little  energy,  the  vessels 
riding  at  anchor  for  weeks,  while  an  exploring  party,  accom- 
panied by  one  of  the  miasionaries,  penetrated  inland,,     On 
the  19th  day  of  September  a  terrible  hurricane  came  upon 
them ;  five  ships,  a  galleon,  and  a  bark  perished ;  many  of  the 
people,  and  nearly  all  the  year's  provision,  were  destroyed. 
After  this  terrible  blow,  Tristan  de  Luna  obtained  relief 
from  Mexico;   and   another   exploring  party,  attended  by 
Feathers  Dominic  of  the  Annunciation  and  F'ather  Salazar, 
reached  Nanipacna  on  the  Escambia,  an  Indian  town,  which 
seemed  so  attractive  that  Tristan  de  Luna,  leaving  a  detach- 
ment on  the  coast,  proceeded  to  it,  and  naming  it  Santa  Cruz, 
resolved  to  settle  there.     The  commander  showed  in  every- 
thing dilatoriness  and  inefficiency.     At  Santa  Cruz  he  prob- 
ably erected  some  dwellings,  and  perhaps  a  chapel;  though 
he  wintered  there,  he  cleared  and  planted  no  land  in  the 
spring;  but  Jaramillo  was  sent  on  an  expedition  to  Cosa, 
on  the  Coosa,  attended  by  the  same  missionaries,  to  obtain 
provisions  from  the  Indians.     Forming  a  friendly  alliance 
with  the  Cosa  tribe,  the  Spaniards  accompanied  their  war 
parties  against  the  Napochies,  a  tributary  tribe  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, who  sought  to  throw  off  their  yoke.     Father  Dominie 
of  the  Annunciation,  and  Father  Salazar,  shared  all  the  hard- 
ships and  dangers  of  the  party,  saying  mass  in  rustic  chai)el8 
made  of  boughs,  as  the  camp  moved  from  jilace  to  place.    On 
one  of  these  occasions,  as  Father  Dominic  was  saying  mass, 
he  saw  a  huge  caterpillar  on  the  very  rim  of  the  chalice,  just 
after  the  consecration.    He  was  afraid  to  attempt  to  remove  it 
for  fear  it  should  fall  into  the  chalice ;  he  uttered  a  fervent 
prayer,  and  to  his  relief  saw  it  fall  from  the  chalice  dead  on 
the  altar. 

Regarded  as  a  divine  interposition  this  incident  filled  the 


h 


;li: 


J 


-I 


4  n 


130  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

party  with  new  confidoiico.     Before  the  return  of  this  party, 
Tristan  de  Luna  abandoned  Santa  Cruz  and  retired  to  Pensa- 
cohi,  where  linally  the  wliole  force  was  gathered.    lie  wished 
to  proceed  to  Cosa  and  form  a  settlement  there,  hut  Ids  men 
n^fused.     Three  vessels  sent  to  examine  8t.  Helena  Sound 
were  scattered  by  a  storm.     The  tine  expedition  iitted  out 
from   Mexico,  and   nuiintained  at  enormous  expense,  after 
nearly  two  years'  occupation  of  Florida  had  eiVectcd  abso- 
lutely nothing;  not  a  sign  of  settleinent,  no  houses,  chapels, 
or  anything  but  mere  temporary  structures  existed.     I'alher 
Feria,  linding  that  there  was  no  hope  of  a  successful  coloni- 
zation, end)arl<ed  for  Havana  with  Father  John  and  Father 
Dominic,  when  Tristan  de  Luna  returned  to  the  coast;  he 
believed  his  fellow  nnssionaries  dead,  but  left  some  wheat 
ilour  t.>  enable  them  to  say  mass.'    The  other  Fathers  lalx.red 
among  the  Spaniards,  but  among  the  Indians  fomid  their 
miiustry  so  fruitless  that  only  one  conversion  is  attril)utcd  to 
their  zeal.     The  dissension  that  arose  between  Tristan  de 
Luna,  whose  mind  was  nnsettled  by  delirious  fevers,  and  the 
next  in  command,  George  Ceron,  gave  the  missionaries  a 
field  for  their  Christian  charity,  as  it  divided  the  camp  int.. 
two  hostile  factions.     Tristan  issued  an  onler  menacing  any 
dcR^ter  with  <leath.     Two  s(.ldiers  attempted  to  escape  from 
the  camp,  and  wen^  sentenced  to  die.     In  vain  did  Father 
Donunic  ..f  the  Anmmciation  implore  their  i)ardon  ;  but  as 
tlte  commander  steridy  refused,  he  liastencd  to  prepare  the 
unfortunate  men  for  death,  urging  them  to  recite  the;  msary 
and  commend  themselves  to  Our  Lady.     One  hearkened  to 
him,  and  spent  the  night  performing  the  devoti.m  with  the 
zealous  Dominic m ;  the  other  sullenly  refused.    In  the  nu.rn- 


>  Thi^'  lilllo  proviHion   U  roportcd   to  Imvc   tn«to«l   till  tlin  wttlrnirnl 
l.rok.-  up.  liiHl  iU  iuc'xhuiwliblu  uuturu  reiulUd  lli.>  luinu^ltiof  the  widow's 

ITUW!. 


^^mm 


THEIR  INFLUENCE. 


131 


t  this  party, 
(d  to  Pcnsa- 

Ile  wifilied 
mt  his  men 
jlt'iia  Souml 
n  iittod  out 
penso,  after 
I'ectcd  al)Bo- 
808,  chapels, 
ed.  Fatlier 
ssful  ctthuii- 
1  and  Fatlicr 
le  coast ;  he 
some  wheat 
Lhers  hd)ored 

found  their 
attrihuted  to 
1  Tristan  do 
vers,  and  the 
lissionaries  a 
lie  camp  into 
iicnacinj;  any 
)  escape  from 
in  did  Father 
rdon ;  hnt  as 
[)  jireparc  the 
ite  the  rosary 

h(>arkened  to 
•tion  with  the 

In  the  niorn- 

1  tlin  M'tllrnirnl 
Icof  the  widow's 


ing  Tristan  de  Luna  remitted  the  punishment  of  the  client 
of  Mary,  and  the  other  paid  the  penalty  of  the  law. 

Ah   the   ditisenaion    increased,  the  governor   linally   con- 
demned fJeron  and  his  adherents  to  death  as  rebels.     After 
Father  Salazar  had  in  vain  endeavored  to  appease  the  com- 
mander. Father  Dominic  of  the  Annunciation  resolved  to 
ni:d<c  a  solemn  and  jmhlic  appeal  to  his  Christian  feelings. 
As  Holy  Week  approached  the  missionaries  commended  the 
aifair  to  Crod,  and  on  Palm  Sunday  Father  Donn'nic  oll'ered 
earnest  prayers   for  peace.     The  general,  Ceron,  and  the 
officers    and    soldiers    gathered    in    the    chaj>el    for  mass, 
which  Father  Dominic  was  to  olfer.     The  holy  sacrifice  went 
on  till  the  moment  of  connmmion   approached,  when  he 
sKldeidy  called  Tristan  de  Luna  by  name.      The  general, 
amazed,  ntse  and  approached  the  altar.     Turning  towards 
him  with  the  sacred  host  in  his  hands,  Father  Dominic  said  : 
"  Von  believe  that  it  is  the  true  Body  of  our  Lord  .lesus 
Christ,  Son  of  the  living  God,  who  came  from  heaven  to 
ein-tli  to  redeem  us  from  the  power  of  sin  and  the  devil,  this 
Sacred  Host,  which  I  hold  in  iny  unworthy  hands  T'    "  Yes, 
I  believe  it,"  replied  the  governor,  not  knowing  what  all  this 
meant.     "  Do  you  believe  that  this  same  Lord  is  to  come  to 
judge  the  living  and  the  dead,  to  reward  the  good  and  pun- 
ish the  wicked  r'     "Yes,  I  believe,"  again  replied  Tristan; 
and  Father  Dominic,  believing  that  he  had  touched  his  heart, 
proceeded:    "If   then  yon  believe,  aw  a  true  and  faithful 
(liristian,  in  the  real  presence  of  the  Supreme  Judge  of  all, 
in  this  Holy  Host,  how,  without  fear  of  Him  wlio  la  to  judge 
us,  can  you  ]H'rmit  so  many  evils,  so  many  sins  agains*  Him, 
as  for  the  lust  five  months  w    have  deplored  and  wept  ovcr^ 
It  behooves  you,  as  superior,  to  remedy  it ;  and  to  read  in 
your  own  heart  whether  hatred,  cloaked  with  zeal  for  justice, 
has  room  in  your  heart,  when  to  distinguish  them  the  least 


■  i : 

II 

;V 

1    1 

fl 

^^ 

'  I     '1 

m 

'HHi^H 

wH 

.^B'^l 

.  ■<  i\ 

si^H 

;ti 

Wk 

-A 

■H 

f'lfM^^H 

l<«f^^^H 

«U 

^^^H 

ijj 

^^^^H 

f| 

■ 

1  'ii 

i  fl 
1  ii 

1 

182 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


ray  of  the  Divine  Liglit,  wliieli  you  have  before  you,  suffices. 
You  beheld  the  innocent  suffer  as  well  as  those  you  judge 
guilty,  and  you  would  confound  the  punishment  of  some 
with  the  unjustice  you  wreak  on  others.  What  account 
can  you  give  of  yourself  on  the  tremendous  day  of  judg- 
ment, if  against  yourself  you  hate  peace,  and  deprive  us  all 
of  it,  when  God  became  man  to  give  peace  to  men  i  Do 
you  wish  to  deprive  us  of  this  happiness,  fanning  the  flames 
of  Satan,  the  father  of  discord?" 

lie  continued  for  a  time  in  this  strain,  and  when  he  turned 
to   the   altar,   the   governor   returned   to  his   place   deeply 
moved.     No  sooner  wan  the  mass  ended  than  Tristan  arose, 
declaring  that  he  had  never  intended  to  wrong  any  naan.     If 
led  by  a  sense  of  duty  he  had  done  so,  he  asked  panhyi. 
They  did  not  allow  him  to  proceed  ;  Ceron  and  his  officers 
were  kneeling  around  him,  iifiking  pardon  at  his  hands.     A 
general  reconciliation  followed,  and  all  prei>ared  to  remedy 
tl.e  distr-ss  caused  by  the  unfortunate  discord.     But  in  a  few 
days   vessels    arrived    un.lcr   Angel   de   VillafaHe,   bearing 
Father  John  de  Contreras,  with  Father  (irtgory  de  Beteta, 
wh..  had  renounced  a  bishopric,  to  spend  his  remaining  days 
in  Florida.     But  when  a  general  council  was  held,  it  was  de- 
tertninetl  to  abandon  the  country  ;  all  except  a  small  i)arty  i>f 
Boldiers,  left  a«  a  garrison,  embarked,  and  Villafafie  sailed 
with  them  to  Saint  Helena  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  but  deem- 
ing it  unsuited  for  settlement,  returned  to  Mexico  in  15(51.' 

The  only  fruit  of  the  voyage  to  the  Atlantic;  coast  was  a 
young  Indian,  brother  of  the  CacLjue  of  Axacan,  on  the 

~  The  dory  of  TriHtun  do  Luna'R  colony  Is  ffivpn  In  Dnvllii  Pndilln. 
••H.-li«-ion  (if  1.1  F.inam-iou  d.-  In  Proviiu-m<lcj  Siinliiipo."  15«7.  pp.  247- 
877-  "Colocoion  de  I)(M-un.ci.t.)«  in.'-diton,"  v..  p.  447;  "  H.'l.uion  luxl 
I^tten.  of  Whwro  (Smith'H  Col.-.Tion.  p.  10);  "  Memorial  of  Trint,.!.  .1. 
Lutm."  I><K-.  inM..  xli..  pp.  2WV-«  ;  ipHimony  takm  in  n-^iird  to  the  col- 
ony ;  and  Barclii,  "  EnRnyo  CronoloRlPO."  pp.  82-41. 


•s. 

:  you,  siiffices. 
56  you  judge 
lent  of  some 
Vlmt  account 
day  of  judg- 
deprive  us  all 
to  men  i  Do 
iug  the  flames 

lien  he  turned 
place   deeply 
Tristan  arose, 
any  man.     If 
nsked   ])ardoii. 
id  his  oflicers 
lis  hands.     A 
•ed  to  remedy 
Hut  in  a  few 
(fafie,   bearing 
[(try  de  Beteta, 
villaining  «lay8 
leld,  it  was  de- 
,  small  party  (»f 
'illafune  sailed 
>ast,  hut  deem- 
xico  in  I'ltU.' 
I  tic  ('(mst  \viv8  a 
ixacan,  on  the 

n  nnvihv  PiKiiUn. 
ro."  1507,  pp.  247- 
;  "  Hcliuirtn  "  unit 
)riiil  of  Trinliui  di' 
regard  to  the  col- 


MENENDEZ  SENT  TO  FLORIDA. 


183 


Chesapeake,  who  was  taken  at  this  time  by  the  Dominicans 
to  Mexico. 

Florida  seemed  so  utterly  unsuited  to  colonization,  so  de- 
void of  wealth  to  be  drawn  from  mines  or  soil,  that  all  fur- 
ther attempts  were  regarded  as  visionary ;  and  a  board  ap- 
pointed by  the  Spanish  monarch  decided  that  no  project  of 
the  kind  was  to  be  entertained,  since  no  other  European  na- 
tion would  attempt  or  could  hope  to  form  a  prosperous  set- 
tlement there  to  the  detriment  of  Spain. 

But  the  elements  still  strewed  the  shores  with  the  wrecks  of 
vessels,  and  the  waves  bore  to  the  beach  the  bodies  of  white 
men  or  wretched  survivors  with  fragments  of  the  rich  car- 
goes. .  Heart-broken  at  the  loss  of  a  son,  wrecked  on  Florida, 
Peter  Menendez,  a  famous  naval  commander,  arrived  in  Spain 
possessed  with  only  one  thought,   that  of  iisking  the  royal 
permii^sicm  to  sail  to  the  rescue  cf  the  hist  scion  of  his  ancient 
house.     Enemies  created  by  the  brave  but  arbitrary  com- 
maiidor.  caused  his  arrest  on  charges  of  misconduct,  and  he 
lingered  for  months  in  prison.     On  obtaining  his  release  he 
sought  the  presence  of  Philip  II.,  to  obtain  the  gratification 
of  his  earnest  desire.     Notwithstanding  the  recent  decision  of 
his  otHcials,  the  Spanish  monarch  proposed  to  Menendez  the 
occupation  and  settlement  of  Florida.     Menendez  did  not  re- 
fuse the  unsought  honor,  attended,  as  it  was,  with  toil  and 
little  prospect  of  success.     He  formed  his  plans,  summoning 
arounrl  him  kinsmen  and  vassals.     While  he  was  collecting 
sliip.s  men,  arms,  and  provisions  of  every  kind,  there  came 
the  startling  intelligence  that  the  Calvinists  of  France,  whose 
corsairs  were  the  unsparing  foes  of  Spain  on  the  ocean,  had 
actually  sent  out  an  expedition  and  occupied  Saint  Helena 
Sound  in  less  than  a  year  after  Villafafle  had  pronounced  it 
entirely  unfit  for  settlement. 
The  expedition  of  Menendeji,  from  being  the  affair  of  an 


i 


134 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


individual  proprietor,  assumed  a  national  importance.  Philip 
giivc  bim  royal  vessels  and  royal  aid,  to  root  out  utterly  a 
settlement  which  would  be  a  constant  menace  to  the  com- 
merce of  Spain,  and  which  from  the  days  of  Cartier's  voyage 
to  the  St.  Lawrence,  it  had  been  the  resolution  of  the  Spanish 
government  to  prevent. 

Cbarlesfort,  established  by  Eibault  on  Port  Royal  Sound  in 
1562,  did  not  subsist  long.     After  indolence,  nmtiny,  and 
Bt^jrvation,  a  few  survivore  rescued  by  an  English  vessel, 
landed  at  last  in  England.    Admiral  Coligny,  undismayed  by 
this  failure,  sent  out  another  expedition  in  1504  under  Rene 
de  Laudonniere.     In  June  that  commander  entered  the  St. 
Jolm's  River,  whicli  the  French  had  named  the  River  of  May. 
Gaining  the   good-will  of  Saturiova  and   other  chiefs,  the 
Frencir  commander  threw  up  Fort  Caroline  on  the  main 
river  of  Florida.     This  new  settlement  was  no  better  man- 
aged than  tlie  former.     Mutiny  ensued  there  also,  and  the 
rebellious  party  extorting  a  Ucense  from  Laudonniere,  t(K>k 
the  vessels  and  proceeded  on  a  piratical  cruise  against  the 
Spanish  ships  and  seaside  settlements.     Those  who  remained 
would  have  jwrished  but  for   aid   furnished  by  Sir  John 
Hawkins,  who,  himself  cruising  against  the  Spaniards,  hap- 
penetl  to  enter  the  river  on  the  M  of  August.     Even  after 
this  aid  Laudonniere  was  on  the  point  of  abandoning  Florida 
when  Ilibault  arrived  witli  a  large  force  in  seven  vessels. 

The  activity  of  Menendez's  preparations  for  the  occupation 
of  Florida  had  l)ecome  known  in  France,  and  Admiral  Co- 
ligny  determined  to  maintain  his  settlement  and  resist  the 
SpanianlH.  For  this  purpose  he  had  eciuipped  tlu-  expedition 
under  Ribault,  who  sailed  from  I)iepi)e,  in  France,  on  the  2Mi 
of  May,  as  Menendez  did  from  Spain  on  the  ii9tli  of  .lune. 

1505. 

Each  commander  used  all  the  resciirccB  of  floamanship  to 


PEIESTS  WITH  MENENDEZ. 


185 


ince.  Philip 
ut  utterly  a 
to  the  corn- 
tier's  voyage 
the  Spanish 

yal  Sound  in 
mutiny,  and 
iglish  vessel, 
dismayed  by 

mider  Rene 
tered  the  St. 
liver  of  May. 
r  chiefs,  the 
jn  the  main 

better  man- 
also,  and  the 
onniere,  took 
e  against  the 
\'\\o  remained 
by  Sir  John 
laniards,  hap- 
Even  after 
oiling  Florida 
in  vessels, 
the  occupation 

Admiral  ( 'o- 
iind  resist  the 
the  expedition 
?e.on  the2(ith 
i'.)th  of  .hme. 

Bcamansliip  to 


outstrip  his  antagonist,  Menendez  to  stnke  a  decisive  blow- 
before  Ribault  could  arrive,  the  French  captain  to  reinforce 
Caroline  so  as  to  meet  any  Spanish  attack. 

Menendez  sailed  from  Cadiz   with  the   San    Pelayo,   a 
royal  vessel,  and  nineteen  others  carrying  more  than  fifteen 
hundred  persons,  including  mechani.-e  of  all  kinds.     Four 
secular  priests  with  proper  faculties  sailed  on  the  San  Pe- 
layo.    Other  vessels  followed,  one  from  Cadiz,  and  three 
from  Aviles  and  Gijon  under  Stephen  de  las  Alas,  who  sidled 
May  25th  with  257  more  persons,  including  eleven  Francis- 
can Fathers,  and  cue  lay  brother,  a  Father  of  the  Merceda- 
rian  order,  one  cleric,  and  eight  Jesuit  Fathers.'     Including 
smallpr  vessels  with   supplies,  the  whole   number  that  era- 
barked  for  Florida  was  2,646,  Menendez  having  expended  a 
million  ducats  in  fourteen  months.     This  great  armament 
was  scattered  by  storms,  and  Menendez  reached  Porto  Rico 
with  less  than  one-third  his  force  in  men  and  vessels.  Learning 
there  that  Ribault  had  outsailed  him,  and  captured  a  Spanish 
vessel  in  the  West  Indies,  thus  opening  hostilities,  Menen- 
dez held  a  council  of  war,  in  which  it  was  decided  to  proceed 
and  attack  the  French  at  once.     He  reached  the  coast  of 
Florida  on  the  28th  of  August,  the  feast  of  St.  Augustine,  and 
the  Te  Deum  was  chanted  vnWx  great  solemnity.     Giving  the 
name  of  the  Bishop  of  Hippo  to  a  harbor  which  he  discovered, 
Menendez  sailed  on  to  di«c,  ver  the  French  fort.     Coming 
upon  Ribault's  vessels  at  tiie  month  of  the  St.  John's,  he  an- 
nounced his  determination  to  put  them  all  to  death.     No 
quarter  at  that  time  was  shown  to  the  Spaniards  on  sea  or 
land  by  the  French  and  Englinh  cnn'sers;  the  Spanish  sol- 
diers in  the  army  of  the  league  in  France;  those  who  es- 
caped  from  the  wreck  of  the  Armada  on  the  coast  of  Ireland, 


%\ 


I'l 


'Bnrda,  p.  691. 


!i 


t! 


136  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

all  were  put  to  death  without  mercy  by  the  English,  unless 
they  were  rich  enough  to  ransom  their  lives.  Only  a  few 
years  before  Jacques  Sorie,  a  French  commander,  had  burned 
Havana  and  hung  his  prisoners  amid  the  smoking  ruins. 
The  terms  announced  by  Menendez  to  the  French  were  pre- 
cisely those  given  to  the  Spaniards  by  Frencli  and  English." 

After  an  ineffectual  pursuit  of  the  French  vessels,  Me- 
nendez sailed  down  the  coast  to  the  harbor  of  Saint  Augus- 
tine, where  he  had  determined  to  plant  his  settlement.  His 
resolution  was  to  fortify  his  position  there  and  hold  out  till 
the  rest  of  his  fleet  arrived. 

Entering  the  harbor  on  the  Gth  of  September,  he  sent  three 
companies  of  soldiers  ashore  under  two  captains,  who  were 
to  select  a  site  and  begin  a  fort.  A  cacique  gave  the  new- 
comers a  large  cabin  near  the  seashore,  and  around  it  the 
Spanish  officers  traced  the  outline  of  a  fort ;  the  soldiers,  with 
their  hands  and  anything  they  could  fashion  into  an  imple- 
ment, digsring  the  ditches  and  throwing  up  the  ramparts. 
The  next  day,  September  8, 15G5,  Menendez  landed  auiid  the 

thunder  of  artillery 
and  the  blast  of 
trumpets,  the  ban- 
ners of  Castile  and 
Arragon  unfurled. 
The  priest,  ^len- 
doza  (irajales,  who 
had  landed  the  pre- 
vious day,  took  a 
cross  and  pro- 
ceeded to  meet  hiin,  followed  by  the  soldiers,  chanting  the  Te 


AOTOailAPn  OF  RKV.  MAUTIN  FnANCTSCO  DE 
MENDOZA  (IUA.IAI.E!*,  FIRST  rAIllSH  PIIIEST 
OF  8T.  AlOI'STINK. 


'  No  Hpanltird  was  found  amon^  Hibaulfs  men,  so  that  we  must  infer 
tlmt  tlu)!<«  Ukcn  on  the  vessel  he  captured  In  the  West  Indies  were  put 
to  death. 


FIRST  MASS  AT  ST.  AUGUSTINE. 


137 


tHsIi,  unless 
Only  a  few 
had  burned 
king  ruins, 
ill  were  pre- 
d  English.' 
vessels,  Me- 
Saint  Augus- 
iincnt.  His 
hold  out  till 

he  sent  three 
8,  who  were 
ve  the  new- 
'ound  it  the 
soldiers,  with 
to  an  iniple- 
ic  ramparts, 
ded  amid  the 
er  of  artillery 
the    blast    of 
>ets.  the  ban- 
if  Castile  and 
;on  unfurled, 
priest,    ^len- 
irajales,  who 
inded  the  pre- 
dav,  took  a 
9  and   pro- 
aiitjjig  the  Te 

It  we  must  infer 
Indies  were  p\it 


SAINT    AUGUSTINE     AND    ITS    ENYIRON8.        FROM    A    SPANISH    PLAN, 
JOUN  JOSEPH  ELIXIO  DE  LA  PUENTE,   FEBHUAUY  16,  1771. 


BY 


(12)  "Spot  called  Nombre  de  Dins,  and  is  the  same  where  the  first  mass 
was  said,  September  8,  1565,  when  the  Spaniards  went  with  the  Adelan- 
tado  Pedro  Menendez  do  Aviles  to  conquer  these  provinces,  and  since 
then  an  Indian  town  has  licen  formed  there,  with  a  chapel,  in  which  was 
placed  the  statue  of  Nuostra  SeHora  de  la  Leche.  The  town  and  chapel 
subsisted  till  March  20, 17;?8,  when,  in  consequence  of  the  British  forces 
then  obtaining  possession  of  it  (they  were  then  endeavoring  to  take  the 
said  fortress  by  surprise),  the  Spanish  governor  ordered  it  to  be  demol- 
ished." 

(15)  "Tlie  chapel  of  Nuestra  Seftora  de  la  Leche,  and  lands  occupied 
by  the  Indians,  who  subsequently  established  their  town  there." 

(19)  "Chapel  of  Our  Lady  of  Guadalupe,  with  the  territory  occupied 
by  the  Indians  of  their  town  called  Tolomato." 

(84)  "  Spot  where  there  was  a  fort  and  Indian  town,  which  was  called 
'  Nombre  de  Dios  Chiquito,'  from  the  second  mass  having  been  said  there, 
at  the  time  of  the  conquest  by  the  said  Pedro  Menendez  de  Avilea." 

(86)  "  Spot  called  Casapullas,  where  there  was  another  Indian  town." 

(17)  Fort. 

(22)  City  Wall. 

(28)  City  of  St.  Augustine. 

(24)  Indian  Church  of  La  Punta. 

(26)  San  Sebastian  River. 

(27)  Potolaca.     Fort  and  Indian  Church. 

(28)  Palica.    Fort  and  Indian  Church. 


M 


138 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Deum.  Menendez  advanced  to  the  cross,  which  he  kissed  on 
bended  knee,  as  did  all  who  followed  hiui.'  The  solemn  mass 
of  Our  Lady  was  then  offered  at  a  spot,  the  memory  of  which 
has  been  preserved  on  Spanish  maps.  It  received  the  name  of 
Nombre  de  Dios,  as  there  the  name  of  God  was  first  invoked 
by  the  awful  sacrifice  of  the  New  Law.  There  in  time  the 
piety  of  the  faithful  erected  the  primitive  hermitage  or 
shriue  of  Nuestra  Seflora  de  la  Leche.'  Thus  began  the  city 
of  St.  Augustine,  and  thus  began  the  permanent  service  of 
the  Catholic  Church  in  that  oldest  city  of  the  United  States, 
maintained  now  with  but  brief  interruption  for  more  than 
three  hundred  years.  Tlic  nauje  of  the  celebrant  is  not  stated, 
and  we  know  that  besides  Grajales  there  was  present  Doctor 
Soils  de  Meras,  brother-in-law  of  Menendez. 

The  work  of  landing  the  supplies  for  the  settlers,  and  arms 
and  munitions  for  the  soldiers  went  steadily  on,  directed  by 
Menendez  himself.  Ilis  ves.sels  could  not  cross  tlie  bar  to 
enter  the  harbor,  and  were  exposed  to  attack.  In  fact  his 
boats  while  landing  the  supplies  were  nearly  captured  by  the 
French,  who  suddenly  appeared.  The  Spaniards  ascribed 
their  escape  to  Our  Lady  of  Consolation  at  Utrera,  whom 
they  invoked  in  their  sore  strait.  As  soon  as  all  needed  by 
liis  settlement  was  disembarked,  Menendez  sent  off  his  ves- 
sels and  prepared  to  act  on  the  defensive.  His  force  con- 
sisted of  six  hundred  men  at  arms  ;  the  French  were  superior 
in  numlxjrs,  and  had  their  ships.  But  while  the  French 
vessels  hovered  around  the  entrance  to  the  harbor  of  St. 
Augustine,  wasting  their  opportunity  to  strike  a  decisive 


'Francisco  Lopez  de  Mcndoza  Grajales,  "Memoria,"  Sept.  29,  1505, 
MS. 

'  It  was  north  of  the  present  Fort  Marion,  and  further  from  it  than  the 
wrond  ahrinc  of  N.  B.  de  lii  I^  e.  The  offering  of  the  mass  is  not  men- 
tioned by  Mendoza,  but  is  given  by  Barcia,  p.  76. 


f 


CHAPEL  AT  SAN  MATHEO. 


189 


,"  Sept.  29,  1505, 


blow,  the  practiced  eye  of  Menendez,  trained  by  long  experi- 
ence to  know  the  changes  of  tropical  weather,  discerned  a 
coming  norther.  The  French  fleet  must  be  driven  south- 
ward before  it,  far  from  their  fort.  In  an  instant  he  resolved 
to  assume  the  offensive,  to  march  on  Fort  Caroline,  which  he 
believed  to  be  but  fifteen  miles  distant,  capture  it,  and  leave 
the  French  without  a  foothold  on  the  coast.  A  mass  of  the 
Holy  Ghost  was  offered,  and  a  council  convened.  Most  of 
the  officers  opposed  his  plan  as  rash  ;  the  two  priests  begged 
him  not  to  leave  his  fort  with  helpless  women  and  children 
exposed  to  the  French  or  Indian  foes. 

Selecting  nearly  all  his  soldiers  able  to  march,  Menendez 
set  out  on  the  ICth  after  hearing  mass  with  his  troops,  leav- 
ing the  settlers  and  the  feeble  garrison  of  the  fort  in  deep 
anxiety  and  fear.  Gathering  around  their  altar  as  days  went 
on,  they  sought  the  protection  of  heaven  against  dangers  that 
menaced  them  from  the  sea  and  from  the  land.  Faint-hearted 
deserters  from  the  expedition  came  back  announcing  that 
Menendez  was  marching  to  certain  destruction.  Every  hour 
increased  the  possibility  of  a  return  of  the  French  ships,  con- 
scious, perhaps,  of  their  defenceless  state. 

Meanwhile  Menendez  had  pushed  on  amid  the  storm, 
through  swamps  and  flooded  lands,  his  march  impeded  by  the 
tropic  vegetation.  At  daybreak  on  the  21st  he  dashed  into 
Fort  Caroline,  putting  all  to  the  sword,  sparing  only  the 
women,  and  boys  under  fifteen.  It  was  not  a  battle ;  it  was 
a  mere  slaughter ;  for  Laudonniere  seems  to  have  made  no 
preparation  for  defence. 

The  next  day  mass  was  celebrated  in  the  captured  fort, 
which  received  the  name  of  San  Matheo-its  capture  having 
taken  place  on  the  feast  of  the  apostle  St.  Matthew.  Then 
two  crosses  were  set  up  on  eminences,  and  a  site  marked  out 


!• 


140  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

for  a  chapel  to  be  built  of  wood  prepared  by  the  French  for 

a  vessel.'  0.4.1    i 

The  anxiety  at  St.  Augustine  was  relieved  on  the  24th  by 
the  approach  of  a  soldier  announcing  the  victory.  Mendoza, 
arrayed  in  his  best  cassock  and  surplice,  went  to  meet  the 
general  with  four  ecclesiastics  chanting  the  Te  Deum  in 
which  Menendez  and  the  soldiers  who  accompanied  him 
ioiued  after  kneeUng  to  kiss  the  cross. 

When  some  days  afterwards  the  shipwrecked  Frenchmen 
of  Kibault's  force  approached  St.  Augustine,  Mendoza  ac- 
companied Menendez  by  his  command.  The  Spanish  general 
resolved  to  put  all  the  unfortunate  men  to  death;  but  Men- 
doza writes:  -As  I  was  a  priest,  and  had  the  bowels  of  a 
,„an,  I  asked  him  to  grant  me  a  favor,  and  it  was  that  those 
who  should  prove  to  be  Christian  should  not  die,  and  so  lie 
granted.  Examination  made,  we  found  ten  or  twelve,  and 
these  we  brought  with  us." '  ,       ,         j 

Menendez,  thus  left  in  full  possession  of  Florida,  planned 
the  occupation  of  Port  Royal,  the  Chesapeake,  and  Tampa 
Bav      Besides  strengthening  St.  Augustine  and  San  Matheo, 
he'visited  Port  Royal  in  April,  1566,  and  erected  a  stockade 
fort  which  he  named  San  Felipe,  and  assigned  the  command 
to  s'tep^ien  de  las  Alas.'     Menendez^Jiisj^^ 
"Ti~;:;';;i;;^lowed  the  m^scnpt  of  Don  Soils  de  Moras,  mentions 
the  mass  and  projected  chapel,  so  that  probably  that  pncst  accompumed 
Menendez  on  his  march. 

•  The  terrible  slauRhter  of  shipwrecked  men  by  Menendez  aroused 
great  indignation  in  France,  and  appeals  were  ""^e  to  Uiekmg  to  avenge 
k  Only  by  perverting  historical  truth,  however,  can  it  be  made  a  so  1- 
ry  or  unusual  ease.  The  French  never  gave  quarter  to  the  Spaniard, 
and  only  a  few  vears  before.  Menendez  had  seen  the  burning  nuns  <.f 
Havana' trewn  with  the  corpses  of  its  »'"*<^''"'' J '"*';^'^"';- i^J"'"  " 
every  reason  to  believe  that  the  cruisers  from  Caroline  and  Ribault  put 
to  death  the  Spaniards  whom  they  captured. 
«  Barcia,  "  Ensayo  Cronologico."  p.  108. 


I 


B  French  for 

the  24th  by 
.  Meiidoza, 
to  meet  the 
'e  Deum,  in 
ipanied  him 

I  Frenchmen 
Mciuloza  ac- 
anish  general 
h;  but  Men- 
bowels  of  a 
•as  that  thoKC 
lie,  and  so  he 
r  twelve,  and 

arida,  planned 
;e,  and  Tampa 
]  San  Matheo, 
ted  a  stockade 
the  command 
iento  with  the 

;  Mcras,  mentions 
■iest  accompanied 


[enendez  arouned 
he  king  to  avenge 
it  be  made  a  soli- 
to  the  Spaniards, 
burning  niins  of 
itants,  and  there  is 
J  and  Ribault  put 


1 

■ 

1 

H 

■t!«l 

» 

III 

1 

III 

1 

Hi 

C.Scrtiilcl.  "  '  ' 

DEATH  OF  FATHER  PETER  MARTINEZ.  SJ 

»ROM  TANNER,  ••80CIKTA8  MIUTAN3."   1678. 


FIRST  VICAR  AT  ST.  AUGUSTINE. 


141 


king,  March  20,  1565,  bound  himself  to  bring  out  ten  or 
twelve  religious  of  some  order,  men  of  exemplary  life,  and 
four  Jesuits.  He  was  himself  zealous,  and  alive  to  the  ne- 
cessity of  converting  the  Indians  to  Christianity,  and  at  vari- 
ous points  erected  crosses,  and  left  Spaniards,  men  of  probity, 
who  were  daily  at  the  foot  of  the  cross,  to  recite  a  short 
abridgment  of  Christian  doctrine,  to  familiarize  the  natives 
with  the  devotions  of  Catholics.  He  earnestly  appealed  to 
the  Society  of  Jesus  for  missionaries  to  labor  for  their  con- 
version. 

Of  the  first  church  at  St.  A-Ugustine  and  the  cliapels  at  San 
Matheo  and  San  Felipe  we  have  no  distinct  accounts  ;  but  in 
the  mutinies  and  troubles  incident  to  a  new  settlement,  we 
find  the  Vicar  Lopez  de  Mendoza  interceding  for  mutineers 
and  saving  their  lives.  He  was  an  active  and  zealous  priest 
and  seems  to  have  labored  from  Cannaveral  to  the  St.  John's 
Eiver.  He  was  a  native  of  Xerez  de  la  Frontera,  and  was 
named  by  Menendez,  with  the  consent  of  the  Bishop  of  San- 
tiago de  Cuba,  under  the  Epyal  Patronage,  granted  to  the 
Spanish  monarchs  by  Pope  Julius  II.,'  "Vicar  and  Superior  at 
St.  Augustine  and  San  Matheo,  having  four  clergymen  under 
him,  one  of  whom  soon  proved  to  be  most  unworthy.' 

In  the  vessels  that  arrived  in  1506  there  came  some  Do- 
minican Fathers,  and  Menendez  sent  two  of  them  with  Don 
Luis  Velasco,  the  brother  of  the  chieftain  of  Axacan,  to  the 
Chesapeake,  with  a  captain  and  thirty  soldiers  for  their  pro- 
tection.    Menendez  deemed  it  necessary  to  occupy  the  bay 


'  Barcia,  "  Ensayo  Cronologico,"  p.  173.  See  Bull,  "  Universalis  Ec- 
clesia)  Regimini,"  July  28, 1538,  in  Ribadaneyra,  "  Manual,  5  Clompcndio 
del  Regio  Patronato,"  pp.  408-15.  Heraaez,  " Coleccion de  Bulas,"  Brus- 
sels, 1879,  !.,  pp.  24-25. 

'Barcia,  "Ensayo  Cronologico,"  p.  116;  Letter  of  Vicar  Mendoza, 
December  19,  1569. 


IPI I 


I 


142 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


as  the  northern  bulwark  of  the  Spanish  power.  His  inten- 
tion was,  liowever,  baffled,  for  the  captain,  pretending  to 
have  been  prevented  l)y  storms,  made  his  way  to  Seville.' 

The  Spanish  commander,  as  we  have  seen,  had  labored  to 
give  the  Indians  some  ideas  of  Christianity.  Philip  II.  had 
already  recpiested  St.  Francis  Borgia,  General  of  the  Society 
of  Jesus,  to  send  twenty-four  of  his  religious  to  found  a  mis- 
sion in  Florida.  Unable  to  assign  so  many  at  once,  the  Saint 
selected  for  the  purpose  Father  Peter  Martinez,  a  native  of 
Celda,  in  the  diocese  of  Saragosa ;  Father  John  Kogel,  of 
Pamplona,  and  Brother  Francis  de  Villareal.  These  pioneers 
sjiilod  from  San  Lncar  in  a  Flemish  vessel,  but  near  the  Flor- 
ida coast  it  separated  froni  the  tleet  to  which  it  belonged. 

FAC-SIMIl.K  OK  SIONATCRE  OF  FATOKll  JOHN   nOQEL. 

Ignorant  of  his  i)osition  the  captain  sent  a  boat  asliore,  in 
which  Father  Martinez  euil)arked  to  reassure  the  sailors. 
While  they  were  on  land  a  storm  drove  the  vessel  off,  and  it 
evcntually'i>ut  in  at  Havana  ;  meanwhile  the  missionary  aii<l 
his  ])nrty,  eiideavoriiig  to  reach  the  Spanish  port,  were  as- 
sailed by  In.lians,  who  dragged  Father  Martinez  from  the 
boat  and  i)ut  iiim  to  death  on  tho  island  of  Tacatacurii,  now 
Cumberland,  not  far  from  the  mouth  of  St.  John's  Hivcr.' 


•  Bnrcln.  "  Ensnyo  Cmnnlonico,"  pp   119,  128  ;   letter  of  Mcncndcz 
to  tlic  kiiiff.     The  first  rhiipcl  wfiH  uppnroiitly  at  Nombrt-  de  Dios  (hi 
(luiU-.  whiTo  the  city  w;is  first  lu'sun.     It  wiw  reinovcd  iM'fore  ITiTO  ti) 
it«  prcwiit  |)<)8ition.     "  Discumi  w.hrc  In  pcilihicion  de  la  Costa  de  lu 
Floriihi,"  MS      8<o  plmi  <'f  l>e  1:»  I'liente.  No.  !J4. 

'  Tinnier,  "  Borictiw.Iesu  ii-iquoad  Siinguliiisel  Vilffl  Profiwloncm  Mill 
tunii."  Pmgue,  1675.  pp.  44»-5 ;  Uarcla,  "  Ensayo  Croiiologlco,"  p.  120. 


I 


JESUIT  MISSIONS. 


143 


His  inten- 
etending  to 

Seville." 
I  labored  to 
lilip  II.  had 

the  Society 
'ouiid  a  mis- 
ce,  the  Saint 
,  a  native  of 
n  Ilogel,  of 
icsc  pioneers 
ear  the  Flor- 
it  belonged. 


r 


OGEL. 

at  asliore,  in 
I  the  sailors, 
•icl  off,  and  it 
issionarv  and 
K)rt,  were  as- 
lez  from  the 
atac'uni,  now 
ohn's  iiivor.' 

?r  of  Mi-ni'iidez 
re  (le  Dios  (hi 
1  iM'fort'  inTO  to 
la  Cmla  (Ic  lu 

ri)fuslonom  Mill 
.loglco."  p.  120. 


With  this  good  missionary  were  lost  Bulls  and  Faculties  of 
St.  Pius  V.  regarding  the  nussion.'  Father  Eogel  and  his 
companion,  at  the  request  of  Menendez,  remained  in  Havana 
to  study  the  language  of  the  Indians  of  Southern  Florida. 
In  March,  1567,  they  proceeded  with  Menendez  to  the  prov- 
ince of  Carlos,  where  the  Spaniards  had  erected  a  block- 
house. The  governor  ordered  another  house  to  be  put  uj) 
for  Doila  Antonia,  the  converted  sister  of  the  chief,  and  a 
chapel  in  which  Father  Rogel  might  offer  the  holy  sacvilice. 
This  third  Catholic  chapel  in  Florida  was  on  Charlotte  Har- 
bor, on  tlio  western  shore  of  the  peninsula.  Father  Rogel 
immediately  began  a  series  of  instructions  to  the  soldiers, 
who  had  long  been  deprived  of  the  sacraments.  He  re- 
mained as  chaplain  of  the  post  and  missionary  to  the  Indians 
till  Menendez  arrived  from  Spain  in  1568,  bringing  ten  mis- 
sionaries chosen  by  St.  Francis  Borgia.  They  were  Father 
John  Baptist  Segnra,  a  native  of  Toledo,  who  had  been  ap- 
pointed Vice- Provincial  of  Florida ;  Fathers  Gonzalo  del 
Alamo,  Antonio  Sedefio,  and  Juan  de  la  Carrera,  with  several 
brothers,  Dominic  Augustine  Baez,  John  Baptist  Mendcz, 
Gal)riel  Solis,  Peter  Ruiz,  John  Salcedo,  Christoplier  Re- 
dondo,  and  Peter  de  Linares.     An  Indian  school  was  estab- 


'  Barcia,  p.  131  ;  Letter  of  Don  Pedro  Meneiide/,,  Oetober  10,  150fi,  in 
Alenzar,  "  Clirono-llistoria  de  la  Provincia  de  Toledo";  triinnlated  by 
D.  O.  Hrinloii,  in  Hi.sl(<rieal  Mapizine,  Oelolier,  18(il,  pp.  i!02-4.  Tlie 
place  where  Failiei  Martinez  died  was  on  the  island  of  Taentaeiini. 
This  was  an  i.sland  six  leajjues  lonjr,  near  the  mouth  of  the  St.  .lohn, 
evidently  to  the  north,  as  the  Freneh  occupied  it  in  operating  npunst 
Fort  San  Mateo.  The  Spaniards  erected  Fort  San  Pedro  on  it,  and  the 
island  took  that  name,  wliich  Oglethorpe  changed  to  Cumberland.  "  Col. 
do  Doc.  Ined.,"  13,  pp.  807-8  ;  Stevens,  "  Georgia,"  i.,  l.Vi.  The  holy  Pope, 
Saint  Pius  v.,  was  deeply  interested  in  the  con"ersion  and  kind  treat- 
tneiil  of  the  Indians,  whieh  he  constantly  ui„i(l.  See  letlerB  iu  llernuez, 
i.,  pp.  104-1 OU ;  lett43r  to  Menendez,  Uarcia,  un.  1000. 


*  It   .11 


f      it 

n 


I 


I 


l« 


144 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


lished  in  Havana  under  Father  Rogel  and  Brother  Villareal^ 
to  receive  boys  sent  from  the  province  of  Carlos. 

Father  Segura  and  tlie  others,  after  prochiimiug  the  Jubilee 
in  St.  Augustine,  proceeded  to  Carlos,  and  also  began  missions 
in  the  provinces  of  Tocobaga  and  Tequesta,  besides  attending 
the  Spanish  posts ;  Father  Sedeflo  with  Brother  Baez  finally 
taking  up  his  abode  in  Guale,  now  Amelia  Island,  and  he 
may  be  regarded  as  the  pioneer  priest  of  Georgia.  Brother 
Baez  applied  himself  so  zealously  to  the  language  of  the  In- 
dians that  in  time  he  drew  up  a  grammar  and  prepared  a 
catechism  for  the  instruction  of  the  neophytes.' 

The  next  year  (15(59)  Father  Rogel  went  with  some  of  his 
fellow  religious  to  the  post  of  Santa  Helena,  on  Port  Royal 
harbor,  thus  becoming  the  first  resident  priest  in  the  present 
territory  of  South  Carolina.  After  ministering  to  the  Spanish 
soldiers  and  settlers,  he  entered  the  Indian  town  of  Orista, 
twelve  leagues  from  the  post,  which  excited  great  hopes,  as 
the  natives  seemed  more  civilized  and  docile  than  those  of 
Carlos.  Here  a  church  was  erected,  and  a  house  for  him  and 
three  young  men  whom  he  took  as  assistants.  At  the  end  of 
six  months,  by  diligent  study,  he  acquired  the  language  snlli- 
ciently  to  instnict  the  Indians  in  the  fundamental  doctrines 
of  the  Unity  and  Omnipotence  of  God,  the  imjuortality  of 
the  Boul,  a  state  of  rewards  and  punisinnent.  Hut  though 
they  listened  at  first,  his  fl(M>k  soon  scattered.  Father 
SedeOo  retained  his  nuditors  only  while  the  store  of  Indian 
corn  lasted,  which  the  Bishop  of  Santiago  de  Cuba,  Don  Juan 
del  Castillo,  had  given  him  to  win  the  good-will  of  the  peo 
pie.  Brother  Baez  died  of  malarial  fever  amid  his  labors,  and 
Father  Sodefio  returned  to  Santa  Helena;  but  at  the  close  of 
a  year  the  labors  of  Fathers  Segura,  Sedefio,  and  Alamo,  and 


Barcia,  p.  188 ;  Turner,  "  SocieUu  Militani,"  p.  447. 


4*? 
■V 


ES. 

)tlier  Villareal, 

08. 

iig  the  J  ubilee 
began  missions 
sides  attending 
er  Baez  tinally 
Island,  and  he 
rgia.  Brother 
lage  of  the  la- 
nd prepared  a 

th  some  of  his 

on  Port  Royal 

in  tlie  present 

to  the  Spanish 

)\vn  of  Orista, 

great  hopes,  as 

;  than  those  of 

se  for  him  and 

At  the  end  of 

langnage  snlli- 

ental  doctrinert 

immortality  of 

Hnt  though 

ered.      Father 

tore  of  Indian 

nha,  Don  Juan 

ill  of  the  ]w<>- 

]m  labors,  and 

at  tlie  close  of 

nd  Alamo,  an<l 


■  p.  447. 


fl 


i  I  I 


Cknitcvlu&dunL  %jySLnt'brUcLyrvCliriJkfuk  truadtttiA.irrueJM 
CScridd,     ^       ^  ^  X.UkM.Alf: 

DEATH  OF  FATHER  JOHN  BAPTIST  DE  SBOIIRA,  8J.   AND  HIS  OOMPANIONa 

rROM  TANNKR   "  HOUIITA8  UlLITANB.  '   ISVS. 


1 

LETTER  OF  ST.  PIUS  V. 


145 


liK.. 


»J<!)i 


5^ 


5^1 


MCtuSauellia. 

JGUfllf: 

IS  CXIMPANIONS. 


Brother  Villareal,  had  resulted  in  the  baptism  of  seven,  four 
children  and  three  adults,  at  the  point  of  death. 

Father  Kogel  found  as  little  to  console  him  at  Crista,  for 
though  he  induced  the  Indians  to  build  houses  and  plant  the 
Indian  corn  which  he  distributed  among  them,  their  tickle 
nature  soon  wearied  of  the  restraint,  and  nearly  all  abandoned 
the  rising  village.     The  few  who  remained  rose  against  him 
when  he  warned  them  to  avoid  the  snares  and  deceits  of  the 
devil,  for  they  declared  him  to  be  the  best  tiling  in  the 
\yorld,  as  he  made  men  brave.     Other  tribes  which  the  mis- 
sionary visited  gave  him  no  encouragement;  and  in  July, 
1570,  he  demolished  his  house  and  chapel,  and  promising  the 
Indians  to  return  as  soon  as  they  were  will'iig  to  hear  lAm, 
rnade  his  way,  sad  and  dispirited,  to  Sant'v  Helena,  where 
Fatiier  Alamo  had  remained.     There  he  Ir.bored  among  the 
Spaniards  for  a  time,  witnessing  the  sufferings  for  want  of 
food,  men  reduced  by  hunger  till  unfit  to  labor.'     To  obtain 
relief  he  proceeded  to  Havana  with  Father  Sedefio,  taking 
Indian  boys  from  various  tribes  to  the  seminary. 

Menendez,in  Spain,  had  received  the  following  letter  from 
Saint  Pius  V.,  then  Pope  : 

"to  odr  beloved  son  and  noble  lord  pkdro  menendez 

DE   AVILES,   VICEROY    IN   THE   PROVINCE   OF   FLORIDA   IN   THE 
PARTS   OF   INDIA  : 

"Beloved  Son  and  noble  Sir— 

"  Health,  grac^e,  and  the  blessing  of  our  Lord  be  with  you. 
Amen. 

"  We  rejoice  greatly  to  hear  that  our  dear  and  beloved  son 
in  Christ,  Philip,  Catholic  King,  has  named  and  appointed 

'  Letter  of  Fntl.er  RorcI  to  Junn  do  riinystrosu.  Dec.  2. 1560  M8~l.Pt. 
tor  of  su^o  ,0  Meno„.|..,  n.,.  „,  ,,,70.  in  Alcazar.  '•  rhr^^fli^tort 
1.'  Ii.  (  ...  .„nm  ,],.  Jesus  ,.„  la  Provineia  ,le  Toledo."  Deo.  Hi  ■  Afio  viii 
tmnsluted  by  D.  G.  Brinto..  iu  Hi«,„r.  MaKu.ine.  1801.  p.  827; " 


■'  t 


ii 


>.B      !^ 


' !  i  ;i 


it  ! 


Ill 


Ml 

■ 

,  1    1 

1 

! 

i 

1 
J 

■ 

146  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

you  Governor  of  Florida,  creating  you  adelantado  thereof; 
for  we  hear  such  an  account  of  your  person,  and  so  full  and 
satisfactory  a  report  of  your  virtue  and  nobiUty,  that  we  be- 
lieve, without  hesitation,  that  you  will  not  only  faithfully, 
diligently,  and  carefully  perforin  the  orders  and  instructions 
given  you  by  so  Catholic  a  king,  but  trust  also  that  you,  by 
your  discretion  and  habit,  will  do  all  to  effect  the  increase 
of  our  holy  Catholic  faith,  and  gain  more  souls  to  God.     I 
am  well  aware,  as  you  know,  that  it  is  necessary  to  govern 
these  Indians  with  good  sense  and  discretion ;  that  those  who 
are  weak  in  the  faith,  from  being  newly  converted,  be  con- 
firmed and  stvengtheiied  ;  and  idolaters  be  converted,  and  re- 
ceive the  faith  of  Christ,  that  the  former  may  praise  God, 
knowing  the  benefit  of  hia  divine  mercy,  and  the  latter,  still 
infidels,  may,  by  the  example  and  model  of  those  now  out  of 
blindness,  be  brought  to  a  knowledge  of  the  truth :  but  noth- 
ing is  more  important,  in  the  conversion  of  these  Indians  and 
idolaters,  than  to  endeavor  by  all  means  to  prevent  scandal 
being  given  by  the  vices  and  immoralities  of  such  as  go  to 
those  western  parts.     This  is  the  key  of  this  holy  work,  in 
which  is  included  the  whole  essence  of  your  charge. 

»  You  see,  noble  sir,  without  my  alluding  to  it,  how  great 
an  opi)ortunlty  is  offered  yon,  in  furthering  and  aiding  tliis 
cause,  from  which  result— 1st,  Serving  the  Almighty;  2d, 
Increasing  the  name  of  your  king,  who  will  bo  esteemed  by 
men,  loved  and  rewardeil  by  (tod. 

"  Giving  you,  then,  our  paternal  and  apostolical  blessing, 
we  beg  and  charge  you  to  give  full  faith  and  credit  to  our 
brother,  the  Archliislioj)  of  Kt.ssano,  who,  in  our  name,  will 
explain  our  dchire  more  at  length. 

"liiven  at  Home,  with  the  fisherman's  ring,  on  the  ISth 
day  of  August,  in  the  veur  of  our  Uedemptioii,  1  .">«»'.),  the 
third  of  our  pontificate." 


'S. 

tado  thereof; 
1(1  so  full  and 
y,  that  we  be- 
lly faithfully, 
d  instructions 
)  that  you,  by 
;  the  increase 
lis  to  God.     I 
iry  to  govern 
that  those  who 
'crted,  be  con- 
verted, and  re- 
y  praise  God, 
the  latter,  still 
)se  now  out  of 
uth :  but  noth- 
!so  Indians  and 
>revent  scandal 
F  such  as  go  to 
holy  work,  in 
large. 

0  it,  how  great 
and  aiding  this 
Almighty;  2d, 
be  esteemed  by 

tohcal  blessing, 

1  credit  to  our 
our  name,  will 

ng,  on  the  ISth 
[)ti()n,  ir)»)l),  the 


THE  MISSION  IN  VIRGINIA.  147 

Letters  from  St.  Francis  Borgia  urged  the  missionaries  to 
persevere  in  the  barren  fields,  and  Sedefio  embarked  with  a 
party  of  soldiers  going  tc  Santa  Helena.  Sickness  broke  out, 
and  the  missionary  with  his  comrade,  Brother  Villareal,  were 
both  stricken  down.  The  disease  ])roved  so  obstinate  that 
they  were  put  on  a  vessel  for  Havana,  but  it  was  wrecked  on 
the  coast,  and  only  after  great  privations  and  suffering  did 
the  invalids  reach  St.  Augustine. 

Menendez  still  clung  to  the  idea  of  occupying  the  Chesa- 
peake, and  coming  from  Spain  brought  the  Indian  Don  Luis 
de  Velasco,  and  some  additional  Jesuit  missionaries,  Father 
Louis  de  Quiros  and  Brothers  Gabriel  Gomez  and  Sancho  de 
Zevallos:     After  he  reached  Santa  Helena  in  November, 
1570,  Father  Segura,  the  Vice-Provincial,  resolved  to  go  in 
person  to  found  the  new  mission,  relying  on  the  promise  of 
protection  of  the  Indian  Velasco.     He  selected  as  his  com- 
panion  Father  Louis  de  Quiros,  and  Brothers  Solis,  Mendez, 
Kedondo,  Linares,   Gabriel    Gomez,  and  Sanclio  Zevallos.' 
Every  ])reparation  was  made  for  a  permanent  mission ;  the 
priests  carried  vestments,  books,  and  chapel  furniture,  neces- 
sary imj.lements,  provisions  for  the  winter.     Four  Indian 
boys,  who  had  for  some  time  been  under  instruction,  accom- 
pamed  the  nn'ssionarics.     Don  Luis  Velasco  gave  every  as- 
Burance  as  to  the  personal  safety  of  the  inissioners,  declaring 
that  they  should  want  nothing,  as  he  would  aid  them  in 
everythmg.    They  sailed  from  Santa  Helena,  August  5  1570 
and  crept  slowly  up  the  coast  to  the  entrance  of  St.  Mary's 
l^ay.    Passing  through  the  capos  they  ascended  the  Poton.ac, 
and  on  the  10th  of  September  reached  their  destination 


-.1  Tanner  give  two  pH.sts  un^L::.';;;     L         ""  "'"'"  '"  """'" 


i 


iJ 


I 


1 


III 


148  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

Father  Quiros,  in  a  letter  written  from  this  spot  two  days 
after,  says  :  "  We  found  the  country  of  Don  Louis  in  a  very 
different  condition  from  what  we  anticipated,  not  because  he 
misrepresented  in  his  account  of  it,  but  because  our  Lord  has 
chastised  it  with  six  years  steriHty  and  death,  which  has  left  it 
very  thinly  inhabited  compared  to  what  it  used  to  be,  many 
of  the  people  having  died  and  others  removed  to  other  lands 
to  appear  their  hunger."     The  Indians  had  no  corn  ;  the 
berries  and  roots  they  usually  gathered  had  failed,  and  the 
winters  had  been  severe.     They  manifested,  however,  great 
joy  at  the  return  of  Don  Louis,  and  earnestly  besought  the 
missionaries  to  .tay  ;  the  chief,  who  lived  seven  or  eight 
leagues  off,  begging  them  to  go  to  his  child  who  was  at  the 
point  of  death.     Father  Segura  sent  one  of  the  party  to 

baptize  it,  and 
then  held  coun- 
cil as  to  their 
course.  The 
Potomac    was 

PAC-BImTl^.  of  BIONATUnES  OF  FATHERS  QUIROB  AND  gUppOSCdtO 
BKun.A.  FUOM  TUF..U  I.ETTEU  WlilTTEN  U)  ^.^^  .^^  ^^^^^^^ 
V.U01.NI.V  SEPT.    12.    1570.  ^^.^^        ^^^,^^^j 

which  lav  the  Pacific,  and  it  was  important  to  learn  the  real 
topograi^liy  of  the  country.  The  field  for  preaching  the 
Jspel  seemed  a  favorable  one,  and  they  resolved  to  face  all 
hardships,  depending  cm  pro.npt  relief  from  their  country- 
,„en.  Yet  so  pooriy  had  the  vessel  be*,  fitted  ^^.th  s  ores 
that  on  the  vov=4;e  the  crew  used  two  of  four  barrels  of 
ship's  biscuit  intended  for  the  winter  supply  of  the  mission- 
aries. 

Father  Segura  joined  Fnther  (Juiros  in  his  letter,  urging  m 
the  strongest  terms  the  imi...rtatice  and  necessity  of  sending 
them  further  supplies  with  all  possible  expedition.     1-or  tlu- 


'cufjeji^ 


55. 

ipot  two  days 
,oui8  in  a  very 
lot  because  lie 
3  our  Lord  has 
hicli  has  left  it 
d  to  be,  many 
to  other  lands 
no  corn  ;  the 
failed,  and  the 
however,  great 
y  besought  the 
seven  or  eight 
who  was  at  the 
f  the  party  to 
baptize  it,  and 
then  held  coun- 
cil as  to  their 
course.       The 
Potomac    was 
supposed  to 
rise  in  niouu- 
tains     beyoud 
:o  learn  the  real 
r  preaching  the 
solved  to  face  all 
n  their  country- 
ittod  with  stores 
iowr  barrels  of 
y  of  the  niission- 

s  letter,  urging  in 
■I'tisity  of  sending 
edition.     For  the 


MISSIONARIES  PUT  TO  DEATH. 


149 


spring  too  they  asked  seed  com  to  induce  the  Indians  to 
plant  crops  for  the  year. 

The  vessel  left  them  on  the  12th,  the  captain  liaving 
agreed  to  come  on  his  return  to  the  mouth  of  a  river  they 
had  passed  on  the  way,  which  ran  near  the  one  they  ascended, 
and  on  which  really  the  tribe  of  Don  Luis  lived.  This  was 
evidently  the  Rappahannock.  At  the  mouth  a  fire  by  night 
or  smoke  by  day  was  to  be  answered  by  a  letter  from  the 
vessel. 

After  the  departure  of  the  vessel  the  Jesuit  mission  party 
set  out  for  their  place  of  settlement,  they  and  the  Indians 
carrying  their  baggage  a  distance  of  two  leagues  to  the  other 
river,  where  they  embarked  in  wretched  canoes."     Don  Louis 
does  not  seem  to  have  guided  them  to  his  brother's  village, 
but  to  have  advised  them  to  fix  their  residence  at  some  dis- 
tance.    They  erected  a  hut  of  logs  and  branches,  and  pre- 
pared to  winter  there,  making  it  their  chapel  and  home. 
Louis  remained  with  them  for  a  time  as  their  interpreter  and 
teachei-,  Iiut  as  weeks  wore  on  the  hope  of  relief  from  Santa 
Helena  faded.     Their  countrymen  had  abandoned  them,  and 
as  their  provisions  failed  they  sought  to  sustain  life  by  roots 
and  hei-bs.     Louis  left  them  and  retired  to  the  \nllage  of  his 
brother,  a  league  and  a  half  distant.     In  February  the  supe- 
rior sent  Father  Quiros  with  Soils  and  Mendez  to  urge  Ve- 
lasco  to  return,  but  he  put  them  off  with  frivolous  excuses, 
and  finally,  on  the  14th,  treacherously  attacked  them  with  a 
party  of  Indians,  slaying  them  by  a  shower  of  arrows.     Four 
days  after  the  chief  with  Louis  and  the  warriors  invested  the 
mission  chapel,  and  demanded  all  the  axes  and  knives  of  the 
party.     Father  Segura  saw  the  cassock  of  Father  Quiros  and 


'  Letter  of  Fattier  Quiros,  September  18, 1570,  witli  addition  by  Fattier 
Segura,  and  .supplcineut  by  Quiros. 


If     " 


150  ri/B  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

knew  that  the  end  had  come.  He  prepared  his  companions 
for  death,  and  all  soon  fell  beneath  the  blows  of  the  Indians 
dealt  with  the  implements  they  had  surrendered. 

One  «mly  of  the  party,  Alonso,  an  Indian  boy,  escaped, 
having  bccni  concealed  by  a  friendly  native.' 

Wlicn  late  in  the  spring  Brother  Vincent  Gonzalez  induced 
a  Spanish  pilot  to  sail  to  Axacan,  no  tidings  oi  the  Fathers 
could  be  obtained,  but  the  conduct  of  the  Indians  inspired  the 
worst  fears.     Menendez,  who  had  gone  to  Spain  after  hear- 
ing of  Segura's  landin-'  i.-  A >:>.can,  received  on  his  return  the 
report  of  Gonzalez.    He  sailed  to  the  Chesapeake,  and  seized 
several  of  the  Indians,  demanding  the  surrender  of   Don 
Luis.    Alonso  succeeded  in  reaching  the  Spaniards,  and  gave 
a  full  account  of  the  death  of  the  missionaries.    Louis  escai>ed, 
but  eight  of  those  who  were  proved  to  have  l)een  active  in 
murdering  the  missionaries  were  hung  by  Menendez.     They 
were,  ho^^n•er,  prepared  for  death  and  baptized  by  Father 
Rogol,  who  had  come  on  the  vessel,  and  who  bore  away  as  a 
relic  of  his  martyred  brethren  a  crucifix  to  which  a  miracle 

was  ascribed.' 

Father  Segura  had  directed  Fathers  Eogel  nnd  Sedeflo  to 
remain  at  the  Spanish  posts,  but  they  were  in  such  distress 
and  the  Indians  so  hostile  that  they  retired  to  Havana. 

St.  Francis  Borgia,  on  learning  the  death  of  Father  Segura 
and  the  apjiarent  hopelessness  of  any  permanent  Spanish  set. 
tlement  in  Florida,  recalled  the  meml)ers  of  the  Society,  who 
thereupon  proceeded  to  Mexico  and  founded  a  fiourishmg 
province.  In  fact  the  Spanish  settlements,  in  si)ite  of  all 
Menendez's  exertions  and  outlay,  were  on  the  brink  of  ruin. 


'  Barcia.   "  Ensnyo  Cronologico,"  pp.  142-Ut5 ;  Tanner,  "  Societas 
Military."  pp.  447-451. 
» liogel,  Letter  of  DeccmlKT  9,  1570. 


ST.  AUGUSTINE  DESTROYED. 


161 


companions 
:  the  Indians 

t 

^oy,  escaped, 

zalez  induced 
:  the  Fathers 
s  inspired  the 
iu  after  hear- 
lis  return  the 
<e,  and  seized 
ider  of   Don 
irds,  and  gave 
Louis  escaped, 
>een  active  in 
endez.     They 
c;(l  by  Father 
)()re  away  as  a 
hich  a  miracle 

iind  Sedeno  to 
II  such  distress 
Havana. 
Father  Segura 
at  Spanish  set- 
e  Society,  who 
1  a  ilourisliing 
in  sjiito  of  all 
brink  of  ruin. 

unucr,   "  Sociftas 


A  report  on  their  condition  soon  after  says  the  few  people 
tliere  were  losing  their  faith  and  piety,  as  for  a  considerable 
time  there  was  no  priest  or  friar  at  St.  Augustine  to  say  mass 
and  administer  the  sacraments,  and  althougli  friars  had  arrived, 
some  were  going  and  others  had  gone  elsewhere.' 

The  f riai-8  referred  to  were  apparently  those  sent  over  by 
Meuendez  in  1676,  and  whom  the  Governor  of  Florida  found 
on  his  return  to  Santa  Helena,  after  a  voyage  of  exploration 
to  the  Chesapeake. 

Wretched  as  the  condition  of  Florida  was,  it  declined  after 
the  death  of  Don  Pedro  Menendez  in  1574,  till  the  Spanish 
Government,  recognizing  the  importance  to  the  kingdom  and 
its  ccmimerce  of  retaining  Florida,  provided  for  its  mainte- 
nance.' In  1586  St.  Augustine  had  made  some  progress. 
The  city  had  its  public  buildings,  a  parish  church,  and  well- 
cultivated  gardens,  when  Francis  Drake,  in  one  of  his  pirat- 
ical cruises,  attacked  it,  and  in  revenge  for  the  death  of  one 
of  his  men  set  fire  to  the  place  and  destroyed  it,  the  garrison 
and  its  inhabitants  having  retired  to  San  Matlieo. 

The  Indian  missions,  which  the  sons  of  St.  Dominic  and 
St.  Ignatius  had  failed  to  render  successful,  devolved  at  last 
on  the  sons  of  John  Bernardon,  St.  Francis  of  Assisi.  Father 
Alonzo  de  Reynoso  arrived  with  a  number  of  Fathers  toward 
the  close  of  the  year  1 577.  They  began  their  labors  among  the 
Indians  at  Nombre  de  Dies  and  San  Sebastian,  and  with  such 
success  that  Indian  converts  were  soon  regular  attendants  at 
the  Sunday  mass  in  the  parish  church.' 


'  "  Discurso  sobre  la  poblacion  de  la  costa  de  la  Florida,"  MS. 

*  Barcia,  p.  149. 

Mbid..  p.  163.  Testimony  of  .lunn  Menendez  Marques,  1588,  MS. 
F.  .\lonzo  Reynoso's  arrival  is  >riven  in  fliis  document  a.s  37.  but  as  he  is 
mentioned  as  bearer  of  a  letter  from  Florida  in  1583.  we  inter  that  1577 
is  meant. 


m 


I » 


I;     'I 


1 1 


152  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

The  FranciBcan  mission  aboiit  1592  consisted  of  Father 
Francis  Marron,  the  Gustos,  the  zealous  Fathers  Balthazar 
Lopez  and  Peter  de  Corpa,  with  another  priest  and  two  lay 
brothers.  As  they  were  especially  designed  for  the  Indian 
missions,  they  took  up  their  residence  in  the  towns  of  the 
natives  from  the  island  of  St.  Peter,  now  called  Cumberland, 

to  San  Sebastian.'  r^i    •  i    • 

The  only  secular  priest  whose  name  appears  in  Florida  m 
1593  was  the  Rev.  Rodrigo  Garcia  de  Truxillo,  parish  priest 
of  St.  Augustine,  then  very  old,  broken  by  his  twenty-eight 
years'  labor  there  and  his  previous  service  as  navy  chaplain.' 
In  this  state  of  spiritual  destitution  an  appeal  was  made  to 
Father  Bernardino  do  San  Cebrian,  Commissary  General  of 
the  Indies,  to  increase  the  number  of  his  Franciscan  Fathers 
in  Florida.    The  Council  of  the  Indies  gave  free  passage  to 
twelve,  who  were  sent  with  Father  John  de  Silva  as  superior, 
a  missionary  who  had  already  labored  fruitfully  in  Mexico. 
These  missionaries,  who  reached  Havana  in  1593,  were  la- 
thers Michael  de  Aunon,  Peter  de  Aunon,  Peter  Fernandez 
de  Chozas,  preachers  ;  Fathers  Bias  de  Montes,  Francis  Pa- 
reja,  Peter  de  San  Gregorio,  Francis  de  NTelascola,  Francis  de 
Avila,  Francis  Bonilla,  and  Peter  Ruiz,  priests  and  confess- 
ors, and  Brother  Peter  Viniegra,  a  lay  brother. 

The  next  year  these  religious  began  their  labors  in  Florida, 
Father  Marron  sending  Fathers  Peter  de  Corpa,  Michael  de 
Aunon,  Francis  de  Velascola,  and  Bias  Rodriguez  with  Bro- 
ther Anthony  Badajoz  to  the  island  of  Guale,  the  present 
Amelia  Island,  where  the  Indians  had  become  so  bold  and 
violent  that  the  Spanish  soldiers  durst  not  venture  outside 


'  Stevens,  "  History  of  Georgift,"  i.,  p.  135. 
'  Barcitt   pp  166-7.    Relacion  hecha  a  8.  M.  aflo  de  1593,  MS. 
priest  must  have  been  there  from  the  time  of  the  settlement. 


Thin 


FRANCISCAN  MISSIONS. 


163 


i  of  Father 
rs  Balthazar 
and  two  lay 
•  the  Indian 
owns  of  the 
Cumberland, 

in  Florida  in 
parish  priest 
twenty-eight 
,vy  chaplain." 
was  made  to 
■y  General  of 
iscan  Fathers 
•ee  passage  to 
a  as  superior, 
ly  in  Mexico. 
593,  were  Fa- 
;er  Fernandez 
s,  Francis  Pa- 
da,  Francis  de 
i  and  confess- 
ors in  Florida, 
)a,  Michael  de 
;uez  with  Bro- 
e,  the  present 
e  80  bold  and 
enture  ontside 


1593,  MS.    Thin 
lent. 


their  palisades.'  The  missionaries  by  their  instructions  and 
kind  ways  soon  changed  the  face  of  the  provmce.  For  two 
years  they  labored  with  apparent  success,  baptizing  many, 
especially  in  the  older  missions,  as  at  Nombre  de  Dios,  where 
Father  Balthazar  Lopez  baptized  eighty  in  1595.  Father 
Pedro  de  Chozas  had  meanwhile,  fearless  of  danger,  pene- 
trated to  Ocute,  150  miles  from  the  coast.' 

The  city  of  St.  Augustine  had  by  this  time  received  a  par- 
ish priest,  Don  Diego  Scobar  de  Sambrana,  whose  register 
is  still  extant  in  Havana.  It  extends  from  January  to  July, 
1594,  from  which  date  Father  Francis  Marron  discharged 
the  parochial  functions  till  the  feast  of  the  Annunciation  in 
1597,  when  Don  Eicardo  Artur  appears  on  the  register  as 
parish  priest.' 

In  September,  1597,  the  son  of  the  Cacique  of  the  Island 
of  Guale,  wearying  of  the  restraints  on  his  passions  required 
by  the  Christian  law,  fell  into  great  excesses,  and  at  last  went 
off  to  a  pagan  band.  Finding  kindred  spirits  there  he  re- 
solved to  silence  the  priest  who  had  reproved  him,  and  re- 
turned by  night  to  Fatlier  Corpa's  village  of  Tolemato. 
Taking  up  his  post  near  the  church  he  waited  for  the  dawn 
of  day.  When  Father  Corpa  opened  the  door  of  his  little 
cabin  to  proceed  to  the  church,  the  conspirators  tomahawked 
him,  and  cutting  off  his  head  set  it  on  a  pole.     Having 


'  Barcia,  an.  1594,  p.  167  ;  Torquemada.  "  Monarquia  Indiana,"  iii., 
p.  350. 

s  Testimony  of  Alonso  de  las  Alas,  1603. 

'  "  Noticias  relativas  a  la  Parroquial  mayor  dc  la  ciudad  de  San  Agus- 
tin  de  la  Florida,"  kindly  extracted  for  me  from  the  Registers  in  his 
archives,  by  the  Right  Rev.  Bishop  of  St.  Christopher  of  Havana.  The 
Registers  of  the  Church  of  St.  Augustine  from  January  1,  1594,  are  ex- 
tant in  Havana  and  St.  Augustine,  and  form  the  oldest  and  most  com- 
plete set  of  records  in  the  country,  antedating  every  English,  Dutch,  or 
Swedish  settlement. 


r       ! 


In 


m-^ 


■ 

1              ■!■     .     = 

I 

V         t                  i 
f                ■ 

i 

^ 

.' 

I, 


154 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


brought  his  comrades  to  imbrue  their  hands  in  blood,  tlie 
young  chief  easily  persuaded  them  that  they  must  kill  all  the 
religious  and  Spaniards.' 

Proceeding  then  to  the  town  of  Topoqui,  they  burst  into 
the  house  of  Father  Bias  Rodriguez.  The  missionary  en- 
deavored to  show  them  the  wickeehiess  and  folly  of  tluir 
conduct,  which  would  entail  punishment  here  and  hereafter, 
but  finding  his  words  of  no  avail,  he  asked  the  Indians  to 
allow  him  to  say  mass.  They  granted  his  rc(piest,  moved  by 
a  respect  which  they  could  not  understand  ;  and  the  good 
priest,  with  his  expectant  murderers  for  his  congregation, 
oirerod  the  holy  sacrifice  for  the  hu^t  time,  and  then  knelt 
down  beff>re  his  altar  to  receive  the  death-blow  which  enabled 
him  to  make  his  thanksgiving  in  heaven.  His  body  was 
piously  interred  by  an  old  Christian  Indian  after  the  mur- 
derers had  departed. 

lAvirning  of  the  approach  of  a  band  bent  on  massacre, 
Father  j^Ii;.'hael  Aufion,  at  Asopo,"  said  mass  and  gave  com- 
munion to  Brother  Anthony  Badajoz,  his  companion.  They 
knelt  in  prayer  till  the  apostate  came,  who  first  dispatching  the 
brother,  then  with  two  blows  of  one  of  their  war-clubs  crowned 


'  Tho  site  of  the  present  cemetery  of  St.  Auirustine  wns  culled  Tole- 
iiiatii,  liiit  it  <Miini)t  !)(•  the  scene  of  Father  AiiflonV  deiitli,  as  lie  was  on 
Anicliii  Islanil,  and  !lie  tmirdcrer  was  tlu-  son  of  the  ciiiif  of  llial  same 
island.  Contemporary  writers,  lilu'  Gov.  Mendes  de  runeo,  April  H, 
Itldl,  j;  U,  Kpeiik  of  tli(^  missionaries  as  Ix'iiifr  I>iit  to  death  in  the  prov- 
ince of  (Juiile,  which  in  the  same  report  he  ileeliires  to  lie  forty  leafiues 
fnini  St.  Ai'irusline.  Stev.Ms,  "  llisi.  Oe<irfria."  i,,  p.  lU."),  recojjnized 
the  identity  of  SantJk  Maria  de  Oinile  and  .\mrlia  Island. 

'  Amoik)  was  nine  and  a  half  leagues  from  Asao.   "  Kxaniinationf>f  Alonso 
de  los  Alas,"  HMCv'  ;  Kcija  in  his  "  I>errol(r<>,"  HIOO.  niiikes  it  ten  and  r.  half. 
It  WHS  north  of  it!    ;tO  ,  and  is  <  videiilly  O.ssiliaw  Island.      The  Imdirs  <<<: 
V.  Aiifion  and  Hr.  Hadajo/.  were  taken  up  in  I'Htr)  and  interred,  appar 
ently,  at  St.  Aufjustine.     Harcia,  an.  ltK»5. 


ES. 


FATHERS  IN  GEORGIA  SLAIN. 


155 


i  in  blood,  the 
lust  kill  all  the 

thoy  burst  into 

missionary  en- 
folly  of  tluir 

and  hereafter, 
the  Indians  to 

lest,  moved  by 
and  the  good 
contjrcfjjation, 

u\(\  then  knelt 
which  enal>led 
Ilis  body  was 

ifter  the  inur- 

t  on  massacre, 
ind  gave  com- 
panion. They 
lispatching  the 
■-clubs  crowned 


'  was  culled  Tole- 

■atli,  us  lie  was  on 
liif  (if  tliiit  Hiuiie 
rmiro.  April  24, 
Iralli  ill  tlic  jirov- 
)  1h'  forty  leagues 
I.  l:!."i,  n'l'ognizi'd 
I. 

)iiiati(i[ir>f  Aldiiso 
H  it  It'll  anil  i>  liiiir. 
1.  Till'  liodiis  ii! 
[I  inlirrt-d,  uiipur 


Father  Michael  with  martyrdom.  The  weeping  Christians 
interred  the  bodies  at  the  foot  of  the  tall  mission  cross. 

On  reaching  Asao'  the  insurgents  found  that  Father  Fran- 
cis de  Velascola  had  gone  to  St.  Augustine,  but  they  lurked 
amid  the  vegetation  on  the  shore  till  they  saw  his  canoe  ap- 
proaching. When  the  Franciscan  landed  they  accosted  him 
as  friends,  and  fearing  his  great  strength,  seized  him  suddenly 
and  slew  him.  Father  Francis  Davila,  at  Ospo,'  endeavored 
to  escape  at  night ;  but  the  moon  revealed  him,  and  he  fell 
into  their  hands  pierced  by  two  arrows.  An  old  Indian 
prevented  their  finishing  the  cruel  work,  and  the  mission- 
ary, stripped  and  suUering,  was  sent  as  a  slave  to  a  pagan 
village. 

The  revolted  Indians,  then  in  forty  canoes,  invested  Saint 
Peter's  (now  Cumberland)  Island,"  but  a  small  Spanish  vessel 
lay  at  anchor  there.  This  gave  courage  to  the  chief  of  the 
island,  who,  with  a  flotilla  of  canoes,  met  the  invaders  and 
completely  routed  them.  Few  escaped  in  their  canoes;  many 
driven  ashore  were  killed,  perished  of  hunger  or  by  their 
own  hands.  After  this  fearful  outburst  of  pagan  hatred  of 
Christianity,  none  of  the  Guale  missionaries  survived  except 
Father  Avila;  and  his  owners,  liring  of  his  presence,  were 
about  to  burn  him  at  the  stake,  when  a  woman,  whose  son 
was  held  prisoner  in  Saint  Augustine,  obtained  him  to  effect 
an  exchange,  which  the  Spaniards  readily  nuide. 

'  Asao  wn»  ole\pn  or  eleven  and  n  half  leagues  from  San  Pedro.  Las 
Alas  and  Ecija.     This  makes  it,  in  all  iimlialiility.  St.  SiiiHin's  Iriland. 

'H)s]io  I  do  not  find  in  the  "  I)erroti'ros,' liiit  it  must  have  "en  be- 
tween Ht.  Hiinon  and  riimherland. 

'San  I'edro  was  seven  or  eiijlit  leaijuea  'rnm  Sun  ^Iiileo  (Las  ^ 
Erija),  1111(1  must  he  ('iiniherlaiiil  Island  ;  Stevens'  "  (Jeor^'ia,"  !.,  p.  i 
"A  Kilatioii  of  the  Martyrs  of  Florida,"  hy  V.  Lnis  Ocroiiimo  de  On', 
n  native  of  Peru,  appeare(i  in  1004,  in  iiuarto.  hut  I  have  never  heen  ahie 
to  traee  a  eopy  of  It.     I  follow  Toniueniuda,  "  Monaniiiia  Indiana,"  iii., 
pp.  mo-'i  ■  Barcia.  pp.  170-173. 


:  h 


.t 


■:'il 


.  it 


■ 

J  ''fi 

•    ■ 

1 

^  1     1 

-'•       II 

'    ^       ifj 

i.             8 

1 

''       \ 

i 

I 

'! 

k   m 

!  j 

'i     V 

y 

K' 

1          f 

!    I 


Ml; 


loO  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

On  the  14th  of  March,  1599,  the  Convent  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, at  Saint  Augustine,  was  destroyed  by  fire,  and  till  the 
building  could  be  restored  the  Fathers  occupied  the  llerniit- 
age  of  Nuestra  Senora  de  la  Soledad,  which  had  previously 
been  used  as  an  hospital.  The  soldiers,  Indians,  and  negroes 
soon  felt  the  want  of  a  place  where  they  could  be  treated  in 
sickness;  and  Governor  Mendez  de  Canyo,  at  his  own  ex- 
pense, put  up  the  Hospital  of  Santa  Barbara,  with  six  good 
beds.  A  curious  (piestion  tlien  arose;  the  king  had  granted 
the  Hospital  of  Soledad  five  hundred  ducats  from  the  treixs- 
ury,  but  the  officials  refused  to  pay  it  to  the  new  hospital,  and 
tiie  governor  was  forced  to  appeal  to  the  king.' 

The  earliest  missions  mentioned  near  Saint  Augustine  were 
those  of  Nombre  de  Dios,  San  Juan,  and  San  Pedro,  where 
missionaries  were  permanently  stationed.  The  Indians  were 
poor,  but  they  cultivated  corn,  beans,  and  pumpkins;  they 
depended  less  on  hunting,  and  \k'ere  instructed  in  religion, 
not  only  hearing  mass  and  approaching  tbe  sacraments,  but 

having  confraternities,  and 
zealous  in  seeking  to  have 
mass(>s  said  for  their  de- 
ceased kindred.' 

The  missionary  at  San 
Juan  was  the  learneil  Fa- 
ther Francis  Pareja,  whose 
labors  were  su])ported  liy 
Dn'ia  Maria,  the  woman 
chief  of  tlie  province,  and 
the  chiefs  of  the  towns.*     This  great  missionary  was  lH)rn 

'  (lovpnior  Mtiidi'/  ilr  Cutii,!'  I"  llw  kill),',  .\pril  '-24, 1001. 
' 'I'l-HtiiiKiny  of  liurloliimr  ilf  Ar^MKllix.  1(K):2,  ami  of  .luiiii  Munundc/. 
Maniuco. 
•Letter  of  Oovrnior  Iliarrn,  1001 


4/^ 


KA(-SIMII.K  OF  BinNATtrUK  OF  FATIIEU 
FKANCIH   PAKKJA 


s. 


FATHER  PAREJA'S  WORKS. 


157 


di  San  Fran- 
!,  and  till  the 
the  llerniit- 
id  previously 
I  and  negroes 
be  treated  in 
his  own  ex- 
ith  six  good 
'  had  granted 
0111  the  treas- 
hospitul,  and 

igiistinc  were 
Pedro,  where 
Indians  were 
ipkiiis;  they 
1  in  religion, 
'raiiieiits.  hut 
ernitioB,  and 
iiiig  to  have 
)r    their   di"- 

lary  at  San 
learned  Ka- 
*areja,  whose 
ipported  Ity 
tlip  woman 
iroviiice.  and 
TV  was  horn 

I. 

Juuu  Mvnvudc/, 


at  Annon,  in  the  diocese  of  Toledo  in  Spain,  and  spent  six- 
teen years  in  the  study  of  the  language  of  the  Timuquan 
Indians.  He  was  Guardian  of  the  Convent  of  the  Immacu- 
late Conception  of  Our  Lady  in  St.  Augustine,  in  1G12,  when 
two  Catechisms  by  him,  in  the  Timuquan  language,  were 
printed  at  Mexico.  A  Confesonario  was  printed  the  same  year 
and  the  next;  a  Grammar  in  1014,  and  another  Catechism 
in  1027.  Besides  these  works  he  is  said  to  have  written 
treatises  on  Purgatory,  Hell,  and  Heaven,  one  on  the  Eosary, 
and  a  book  of  Prayers.  Three  of  these  rare  works  are  pre- 
served in  the  New  York  Historical  Society.  He  died  in 
Mexico,  January  25,  102S.' 

In  1002  Governor  Can^o  estimated  the  Christian  Indians 
at  about  twelve  hundred,  the  venerable  Father  Balthazar 
Lopez  being  stationed  at  the  tosvn  of  San  Pedro,  Father 
Francis  Pareja  in  San  Juan,  and  Father  Peter  Bermejo  in 
Nombre  do  Dlos,  and  Brother  Viniegra  at  San  Antonio,  each 
of  these  places  being  resorted  to  by  numbers  of  Indians  in 
the  neighborhood  ;  Tocoy,  Antonico,  and  Mayaca,  with  con- 
siderable Indian  i.opulation,  were  regularly  visited  by  the 
missionaries  to  say  mass  and  enable  the  Indians  to  aiiproach 
the  sacraments,  and  by  instructions  keep  up  a  knowledge  of 

their  religion. 

In  St.  Augustine  the  church  and  convent  of  St.  Francis 
had  not  been  rebuilt,  and  the  house  used  as  a  chapel  was  unfit 
for  the  purpose.  The  King  of  Spain  had  contributed  eight 
huiidird  ducats  towanls  rcliuilding  the  church  and  convent; 
but  beyond  the  c(.llectioii  of  some  material,  nothing  had  been 
done  to  meet  the  wants  ..f  the  people  and  the  wishes  of  the 


if 

J  Ik? 


HP 


>  Titles  i.f  Ills  workx  nrr  irivcn  in  Pillinfr,  "  Nortli  Amcriciui  T-in^'iiis- 
(U'M,"  pp.  500-8.  Ilix  liirlhiilufi'  is  irivcn  in  (ho  CiitluTisniu  of  U\27. 
much  l"lt(T  mitliority  lliim  the  imlcx  to  Toniucmndn,  whirli  sayn  Castro 
Unliaics  ;  or  Barciii,  p.  Ktr.,  wlio  s;iys  Mfxiro. 


.  m 


ili     M 


I 


M 


: 


11 


I 

I 


I'! 


I'i 


168 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


king.'  Tlie  Spanish  nionarcli  had  also  ordered  the  tithes  to 
be  devoted  to  the  parish  churcli. 

Everything  was  in  a  state  of  neglect ;  and  the  settlers,  as 
well  as  the  soldiers  in  the  garrison,  would  at  this  time  have 
been  deprived  of  the  consolations  of  religion  but  for  the 
Franciscan  Fathers ;  so  that  Governor  Can§o  proposed  that 
the  Guardian  of  the  Convent,  on  whom  and  his  conmmnity 
the  whole  spiritual  care  of  the  place  had  devolved,  should  be 
made  parish  priest  and  chaplain  of  the  fort.* 

The  vacancy  in  the  parish  church  was  tilled,  however,  on 
the  20th  of  October,  1602,  when  Don  Manuel  Godifio  ap- 
pears as  incumbent,  remaini'ig  till  1007,  assisted  for  a  time 
by  Don  Vicente  Freire  Dandrade. 

Meanwhile  the  ''  nciscans  were  joined  by  new  mission- 
aries of  their  order,  and  in  the  General  Congregation  held  at 
Toledo,  in  lOO.'].  the  cloven  convents  in  Florida,  Havana,  and 
Hayamo  wore  erected  into  a  cnstodia  by  Father  Bernard  de 
Salva,  ConnuisHary  General  of  the  Indies  l)y  patent  of  No- 
vember 18,  1«)01);  confirmed  by  royal  order,  June  5,  1010.' 
Father  Peter  lluiz  was  the  first  custos. 

The  Franciscans  re-entered  Guale,  and  in  November, 
1000,  established  missions  in  the  provin<'e  of  Potano, 
where,  besides  infants,  more  than  a  tlionsand  adults  re- 
ceived the  Kicrament  of  regeneration  before  the  end  of 
October,  I007,  the  missionaries  travelling  for  <lays  through 
swamps,  often  waist-high  in  water.  The  province  of 
Aptdachc   also   called    for    missionaries,   and    a   groat   tiold 

'  1,1'llcr  of  Mtriilf/,  (if  ('anv'i  I"  the  kiiii,',  S<piiiiili(T  22,  1002.  There 
had  l)eeii  no  ehikpluiii  in  the  fort  for  u  year  unit  u  half. 

'  Letter  of  (Jovernor  Yl)arra,  .lunuury  >*,  lOtM. 

•  S'uale  Import.  Manli  'Jl.  1H4H  Tlie  eonvenm  in  Florida  were  SI 
Callmriiie,  in  the  |)rovinee  of  Chmie  .  that  on  St.  Pelcr's  Island,  San  .Juan 
del  I'tierfo;  St.  Honaventurc .  of  OinKhilipiini ;  St.  Dominic,  of  Asao ;  81. 
.\nthony,  of  Uuudulce  ;  St.  Ann,  of  Potniio 


THE  BISHOP  OF  SANTIAGO  DE  CUBA.        159 


le  tithes  to 

settlers,  as 
I  time  have 
•ut  for  tlie 
iposed  tliat 
community 
,  should  be 

owever,  on 
Todino  aj)- 
for  a  time 

!w  mission- 
ion  held  at 
[avann,  and 
Bernard  de 
•nt  of  No- 
e  5,  l(;i().' 

Novoinhor, 
>f  Potano, 
adults  ro- 
ho  t'nd  of 
ys  through 
poviiicc  of 
trn'at    Ji('l<l 

1(102.    Thcrr 


■i(l;i  were  Si. 
11(1,  Sun  Jiiiiii 
of  Asuo ;  St. 


was  opening  there,  and  hopes  were  entertained  of  Tama  and 
Ocute,  to  which  Fathers  Chozas  and  Berascula  had  pene- 
trated. 

The  reports  from  Florida  had,  however,  been  so  discour- 
aging that  King 
riiihp  III.  pro- 
posed to  aban- 
don all  idea  of 
settling  the 
c  o  u  n  t  r  y,  in- 
tending merely 
to  maintain  a 
fort  and  to  re- 
move the  Chris- 
tian Indians  to 
the  island  of 
St.  Domingo. 
Against  this 
step  Father  Pareja,  who  had  become  custos  of  Florida,  and 
Father  Alonso  de  Pefiaranda,  Guardian  of  the  Convent  at 
St.  Augustine,  most  earnestly  protested  in  a  letter  to  the 
king.' 

The  Bishops  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  had  lamented  the  condi- 
tion of  Florida,  and  a  visitation  of  that  province  was  earn- 
estly recommendod,  but  many  diihculties  and  dangers  inter- 
vened. Wlien  Don  Frai  Juan  Cabezas  de  Altamiraiio  was 
apjiointcd  to  the  See,  a  visitation  was  one  of  the  tirst  duties 
to  which  he  resolved  to  devote  himself.  In  tlioso  days  a 
bishop,  whether  in  his  cathedral  or  on  a  visitation,  was  sur- 
rounded by  peril. 

On  arriving  in  Cuba  this  zealous  bishop  found  his  cpisco]>al 

'  Letter  from  the  Convent  of  the  Inunaculale  Conception,  St.  Augus- 
tiue,  November  ao,  1G07. 


FAC-BIMILE    OF    SIGNATURE    OF    FATHER   ALONSO 
DE   FESARANDA. 


Jfl 


J. 


fill 


■J 


l!    Ji 


i 


II 


i 


11 


100 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


city  with  its  catluxlral  destroyed  by  Krcncli  pirates,  and  while 
making  a  visitation  of  liis  diocese  the  next  year,  U>04,  he  was 
surprised  by  one  of  these  marauders,  (Till)ert  (xiron,  who  lield 
him  as  a  prisoner  and  gave  him  Hberty  only  when  he  had 
advanced  an  enormous  ransom.  The  Siianiards,  after  thus 
obtaining  the  release  of  their  bishop,  rallied,  attacked  the 
corsairs,  and  utterly  defeated  them,  killing  their  leader  and 
most  of  his  party.  There  is  extant  a  curious  contemporary 
poem  on  this  whole  episode.  According  to  a  document  of 
1007,  the  bisho])  embarked  in  that  year  from  Bayamo  "  for 
the  provinces  of  Florida  as  annexed  to  his  diocese  ;  he  visited 
them  and  consoled  that  new  Christianity,  which  owes  its 
])lanting  to  the  Franciscan  religious,  some  of  whom  have  had 
the  incomparable  haj)i)iness  of  witnessing  in  their  blood  to 
the  truth  oi  the  gospel,  which  they  preached  with  truly  apos- 
tolical zeal.  In  fact  the  bishop  fultilled  exactly  his  pastoral 
otHce,  and  was  the  first  who  discharged  this  obligation,  and 
he  came  near  being  the  only  one,  because,  with  the  exception 
of  Don  (iabriel  Diaz  Vara  (^dderon,  no  other  prelate  has  had 
the  courage  to  undertake  it."  ' 

Fortunately  we  have  some  definite  details  of  his  visitation. 
On  Holy  Saturday,  March  25,  100(1,  Hishop  C'abezas  de  Alta- 
mirano  administered  the  sacrament  of  confirmation  to  several 
candidates  for  holy  orders.  ( )n  subsetinent  days  he  confirmed 
many  Spaniards  and  Indians.    So  far  as  any  documents  attest. 


'  This  Jicnloiis  bishop,  who  was  jMThHps  tlu-  first  to  cxprriso  cpisroiml 
fuii<tir)iiH  within  tlic  prtwnt  limits  of  the  I'liitcd  Suites,  was  tlic  son  of 
tiic  licniii.iic  .hiiin  Culic/us  imi  of  Dofla  Ann  dc  Calznda.  After  a 
rourse  in  the  I'liversily  of  SalainMneii  lie  loott  tlie  lialiit  of  St.  Domini.- 
in  I'lSa,  iinil  eanie  to  Anieriea  nine  years  afterwards,  lie  was  profes^nr 
of  llieolosy  in  Santo  Doniinu'o.  and  then  (h'lc'Kiitc  of  the  provineeto  Honi. 
II<' was  made  ll-shop  of  Ciilia  in  1«o:«  and  transferred  to  (Jnaleniala  in 
KHO.  Hedie<l  lliere  of  ajioplexy  '.ii  Dee.inlier.  Ifil5.  "  Hisloriii  de  l;i 
ysla  y  C'atedral  de  Cuba."  liy  Uisliop  Pedro  A^'^lsti^  .Morel,  MS. 


JS. 


TIMUQUAN  CONVERTS. 


161 


tes,  and  while 
,  1GU4,  ho  was 
roll,  who  held 

when  he  had 
ds,  after  tluiri 

attacked  the 
'ir  leader  and 
contciiiporarv 

docuineiit  of 

Hayaiiu)  "  for 
•se;  he  visited 
hich  owes  its 
hoiii  have  liad 
their  blood  to 
ith  trnly  apos- 
\y  his  pastoral 
)l)lifi;atioii,  and 

the  exception 
)relate  has  had 

Ills  visitation. 
d»ezas  de  Alta- 
itioii  to  several 
fi  he  coniirnied 
euinciits  attest, 


c'xprrisp  cpiscoiml 
i,  was  the  son  (if 
'iil/.iula.  After  ii 
it  (if  St.  Poiniiiic 
lie  was  iiriifcssnr 
province  to  hoiii' 
to  (tiiateniala  in 
'■  Hi>-l<)ria  (le  la 
ort'l,  MS. 


this  was  the  first  administration  of  the  sacrament  of  Confirm- 
ation in  any  part  of  this  country.  The  good  bishop  visited 
several  provinces  of  Florida  witli  great  hardship  and  peril  of 
life,  the  condition  of  the  natives  exciting  his  deepest  compas- 
sion and  zeal.' 

In  the  Lent  of  IGOD  the  great  Cacique  of  Timucua,  who 
had  been  instructed  by  the  Franciscans,  came  to  St.  Augus- 
tine to  solicit  baptism  for  himself,  his  heir  and  ten  of  liis 
chiefs,  as  well  as  to  beg  for  missionaries  to  reside  among  liis 
people  and  bring  them  all  to  the  faith.  They  were  all  bap- 
tized on  Palm  Sunday,  Governor  Ybarra  being  sponsor  for 
the  cacique  and  his  son,  Spanish  officers  assuming  the  same 
charge  for  the  chiefs.  The  whole  ceremony  was  attended 
with  all  the  solemnity  the  little  town  could  impart  to  it. 
The  Timu(|nans  were  entertained  till  after  Easter,  when  they 
returned  with  a  guard  of  honor.' 

Poor  as  the  country  was  the  missionaries  continued  to 
come,  thirty-one  setting  out  from  Spain  for  the  Florida  mis- 
sion in  1G12  and  the  following  year.  The  custodia  was  then 
erected  into  the  province  of  Santa  Helena,  the  convent  of 
Havana  being  the  chief  one,  and  Father  John  Capillas  was 
elected  the  first  provincial  of  this  organization  of  regular 
clergy,  mainly  within  our  actual  territory.' 

For  a  time  Saint  Augustine  also  enjoyed  the  services  of 


'  "  Nolicias  relativas  it  la  Yplesia  Parr()((uial  de  San  Apnstin  rle  la  Flor- 
ida, trabajo  heelio  por  disposicion  del  Excino  e  Ulino  Sr  I).  Hanion  Fer- 
nandez de  Pierola  y  Lopez  de  Luz\iriiiga,  Obispo  de  Sun  Cristobal  de  Iti 
Habana."  IJarcia  says  that  Don  Frai  Antonio  Diaz  de  Snlcedo,  Hisliop  of 
Santia;j;o  deCuba,  made  a  visitation  of  Florida  in  1595  ;  but  no  writer  on 
I  lie  Hisliops  of  Cuba  mentions  the  fact,  and  the  Register  of  St.  Augus- 
tine is  evidence  apiiinst  its  probability. 

'  r.etterof  CJovernor  Ybarra,  A[)ril,  1009. 

'  Bareia,  "  Ensayo  Cronnlopico."  pp.  175,  181  ;  Torquemada,  "  Mo- 
naniuiu  Indiana."  iii.,  pp.  :!.50,  !t54. 
11 


.'         I 


',-; 


fi 


I 


I. 


II 


I 


I- 


ait 


IQ2  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

several  secular  priests  at  tlie  parish  church  and  fort,  Simon 
de  Ayllon  being  parish  priest,  assisted  by  Don  Pedro  de  la 
Ciunarda,  chaplain  of  the  fort,  followed  by  Don  Luis  Perez 
as  parish  priest,  and  Alonso  Ortiz,  whose  names  appear  till 

Frai  Alonso  Henriquez  Ahnendarez   de  Toledo   of  the 
Mercedarian  Order  for  the  Redemption  of  Captives  had  been 
appointed  to  the  See  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  in  1610.     He  was 
an  active  and  energetic  bishop,  and  found  so  nmch  to  engage 
his  attention  in  the  island  of  Cuba,  where  he  was  involvecl  m 
disputes  with  the  civil  authorities,  that  he  found  it  impossible 
to  make  a  visitation  of  Florida,  as  he  desired.     He  accord- 
i„.rlv  deputed  in  his  stead  Father  Louis  Jerome  de  Ore,  lec- 
turer in  theoloirv  and  commissary  of  the  Franciscan  Order, 
to  make  a  visitation  of  Florida.     This  religious  was  a  native 
<,f  Peru  and  highly  esteemed.     He  visited  Saint  Augustm." 
November  13,  Kiltl     He  found  the  parish  church  well  sup- 
plied with  cliurch  plute,  silver  chalices,  patens,  cross,  censer, 
boat  and  spoon  of  silver,  and  with  suitable  vestments,  which, 
with  the  stocks  for  the  holy  oils,  were  well  kept.     The  mi.s- 
sals,  .tianuals,  bells,  and  choir  books  are  also  attested  as  being 
mutal>le,  and   the   registers  well   kept  by  the  actual   pansl, 

priest,  Juan  de  Lerdo. 

In  1<1-»1.  .luring  tl.e  a.lministrati..n  of  Bishop  Almendaiv/., 
the  tirst  provincial  Council  of  St.  Domingo  was  held,  and  it> 
decrees  extinded  to  Florida.' 

In  1«;30  the  kinir.  bv  a  decree  of  December  4th,  made  os- 
IH^cial  provisi.u.  for  the  maintenance  of  the  FraiuMScan  mis- 
.i.,ns  in  Flori.la,  ordering  money  t.,  be  drawn  anmu.lly  troiu 

.  ..HHom  .1,.  bislTj^  ("atedml  de  Cul.u  par  d  II Po.lro  Ap.stin 

M.,n.l  .1.  S;u...  Cru/,";  "  NotiW.s  r-lativus  a  lu  I.l.sia  parr...,».a  .  -•  Su, 
Aiustin  par.  -1  H  "  ^  »>.  Ham.u.  l-cmaudc.  de  I'icrula  y  Lopc-z  de  Lu..^ 
riaua,  Oliispo  de  la  llulwna." 


lis. 


MISSION  LIFE. 


163 


d  fort,  Simon 
n  Pedro  de  la 
m  Luis  Perez 
es  appear  till 

'olcdo   of  the 
tives  bad  been 
GIO.     lie  was 
lucb  to  engage 
:as  involved  in 
d  it  impossible 
1.     He  aeeord- 
ne  de  Ore,  lec- 
neiscau  Order, 
lis  was  a  native 
aiut  Augnstiiie 
lureb  well  sup- 
^,  eross,  censer, 
stmenta,  wbieli, 
ept.     Tbe  uii.- 
ttested  as  being 
e  aetual   parish 

ap  Abnendarez. 
v\X6  held,  and  ir> 

>r  4th,  made  es- 
Franciscan  niis- 
n  annually  froiu 

II Podro  Apustii. 

a  iiiirroiiuiul  di'Sun 
liiy  Lopez  Uu  Lwzii 


Mexico  to  purchase  clothing  and  supplies.'  More  mission- 
aries had  been  petitioned  for  by  Father  Francisco  Alonzo  of 
Jesus,  Provincial  of  Florida,  but  he  obtained  only  twelve ; 
and  of  these  one  died  on  the  voyage  from  Spain,  and  two 
were  left  sick  at  Havana.  The  missionaries  sank  rapidly 
under  their  labors,  five  of  them  dyin^  .n  Florida  in  the  next 
five  years.  The  Franciscans  in  1631  numbered  thirty-five, 
maintaining  forty-four  doctrinas  or  missions,  in  which  they 
reckoned  thirty  thousand  converted  Indians. 

The  Ilev.  Alonso  de  Vargas  and  Rev.  Toribio  de  Pozada  kept 
lip  the  succession  of  parish  priests  till  1031,  with  Bartoiome 
Garcia  as  chaplain,  but  much  parochial  work  was  done  by 
the  Guardians  of  the  Franciscan  Convent,  Melchor  Ferraz 
and  Juan  Gomez  de  Pahna  ;  a  teniente  de  cura,  or  temporary 
substitute,  acting  in  1032  and  1033,  and  Don  Antonio  Calvo, 
chaplain  of  the  fort,  supplying  the  place  of  Rev.  Mr.  de 
Pozada  till  April,  1040." 

The  missionaries  were  far  apart,  unable  to  relieve  each 
.  other ;  and  when  any  one  wished  himself  to  approach  the 
saci-ed  tribunal  he  had  a  weary  journey  afoot,  through  ever- 
glade arid  streams,  to  reach  a  brother  priest.  Several  broke 
down  under  the  severe  labors,  so  that  the  Apalaches,  who 
earnestly  sought  clergy  to  instruct  them,  were  deferred 
till  the  Guardian  of  the  Convent  at  Saint  Augustine  set  out 
in  person,  in  1033,  with  a  single  assistant.  The  custos  of 
Florida,  writing  in  February,  1035,  states  that  the  zealous 
missionary  was  still  there,  and  had  baptized  five  thousand  of 
the  trii)e.  In  the  south  of  Florida  the  Indians  of  Carlos  and 
Mata('Uiiii)e  were  again  soliciting  missionaries  with  every 
mark  of  sincerity."    The  king,  in  reply  to  the  appeal  for  more 

'  Barciii,  p.  197.  '  "Notuiua." 

'  LcUcr  of  F.  Francisco  Alouso  de  Jesus  to  the  king. 


'H 


Ui: 


t 

i 

- 

; 

t'   1 

1 

•"  H 

1 

. 

k' 

.  if 

if 


i  111 


I     ^ 


f' 


1(5^  THS  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

evanj^elical  laborers,  ordered  eight  to  be  sent.'     The  Apa- 
lachcs,  harassed  by  the  Choctaws,  Apalachicolas,  and  other 
tribes,  looked  for  protection  to  the  Spaniards  and  their  aUies. 
In  1«;:V.>  the  Apalache  Chief  of  Cupajca  came  to  Saint  Angns- 
tine  to  he  instructed  and  baptized.     At  the  sacred  font  he 
received  the  name  of  I'.althazar,  (lo\'ernor  Damian  de  Vega 
Castro  being  his  godfather.     When  he  left  the  town  he  took 
with  him  a^ Franciscan  Fatlier,  who  was  to  found  amission 
in  his  tribe.'     To  open  intercourse  with  these  new  stations 
the  Spaniards,  for  tlie  tirst  time,  sent  vessels  to  coast  around 
the  peninsula  from  St.  Augustine.    Yet  there  were  occasional 
difficulties  between  whites  and   Indians,  and  we  tind  soon 
after  a  Governor  of  Florida  compelling  the  Indians  near  the 
town  to  work  on  the  fortifications,  in  punishment  for  some 

outbreak.' 

In  1040  St.  Augiistine  had  about  three  hundred  people, 
and  a  flourishing  comnmnity  of  fifty  Franciscan  religions 
scattered  through  Florida,  who  not  oidy  labored  among  the 
Indians,  but  did  much  t(.  maintain  piety  among  the  Span- 
iards.    Besides  them  there  were  in  St.  Augustine  the  Cura 
Vicario,  or  parisli  priest,  Don  Pedro  Verdugo  de  la  Silveyra 
(April,  1040-47),*  the  Sacristan  Mayor,  and  Antonio  Calvo. 
the  chaplain  of  the  fort,  who  in  1047  became  temporary  par- 
ish priest.     There  were  not  enough  secular  clergy  to  attend 
to  all  the  whites.     The  parish  church  was  still  of  wood,  b-.th 
walls  and  roof,  and  Bishop  de  la  Torre  was  unable  to  replace 
it  by  a  better  one— his  whole  income  from  Florida  being 
!i;4(l(t,  more  than  which  he  expended  on  the  province.    There 
was,  also,  the  Hospital  of  Nuestra  Sefiora  de  la  Soledad,  and 


.  M,.,noru.ulum  on  letter  just  eited.     Letter  of  Siilinas  aiul  Siinche/ 
Barcia,  p.  20:<. 
'  U-tU-r  of  Governor  Castro,  .\ugust  22. 1039.  '  Baroia.  p.  204. 

•  "  Xoticias"  kindly  fumiahcd  by  the  Bishop  of  Havana. 


«s 


A  BISHOP  ASKED  FOR  FLORIDA. 


105 


'  The  Apa- 
18,  aJid  other 
(1  their  allies. 
Saint  Augns- 
acrod  font  he 
lian  (If  Vega 
town  he  took 
lud  a  mission 
new  stations 
1  coast  around 
ere  oceasional 
we  tind  soon 
Hans  near  the 
neut  for  some 

ndred  people, 
scan  religious 
ed  among  the 
ing  the  Span- 
stine  the  Cura 
de  la  Silveyra 
Vntonio  Calvo. 
emporarv  par- 
lerirv  to  attenii 

of  wood,  hotli 
ahle  to  replace 

Florida  being 
ovince.  There 
la  Soledad,  and 

iiiiis  iind  Siinchc/ 

>  Biircirt,  p.  204. 
ranu. 


one  for  the  poor,  and  the  Hermitage  or  Chapel  of  Santa  Bar- 
bara. Piety  was  kept  alive  among  the  people  by  the  confra- 
ternity of  the  Blessed  Sacrament,  and  one  for  the  Faithful 
Departed.  The  people  naturally  gathered  around  the  chai)el 
of  the  Franciscans,  finding  encouragement  there  for  their 
(ii'votion. 

In  that  year  Father  Francis  Perez,  the  custos,  obtained 
several  additional  Fathers  for  the  Indian  missions.' 

All  felt  the  want  of  a  bishop— the  visits  of  the  one  who 
occupied  the  See  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  being  rare,  owing  to 
the  danger  of  the  passage  on  account  of  storms,  and  of  the 
pirates  who  infested  the  coast.  Don  Diego  de  Eebolledo, 
Governor  of  Florida  in  1055,  strongly  urged  the  King  of 
Spain  to  ask  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  to  erect  Saint  Augustine 
into  an  Episcopal  See,  or  at  least  to  make  F'lorida  a  Vicariate 
Apostolic  (Abadia),  so  that  there  might  be  a  local  Superior, 
and  that  the  faithfnl  there  might  receive  the  sacrament  of 
confirmation,  of  which  many  died  deprived.  The  King  and 
the  Coniuil  of  the  Indies  asked  the  opinion  of  the  Arch- 
hisho])  of  Santo  Domingo,  the  Bishop  of  Cuba,  the  Governor 
of  Havana,  and  others,  but  there  the  matter  ended. 

Of  the  Indian  missions  and  their  extent  at  that  time  we 
can  glean  some  idea.  The  centre  was  the  Convent  of  the 
Immaculate  Conce])tion  in  Saint  Augustine,  where  the  guar- 
dian resided  with  two  lay  brothers.  This  was  the  refuge  of 
missionaries  overcome  by  sickness  at  their  posts.  The  nearest 
missionary  was  at  Kombre  de  Dios,  about  a  mile  from  the 
city.  Our  Lady  of  Guadalupe  was  about  ten  miles  distant, 
and  San  Juan  del  Puerto  was  on  the  sea.  Thence  along  the 
coast  northward  were  San  Pedro  del  ^focarno,  San  Buenaven- 
tura de  Goadahpiibi,  Santo  Dtnningo  de  Talege,  San  Jose  de 

'  Junn  Diaz  de  la  Calle,  "Noticlas  Sacras  y  Reales";  Barcia,  "  Eusayo 
Cronologico,"  p.  212. 


V       '  if 


1 


;:;■■. 


'I  I 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/ 


O 


J^.% 


7^  /^A^ 


1.0 


I.I 


|50     "^" 

i-  U4 


25 
2.2 

!2.0 


III  I. 


L25  i  U    III  1.6 


7 


a 


o^s 


^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRfIT 

WnSTIR.NV    )4SI0 

(716)  177-4  J03 


4^* 


I 

i 


ill   ' 


i|s 


• 


166 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Zapala,  Santa  Catalina  de  Guale,  and  San  Felipe,  the  last 
fifty-four  leagues  from  St.  Augustine.  The  most  northerly 
on  the  coast  was  Chatuache,  six  leagues  further." 

In  another  direction  were  Santiago  de  Ocone,  Santa  Cruz 
de  Tarica,  San  Agustin  de  Urica,  Santa  Maria  de  los  An- 
geles de  Arapaja,  Santa  Cruz  de  Cachipile,  San  Yklefonso 
de  Chamini,  San  Francisco  de  Chuaqun,  San  Pedro  y  San 
Pablo  de  Potuturiba,  Santa  Elena  de  Machaba,  San  Miguel  de 
Asile,  ranging  from  thirty  to  sixty  leagues  from  the  capital. 

In  the  Apalache  country  were  the  missions  of  San  Lo- 
renzo, Concepcion,  San  Jose,  San  Juan,  San  Pedro  y  San 
Pablo,  San  Cosme  y  San  Damian,  San  Luis,  San  Martin  ;  and 
between  Apalache  and  Saint  Augustine  were  San  Martin  de 
Ayaocuto,  Santa  Fe  de  Toloco,  San  Francisco  de  Potano. 

Southward  lay  Santa  Lueia  de  Acuera,  San  Antonio  de 
Nacape,  San  Salvador  de  Mayaca,  San  Diego  de  Laea.  At  each 
one  of  these  there  was  a  missionary  stationed,  and  the  Chris- 
tian Indians  of  Florida  were  then  reckoned  at  2(),(»00.' 

But  the  missions  were  to  receive  the  first  blow  from  the 
civil  authorities.  The  Governor  of  Florida  sent  orders  to 
the  Cacitjue  of  Tarigica,  an  Apalache,  that  the  chiefs  of  that 


'  Of  the  missions  on  the  coast  here  mentioned,  severnl  were  visited  by 
Dickenson  and  liis  party  after  their  shipwreelc.  Banta  C'ru'.  was  two  or 
three  leagues  from  Ht.  Augustine.  It  had  a  friar  and  a  huge  chapel  with 
five  bells,  and  the  Indians  were  as  regidar  and  attentive  at  their  devotions  as 
the  Spaniards.  There  was  besides  a  large  eouneil-house.  San  .Tuan, thirteen 
leagues  further,  on  an  island,  was  a  large,  pop\ilous  town,  with  friar  and 
chapel,  the  people  industrious,  with  abundance  of  hogs,  poultry,  and 
corn.  8t.  MaryV  had  a  friar,  church,  and  the  Indian  boys  were  kept  at 
school.  Santa  Catalina  was  ruined  ;  but  he  mentions  it  October  10,  IflOO. 
"where  had  been  a  great  settlement  of  Indians,  for  the  land  was  cleareil 
for  planting  some  miles  distant." 

""Mcmoria  de  las  Poblaciones  Prineipales.  Ygleshs  y  Dolrinas  (|uc 
ay  en  las  Combersiones  de  las  Provinciaa  du  lu  Florida  a  cargo  de  los 
lieHglosoH  de  8an  Francisco,"  MB. 


'ES. 


APALACHE  MISSION  BROKEN  UP. 


167 


Felipe,  the  laBt 
most  northerly 
3r.' 

me,  Santa  Crnz 
iria  de  los  An- 
San  Yldefonso. 
n  Pedro  y  San 
,  San  Miguel  de 
•m  the  capital, 
ons  of  San  Lo- 
rj  Pedro  y  San 
Ian  Martin ;  and 
i  San  Martin  de 
)  de  Potano. 
5an  Antonio  de 
e  Laca.    At  each 
I,  and  the  Chris- 
t  2f!,()()0.' 
,t  blow  from  the 
I  Bent  orders  to 
lie  chiefs  of  that 


?r.\\  wore  visited  by 
ita  ('ru7,  was  two  or 
a  liirjrc  chiipi'l  with 
nt  their  devotions  lis 
'.  Han.Tnan.tliirteen 
own.  Willi  friar  and 
liof-'s,  poultry,  and 
n  boys  were  kept  at 

nioVtoiurio,  inn(», 

he  land  was  cleared 

>slnR  y  Dotrinns  (|iic 
oridu  u  cargo  de  los 


tribe  should  repair  to  Saint  Augustine,  and  that  each  one 
must  carry  in  person  a  certain  load  of  corn.  The  chiefs  re- 
fused, saying  that  there  were  vassals  whom  the  govenior 
might  order.  They  were  not  slaves  because  they  obeyed  the 
Holy  Gospel  and  Law  of  God ;  they  had  become  Christians 
of  their  own  accord ;  they  had  been  conquered  only  by  the 
Word  of  God  and  what  the  missionaries  had  taught  them. 
When  the  Spaniards  attempted  to  force  the  chiefs  to  submit  to 
the  degradation,  an  insurrection  broke  out,  in  which  some 
Spaniards  were  slain.  The  governor  took  the  field  against 
the  great  chief  of  Apalache,  and  several  engagements  were 
fought.  The  governor  finally  captured  and  hung  six  or  seven 
chiefs.  This  war,  provoked  by  Spanish  oppression,  com- 
pletely broke  up  the  missions  among  the  Indians  of  that 
nation.  The  Franciscan  Fathers,  unable  to  exercise  any  ben- 
eficial inflnence  over  the  Apalaches,  whose  minds  were  bitter- 
ly excited,  embarked  for  Havana  to  await  better  times ;  but 
they  were  all  drowned  on  the  passage,  completing  their  own 
sacrifice,  but  depriving  Florida  of  all  religious  teachers  skilled 
in  the  Apalache  tongue.' 

The  parish  of  Saint  Augustine,  about  this  time,  was  placed 
on  another  footing.  After  Don  Lorenzo  de  Solis,  who,  be- 
sides styling  himself  Cura  and  Vicario,  adds  the  title  of  Eccle- 
siastical Judge,  the  Church  was  made  a  benefice  to  be  ac- 
quired as  property,  according  to  a  custom  unfortunately 
prevailing.  In  1650  Don  Pedro  Juan  de  la  OHva  began  as 
beneficed  proprietor  and  vioar,  and  held  the  ponitioti  till 
Ififil,  replaced  dnritig  an  apparent  absence  in  1(553,  and  the 
year  following,  by  Don  Pedro  Bernaldez  as  vicar.  He  was 
succeeded,  for  five  years,  by  Christopher  Boniface  dc  Ilivera, 
not  as  proprietor,  but  as  beneficed  parish  ])riest. 

'  Letter  of  Father  John  Gomez  do  Enfrrabn,  who  had  been  forty-six 
yenra  on  the  Florida  mltwion,  dated  March  18  and  April  4, 1657. 


168 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


When  Don  Gabriel  Diaz  Vara  Calderon  became  Bishop  of 
Santiago  de  Cuba  on  the  14th  of  December,  1G71,  lie  wished 
to  examine  the  affairs  of  the  Church  iu  Florida,  and  deputed 
Don  Francisco  de  Sotolongo'  as  visitor ;  but  as  the  Francis- 
cans raised  objections  to  his  authority,  the  bishop  commis- 
sioned Father  Juan  Moreno  Pizarro,  and  Father  Joseph  Var- 
redo  as  secretary,  to  make  a  visitation  in  his  name."  The  re- 
sult seems  to  have  convinced  Bishop  Calderon  of  the  neces- 
sity of  a  personal  visitotion.  Having  made  his  arrangements 
in  the  early  part  of  the  year  to  leave  Cuba,  he  embarked  at 


^^(^^oU-^^ 


FACSIMILE  OF  BIGNATUHE  OF   BP.    GABRIEI,  DIAZ  VARA  CALDERON. 

Havana  on  the  18th  of  August,  1(?7-1:,  convoyed  by  a  fleet, 
and  on  the  23d  entered  the  harbor  of  Saint  Augustine.  The 
next  day  he  began  the  visitation.  Unfortunately  we  have 
but  a  part  of  the  record  of  his  episcopal  labors,  yet  enough 
to  show  that  the  visitation  was  not  a  mere  form.     He  cel- 


'  Sotolongo  wiu  (nira  propietnrio  of  Son  ATiistin,  lflflft-1674,  his  duties 
being  (lischargod  from  1071-4  by  Antonio  r.orcnzo  de  Pudilla,  tho  cliaijliun 
of  the  fort.  •*  Xr.ticiiLo."  Wi-  reprodurc  part  of  a  view  of  St.  AugUHline, 
published  at  Amsterdam  in  1(171,  "  De  Niciiwe  en  OnlHkende  Weereldof 
Hesehryving  van  Amerira,"  by  Arnold  Montaniis.  If  it  is  bused  on  any 
authentic  sketch,  the  church  shown  is  apparently  the  parish  church,  not 
the  chaf)cl  of  Nuestra  Seflora  de  la  Leche,  north  of  the  fort. 

'  "  Memorial  eu  Uerccho"  of  Don  Juan  Ferro  Machndo. 


as. 

ime  Bishop  of 
171,  he  wished 
,  and  deputed 
8  the  Francis- 
shop  coiumis- 
'.r  Joseph  Var- 
me."  The  re- 
i  of  the  neces- 
arrangements 
e  emhai'lied  at 


lRA  caldehon. 


yed  hy  a  Heet, 
ii<j;uHtinc.  The 
lately  we  have 
)rH,  yet  enough 
form.     He  cel- 

lft-1074.  his  (IuUpr 
i(lillii,thc('liiM)liiin 

of  St.  Augustine, 
l'k('!l(l(!  WctTckl  of 

it  is  biiHi'd  on  niiy 
mrish  cliurcli,  nut 

fort, 
ulo. 


>• 


i 


II  ] 


r  . 


'■  { 


III 


I 


170 


rf/^E  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


ebrated  a  pontificial  high  mass  on  the  24th  of  August  in  the 
ancient  city,  which  had  already  celebrated  its  first  centenary ; 
gave  minor  orders  to  seven  }oung  men,  sons  of  respected 
citizens — and  this  is  the  first  recorded  instance  of  the  con- 
ferring of  the  sacrament  of  Holy  Orders  within  the  present 
limits  of  the  United  States ;  gave  a  thousand  dollars  in  alms 
to  poor  widows,  who  were  reluctant  to  make  known  their 
necessities,  created  or  increased  by  a  hurricane  that  inundated 
most  of  the  city  on  the  17th. 

After  making  a  formal  visitation  of  the  parish  church  on 
the  feast  of  the  Nativity  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  where  he  was 
received  by  the  parish  priest.  Bachelor  Sebastian  Perez  de  la 
Cerda,  the  bishop  visited  on  the  39th  the  parish  church, 
"  Doctrine  "  of  the  Native  Indians  in  the  city  and  suburbs, 
which  was  attached  to  the  Convent  of  Saint  Francis.  Hero 
he  was  received  by  Father  Antonio  de  Urchia,  Commissary 
Visitor ;  Father  Francis  Perete,  Provincial  ;  Father  Alonso 
del  Moral,  Custos  and  ex-Provincial. 

He  then  issued  an  edict  recpHring  all  who  had  Indians  in 
their  emplcv  to  send  them  within  twenty-four  hours  to  k^ 
examined  as  to  their  knowledge  of  Christian  doctrine.  The 
zealous  bishop  found  such  ignorance  prevailing  that  on  the 
Tth  of  October  lie  promulgated  at  the  high  mass  an  edict  re- 
(pilriug,  under  the  penalty  of  exconnnunication,  tlie  Francis- 
can Fathers  versed  in  the  Timuquan,  Apalache,  and  Guale 
languages,  to  hold  a  catechism  class  for  Indians  every  Sunday 
and  holiday,  to  which  all  masters  were  to  send  their  Indian 
servants,  under  penalty  of  excommunicaticm  and  a  fine  of 
twenty  ducats.  The  nuisters  were  forbidden  to  force  their 
Indian  servants  to  work  on  Sundays  and  holidays,  and  this 
edict  was  to  be  read  every  Sunday  in  the  parish  church  at 
higli  mass.' 


,w 


1 


ES. 


BISHOP  CALDERON'S  VISITATION. 


Ill 


August  in  the 
rst  centenary ; 
i  of  respected 
B  of  the  con- 
in  the  present 
lollars  in  alms 
known  their 
;hat  inundated 

ish  church  on 
,  where  he  was 
m  Perez  de  la 
>arish  church, 
f  and  suburbs, 
'rancis.  Hero 
I,  Connnissary 
b'ather  Alonso 

aad  Indians  in 
r  hours  to  be; 
loctrine.  The 
ig  that  on  the 
iss  an  edict  re- 
1,  the  FraiK'is- 
lie,  and  Guale 
every  Sunday 
I  their  Indian 
and  a  fine  of 
to  force  their 
days,  and  this 
rish  church  at 


All  the  coasting  vessels  in  the  port  of  St.  Augustine  had 
been  destroyed  or  shattered  by  the  great  hurricane,  so  that 
the  bishop  was  unable  at  first  to  visit  the  missions  in  the 
province  of  Guale,  but  he  confirmed  the  Indians  of  Guale 
and  Mocana  whom  he  could  reach. 

There  were  nine  confraternities  in  the  city — those  of  the 
Blessed  Sacrament,  True  Cross,  Our  Lady  of  the  Kosary, 
Our  Lady  of  Soledad,  San  Telmo,  the  Faithful  Departed, 
St.  Patrick,  the  Conception,  and  Our  Lady  of  the  Milk  at 
Norabre  de  Dios,  a  suburb  of  the  city.  These  he  visited,  as 
well  as  the  hospital,  the  resources  and  expenditures  of  which 
he  examined  carefully. 

About  the  middle  of  October,  undeterred  by  the  rains, 
crossing  rivers  in  canoes  lashed  together,  the  bishop  reached 
Santa  Fe,  the  chief  mission  and  centre  of  the  Timuquan  na- 
tion, and  gave  confirmation  to  all  who  had  been  prepared  for 
that  sacrament.  Thence  we  can  trace  his  visitation  as  far  as 
Taragica,  in  the  Apalache  country.' 

The  zealous  bishop  spent  eight  months  in  his  laborious  and 
thorough  visitation,  correcting  many  abuses  and  suppressing 
irregularities  that  had  grown  up.  His  desire  to  restore  the 
discipline  of  the  church  excited  opposition,  for  an  attempt 
was  made  to  take  his  life  by  poison.  He  founded  churches 
in  Florida,  providing  for  their  maintenance,  supplied  others 
with  vestments,  and  gave  liberal  alms  to  the  Indian  chiefs 


'  "  Relacion  de  viage  por  Don  Pedro  Palacio.s,  sccretario  de  visitn."  Se- 
bastian Perez  de  la  C'erda,  proprietary  pnrisli  priest  from  1074  to  iiis  deatli 
at  tlic  end  of  1682,  received  Bishop  Calderon.  He  was  replaced  by  Mark 
Gonzales  as  pastor  ad  interim  and  vicar  in  1081-2.  lie  was  succeeded  as 
parish  priest  and  vicar  ad  interim  by  Joseph  de  la  Mota,  the  chaplain  of 
the  troops,  who  was  also  Commissary  of  the  Crusade,  and  Minister  of 
the  Holy  Office.  1684-5. 


Btinc. 


\  4 


I 


173 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


and  their  people.     He  expended  no  less  than  eleven  thousand 
dollars  among  the  faithful  of  this  part  of  his  diocese.' 

As  a  fruit  of  this  visit,  we  lind  the  missions  of  St.  Nicholas 
of  Tolentino,  and  another  among  the  Choctaws,  that  of  the 
Assumption  among  the  Caparaz,  Amacauos,  and  Chines, 
founded  in  1074,  and  those  of  Candelaria  among  the  Tamas, 
and  the  Nativity  of  Our  Lady  in  the  following  year.  Father 
Pedro  de  Luna  was  then  at  Guadahpini  on  the  Georgia 
coast ;  Pedro  de  la  Lastra  at  San  Felipe ;  Diego  Bravo  at  San 
Juan  del  Puerto ;  Bernabe  de  los  Angeles  at  Santa  Cathalina, 
now  St.  Catharine's ;  John  Baptist  Campana  at  St.  Joseph 
de  Sapala,  now  Sapelo  ;  Juan  de  Useda  at  Asao,'  from  which 
it  is  evident  that  the  missions  were  still  maintained  nearly  to 
the  new  English  settlements  in  Carolina  ;  and  that  the  good 
bishop  must  have  actually  reached  South  Carolina  in  his 
visitation.  The  number  confirmed  by  him,  which,  of  course, 
included  many  adults,  is  stated  by  the  Bishop  to  have  been 
13,152.  This  agrees  with  the  Catholic  population  given  by 
the  missionaries  about  that  time.'  The  next  year  Father 
Alonso  Moral,  in  spite  of  great  opposition,  reached  Florida 
witli  twenty-four  Franciscans  for  the  Indian  missions.'  One 
missionary  went  to  the  province  oi  Carlos,  but  the  governor, 
Don  Pablo  de  Ilita,  was  so  earnest  to  have  greater  effort 
made  there,  that  the  Licentiate  Sebastian  Perez  de  la  Cerda, 
then  parish  priest  and  Yicar  of  Saint  Augustine,  induced 
some  secular  priests  in  Havana  to  offer  their  services.'     The 

'  Letter  of  Bishop  Ciilileron  to  Don  .Tuati  de  Mendo/.a  Escalaute,  J\ine 
8,  1676.     He  confirmed  680  whites,  1,510  Indians. 

'  Apparently  St.  Simon's  Island.     See  ante,  p.  155. 

'  The  bishop's  entry  of  his  visitation  at  St.  Aupustine  is  Septeml)er  8, 
1074. 

•Distances  of  the  Missions,  MS.,  1675.  Letter  of  Bishop  Calderon, 
June  8,  1675. 

•  Barcia,  1C76,  p.  281. 


INDIAN  COMPLAINTS. 


173 


I  Escalante,  Juno 


king  gave  directions  for  the  selection  of  worthy  priests,  mak- 
ing appropriation  for  their  expenses  to  Florida,  and  a  yearly 
salary  of  one  hundred  and  fifteen  ducats,  but  the  officials  in 
Cuba  raised  so  many  difficulties  that  the  whole  project  failed,' 
though  the  learned  Doctor  Don  Juan  de  Cisneros,  the  oldest 
canon  of  the  Cathedral,  a  learned,  virtuous,  and  charitable 
priest,  offered  to  go.' 

In  1(580  the  Indians  of  the  mission  of  Mascarasi,  just  under 
the  walls  of  St.  Augustine,  complained  to  the  newly-arrived 
governor,  Don  Juan  Marquez  Cabrera,  of  their  treatment  by 
their  missionary.  The  affair,  trifling  in  itself,  led  to  conten- 
tions which  for  years  troubled  the  peace  of  the  Church  in 
Florida.  The  Provincial  making  no  reply  to  the  Governor's 
request  to  examine  into  the  matter,  the  case  was  carried  to 
the  Commissary  of  the  Indies  and  to  the  King.  A  royal 
decree  of  September  27,  1681,  required  the  Commissary  to 
enjoin  on  his  subjects  to  correct  the  Indians  with  gentle  and 
mild  means,  without  exasperating  them,  the  better  to  win 
souls  to  the  service  of  God,  and  to  perseverance  in  their  in- 
structions. It  moreover  declared  that  the  Indians  must  be 
paid  for  all  work  ;  and  all  must  obey  the  ordinances  of  the 
Commissary-General  of  the  Indies.' 

The  King  of  Spain,  finding  that  no  Synod  had  been  held 
in  the  diocese  of  Cuba  from  the  time  of  its  erection,  although 
one  had  been  convoked  by  Bishop  Almendarez,  had,  by  a 
decree  of  March  13,  1673,  directed  Bishop  Calderon  to  con- 

'  Burciu,  1679,  p.  234. 

•'  Biircia,  1080,  pp.  239,  240,  245. 

3  Barcia— 1081,  p.  243 ;  1082,  p.  245,— speaks  of  the  <leatli  of  a  Bishop  of 
Santiago  de  Cuba  in  1081-2,  and  Gams,  "  Series  Pontitlcomm,"  p.  146, 
makes  Bishop  Juan  Garcia  de  Palacios  die  June  1, 1682  ;  but  this  is  im- 
possible, for  tlie  Diocesan  Synod  in  June,  1084,  was  held  by  Bjshop 
Palacios,  who  signs  the  statutes.  "  Synodo  Diocesano"  (Ed.  1844),  p. 
186. 


! 


174 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


voke  one  ;  but  that  zealous  bishop,  who  wished  first  to  know 
his  diocese  by  a  thorough  visitation,  and  who  completed  the 
cathedral,  apparently  with  a  new  to  such  an  ecclesiastical 
assembly,  died  March  16,  1676.  His  successor,  Don  Juan 
Garcia  de  Palacios,  convoked  a  diocesan  synod,  which  was 
opened  in  Havana  on  Whitsunday,  1684.  The  Constitutions 
signed  June  16th  have  continued  in  force  in  Cuba  to  this 
day,  and  obtained  in  Florida  as  long  as  that  province  re- 
mained under  the  Spanish  flag. 

The  Synod  recognized  and  put  in  force  in  the  diocese  the 
decrees  of  the  Council  of  Santo  Domingo,  passed  September 
21,  1622,  Florida  belonging  to  that  ecclesiastical  province, 
and  so  remaining  till  the  erection  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  into  a 
metropolitan  see  in  1803. 

Tlie  Constitutions  provide  for  the  instruction  of  the  young 
in  Christian  doctrine,  one  constitution  inculcating  the  duty 
on  heads  of  families,  a.s  others  do  on  pastors  and  teachers. 
Confraternities  were  regulated  and  many  suppressed.     Im- 
proper dances  and  amusements  were  prohibited,  and  care 
taken  to  prevent  religious  holidays  from  being  transfonned 
into  wild  and  lawless  merrymakings.     Provision  was  made 
for  the  erection  of  a  diocesan  seminary  in  Havana,  to  which 
the  See  was  then  alx)nt  to  be  transferred.     The  conferring  of 
the  Sacraments  of  Holy  Orders  and  Extreme  Unction  were 
next  regulated.     Elaborate  rules  were  adopted  for  ecclesias- 
tical courts.     The  duties  of  parish  priests  and  head  sacristans, 
of  collectors  of  offerings  in  churches,  and  of  visitors  appointed 
by  the  bishop  or  chapter,  were  prescribed. 

The  inalienability  of  church  property  is  distinctly  laid 
down.  "  The  goods  and  ]>roperty  held  by  churches  are  dedi- 
cated to  the  divine  worship,  and  to  rob  them  is  sacrilege ; 
and  that  no  occasion  may  be  given  to  commit  it,  and  at  tlie 
same  time  to  attest  the  goods  held  by  churches,  and  which 


fv 


DIOCESAN  SYNOD. 


176 


camiot  be  usurped  or  alienated,"  the  dean  and  chapter  of  the 
cathedral  and  all  parish  prieste  were  required  to  have  an  au- 
thentic book,  in  which  all  houses,  farms,  and  other  property 
belonging  to  churches  should  be  recorded,  and  also  a  record 
of  all  vestments,  plate,  and  other  articles,  and  in  the  divine 
service  or  the  adornment  of  the  altar  (Title  iv.,  Const,  i.-iv.). 
The  right  of  sanctuary  enjoyed  by  churches  was  also  main- 
tained (Title  xiv..  Const,  i.-vii.).  Other  constitutions  related 
to  wills,  funerals,  the  sacraments  of  penance  and  matrimony. 

The  holidays  of  obligation  established  were  the  Circum- 
cision, Epiphany,  Purification,  St.  Mathias,  St.  Joseph,  the 
Annunciation,  St.  Philip  and  St.  James,  "he  Finding  of  the 
Holy  Cross,  St.  Ferdinand,  St.  John  the  Baptist,  St.  Peter 
and  St.  Paul,  St.  James,  St.  Christopher,  St.  Ann,  St.  Lau- 
rence, the  Assumption,  St.  Bartholomew,  St.  Augustine,  St. 
Kose,  the  Nativity  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  St.  Matthew,  St. 
Michael,  St.  Simon  and  St.  Jude,  All  Saints,  St.  Andrew,  the 
Conception  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  St.  Thomas,  Christmas, 
St.  Stephen,  St.  John,  Holy  Innocents  and  St.  Sylvester, 
Easter  Monday  and  Tuesday,  Ascension,  Whitmonday  and 
Tuesday,  Coi-pus  Christi.  Those  who  lived  more  than  three 
miles  from  a  church  or  chapel,  and  not  more  than  three 
leagues,  were  to  hear  mass  once  a  fortnight ;  those  within 
ten  leagues,  every  month,  and  so  on ;  those  who  lived  sixty 
or  seventy  leagues  distant  being  required  to  hear  mass -at 
least  once  a  year  (Lib.  ii..  Tit.  i.,  Const,  i.-vi.). 

After  Easter  Sunday  the  parish  priest  was  required  to  visit 
every  house,  and  see  all  who  lived  there  to  be  sure  that  they 
had  approached  the  sacraments.  A  certificate  was  given  to 
each  communicant,  and  a  list  had  to  be  taken  to  the  bishop 
within  a  specified  time.  The  parish  priests  in  Florida  were 
to  come  by  the  first  vessel  saiUng  to  Cuba  (Lib.  i.,  Tit.  vii.. 
Const,  iv.). 


I 


176  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

The  fasting  days  were  the  Ember  days,  all  days  of  Lent 
except  Sundays,  the  vigils  of  Whitsunday,  St.  Mathias,  St. 
John  the  Baptist,  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  St.  James,  St.  Lau- 
rence, the  Assumption,  St.  Bartholomew,  St.  Matthew,  St. 
Simon  and  St.  Jude,  All  Saints,  St.  Andrew,  St.  Thomas, 
and  Christmas  (Lib.  iii..  Tit.  xiii..  Const,  i.).  Fridays  and 
Saturdays  were  days  of  abstinence. 

A  special  title  was  devoted  to  Florida,  the  provinces  of 
which  the  Synod  declared  had  been  intrusted  to  the  bishop 
by  the  Apostolic  See  and  by  the  Spanish  monarch,  and  which 
belonged  to  that  bishopric.  The  game  of  ball  among  the 
Lidians  as  connected  with  superstitious  usages  was  forbidden  ; 
married  Lidian  men  were  not  to  be  kept  in  St.  Augustine 
away  from  their  wives  ;  it  appearing  that  many  were  in  the 
habit  of  living  there  as  hunters,  carpenters,  etc.,  the  parish 
priest  and  his  vicar  were  to  see  that  they  returned  to  their 
own  villages  ;  Indians  employed  in  or  near  the  city  were  to 
have  every  opportunity  to  hear  mass  on  Sundays  and  holi- 
days, and  were  to  be  sent  to  the  Franciscan  Convent  to  liear 
mass  and  receive  instruction  in  Christian  doctrine. 

The  Indian  Catholics  were  not  obliged  to  observe  the  same 
holidays  as  the  whites,  the  obligation  extending  only  to  the 
Sundays,  Circumcision,  Epiphany,  Purification,  Annuncia- 
tion, Ascension,  Corpus  Christi,  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paid,  As- 
sumption, All  Saints,  and  Christmas,  as  they  were  relieved 
from  the  others  by  Bulls  of  the  Sovereign  Pontiffs.'  They 
were  obliged  to  fast  only  on  Fridays  in  Lent,  Holy  Saturday, 
and  Christmas  Eve.  Religious  were  not  to  hear  confessions 
or  administer  the  sacraments  till  they  received  faculties  from 
the  bishop,  and  were  not  to  leave  their  missions  for  more 

•Bull  "Altitudo  Divini  Con8ilii"of  Pope  Paul  III..  June  1.  15S7. 
ncrnaez,  "  Coleccion."!..  pp.  6^7;  "Bullarium  de  Propaganda  Fide. 
App.  i.,  p.  25.    This  docs  not  include  All  Saints. 


s. 

clays  of  Lent 
,  Mathias,  St. 
mes,  St.  Lau- 
Matthew,  St. 
St.  Thomas, 
Fridays  and 

provinces  of 
to  the  bishop 
ch,  and  which 
11  among  the 
as  forbidden ; 
St.  Augiistine 
y  were  in  the 
tc.,  the  parish 
urned  to  their 
e  city  were  to 
lays  and  holi- 
nvent  to  liear 
ine. 

serve  the  same 
g  only  to  the 
)n,  Annuncia- 

St.  Paul,  As- 

were  relieved 
)ntiffs.'  They 
loly  Saturday, 
ear  confessions 

faculties  from 
lions  for  more 

I..  .Tunc  1.  ISST. 
ropaganda  Fide," 


REGULATIONS  FOR  FLORIDA. 


177 


than  two  ni(.)nths  at  a  time ;  were  to  be  assiduous  in  cate- 
chising, teaching  the  boys  every  day,  and,  where  possible,  in 
Spanish.  Indian  converts  instructed  in  the  Christian  doc- 
trine were  to  receive  communion  at  Easter  and  other  con- 
venient seasons,  and  certiticates  of  having  fulfilled  their 
Paschal  duty  were  to  be  given  to  them.  Kegisters  were  to 
be  kept  of  Indian  baptisms,  marriages,  and  funerals,  and  the 
Franciscan  Fathers  were  not  to  serve  the  whites  except  in 
special  cases.  Kor  were  whites  to  endeavor  to  collect  money 
due  from  Indians  who  came  to  church.  This  and  other 
abuses  were  pi'ohibited  by  royal  orders  of  June  1,  1672,  and 
August  2,  1078.  The  Florida  title  ends  thus :  "  And  obeying 
another  royal  order  of  May  21,  1678,  in  which  his  majesty, 
with  his  Catholic  piety,  charges  us  that  we  should,  on  our 
part,  watch  with  all  attention  and  vigilance  for  the  relief  and 
good  treatment  of  the  Indians,  we  most  affectionately  ad- 
monish the  said  missionaries  to  treat  them  well  and  charita- 
bly, and  not  to  consent  that  any  person,  ecclesiastical  or  secu- 
lar, shoidd  maltreat  them  in  word  or  deed,  using  due  effort 
in  all  cases,  in  a  matter  so  important  to  the  service  of  God 
ami  his  majesty,  wherewith  we  charge  them  in  conscience" 
(Lib.  iv..  Tit.  v.).' 

Spain,  although  she  found  that  Florida  could  not  be  self- 
subsisting,  not  being  fitted  for  raising  wheat  or  cattle,  neg- 
lected to  plant  settlements  on  the  Chesapeake,  where  shell- 
fish and  wild-fowl  would  have  proved  a  resource.  She 
allowed  the  English  to  plant  that  district  and  at  last  extend 
their  settlements  to  the  country  immediately  north  of  Saint 
Helena  Sound.     As  the  new  English   colony  of  Carolina 

'  "Synodo  Diocesnna,  que  de  orden  de  S.  M.  celebro  el  ilustrisimo 
Senor  Doctor  Don  Juan  Garcia  de  Palacios,  Obispo  de  Cuba,  en  Junio 
de  mil  seiscientos  ochenta  y  cuatro."    There  are  three  editions,  the  first 
about  1688 ;  tiie  second  at  Havana,  1816 ;  the  third,  Havana,  1844. 
12 


:  H 


'Mr 


ml 


Kl 


r.ii\ 


i 


i 

• 

9 

li 

i 

'|i 

i         i 

i 

1 

1 

i 

!' 

s 

1 

1 

:ii 

« 

;,73  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

grew,  it  became  a  meuace  to  Florida,  and  the  result  was  not 

long  delayed. 

Tlic  Bishop  of  Cuba  used  every  exertion  to  have  tlio  royal 
orders  in  regard  to  the  mission  of  secular  priests  in  Florida 
o'lrried  out ;  hut  all  elforts  failed.  The  Ciovernor  .luan  Mar- 
tinez Cabrera  was  by  no  means  fitted  for  the  difficult  crisis 
in  the  affairs  of  the  peninsula. 

On  the  Atlantic  coast,  seeing  the  missions  menaced,  tlie 
governor  endeavored  to  persuade  the  converted  l.ulians  of 
the  towns  of  San  Felipe,  San  Sinmn,  Santa  Catalina,  Sapala, 
Tupichi,  Asao,  Obalda.juini,  and  other  missions,  to  remove  to 
the  islands  of  Santa  Maria,  San  Juan,  and  Santa  Vvm.     llis 
plan  may  have  been  xvise,  but  it  was  n..t  carried  out  with 
iud.'ment.     The  Indians  refused  t..  g..,  and  revolting,  aban- 
(h.ned  their  missions     Some  fled  to  the  woods,  others  to  Fng- 
INh  territ..rv.     The  missionaries  in  U',^4  used  every  means 
of  persu^uMon  and  promises  to  induce  the  Jama^os.  <.r  ^  am- 
.jssees  of  the  (iuale  province  to  remain  ;  but  they  went  over 
to  the  English,  followed  by  other  tribes.     Aidcl  by  their 
new  friends  with  arms,  an<l  doubtless  at  their  instigation, 
these  Indians  the  next  year  sudvlenly  and  uiicxpcctc.lly  in- 
vaded the  Spanish  terriK.ry  of  Timu.pia.  sacked  the  iiiis- 
Moi,  of  Santa  C^italina,  carried  off  all  the  vestments,  plate, 
nml  other  articles  from  the  church  and  Franciscan  convent, 
killed  many  of  the  Catholic  In.lians.  burned  the  town,  an.l 
retired  loaded  with  plunder,  and  Indians  to  sell  as  slaves  to 
the  settlers  of  Carolina.' 


.  Hur<-i«  1087.  p  2H7  ;  Ayrta.  "  La  V.t.1».1  D.f.n.li.l.,-  M  211?.    OM 

u..i.«  fn..n  it.  MS.  >^---^x\^z  i:.  t^  „L':ri.. 

Kl.M,"  MS. 


•* 


IS. 

esnlt  was  not 

ii\ve  tlio  royiil 
sts  ill  Florida 
lor  .luun  Miii'- 
(liliii'ult  crisis 

menaced,  the 
:od  Indians  of 
tulina,  Sapala, 
,  to  remove  to 
til  Cruz.     His 
rriod  out  witli 
I'voltiu^,  alian- 
(itliersto  Eulc- 
1  every  means 
T'.a^op.  or  ^  ani- 
thoy  went  over 
Aided  by  their 
I'ir  iustitratioii, 
iH'xpecti'diy  iii- 
K'ked  the  niis- 
L'stnientw,  plate, 
eiseaii  convent, 
1  the  town,  and 
hell  as  hluves  to 


!»,"  fol  2i:?.    Olml 
Sail  Kclii"'  was  si\ 
iiasHpcH,  was  tlircf 
7r..     ("Iialtiaclic  or 
vns  tlie  iTioft  north 


DESTRUCTION  OF  SANTA  CATALINA. 


179 


This  mission  of  St.  Catharine,  the  most  important  one  in 
the  province  of  Guale,  was  evidently  on  the  island  that  still 
bears  that  name,  on  the  coast  of  Georgia.  In  1675,  with  the 
dependent  town  of  Satuache,  it  was  attended  by  Father  Ber- 
nabe  de  los  Angeles ;  St,  Joseph's  mission  being  at  Sapala, 
now  Sapelo  island,  and  St.  Dominic's  at  Asao,  or  St.  Simon's 
island. 

The  aggressive  fanaticism  of  English  colonists  was  tlnis  ar- 
rayed against  Catholicity  in  Florida.  The  destruction  of  St. 
Catharine's  church  and  convent  opens  a  new  era. 

Don  Juan  IVIarques  Cabrera  when  governor  treated  the 
Apalaches  with  great  severity,  and  his  adjutant,  Antonio 
Matheo,  burnt  several  of  their  towns,  the  Indians  flying  to 
the  woods  or  seeking  refuge  with  other  nations. 

When  Don  Diego  de  Quiroga  y  Lossada  was  appointed  he 
adopted  a  more  conciliatory  policy.  The  great  Cacique  of 
the  Carlos  Keys  sent  his  son,  the  heathen  Indians  of  Vasisa 
River  asked  for  missionaries,  and  Franciscans  were  sent  to 
several  of  the  Christian  towns.  A  better  feeling  soon  pre- 
vailed throughout  the  peninsula,  and  there  are  extant  let- 
ters to  the  King  of  Spain,  one  written  by  the  Apalache 
chiefs,'  and  the  other  by  those  of  the  Timuquan  nation,' 
expressing  their  satisfaction  with  the  missionaries  and  the 
governor. 

The  documents  are  curious  as  evidence  that  the  chiefs  in 
Spanish  Florida,  at  that  time,  were  able  to  write  their  names. 

'  Don  Mntlico  Cliuba ;  Chipf  Juan  Mendoza  ;  Don  nrntura,  Chief  of 
Ibitacluico  ;  Don  Alonso  Pastrana,  Chief  of  Pattali ;  Don  Patricio,  Chief 
of  Santa  Cruz  ;  Don  Ignaeio,  Chief  of  Tulpat(iui. 

''  Don  Franrisro,  Cliief  of  San  Matlieo  ;  Don  Pedro,  Chief  of  San  Pe- 
dro ;  Don  Hcntuni,  Chief  of  Asile;  Don  Die>r<>,  Cliief  of  Macliaua  ; 
Gn'Korio,  Chief  of  San  ,Tunn  de  Ciuacara  ;  Francisco  Martinez. 

Facsimiles  of  the  siirnatures  are  given  at  page  180.  The  word 
"  hulahla"  uieuiis  "  Chief." 


r'l 


•  {ft' 


f 

1         1     1 

1     ' 

^^  J 


•v 


^ 


4  -^  V  ^"N. 


, 

I 

!         i 

i 

i 

i 

_ 

. 

1 

1. 

i 

i 

j 

,              - 

,i 

a  c^  ^^ 


1^ 


QSi 


(^    c^' 


1-1 V 


vV 


^ 


'^v4^ 


VISITATION  BY  DON  JUAN  FERRO  MACHADO.    181 


Reports  of  Indian  discontent,  and  appeals  for  better  eccle- 
siastical government  in  Florida,  induced  the  King  of  Spain, 
in  1087,  to  direct  the  newly  appointed  Bishop  of  Cuba,  Don 
Diego  Evelino  de  Compostcla,  to  dispatch  all  urgent  business 
as  soon  as  possible  after  reaching  his  diocese,  and  then  pro- 
ceed to  the  provinces  of  Florida  and  make  a  complete  visi- 
•  tation.  Finding,  however,  that  the  affairs  of  Cuba  would  re- 
quire his  attention  for  a  considerable  time,  the  bithop  (Jan- 
uary 7, 1G88)  appointed  a  learned  Cuban  priest,  the  Bachelor 
Don  Juan  Ferro  Machado,  his  visitor-general  of  the  provinces 
of  Florida.  Br.  Ferro  Machado  proceeded  to  Florida  at  his 
own  expense,  with  his  secretary,  Bachelor  Joseph  Manuel 
Aleman  y  Ilurtado,  and  was  received  at  St.  Augustine,  as  the 
l)ishop's  representative,  by  Rev.  Joseph  Perez  de  la  Mota,  the 
])arish  priest  and  vicar;  but  the  Franciscan  Fathers  would 
not  permit  him  to  make  a  visitation  of  their  houses  and  mis- 
sions, as  he  was  not  the  bishop  or  a  religious  of  their  order 
empowered  for  the  purpose,  citing  in  justification  a  royal 
order  of  December  21,  1595.  The  parish  cliurch  in  St.  Au- 
gustine was  visited  by  him  February  20,  10S8.  It  was  still 
only  a  wooden  structure,  poorly  fitted  up,  and  the  clergy  with 
but  scanty  means  to  give  dignity  to  tlio  worship  of  God.' 

Tne  report  of  Don  Juan  Ferro  Machado  drew  forth  a  work 
Ity  Father  Francis  Ayeta  in  which  he  denied  that  Florida 
was  part  of  the  diocese  of  Cuba,  and  questioned  the  bi8ho])'8 
authority  to  send  a  delegate  to  make  a  visitatitm  of  their 
houses.  He  reviewed  the  whole  (juestion  at  great  length, 
with  a  vast  array  of  authorities,  and  controverted  some  state- 
ments of  the  visitor-general,  especially  in  relation  to  the  mis- 

'  Mmiindo,  "Momoriiil  pn  dprccho  iil  Kei,"  22  leaves,  fol.  1688.  Bar- 
cin,  )ip.  204,  !t(K).  Kntry  in  tlie  Register  of  St.  Aupuatine.  Tlie  clmpel  iu 
llie  fort  at  Siiiiit  Augustine,  begun  about  tliis  time,  is  one  of  tlie  oldest 
Cutliolic  cliupeln  in  the  country. 


1.,...^ 


i 
i 

\ 


\\\ 


I 


ll- 


182  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

8ion  of  Sau  Salvador  de  Mayaca,  wliich  had  been  removed 
Iw  the  Frauciscaas.  Father  Ayeta  asserted  that  its  location 
was  so  unhealthy  that  the  people  and  their  missionary  Father 
Bartholomew  de  Quinoues,  were  constantly  sick ;  that  the 
provincial,  in  consequence,  sent  his  secretary,  Father  Salvador 
Bueno,  who  selected  a  healthy  site,  which  pleaded  the  Indi- 
ans, so  that  he  attracted  others^nd  made  many  converts^ 

i    V.  wn,  ..  nroliflc  writer,  whose  pen  was  employed  by  Ins  Orair  i 
'  ralXuhr  CO  uroverlies      He  wrote  also  the  "  Crisol  de  la  Verdad. 

Francescana,"  pp.  29-30. 


ill 


een  removed 
.t  its  location 
)uary,  Father 
ck;  that  the 
ther  Salvador 
ficd  the  Indi- 
con  verts.' 

0  of  227  leaves, 
by  liis  Order  in 

1  (le  la  Verdad," 
"Itimo  TJccurso  " 
I  Verdad  "(1689) 
;ain8t  the  Bishop 
;a,  "Bibliografla 


CHAPTER  II. 

THE   CHURCH   IN   NEW  MEXICO,   1581-1680. 

We  have  traced  the  history  of  the  Church  in  the  English 
colonies  to  K590,  and  seen  what  she  had  accomplished  in 
Florida  till  the  same  time.  In  another  part  of  our  present 
domain  the  Church  had  also  labored,  and  not  in  vain.  The 
year  1()9()  beheld  there,  indeed,  naught  but  ruined  churches 
and  slaughtered  priests ;  but  there  is  a  century  of  evangelical 
labor  to  chronicle,  and  the  check  sustained  by  the  Church  in 
her  holy  work  was  but  a  temporary  one. 

After  the  inartyrdom  of  Father  Padilla  and  his  compan- 
ion, no  further  effort  was  made  in  the  direction  of  New  Mex- 
ico till  the  year  1581.  A  fervent  Franciscan  lay  brother, 
Augustine  Rodriguez,  full  of  mortification,  prayer,  and  zeal, 
had  been  sent  at  his  own  request  to  Zacatecas.  From  that 
point  he  penetrated  northward,  and  found  tribes  who  received 
liim  with  every  mark  of  good-will.  lie  returned,  expecting 
to  induce  his  superiors  to  found  a  mission  there.  But  the 
laborers  were  few,  and  the  good  lay  brother  retired  to  a  con- 
vent in  the  valley  of  San  Bartolome,  where  he  prayed,  mor- 
tified himself,  and  waited  for  the  Lord.  Three  Indians  came 
to  tell  him  of  civilized  tribes  to  the  north  who  lived  in 
houses.  He  journeyed  far  enough  to  be  convinced  of  the 
fact,  and  then  made  his  way  to  Mexico  to  implore  his  supe- 
riors to  do  something  for  these  starving  souls.  His  jileading 
was  not  in  vain ;  two  young  priests  of  the  order — Father 
Francis  I^»pez,  who  had  come  from  the  Franciscan  province 

(188) 


■f^ 


184 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


m 


of  Andalusia,  and  Father  John  of  St.  Mary,  a  Catalan— were 
assigned  to  the  work.    They  set  out  from  the  mines  of  Sant^i 
Barbara,  June  6,  1581,  escorted  by  eight  soldiers,  who  with 
their  leader,  Francisco  Sanch.oi^  Chamuscado,  volunteered  to 
protect  the  missionaries.     Passing  through  wild  tribes  the 
l)rave  religious  came  to  the  country  of  the  Pueblo  Indians. 
They  gave  the  province  the  name  of  New  Mexico,  which  it 
has  borne  for  three  centuries.     The  Tiguas,  iirst  to  receive 
these  Christian  teachers,  showed  a  disposition  to  listen  to  their 
words,  so  that  J^rother  Augustine  and  his  companions  re- 
solved to  begin   their  mission  there.     Chamuscado  and  his 
men,  after  making  some  exploration,  left  the  missii.iuiries  in 
apparent  security  in  December,  and  journeytHl  back.     For  a 
time  the  mission  prospered,  and  the  field  seemed  so  wide  that 
Father  John  set  out  ft»r  Mexico  to  obtain  other  religious, 
with  re(|uisites  for  a  permanent  mission.     Skilled  in  astrun- 
omv,  and  trusting  to  the  guidance  of  the  stars,  he  took  a  new 
route,  crossing  the  Salinas  and  bearing  straight  for  the  Rio 
Grande.    "While  sleeping  one  day  by  the  wayside  he  was  dis- 
covered by  some  Tigua  Indians,  of  a  town  subseciuently  called 
San  Pablo,  who  crushed  his  head  with  a  huge  stone,  and  then 
burned  his  body.     Father  Lopez  and  Prother  Augustine  had 
remained  at  a  Puebk.  town,  with  three  Indian  boys  and  a 
half-breed,  earnestly  endeavoring  to  acquire  the  language,  st) 
as  to  be  a1)le  to  instruct  the  people  in  the  doctrines  of  the 
g(.spel.     One  day  a  band  from  an  unfriendly  tribe  entered 
the  town  and   began  (|uarreMng  with   the   i)eoitle.      Father 
Lopez  reproved  them,  but  they  became  furious  at  his  cen- 
sure, and  turning  upon  him  made  his  body  a  target  for  their 
arrows.     The  second  of  the  priests  tlius  laid  down  his  life. 
Prother  Augustine  buried  the  body  of  Father  Lo])ez   in  the 
town,  and  courageously  resumed  his  laliors  ;   liut  hi>  Indian 
comrades  took  alarm  and  tied.     One  was  slain,  but  the  other 


THE  FIRST  MARTYRS. 


185 


italan — were 
iucs  of  Siintii 
rs,  who  with 
)hinteered  to 
1(1  tribes  the 
?l)lo  IiidiauB. 
ico,  which  it 
rwt  to  receive 
listen  to  their 
mpaiiions  re- 
!.cadu  ami  his 
lissionaries  in 
hack.     For  a 
1  (*o  wide  that 
her  ri'ligioiis, 
Ik'd  in  astrun- 
le  took  a  new 
it  for  the  llio 
Je  he  was  din- 
iiuently  called 
tone,  and  then 
Vuirustine  had 
n  hoys  and  a 
e  lansruage,  so 
[•trines  of  the 
•  trilie  entered 
()l)le.      Father 
ns  at  hirt  cen- 
arget  for  their 

down  his  lifi-. 

Lo])e/  in  the 
»nt  ills  Indian 
,  but  the  other 


reached  a  Spanish  post  to  tell  of  the  death  of  Father  Lopez, 
and  his  fears  that  the  good  Brother  had  perished  also,  becaiise 
he  heard  shouts  and  yells  behind  him  when  he  escaped.  It 
is  said  that  some  of  the  chiefs  endeavored  to  save  Brother 
Augustine,  but  others  wished  to  rid  themselves  of  an  impor- 
tunate monitor,  and  he  was  ere  long  dispatched.  Father 
Zarate  Salmeron,  writing  in  1626,  says  that  he  was  killed 
by  two  blows  of  a  macana  or  wooden  war-club,  as  his  skull 
showed,  and  as  the  Indians  of  the  town  of  Poala  confessed ; 
for  there  were  many  still  alive  who  witnessed  his  death,  and 
revealed  where  his  body  was  buried  beside  the  grave  he  had 
dug  for  Father  Lopez.' 

The  report  of  the  soldiers  filled  the  Franciscan  Fathers  on 
the  frontier  witii  alarm.  Father  Bernardine  Beltran  in  vain 
sought  men  brave  enough  to  accompany  him  in  search  of  his 
valiant  brethren,  till  at  last  a  rich,  brave,  and  pious  gentle- 
man, Don  Antonio  Espejo,  resolved  to  go,  and  gathered  a 
party  of  fourteen  stout  men  for  the  purpose.  He  set  out 
from  the  valley  of  San  Bartolome,  November  10,  1582,  with 

'  Brother  Augustine  Rodriguez  was  a  native  of  the  county  of  Niebla,  in 
Spain,  and  entered  the  Franciscan  Order  in  Mexico.  The  piace  where 
Fatlier  John  Mary  pcrislied  cannot  be  identified  ;  but  Poala,  or  Puaray, 
where  Brotlier  Rodriguez  and  Fatlier  Lopez  were  killed,  nuist  have  been 
near,  if  not  between,  the  present  pueblos  of  Sandia  and  Islota,  as  is  evi- 
deni  from  the  itinerary  of  Espejo.  The  earliest  account  of  these  mis- 
sionaries is  in  an  "  Itinerario  del  Nuevo  Mundo,"  appended  to  the  "  Ilis- 
toria  de  las  Cosas  mas  Notables,  Ritos  y  Costumbres  del  gran  Reyuo  de 
la  China,"  by  Juan  Gonzalez  de  Mendoza,  published  at  Madrid  in  15M0. 
See  also  Zarate  Salmeron,  "  Relacion  de  laa  Cosaa  qtie  en  el  Nuevo  Mex- 
ico," Mexico,  1856,  pp.  9-10  ;  Villagrit,  "  Ilistoria  de  la  Nueva  Mexico," 
pp.  35,  126,  137;  Torquemada,  "  Monarquia  Indiana,"  iii.,  pp.  359, 
620-8;  Arlcgui,  "Cronica  de  la  Proviucia  de  Zacafecas,"  Mexico,  1737- 
1R51,  pp.  212-217;  Femau'lez,  "Ilistoria  Ecclesiastica  de  Nuestroa  Ti- 
empos,"  1611,  pp.  57-8;  "  Tcstimonio  dado  in  Mejico  aobre  el  descubri- 
miento  de  doscientos  leguas  adelante  de  las  niinas  de  S»  Barbara"; 
"  Colec.  de  Doc.  Ineditos,"  xv.,  p.  80;  "Testimony  of  Pedro  Busta- 
mcnte,"  p.  81. 


%^ii 


.  -.  t'.' 


Hi 


I 


186  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

Father  Beltran.  Passing  through  the  Indian  tribes  of  the 
Conchos,  Passaguates,  Tobosos,  Jumanas,  or  Patarabueyes, 
he  finally  reached  Poala  only  to  be  assured  of  the  assassina- 
tion of  the  missionaries.     The  guilty  Indians  fled  at  his 

approach. 

Finding  himself  baffled  in  the  pious  object  of  his  expedi- 
tion, Espejo  resolved  to  explore  the  country  before  he  re- 
turned. He  visited  the  Maguas,  where  Father  John  de 
Santa  Maria  was  killed,  the  Queres,,  the  Curiames,  whose 
chief  town  was  Zia,  and  the  Amejes,  Acoma,  and  Zuili.  At 
the  last-named  town  he  found  three  Christian  Indians  who 
had  been  left  by  Coronado.  Father  Beltran  set  out  from 
Zuiii  for  Mexico,  but  Espejo  visited  Moqui  before  his  re- 
turn. 

Permission  to  occupy  New  Mexico  was  solicited  by  Espejo, 
but  he  lacked  influence  to  support  his  well-earned  claim. 
More  fortunate  than  he.  Captain  Castaiion  obtained  the  con- 
sent of  the  Viceroy.  Following  the  attempt  of  Lomas,  he 
entered  New  Mexico  with  a  small  force,  some  families  to 
settle,  and  droves  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats,  but  when  after 
advancing  a  considerable  distance  into  the  country  he  sent 
back  for  reinforcements,  the  Viceroy  recalled  him  and  confided 
the  conquest  of  the  country  to  Juan  de  Ofiate.'  An  attempt 
was  made,  however,  in  defiance  of  the  Viceroy,  by  Captain 

Leiva  Bonilla. 

Though  Onate,  who  was  allied  to  the  families  of  Cortes 
and  Montezuma,  had  obtained  a  royal  patent  as  early  as  1588, 
it  was  not  till  August  24,  1595,  that  the  Viceroy  of  New 
Spain  issued  the  oflicial  authority  for  his  expedition.  The 
Franciscans  had  purchased  the  right  to  evangelize  the  terri- 


'  "  Ytinerario  del  Nuevo  Mundo,"  fol.  287.2-801.2  ;  Montoya,  "  Rela- 
clon  del  DcHCobrimiento  del  Nvovo  Mexico,"  pp.  4.  9 ;  Espejo  in  "  Co- 
leccion  de  Uocumentos  Ineditos,"  xv.,  pp.  101,  etc. 


FRANCISCANS  WITH  O^ATE. 


187 


tory  by  the  life-blood  of  five  of  their  order.     Father  Roderic 
Duran  was  seut  as  commissary  or  superior  with  Fathers  Diego 
Marquez,  Balthazar,  Christopher  cle  Salazar,  and  others,  and  • 
these  priests  were  promptly  at  the  emigrant  camp  formed  at 
Nombre  de  Dios ;  but  intrigues  at  the  capital  prepossessed 
the  government  against  Oiiate.     He  was  at  last  forbidden  to 
advance,  and  Father  Duran,  with  some  of  the  Franciscans, 
returned  to  Mexico,  leaving  Father  Diego  Marquez  as  the 
only  priest  with  Onate's  company.     This  religious  had  been 
captured  at  sea  and  taken  before  Queen  Ehzabeth,  who  or- 
dered him  to  be  tortured  to  extort  information  regarding  the 
Spanish  provinces  in  America.     That  he  yielded  probably 
made  him  at  this  time  unpopular,  and  the  feeling  was  so 
strong  that  when  the  expedition  at  last  set  out,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  return  to  Mexico  soon  after  they  reached  the  Eio 

Conchas.' 

Another  body  of  Franciscans  were,  however,  already  on 
their  way  to  take  charge  of  the  settlers  in  New  Mexico  and 
of  the  Indian  missions.  At  their  head  was  Fatli^  Alonso 
Martinez,  "  a  rehgious  of  singular  virtue  and  noble  gifts," 
says  the  poet  of  the  expedition.  His  companions  were  Father 
Francis  de  Zamora,  Fathers  Rozas,  San  Miguel,  Claros,  Lugo, 
Andres  Corchado,  and  two  lay  brothers. 

The  expedition  with  heavy  wagons,  droves  of  cattle  and 
sheep,  and  settlers  to  the  number  of  four  hundred,  including 
one  hundred  and  thirty  married  men  with  families,  moved 
slowly,  escorted  by  Spanish  soldiers,  and  the  flower  of  the 
Chichimeca  Indian  auxiliaries.  The  Rio  del  Norte  was 
finally  reached  at  the  close  of  April,  and  on  Ascension  Day, 
1598,  after  a  solemn  mass  and  sermon,  possession  was  for- 

'  VniaKTii  "  Ilistoria  de  la  Nueva  Mexico,"  1610.  pp.  68,  86;  Andres 
Cavo.  "  Trc8  Siglos  de  Mexico,"  i..  p.  228 ;  Barcia,  "  Eusayo  Cronolog- 
ico,"'p.  164. 


I 


! 


'  '  . 


188 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


mally  taken  of  New  Mexico,  in  the  name  of  the  Spanish  King.' 
The  religious  services  were  followed  by  a  representation  in 
the  style  of  the  old  mysteries,  a  "  Comedia,"  composed  by 
Captain  Farfan,  in  which  New  Mexico  welcomed  the  Church, 
beseeching  her,  on  bended  knee,  to  wash  away  its  sins  in 
the  waters  of  baptism. 

Captain  Villagrd,  in  his  poetical  account  of  the  conquest 
of  New  Mexico,  inserts  this  prayer,  pronounced  aloud  at  this 

time  by  Ouate : 

"  O  holy  Cross,  who  art  the  divine  gate  of  heaven,  altar  of 
the  only  and  essential  sacrifice  of  the  Body  and  Blood  of  the 
Son  of  God,  path  of  the  Saints,  and  possession  of  His  glory, 
open  the  gate  of  heaven  to  these  unbelievers,  found  the 
Church  and  Altars  on  which  the  Body  and  Blood  of  the  Son 
of  God  may  be  ofiered  ;  open  to  us  the  way  of  security  and 
peace,  for  their  conversion  and  our  own  conversion,  and  gua 
our  king  and  me,  in  his  royal  name,  peaceful  possession  of 
these  kingdoms  and  provinces  for  His  holy  glory.    Amen." '' 

This  is  a  gratifying  monument  of  the  religious  and  peace- 
ful character  of  Ofiate's  entrance  into  New  Mexico.  As 
they  went  on,  mass  was  said  by  some  of  the  Fathers  bef(.re 
each  day's  march  began.  Ofiate,  finally,  with  Fathers  Mar- 
tinez and  Christopher  de  Salazar,  accompanied  by  sixty  men, 
pushed  on,  and  entering  New  Mexico  took  possession  in  the 
usual  form,  justifying  the  conquest  by  the  murder  of  the 
missionaries.' 

On  the  27th  of  June  they  entered  Puaray.     Here  they 


1 

1 

1 

i 

i       i 

i    j 

1   ;'  \ 

,1     1 

■  -All   ^ 

•  Villaprii,  p.  118;  Zarate  8almeron,  p.  23. 

»  Villagril,  p.  130,  gives  this  in  prose. 

s  "  Treslado  de  la  posesion  que  on  nombrc  de  sti  Magestad  tomo  Don 
Joan  de  Ofiate  de  los  reynos  y  provincias  de  la  Nucva  Mexico  aflod.' 
1598."  "Coleccion  de  Documontos,"  xvi.,  p.  88;  xvui.,  pp.  108-127; 
Villagra,  pp.  11»-133  ;  Duro,  "  Pefiulosa,"  p.  155. 


CHURCH  OF  SAN  JUAN  BAUTISTA. 


189 


found  a  liouse,  with  the  walls  within  so  carefully  whitened 
as  to  excite  their  suspicion.  On  removing  this  coat  the 
Spaniards  found  beneath  a  painting,  representing  with  some 
skill  the  martyrdom  of  Fathers  Santa  Maria  and  Lopez  and 
Brother  Kuiz,  dei^icting  the  scene  where  they  perished  be- 
neath the  weapons  of  the  Indians.' 

By  the  25th  of  J  uly  Onate  reached  the  Indian  pueblo  of 
Pecos,  but  retracing  his  course  to  the  valley  of  Santo  Do- 
mingo, he  began  on  the  11th  of  August  to  lay  out  the  city  of 
Siin  Francisco.  This  first  seat  of  Spanish  occupation  in  New 
Mexico  was  about  two  miles  west  of  the  former  pueblo  of 
Ojke,  to  which  the  Spaniards  gave  the  name  of  San  Juan  de 
los  Caballeros,  and  the  proposed  city,  instead  of  its  intended 
name  of  San  Francisco,  is  referred  to  as  the  Real  de  San 
Juan.  Here,  on  the  23d  of  August,  the  erection  of  the  first 
church  in  New  Mexico  was  begun,  and  on  the  7th  of  Sep- 
tember a  building  liirge  enough  to  accommodate  the  settlers 
and  garrison  was  completed.  The  next  day,  feast  of  the 
Nativity  of  our  Lady,  this  church  was  dedicated  under  the 
name  of  Saint  John  the  Baptist,  the  Father  Commissary, 
Alonso  Martinez,  blessing  it  and  consecrating  the  altars  and 
chalices.  Father  Christopher  de  Salazar  preached  the  sermon, 
and  the  day  woimd  up  with  a  general  rejoicing  and  a  mock 
battle  between  mounted  Moors  with  lance  and  shield  and 
Christians  on  foot  with  firearms.  Thus  was  the  first  Cath- 
olic settlement  in  New  Mexico  begun,  just  thirty-three  years 
after  the  settlement  of  Saint  Augustine.' 

'  Villagni,  p.  137  ;  "  Coleccion  de  Documentos,"  xvi.,  p.  256. 

^  "  Discurso  de  las  Jornadas,"  Coleccion  de  Documentos,  xvi.,  pp.  847- 
264.  Oflate,  in  his  letter  of  March  2,  1599,  says  that  the  first  church 
was  founded  in  the  beginning  of  October.  Montoya,  "  Kelacion,"  p.  16. 
"  Y  conio  el  real  Alferez  Peflalosa  Llcgo  con  todo  el  campo  sin  disgusto 
Al  pueblo  de  San  .luan,  los  Religiosos  Hizieron  luego  Yglesia,  y  la  ben- 
dij6  El  Padre  Comisario."    Villagra,  pp.  144-2, 171.    While  endeavoring 


if' 


m 


;'  I 


I 


!nn 


leo 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Tlio  sacristy  of  this  first  church  was  soon  enriched  with  a 
reHc  which  tilled  the  missionaries  with  pious  consolation.  It 
was  the  paten  used  hy  Father  Lopez,  who  had  heen  put  to 
death  at  Tuarny,  and  which  they  had  recovered  from  a  chief 
at  Jemez,  whom  they  found  wearing  it  as  a  gorget.' 

Having  thus  establit^hed  a  religious  centre,  the  Commissary 
Apostolic  assig!ied  his  priests  to  fields  of  labor  in  the  great 
vineyard  opened  before  him.  Father  Francis  de  San  Miguel 
was  sent  to  Pecos ;  Father  I'rancisco  de  Zamora  to  Picuries 
and  Taos;  Father  John  de  Roxas  to  Cheres;  Father  Alphon- 
sua  de  Lugo  to  Jemez;  Father  Andrew  Corchado  to  Zia; 
Father  John  Claros  to  the  Tiguas;  Father  Christoiiher  de 
Saliizar  was  not  yet  ordained,  hut  he  took  up  his  abode  at 
the  newly  erected  church  of  St.  John  with  Brother  John  de 
San  Buenaventura,  and  here  the  Commissary  remained  when 
not  visiting  the  mission  stiitions.  Each  missionary  had  a  dit^- 
trict,  with  several  pueblos,  dependent  on  him. 

All  through  the  summer  the  chiefs  of  the  pueblos  made 
their  submission  and  acknowledged  the  Spanish  authority,  so 
that  Onate  and  his  officers  thought  the  country  completely 
reduced.  Each  ]ineblo  received  the  name  of  the  saint  or 
n)vstery  to  which  the  church  or  convent  was  to  be  dedicated. 
Thus  Puaray  was  placed  under  the  patronage  of  St.  Anthony 
of  Padua;  the  rising  convent  of  Santo  Domingo  was  dedi- 
cated to  our  Lady  of  the  Assumption  ;  Picuries  to  Saint  Bon- 


to  fl.v  the  location  of  this  first  church,  the  experienced  nntiquiiry,  Adoliih 
F.  Biindclier,  wrote  me.  "Tlic  first  ehurcli  was  not  built  nt  Sun  .Tunn 
Baptista,  as  the  '  Discurso  de  las  .lornadas '  of  Oflnte  would  seem  to  imply, 
but  about  two  miles  west  of  the  former  pueblo  of  Ojke,  then  called  by 
the  Spaniards  San  Juan.  The  site  of  Ojke  is  partly  covered  by  thi- 
actual  pueblo  of  San  Juan."  The  pueblo  of  Sun  Juan  is  on  the  h\r.\n 
of  the  Rio  Grande,  just  above  the  junction  of  the  Rio  Chama,  the  »k  ■ 
pueblo  being  somewhat  west  of  the  fonner  one. 
'  "  Discurso  dc  las  Jomadas,"  p.  259. 


'1 


SPANIARDS  AT  SAN  GABRIEL. 


191 


lied  with  a 
jiation.  It 
)ceii  put  to 
•oiii  a  chief 
t.' 

ViiuiniBfinry 
II  the  ^reat 
San  Miguel 
to  PiourieH 
ler  Alphon- 
(lo  to  Zia; 
iBtojiher  (le 
lis  aluxlo  at 
ler  John  do 
ained  when 
y  had  a  dit- 

aehlos  made 
luthority,  bo 
completely 
the  Niint  or 
»e  dedicated. 
St.  Anthony 
i^o  was  dedi- 
o  Saint  Bon- 


quiiry,  Adolph 
I  nt  Sun  .luiin 
seem  lo  implj', 
then  ciilk'il  l)y 
X)vcrc(l  by  tlic 
1  on  the  1' .■  « 
;hama,  the  iu 


aventure;  Galisteo  to  Saint  Anne.  But  in  Decemhcr  the 
Spaniards  were  Htartlcd  in  tiieir  fancied  security  by  tidings 
from  Aconia  that  the  men  of  that  puehlo,  under  Zutacupan, 
had  8U<]denly  attacked  and  killed  Oflate's  lieutenant  and 
several  of  his  men.  Oflato  sent  a  detachment  which  Btormed 
the  height,  captured  the  town  after  a  stubborn  resistance, 
and  gave  it  to  the  flames;  soon  after  the  commander  suc- 
cessfully repelled  an  Indian  attack   on  his  camp  at   San 

Juan.' 

When  spring  opened,  Onate  sent  to  Mexico  Captain  Villa- 
grd,  with  Fathers  Martinez  and  Salazar,  to  give  an  account 
..f  his  conrpiest.  Father  Sahizar  died  on  the  way  ;  and  though 
the  Commissary  reached  the  City  of  Mexico,  liis  health  was 
greatly  enfeebled  by  all  that  he  had  undergone  ;  he  fell  sick, 
and  being  unable  to  return,  a  venerable  priest  of  great  sanc- 
tity. Father  John  de  Escalona,  was  sent  as  Commissary,  with 
six  or  eight  additional  Fathers,  escorted  by  about  two  hun- 
dred soldiers.' 

Jtlcanwhile  Ofiate  had  abandoned  the  site  selected  east  of 
the  llio  Grande,  and  crossing  that  river  founded  San  Gabriel, 
on  the  Chama,  six  leagues  north  of  the  junction,  and  near 
the  Ojo  Caliente." 

In  October,  1599,  the  new  Commissary,  Father  Escalona, 
reached  San  Gabriel,  where  the  Spaniards  were  living  peace- 
fully, surrounded  by  Indians,  many  of  whom  had  already  re- 
ceived the  grace  of  baptism.    Oflate  then  set  out,  with  eighty 

'  "  Documentos  Ineditos,"  16,  p.  89. 

'  Oflate,  Letter  March  2, 1599,  from  San  .Tuan.  Montoya,  p.  24  ;  "  Co- 
leccion  de  Doc.  Im'ditoa,"  xvi.,  p.  97,  etc.;  xviii.,  p.  265;  Zaratc  Salme- 
ron,  p.  23 ;  Villagra,  pp.  195-277. 

'■'  "Coleccion  de  Documentos,"  xvi.,  p.  39  ;  Zaratc  Salmcron,  1620,  p. 
24  ;  "Doc  li'.ncntos  para  la  Ilistoria  de  Mexico,"  iii.,  1,  p.  158.  Tlie  post 
jt  San  Gabriel  was  maintained  certainly  till  1604  (Zarate  Salmoron,  p.  30) 
and  probably  till  1607. 


y? 


k  1 


lh^'Y 


h 

1 

;  ■  i)       W" '. 

192  THJ?  CHURCH  IX  THE  COLONIES. 

soldiers,  to  make  discoveries  in  the  direction  followed  by 
Coronado,  and  reacb  Quivira.  Father  Fraucisco  Velasco  and 
Brother  Vergara  accon.panied  the  force  to  tread  the  path 
which  led  PadiUa  to  nuirtyrdoni.  His  course  lay  first  to  the 
east-northeast,  and  then  turned  directly  to  the  east.  After  a 
march  of  two  hundred  leagues  Onate  reached  the  town  of 
Quivira,  whose  occupants  were  attacked,  as  the  8paniards 
were,  by  a  roving  prairie  tribe,  called  by  the  Spaniards  the 

Escanja(iues.' 

The  settlers  and  sol.liers  left  at  San  (iabriel,  w-thout  any 
one  to  direct   the   necessary  works  to  tit  it  for  defence  as  a 
phice  of  refuge,  oppressed  the  Indians,  and  soon  fell  into 
mvh  want  that  they  were  all  perishing.     The  natives,  whom 
the  Spaniards  had  r..bbed  of  their  stores  of  corn,  tied  from 
their  towns.     The  crops  planted  by  the  settlers  seemed  to 
have  failed,  and  there  was  a  gcnc-al  feeling  that  their  com- 
mander miirht  never  return.'     It  was  the  almost  unanimous 
wish  ..f  the  settlers  to  abandon  the  country  and  make  their 
way  to  Santa  Barbara,  thence  to  report  to  the  viceroy  and 
await  his  answer.     Even  the  missionaries  favored  the  8tei>. 
Fathers  Francis  de  San  Miguel  and  Francis  de  Zamora.with 
two  lav  brothers,  asked  also  to  go  and  act  as  chaplains  to  the 
disconraiied  emigrants.     Father  Escalona  remained  at  San  Ga- 
briel, with  the  King  s  Ensign  and  a  few  Spaniards,  awaiting 
instructions  either  from  Oilate  or  from  the  viceroy.'     When 
Ofiate  returne.1  to  San  Gabriel  he  was  roused  to  fury  <.n 
fin.lincr  hi^  .ottlenuMit  aban.hmed  :  he  proceeded  against  those 
who  liiid  left  in   form,  ])roclaimed  them  traitors,  and  sen- 


>  "Mcinoniil  do  Vicoi.t.-  .Ic  ZaMlvur."  Poc  Jmil..  xviii..  p.  m;  Tor- 
quciuiida,  "  Monnnmiii  Indiiinu."  i.,  pp.  673,078. 
«  Ziimtc  RnlnuTon.  p  20. 
» T  ctlor  (latcl  Han  Oubri.-l.  OctoU-r  1 , 1  W)J  ;  Torq.ienm.la,  i, .  |>  07:?. 


llowed  by 
elii8eo  unci 
1  the  path 
tirst  to  the 
.  After  a 
je  town  of 
Spaniards 
miards  the 

'ithout  any 
efonce  as  a 
n  fell  into 
ives,  whom 
I,  fled  from 

secnu'd  to 

their  eom- 
unanimous 

make  their 
,'iceroy  lUid 
d  the  step, 
amora.  with 
)lains  to  the 
d  at  San  Ga- 
ds, awaitinjr 
r»y.'     When 

to  fury  on 
igainst  those 
rs.  and  sen- 

i..  p.  188;  Tor- 
la,  i..  p.  «7;J. 


FATHER  JOHN  DE  ESCALONA. 


19S 


tenced  them  to  death.'  His  highest  officer,  with  the  san- 
guinary warrants,  readied  Santa  Barbara  twelve  days  after 
the  slow-going  carnvau  of  dishaartened  settlers  entered  it." 
The  missionaries  justified  the  action  of  the  people,  and  Ofiate 
was  evidently  compelled  to  conciliate  his  colonists,  and  seems 
to  have  induced  them  to  return.  Six  Franciscan  Fathers- 
Francis  de  Escobar,  one  of  them,  being  appointed  Commis- 
^ai-Y  — were  sent  to  maintain  the  missions ;  but  the  religious 
eomplained  of  Ofiate's  arbitrary  conduct  hi  causing  the  Com- 
missary to  remove  them  from  place  to  place,  and  forcing 
them  to  act  as  chaplains  to  the  whites— a  duty  rather  for 
secular  priests,  when  their  object  was  the  conversion  of  the 

li;(lians. 

Father  John  de  Escalona,  retiring  from  his  office  as  Com- 
missary, remained  in  the  province,  laboring  as  a  missionary 
among  the  Indians,  edifying  all  by  his  zeal,  as  he  had  done 
for  years  by  his  holy  life,  lie  had  seen  the  first  effort  made 
for  the  conversion  of  New  Mexico,  and  is  said  to  have  be- 
iield  in  ecstasy  the  death  of  Brother  Ilodriguez  and  his  com- 
panions. His  own  mission  work  began  among  the  Querea, 
in  the  pueblo  of  Santo  Domingo  on  the  banks  of  the  Rio 
(Trande,  and  there  he  piously  ended  his  days.* 

In  October,  1004,  Ofiate,  having  restored  his  town  of  San 
Oabriel,  set  out  from  it  to  extend  his  explorations  to  the 
shores  of  the  Pacific.  Accompanied  by  Father  Escobar  he 
visited  Zufii  and  the  Moqui  towns,  then  reached  the  Col- 
orado ami  (iila,  and  followed  the  former  to  its  month,  taking 


I  Torqupiniuln,  1.,  p.  075. 

'  I.('tt.T of  1'.  Framis i\v San Mi^ruol,  Santa  Rarbarn.  February  30, 1«02 ; 
Toniupmada,  i.,  pp.  (170-7. 

"Tiiniiiomn<la,  i.,  !>.  078. 

*  ••  Mi-ny  arc  Ww  prodijrions  Ihinfis  which  bcM  this  holy  man  umong 
thosp  Inilians,"  writes  F.  Zaratc  Salnuron,  p.  58. 
13 


M! 


%P 


'I' 


il 


If 


1      » 

-1> 


'f  Mi 


;j 


^94  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

possession  in  the  name  of  the  king  on  the  25th  of  January, 
1(;05,  assigning,  as  far  as  he  coukl,  the  whole  extent  of  the 
province  he  had  explored  to  the  Franciscans,  who,  ni  n.em- 
',ry  of  the  day,  made  the  Conversion  of  Saint  Paul  the  pa- 
tronal  feast  of  the  mission  of  New  Mexico.' 

Soon  after  this  Santa  Fe  was  founded  and  became  the  seat 
of  the  Spanish  power  ;  but  as  the  religious  devoted  their  ener- 
Uies  more  especially  to  the  Indian  puebh.s,  and  there  was 
perhaps  a  feeling  that  the  n.w  settlement  might  not  be  per- 
manent, no  church  was  erected,  the  services  being  conducted 
in  a  wretched  hut.' 

For  twelve  years  the  labors  of  the  Sons  of  St.  Irancis  in 
Kew  Mexico  bore  little  fruit  to  encourage  them,'^  but  they 
were  at  last  able  to  bcgi.i  more  systematic  labors  m  the  In- 
dian pueblos,  and  with  such  success  that,  by  the  year  1008, 
they  reported  eight  thousand  baptisms.     The  Teoas  nation 
was  the  first  to  embrace  the  faith,  their  church  at  San  Ilde- 
fonso  being  apparently  the  first  erected  lor  the  Indians  in 
New  Mexico.'     Father  Escobar  having  resigned  his  office. 
Father  Alonso  Feinado  was  sent  to  New  Mexico  as  Comm.s- 
s;iry,  with  eight  or  nine  additional  priests  to  carry  <.n  the 

^'''Father  Jeron.edeZarateSalmeron  became  missi..nary  to 
the  Jemes  about  the  year  I.'.IS,  a.ul  during  his  eight  years 
labor  in  their  pueblo  composed  in  their  language  a  catcchis^n 
and  other  w..rks  that  would  be  needed  by  any  piest  who 
succeeded  him.  He  baptized  0,5(i0  in  the  Jeme  nation  and 
,n,iny  others  at  the  Queres  towns  of  Cia  ="^'^'"'»''  '^•"'• 

'  Zunilf  SiilnuToii.  pp.  iM)-»7.  .      ,  .      f 

^  n,..u,vi.l.'M.  p.  27.     A.  K.  Han.l.'li.'r.  who  Uoh  writt.-n  ....  tl...  dnW  o. 
ihc  f...i...hition  of  SaiiKi  F.\  llxps  it  I.I  ItUlT. 

'  B,-navi.l...,  "  McM..orial,'  p.  2.  '  H'"!-  I'-  "*'• 

*  Toriiiirn.ii'l;..  '  ■  P  ^''* 


TRANSLATION  OF  BROTHER  RODRIGUEZ.    196 


Acoma,  which  on  its  embattled  height  had  defied  the  Span- 
iards, yielded  to  his  zeal.  In  all  these  missions  he  erected 
churches  and  residences.' 

When  Father  Stephen  de  Perea  was  Connnissary  a  most 
cousolin.s?  ceremony  took  place.     Thirty-three  years  after  the 
death  of  Father  John  Lopez,  an  Indian  of  Puaray,  who  had 
witnessed  his  death  and  burial,  guided  Father  Perea  to  the 
spot  where  Brother  Kodriguez  had  interred  him.    The  grave 
was  opened,  and  the  bones  reverently  encased  were  borne  by 
the  religious  in  procession,  followed  by  their  converts  to  the 
Church  of  Sandia,  undeterred  by  the  inclement  weather  of 
February.     Miracles  were  ascribed  to  his  intercession,  for 
wliich  Father  Zarate  Salmeron  refers  to  the  work  of  another 
missionary,  apparently  Father  Perea  himself.'     The  ancient 
chapel  of  the  pueblo  of  Sandia  in  all  probability  holds  to  this 
day  the  remains  of  this  protomartyr  of  the  New  Mexico 

mission. 

About  the  year  1022,  in  the  Provincial  Chapter  of  the 
Franciscan  Order  held  in  Mexico,  the  missions  which  had 
hitherto  been  under  the  care  of  a  Commissary  were  formed 
into  a  (^istodia,  of  which  Father  Alonzo  de  Benavides  was 
appointed  the  first  custos.  The  Viceroy  of  New  Spain  tliere- 
up„n  authorized  him  to  take  twenty-six  missionaries  to  New 
Mexico,  their  expenses  on  the  way  and  their  maintenance 
being  paid  by  the  king.  But  though  the  new  custos  entered 
his  district  with  that  number,  death,  sickness,  and  hardship 
soon  thinned  their  ranks,  and  at  the  close  of  the  year  lt;27 
the  king  ordiTcd  the  viceroy  to  send  thirty  Franciscan  Fa- 
thers to  New  Mexic(».° 

On  the  4th  of  September,  1('.2S,  nineteen  priests  and  two 


•  Toniiiointulii,  "  DiHlicution." 
'  (Viliilii  cif  Novcmlicr  \'t,  1027. 


»  Zuratc  Hiilmcron.  p.  11. 


•'.  fi  i 


196  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

lay  brothers  of  the  Order  of  Saint  Francis  left  the  City  of 
Mero  with  the  newly  appointed  Custos,  Father  Stephen  de 
Perea    these  were  maintained  by  the  king  and  mne  others, 


TIO.N,    AiUlEDA        UOUN    AI'IUI.  2.  1602.      UIKD   100.). 

at  the  exiM^nse  of  the  province  of  the  II<.ly  Gospel,  all  ready 
to  meet  t..il  and  <lanjrer  in  tlio  missionfi  of  Now  Mexico. 
In  lOau  Father  Benavide«  waB  dispatched  to  Spam  t.)  lay 


•  Pcron.  "  Vmlidcra  U.lHcion  .l.  l.i Qnm.liosa Conversion  que ba avido 
t-n  I'l  Nuevo  Muxico."  8ovillo.  10:12. 


■   " 


::!ity  of 
hen  de 
others, 


TE  CONCEP- 
i. 

,  all  ready 
.'xico.' 
pain  to  lay 

qtio  ha  avido 


VEN.  MARIA  DE  JESUS  DE  AGREDA.  197 

before  the  sovereign  the  consoling  results  of  the  missions 
which  his  zetd  had  established. 

At  Chilili,  the  chief  pueblo  of  the  Tonipiras,  Father  John 
de  Salas  founded  a  mission,  which  soon  had  six  churches  and 
residences.     His  zeal  extended  beyond  the  hniits  of  that  na- 
tion.    Hearing  of  the  Xumanas,  a  tribe  similar  in  mode  of 
life  to  the  tribes  already  known,  whose  pueblo  lay  east  of  the 
kmesa  still  bearing  their  name,  and  not  far  from  the  Salt 
lakes,  this  missionary  about  1G23  endeavored  to  bear  the 
light  of  the  gospel  to  them.     To  his  surprise  he  found  the 
Xumanas  familiar  with  the  Christian  doctrines,  and  they  de- 
clared that  they  had  been  instructed  in  the  faith  of  Christ  by 
a  v^oman.    Her  attire,  as  they  described  it,  was  that  of  a  nun, 
and  the  missionary  showed  them  a  picture  of  Sister  Louisa 
Cai-rion,  a  religious  in  Spain  highly  esteemed  for  her  sjmc- 
tity.     The  Indians  declared  that  the  dress  was  the  same,  but 
the  lady  who  visited  them  was  younger  and  more  handsome. 
In  IG29  Father  Benavides  resolved  to  found  a  mission  among 
this  interesting  people,  and  he  sent  Fathers  Perea  and  Lopez 
to  take  up  their  residence  at  the  great  jmeblo  of  the  Xumana 
nation,  which  he  dedicated  to  St.  Isidore,  archbishop.    When 
he   subsequently  re- 
turned   to    Spain, 
Father       lienavides 
heard  of  Sister  Maria 
de  Agrcda,   and    at 

her  convent  learned  pac  bimii.e  of  tiik  sionatuiie  of  tiik  vkn. 
that    she    had    in  mahi'a  de  aqrkda. 

ecstasy  visited  New 

Mexico  and  instructed  Indians  there.  The  Franciscan  writers 
ail  from  this  time  speak  of  this  marvellous  conversion  of  the 
Xumanas  by  her  instrumentality,  as  a  settled  fact.  The 
ruins  recently  called  (rran  Qiiivira  are,  in  all  probability,  the 


r 


. 

'!fim 

1  >> 

wl 

f''" 

Bl 

''■[k 

^fl 

i  *■ 

^H 

1^1 

mM 

.'i 

In 

~x^ 

^^1 

i« 

S^s 

1 

H 

B 

i    ! 

1     ;■ 


tis 


198  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

site  of  a  Xumana  town,  the  nation  ha^'ing  been  wasted  away 
by  wars  and  absorbed  in  some  one  of  the  Kew  Mexican  tnbes. 
h,  1632  Father  John  de  Sala.  again  visited  the  tnbe  accoin- 
mnied  by  F.  Diego  de  Ortego,  and  tinding  the  people  friendly 
r  disposed  to  receive  the  faith,  he  left  Father  Ortego  there 
for  six  montlis.'    The  Tompiras  by  1629  had  six  com^^d 

Life  of  M.in.i  at  Agr        1  ^^  ^^^^^^^^  ^  y^^^^^^^  „f 

T-  r  n'le^^it      n^^i^y  .nontioncd  by  later  write.  ..  an  ac- 
Mexico  tn    6«~;  ""^'^  „^.^  j/f,  ,i,e  underwent  a  rigorous  exannna- 

knowleilged  fact.    During    ^^  '  ,  ^.,^.,^,  ^u,^,,.rs  are  pre- 

tion  before  the  In.iu.s.t.on,  of  ^^l";l      \'.  '^  J;         ^  ^^^j^^j  ,.  „„j  ^h,  „oly 

sellers  seemed  to  lack.  ,  Fnneis  Coronel  and  Catlie- 

The  Yen.  Maria  de  Agreda,  ^^^"^JJZ^'J,^,,,,,  ,  ehiUlhood 
nne  do  Arana,  was  born  at  ^^;^:f^^^-^::^  „,  veil  in  the  Onler 
„f  great  piety  an.l  reserve,  a       eg    <^^^'^  „„^,,,„,i    ,  ,  ,,„.. 

„  l^.or(1aresw.,hher.n.^    r.  -  ^,^^.^  ^^^^^^^.^^  .,,  ,.„ 

vent,  her  father  with  her  t%vo  Drouu  ........riticH  were  .xtraordi- 

convent  of  San  A"-'''-'- J^  t!I;,i;V:;:;nM>^.y  and  virtue, 
nury.  but  they  were  sui-r-  te.l  bj  a   '^       '  ^     .,,  ,^  „,,,.  „„„. 

H-ingbeeon.eabi.ssa.    heage  -nt>  n  .         ^.^^   ^^^^   ^^^^^^.  ^_^^,^ 

vent  near  the  e,ty,  which  "      "  !;„,,^,,,.  ,,,  ,,,„  ;„  ,„.r  ,i„u.-the 

„,.  „„,,  See  to  .h.tine  ''''■  ^^  !  'Vi  ,i„  and  M.e  Infallibility  of  .he 

I,„„uu.ilate  Concep.u.n  ..  ^    J,^,,,!;    .    ,,„,,  ,.„.,  „.,  ,.oeess  of 

Sovereign  PontilT      M..   .lu(      ..  .  ^^^^^  ^^^.^,^,j  .^^  ^,^^ 

her  canonization,  begun  soon  after  U.r  duiin, 

'^"•^''  .  .       „       ,„.v..  T  fln.l  .hat  .\.  F.  Handelier.  in  a  series  of  arti- 

Since  writing  the  abov  1  Ibu.  mxi ^  Ouivira"  as  n  Xu.nana 

,,.  „„  ..  Cibola  and  Q'-j-' V'  '^  l^;;,,  ;       .^^    :  „d  one  in  ruins. 
,..vvn.     I.  h««one  h.rge  church  '«  '  '''^  .^,,,   „„  „,„k..,  i„  ,.171.  .0 

The  Xunianas.  harassed  by  .he  •M>." ''^^  ••' "        .  „,,  ,heir  sepa- 

Socorro  and  o.her  towns  ,  bu.    as  w '-   J  ^       ;  ^'J^J^  p,„„„J 
rale  tribal  exigence,  and  w.t.-  frundly  after  Ih.  r.  volt  01 
«  F.  Alonso  de  Posadas,  in  Uuro.  "  Peflalosa.    p.  57- 


FIRST  CHURCH  AT  SANTA  FE.  199 

as  many  good  churches.    The  Teoa^,  the  first  tribe  to  receive 
the  faith,  had  three  convents  and  churclies,  with  five  chapels 
in  the  smaller  pueblos.     The  Tioas  had  convents  and  costly 
churches  dedicated  to  St.  Francis  and  St.  Anthony  at  Sandia 
and  Isleta,  with  chapels  in  tlie  rest  of  the  fifteen  or  sixteen 
pueblos     The  Queres  had  three  costly  and  elaborate  churches, 
one  at  San  Felipe,  with  chapels  on  four  other  pueblos.'    The 
Tanos  had  a  convent  and  very  good  church  in  their  cluet 
pueblo,  and  chapels  in  the  four  others.    The  Pecos,  a  branch 
of  the  Jemos,  had  a  church  of  remarkable  beauty  in  design 
and  execution,  reared  by  the  talented  and  skilful  missionary 

in  that  tribe."  . 

One  of  the  first  cares  of  Father  Benavides  on  reaching 
Santa  Fe  as  custos  was  to  undertake  the  erection  of  a  suita- 
ble cmvent  and  church  in  that  city,  then  peopled  by  about 
two  hundred  and  fifty  Spaniards,  and  seven  hundrecl    udf- 
breeds  brought  in  as  servants  and  laborers,  with  some  Indians 
fn.m  the  neighboring  tribes  in  the  territory.     In  his  work  m 
1(;:50  this  Father  speaks  of  the  church  he  had  erected,  as 
being  one  that  would  be  -reditable  anywhere.'     A  carNcc 
group  of  the  Death  of  the  lilcsscd  Virgin  which  he  brought 
from  Mexico  attracted  Indians  from  allparts,  even  the  Apa- 
ches of  the  bison  ranges  omuig  to  admire  it.' 

Before  he  presente<l  his  memorial  to  the  king,  lather  Ben- 
avides as  custos  had  founded  ten  convents  or  missions 
One  W.1S  apparently  that  at  l>ieuries,  among  -J^f;^ 
the  Tioas  nation,  who  at  first  showed  grvaUu)^^ 

TBi^avidcs,  "  Memorial."  pp.  23,  28.  21.  22. 
*  BiMmvitk's.  pp.  24,  25.  .  .    i 

.  I,       po'-i.  vc.  thcrcforo,  ,h,i.  .U-  «rs.  church  in  Sun,.  Fc  was  erccU 

«  i;;22  a„;n««.;  and  that  prior  to  1622  there  was  no  chuu  h  u. 

Santa  Fe.     Benavides.  j).  27. 
Ml)id..p.  HI. 


i=  s 


f 


200 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


faith,  ill-treating  the  missionary,  and  several  times  attempting 
to  take  his  life  ;  but  his  zeal  and  patience  triumphed,  so  that 
they  became  docile  and  peaceful.  The  mission  of  San  Ge- 
ronimo  at  Taos,  a  pueblo  of  the  same  nation,  had  its  convent 
and  church  and  was  attended  by  two  missionaries.  The 
Queres  on  the  rocky  height  at  Acoma  submitted  in  1()29  and 
received  a  missionary.  Among  the  Zunis,  who  had  then 
eleven  or  twelve  pueblos,  the  religious  met  great  difficulties, 
and  underwent  great  hardships,  being  strenuously  opposed 
by  the  medicine  men  ; '  one  of  the  apostolic  missionaries. 
Father  Francis  Letrado,  after  laboring  among  this  tribe,  was 
killed  by  the  Cipias,  to  whom  he  attempted  to  unfold  the 
truths  of  the  gospel." 

Father  Francis  de  Porras,  leaving  Father  Roque  at  Zufii, 
proceeded  with  Father  Andrew  Gutierrez  and  the  lay  brother, 
Christopher  of  the  Conception,  with  their  crosses  on  their 
necks  and  staves  in  their  hands,  to  announce  the  gospel  in 
the  towns  of  the  Moquis.  Reaching  the  first  town  on  St. 
Bernard's  day  they  giive  his  name  to  the  town  and  mission.' 

Among  the  fourteen  pueblos  of  the  Piras,  Father  Bena- 
vides  founded  a  mission  in  1020,  dedicating  Pilabo,  the  prin- 
cipal pueblo,  to  Our  Lady  of  Help  (Nuestra  Sefiora  del 
Socorro),  that  at  Senecu  to  St.  Anthony  of  Padua,  and  that 
at  Sevilleta  to  San  Luis  0!)ispo.'  Besides  these  labors  among 
the  New  Mexican  tri])es,  and  the  attempt  made  to  instruct 
the   Moquis,  Father  Benavides,  while  laboring  at  Senecu, 

'  Benavides,  pp,  31-.'). 

'Barciii,  "  Ensiiyo  C'ronolopico  "  (1032),  p.  199.  Vetancurt,  "  Teatro 
Mexieano,"  Li.st  of  Authorities.  Riiiulelicr  makes  him  a  missionary  to 
tlie  Xumanas. 

^  Perea,   "  Segunda  Relacion  de  la  Grandiosa  Couversion,"  Seville, 

*  Benavides,  p.  14. 


THE  PUEBLO  INDIANS. 


201 


converted  Sanaba,  an  Apacbe  chief  of  the  Gila,  and  op&ned 
the  way  for  missions  in  that  wild  race.  On  the  17th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1C29,  he  founded  a  convent  and  church  in  Santa 
Clara  de  Capoo,  a  pueblo  of  the  Teoas  nation  on  the  Apache 
frontier,  as  a  centre  for  instructing  and  converting  the  pow- 
erful and  warlike  Apaches  of  Navajo.' 

In  these  missions  Father  Benavides  assures  us  80,000  had 
been  baptized  as  the  registers  would  show.     In  the  territory 
of  New  Mexico  there  were  forty-three  churches.     For  these 
the  missionaries  had  been  architects  and  directors  of  the 
work,  which  was  accomplished  by  the  women,  boys,  and 
girls.     These  Pueblo  Indians  all  Hved  in    houses  several 
stories  high,  built  of  sun-dried  bricks  or  adobes,  or  occasionally 
of  stone,  where  it  was  a  more  convenient  material.     These 
houses  were  set  compactly  together  fronting  on  a  square, 
with  a  dead-wall  outside,  the  upper  stories  receding  slightly, 
leaving  a  ledge  which  could  be  reached  by  a  ladder,  and 
from  which  by  drawing  the  same  ladder  up  the  next  story 
could  be  reached  and  finally  the  roof,  in  which  the  door  was. 
This  system  of  towns  made   them  fortresses  defying  the 
efforts  of  the  wilder  tribes  who  surrounded  New  Mexico  on 
all  sides.     Ingenious  as  these  buildings  were,  they  were  ex- 
clusively the  work  of  the  women  and  children.     The  men 
would  go  to  war,  hunt,  fish,  spin,  and  weave,  but  disdained  to 
till  the  soil  or  build  a  house— that  was  woman's  work.     The 
New  Jilexican  Adam  did  not  delve  or  the  Eve  spin— they 
reversed  it.     When  the  Franciscan  missionaries  wished  to 
erect  a  church,  they  found  the  women  and  the  children  ready 
to  make  and  lay  the  adobes,  but  could  not  induce  the  men  to 
take  part  in  the  work.     In  vain  did  they  endeavor  to  induce 
the  men  to  undertake  it  and  allow  the  women  to  withdraw. 


N 


"1  'I" 
•    ill 


ml 


f 


Benavides,  pp.  85,  55,  59. 


fj 


m\ 


202 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Occasionally  a  man  would  take  a  hand,  but  ere  long,  unable  to 
stand  the  ridicule  of  his  comrades,  he  threw  down  the 
feminine  implements.  The  missionaries  found  that  there 
was  no  alternative ;  the  material  as  well  as  the  spiritual  church 
must  depend  mainly  on  the  devout  female  sex.  These  old 
ruined  churches  are  monuments  of  the  faith  and  zeal  of  the 
early  women  converts. 

The  missionaries  did  not  attain  the  consoling  results  they 
reported  without  severe  hardships,  great  suffering  from  cold, 
and  journeying  on  foot  over  rocks  and  heights,  as  well  as 
from  the  indifference  and  hostility  of  the  Indians  ;  but  they 
triumphed  ultin)ately,  and  wherever  they  succeeded  in 
establishing  a  house  or  convent  in  a  pueblo,  they  began  to 
develop  the  industry  of  the  Indians,  using  the  mechanical 
progress  the  Indians  had  made  as  the  basis  of  iniproviMiicnt 
— a  much  wiser  course  than  that  of  the  English,  who  induced 
the  Indians  to  abandon  altogether  their  former  industries. 
The  Spanish  missionaries  in  New  Mexico  introduced  horses, 
cattle,  and  sheep,  and  induced  the  Indians  to  keep  domestic 
animals  ;  they  im])roved  their  machinery  for  spinning  and 
weaving,  established  schools  where  they  taught  the  young  to 
read,  write,  chant,  play  on  musical  instruments,  and  after  a 
time  to  handle  tools  as  carpenters,  masons,  carvers,  stone- 
cutters. The  missionaries  aided  cultivation  by  introducing 
aceijuias  or  irrigating  trenches. 

The  results  obtained  were  effected  in  the  last  eight  years ; 
but  so  general  was  the  conversion  that  the  Fathers  went 
througli  the  towns  freely,  welcomed  on  all  sides,  and  greeted 
with  the  pious  salutations:  "Praised  be  .lesus  Christ,"  or 
"  Praised  be  the  Most  Holy  Sacrament."  ' 

Meanwhile  Spanish  settlements  increased  in  New  Mexico, 


Benavides,  "Memorials,"  pp.  l.'>-44. 


or 


THE  CLERGY  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 


203 


new  towns  were  founded,  mines  were  opened  and  worked. 
When  a  town  was  founded  a  certain  number  of  families  were 
transferred  from  some  part  of  Mexico  or  one  of  the  settle- 
ments already  formed  in  New  Mexico.     In  this  way  a  num- 
ber of  Tlascalans  were  brought  in  to  form  part  of  the  tirst 
population  of  Santa  Fe,  and  the  church  erected  in  their  quar- 
ter of  the  town  and  destined  for  their  especial  use,  was  known 
as  San  Miguel  de  los  Tlascaltecas.'     These  Mexican  Indians 
brought  in  their  legends  of  the  riches,  power,  and  glory  of 
Montezuma,  till  his  name  became  in  all  the  pueblos  the  hero 
of  a  great  myth,  easily  engrafted  on  their  old  traditions,  and 

remaining  to  this  day.  _ 

The  Indian  converts  cbmg  to  their  "  estufas";  the  rites  ot 
Sabii3anisin  practiced  in  the  lowest  story  of  their  houses, 
ori-inallv  built  for  vapor  baths,  the  favorite  remedy  of  the 
Indians,''but  which  became  also  under  the  medicine  men  the 
centre  of  their  religious  rites.  From  time  to  time  the  Spanish 
authorities  and  the  clergy  endeavored  to  effect  the  suppression 
of  these  superstitions,  but  in  a  few  years  when  search  re- 
laxe.l  the  estufus  would  be  reopened  to  the  known  adherents 

of  the  old  idolatry. 

The  Bishop  of  Guadalajara,  whose  jurisdiction  extended 
over  New  Mexico,  found  it  impossible  to  send  secular  priests 
to  atten.l  to  the  Spanish  settlers,  and  maintain  any  super- 
vision over  them ;  the  Conchos  and  other  nomadic  and  hostile 
tribes  who  lay  between  his  See  and  New  Mexico,  making  the 
iournev  dangerous,  except  with  a  considerable  military  force. 
Hence  he  committed  not  only  the  Indian  missions,  but  all  the 
parish  churches  and  chapels  of  the  Spaniards,  to  the  1  athers 
I.f  the  Order  oi  St.  Francis,  who  were  the  only  priests  of  ^  ew 
Mexico  down  to  the  present  centu^y,^h^H)p  of  Durango, 

Ucuavides. 


t! 


hi 


't-i' 


204 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


to  whose  diocese  on  its  erection  the  province  was  assigned, 
adopting  the  same  course.  The  habit  of  the  Serapliic  Order 
was  there  for  more  than  two  centuries,  to  the  eyes  of  people, 
the  only  recognized  garb  of  the  Catholic  priesthood.' 

In  1645  there  were  in  New  Mexico  churches  in  the  Spanish 
settlements  attended  by  the  Franciscans  and  twenty-five 
Indian  missions,  the  whole  employing  sixty  members  of  the 
order. 

New  Mexico  suffered  constantly  from  the  inroads  of  the 
Apaches,  and  toward  the  close  of  the  century  from  the  Yutes. 
One  Zuni  town  and  six  in  the  valley  of  the  Salinas,  east  of 
the  Sandia  range,  were  destroyed  by  the  Apaches.'  The 
Church  continued  its  work  in  New  Mexico  in  peace  for 
several  years,  though  in  1640  and  1650  revolts  incited  by  the 
medicine  men  took  place.  About  the  middle  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  the  civil  power  seems  to  have  fallen  into 
variance  with  the  ecclesiastical.  Governor  Peualosa  in  1664 
arrested  and  imprisoned  the  Superior  of  the  mission,  ap- 
parently Father  Alonso  de  Posadas,  and  his  conduct  was  re- 
garded as  so  illegal  that  on  his  return  to  Mexico  he  was 
brought  before  the  court  of  the  Inquisition  and  compelled  to 
make  reparation  by  a  public  penance.*  This  unfortunate 
conflict  between  the  civil  and  religious  authorities  could  not 
fail  to  lessen  the  respect  of  the  Indians  for  the  missionaries, 
and  as  a  natural  consequence  made  them  regard  with  hostility 
the  Spanish  officials  and  settlers  whom  no  sanctity  of  pro- 
fession had  ever  exalted  in  their  eyes. 

The  sullen  spirit  of  revolt  was  nurtured  for  years  in  the 


'  Pino,  "  Exposicion  del  Nuevo Mexico,"  Cadiz,  1812,  p.  26  ;  "  Mexico," 
1849,  p.  32. 

*  Letter  of  F.  Sylvester  Velez  Escftlantc,  April  2,  1778. 
'  Shea,  "  Pefialosa,"  p.  11 ;  Margry,  iii.,  p.  39 ;  Duro,  "  Peflalosa,"  pp. 
82. 58. 


THE  GREAT  REBELLION. 


205 


minds  of  the  Indians,  and  in  1680  the  whole  country  was 
permeated  by  a  network  of  conspiracy,  awaiting  the  signal  to 
rise  against  the  Spaniards.  At  this  time  New  Mexico  con- 
tained forty-six  pueblo3  or  towns  of  converted  Indians,  and 
the  Spanish  city  of  Sante  Fe,  with  a  number  of  smaller 
Spanish  stations,  chiefly  on  or  near  the  banks  of  the  Kio 
Grande.' 

The  plot  was  conceived  and  carried  out  by  a  Tejua  Indian 
named  El  Pope,  who  had  been  pursued  for  committing  mur- 
ders, and  instigating  the  Indians  to  re\ave  their  old  heathen 
rites.     Flying  from  pueblo  to  pueblo  this  man  labored  for 
fourteen  years  to  efiect  a  general  insurrection  against  the 
Spaniards.    He  claimed  power  to  injure  any  one  he  chose  by 
his  alliance  with  the  Evil  One,  and  was  so  implicitly  believed 
that  all  the  pueblos  except  those  of  the  Piros  and  Pecos  en- 
tered into  the  plot.    The  13th  of  August,  1680,  was  fixed 
upon  for  the  general  massacre  of  the  Spaniards,  but  John 
Ye,  Governor  of  the  Pecos,  warned  the  authorities  of  the 
danger,  and  finding  his  advice  unheeded,  as  the  fatal  day 
drew  near,  told  the  missionary  in  his  pueblo.  Father  Ferdi- 
nand de  Velasco  :  "  Father,  the  people  are  going  to  rise  and 
kill  all  the  Spaniards  and  missionaries.    Decide  then  whither 
you  wish  to  go,  and  I  will  send  warriors  with  you  to  protect 
■you"     The  Tanos  of  San  Cristobal  and  San  Lazaro  also 
warned  the  Gustos  of  the  Mission,  Father  John  Bemal,  who 
wrote  to  Governor  Otermin.     On  the  9th  that  officer  was  at 
last  convinced  of  the  danger,  and  Pope  seeing  his  plot  dis- 
covered, gave  the  order  to  the  confederates  to  rise  at  once. 
At  daybreak  on  the  10th  the  Taos,  Picuries,  and  Tejuas  at- 
tacked the  convents  of  the  missionaries  and  the  houses  of  the 
Spaniards,  slaughtering  and  destroying.     Then  the  other 


pp. 


Letter  of  F.  Sylvester  Velez  de  Escalante,  April  2. 1778. 


i 


^^S3!^-":-^4^a 


206 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


tribes  rose  and  the  massacre  and  destruction  became  general. 
The  Spaniards  at  Isleta  and  San  Felipe  on  the  south  fled  to 
El  Paso ;  those  in  La  Canada  retreated  to  the  strong  house 
of  the  Alcalde  and  kept  the  Indians  at  bay  till  Oteruiin  ena- 
bled them  to  reach  Santa  Fe.  In  a  few  days  not  a  Spaniard, 
except  a  few  women  held  as  slaves,  was  to  be  found  in  all 
New  Mexico  outside  the  walls  of  the  capital.  On  the  I'Jth 
tliat  city  was  invested  by  nine  hundred  Tanos,  Queres,  and 
Pecos.  They  captured  the  Analco  quarter  occupied  by  the 
Tlascalans  and  set  fire  to  their  chapel  of  San  Miguel.  The 
Spaniards  charged  them,  and  after  a  desperate  tight  were 
gaining  the  advantage,  when  another  Indian  force,  including 
more  of  the  Taos,  with  the  Picuries  and  Tejuas,  attacked 
the  city  on  the  north.  For  five  days  the  fight  raged  in  the 
city  night  and  day,  till  the  Indians,  capturing  house  after 
house  and  firing  it,  gave  the  parish  church  and  convent  to 
the  tlanios,  and  helii  the  Spaniards  and  Tlascalans  in  tlio  royal 
buildings  and  the  plaza.  There  one  hundred  and  fifty  sur- 
vivors beheld  themselves  surrounded  by  three  thousand  furi- 
ous Indians,  under  Pope  and  Alonso  Catitis,  who  liad  gone 
so  far  that  they  panted  to  complete  their  work.  Encouraged 
l)y  the  three  religious.  Father  Francis  Gomez  de  la  Cadina, 
Father  Andrew  Duran,  and  F.  Francis  Farfan,  one  hundred 
Spaniards,  drawn  uj)  by  the  govern(jr,  invoked  the  name  of 
Mary,  and  <  barged  the  insurgents  with  such  fury  that  they 
killed  .'500  and  captured  43,  putting  the  rest  to  flight.  Gov- 
ernor Otermin,  wounded  in  the  breast  and  forehead,  profited 
at  once  by  the  cdnfusioii  of  the  enemy,  and  marched  towards 
El  Paso.  After  meeting  aiiotlu  r  band  of  refugees  with  seven 
religious  at  Fray  fVistoval,  the  scanty  remnant  of  the  pojiu- 
lation  of  New  Mexico  took  uj)  a  fortified  position  at  La  Sali- 
ueta  and  San  Lorenzo,  where  Father  Francis  Ayeta,  procura- 


THE  MARTYRED  MISSIONARIES.  207 

tor  of  the  kingdom,  soon  arrived  with  sorely  iveeded  euppUcB 
sent  in  the  name  of  the  king.' 

All  signs  of  Christianity  and  civihzation  were  thus  swept 
from   New   Mexico.     Eighteen   priests  of   the  lranc>scan 
Order,  including  the  custos,  who  made  no  attempt  to  % 
though  he  warL  others,  and  three  lay  brothers,  penshed 
with  three  hundred  and  eighty  men,  women,  and  chUdien. 
The  churches  were  profaned,  the  sacred  elements  tramp  ed 
under  foot,  the  vestments  and  plate  destroyed,  and,  hnall) , 
The  churches  and  houses  of  the  clergy  razed  to  the  ground. 
The  Indians  even  vented  their  rage  on  the  catt  e,  orchards 
an.l  fields  of  European  grain,  as  if  seeking  to  destroy  all     ace 
of  the  hated  whites.'     To  root  out  all  Chnstmn  ideas,  1  ope 
bade  the  women  and  children  wear  no  crosses  or  rosaries 
but  break  them  up  and  burn  them;  Christ  and  Mary  and 
To  Saints  were  nJt  to  be  named  or  invoked  ;  married  men 
were  required  to  put  away  their  wives  and  take  others. 

Of  the  Franciscan  missionaries  whoso  hves  were  thus 
offered,  we  have  the  names  ot  the  Superior  of  the  M.ss.on 
tther  Custos  John  Bernal ;  Father  John  of  Jesus  (Morador) 
at  Jemes ;  Fathers  Figueroa,  Maldonado,  and  Mora  a1^ A^^^^^^^^^^ 
Fathers  Analisa,  Espinosa,  and  Calsada  at  Ziuu ;  f;^^  '-^^^ 
llarde  and  Lombarde  in  the  towns  of  the  Moqui  ,  Fa  tier 
Simon  of  Jesus  in  a  pueblo  of  the  Tanos,  and  the  lather 


.  Utter  of  F.  Sy.vcter  Vole.  a«  ^^f^^^^^^J:^:^^! 
cinn(k'liisnn)vmciii.s(lolN'iev(>  Mexico.    10«a  i. 
sTvudor  de  San  Antonio  to  Gov.  Var,...  December  1     m. 

•■  I,etter  of  F.  Sylve.ter  do  Vele^  Esculantc  ;  AyeU,     Ciisol  dc  la  \ 
dud."  pp.  32.  2.  „ 

-  Sipienza  y  Gonixora,  -  Mercuno  Volante. 

•  Letter  of  F.  Sylvester  Vcle/,  de  Escolante. 


'  1  ' 


208 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Procurator  of  the  province  on   liis  way  from  Acoma  to 
Zuni.' 

Fatlier  John  of  Jesus,  a  venerable  old  priest  at  the  pueblo 
of  San  Diego  de  los  Jenies,  was  seized  by  the  Indians,  whom 
he  had  instructed  with  patience  and  love  for  nine  years. 
They  burst  into  his  room,  stripped  and  tied  him  upon  a  hog. 
In  this  state  he  was  driven  around  the  church  and  througli 
tlie  pueblo  amid  the  curses  and  blows  of  the  rabble.  AVHicii 
weary  of  this  mode  of  torture,  they  got  upon  him  and  made 
him  carry  them  around  on  all-fours,  till  he  sank  lifeless,  when 
he  was  evidently  dispatched  by  an  arrow  or  javelin  which 
jnerced  his  spine,  as  was  seen  when  his  venerated  rcMuains 
were  recovered.'  The  priests  at  Aconia  were  stripped  and 
tied  together  with  a  hair  rope,  then  driven  through  the 
streets  of  the  pueblo  amid  the  blows  aiid  insults  of  the  apos- 
tates. Their  words  were  imheeded  till  Father  Figneroa  an- 
nounced to  them  that  in  three  years  they  would  nearly  exter- 
minate each  other  in  wars  between  the  trilKJS.  The  Indians 
or.  hearing  this  killed  the  three  Fathers  with  stones  and 
clubs,  and  flung  their  bodies  into  a  deep  cave  north  of  the 
pneblo.     Fathers  Laurence  Analisa,  John  of  Jesus  Espinosa 

'  Of  tlic  rest  of  tlip  Fnflirrs  I  do  not  find  even  the  nnmcs.  No  full  nc- 
count  of  tlic  lives  and  deatiis  of  these  priests  hiis  rewiirded  uiy  scareb. 
Davis,  in  his  "('on(im'st  of  New  Mexieo,"  pives  an  aecoiinl  hased  on 
what  he  ealls  aneient  rtrords,  bnt  not  naming  any  dislineily.  He  sym- 
pathizes Willi  the  Indian  leaders  in  their  hatred  of  CJiristianity. 

'  Kspinosa,  "  C'roiiira  Apostolica  y  Heraflca,"  i.,  p.  85 ;  "  Docnnientos 
para  la  Ilistoria  <le  Mexico."  111.,  i..  pp.  159-101  ;  Davis,  "  Spanish  Con- 
(piest  of  New  .Mexico,"  p.  il05,  jrivcs  some  details.  Father  .John  was  a 
native  of  Orana<la,  in  Spain,  and  joined  the  province  of  Michoacan,  where 
he  was  eminent  for  his  holy  life.  He  was  elected,  in  1055,  first  /.nnrdian 
of  the  convent  at  Querelaro.  He  died  on  the  feast  of  8t  Lawrence. 
F,spinosa.  i.,  p.  ;r>,  who  refers  ti  Velanciirt,  to  the  Cronica  dc  Snn  Dicfro 
tic  Mexico,  and  to  the  Sermon  preachc<l  nt  his  llequiem  by  Don  Isidro 
SariAano,  afterwards  liisbop  of  Antc(picra. 


FATHER  SIMON  OF  JESUS. 


209 


and  Sebastian  Caleada,  were  dragged  from  their  cells  at  Ziini. 
They,  too,  were  stripped,  pelted  with  stones,  then  tied  up  m 
tlie  plaza,  where  the  Indians  compelled  the  servant  of  the 
missionaries  to  shoot  them.  Their  bodies  were  buried,  it  is 
siiid,  in  the  church.  The  priests  at  :Moqui  tied  together  were 
driven  through  one  of  the  pueblos,  stoned  to  death,  and  their 
l)odies  Hung  outside  of  the  place.  The  Father  Procurator  of 
the  Missions,  while  on  his  way  from  Acoma  to  Zufii,  saw  the 
savage  nmrderers  approaching.  Dismounting  from  his  nmle 
he  knelt  in  prayer,  commending  his  soul  to  God,  till  he  fell 
under  the  blows  of  his  assassins.' 

The  fate  of  Father  Simon  of  Jesus,  the  missionary  among 
the  Tanos,  is  strangely  connected  with  the  history  of  these 
tribes,  who  after  living  for  fourscore  years  under  the  mild 
law  of  the  gospel,  rejected  Christ  to  follow  the  wildest  hea- 
thenism of  their  medicine  men.     Tliis  missionary  seeing  the 
talcTit,  intelligence,  and  ai)pareut  piety  of  an  Indian  boy 
whose  name  comes  down  to  us  as  Fras<iuillo,  devoted  his  time 
to  the  education  of  the  youth.     The  apt  sclujlar  learned  to 
read  and  write  Spanish  Huently  and  well  ;  he  became  a  good 
Latinist,  and  the  chants  and  service  of  the  Church  were  fa- 
miliar to  him.     The  good  missionary  looked  forward  to  the 
day  when  his  pupil,  ordained  as  a  priest,  would   minister  at 
(tod's  altar.     Yet  when  the  conspiracy  was  formed  ami  the 
(lay  for  the  massacre  was  fixed,  this  precocious  boy  entered 
ardently  into  it.     At  the  appointed  time  he  beg:m  the  mas- 
nacre  in  his  pueblo  by  slaying  with  his  own   hands  the  good 
priest  who  had  done  so  much  to  elevate  him.'     The  Tanos 
hailed  the  young  monster  as  their  king.    Pope,  the  projector 
of  the  whoUi  conspiracy,  set  himself  up  m  absolute  ruler,  but 

'  Diivis,  "  ("oiKniiHt  of  Ni'w  Mexico,"  pp.  2fl+-.'t. 
«•■  Doc.  IliHi.  Mc.x  "  III  .  i..  pp.  1«;!.  «'t(;.;   Kxpinosii.  "  Crouicii  .\|K)8to 
UcA."  i.,  p.  284. 

14 


■ 'iil 


'iilj 


U 


'■' ». 


m 


310 


THE  CHURCH  IiV  THE  COLONIES. 


his  cruelty  and  extortions  soon  drove  the  Queres,  Taos,  and 
Pecos  to  revolt  against  his  authority.     The  other  trihes  then 
deposed  Pope,  despisiiit;  his  pretended  powers  from  tlie  evil 
spirits.     Pope  and  the  medicine  men  persuaded   the  peo])le 
that  their  old  puehlos  had  heen  cursed  with  misfortune  by  the 
Christian  rites,  and  incited  the  people  to  erect  new  puehlos 
elsewhere.     The  old  towns  and  cultivated  tields  were  gener- 
ally abandoned,  and  in  the  new  selection  tribal  lines  were 
broken  up.     While  the  New  Mexican  Indians  were  thus  en- 
tleavoring  to  cn-cate  new  homes,  the  Apaches  and  Utes  were 
exterminating  the  exposed  bands,  a  volcanic  upheaval  dried 
up  the  streams  and  covered  the  laud  with  showers  of  ashes, 
crops  failed,  and  to  complete  the  misery,  the  Queres,  Taos, 
and  Pecos  began  a  bitter  war  against  the  Tanos  and  Tehnas, 
th"  smaller  tribes  joining  one  side  or  the  other.     At  this 
juncture  the  crafty  boy  Frasciuillo  projxised  to  the  Tanos  to 
divide  into  two  i)arts  by  lot,  one  part  to  remain,  while  the 
other  set  out  to  seek  a  more  fertile  and  (piiet  land.     His 
project  pleased  them,  and   leaving  a  similar  number  he  st-t 
out  at  the  head  of  4.0(»()  men,  women,  and  children,  with  their 
half  of  the  plunder  of  the  churches,  the   arms,  implements, 
horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats  taken   from   the   Spaniards. 
Ue  marched  to  Zuni,  but  finding  no  welcome,  kei)t  on  till  he 
reached  the  gentle,   industrious   Mo(iuis.      Itepresenting  to 
this  less  warlike  tribe  the  increasing  danger  from  the  Apachus 
and  Utes,  he  olTen-d  to  divide  his  lifteeii  hundred  warriors 
among  their  different  pueblos  as  a  garrison  able  to  defeat  any 
foe,  while  the  rest  of  his  people  formeil  new  pueblos  in  the 
pastun^  lands,  ready  always  to  come  t<.  their  aid.     Hefore 
long  Fras-piillo  proclaimed  himself  king  of  Mo(pii,and  as  th.- 
Tann  boys  grew  up  found  himself  able  to  master  the  Mo(inis 
whom   he  disarmed   ami  sul>jected   to  his  tril»e  as  a  kind  of 
helots. 


MISSIONARIES  NOT  DISHEARTENED. 


211 


i  :i. 


Frasquillo  reigned  here  absolutely  for  tbn-ty  years,  a  t uu  b 
.bowing  a  wish  to  return  to  Cbristianity,  but  to  tbeendbok^ 
Ig  tbe^Spaniards  at  bay,  for  though  some  of  h,s  towns  e- 
hide.1  the  authorities  by  mock  submission,  they  never  m  his 
dav  entered  his  capital,  Oraybi.' 

Mo,u,wl,ik.  tb,«  .1,0  rc,„ai„cd  in  New  Mc.co,  unte     e 
K,,„rKO  of  wild  In.li..n.  -m  tl,e  fn.nticr,.  v»r  and  fann  c 
TiZ    and  tl,e  Sl«u,iard.  »oon  attacking  fron,  .l,c  «n.tl,, 
llindni^cd  rapidly!     Tl,e  Pi,»  and  Ton„.i,,  ..»'-» j-P; 
,,e„«d;  fow  of  the  Tigna.  and    ^'-^ /'■'■^•"■"\;  °'J  ^ 
•IWnas,  Taos,  and  Pe«o>  tl.cn.  wore  nidcod  n>o™   Tl,.  Quere» 
..Lod  l«.t,  fo,.  in  tl,e  genend    .Idftin,  »'  l-™., f  f, 
„„*,!  tl.eir  adote  ,,ncl.lo  .ilUin  tl,e  wa  1.  of  Santa     «... 
,1,0  ruin,  of  the  Spaniel,  town,  securing  tl.uB  a  donl.le  hue  of 

'tier  Francis  Ayeta.  tl,e  P.-rat"r.«c'K.™l  of  tl.e  1^- 
..iscans  of  the  province  of  the  Holy  Gospel  on  !■=»"  |  '*  „. 
,,„titu,e  condition  of  the  Spaniards  and  «-J;''«*'^      ' 

the  fugitives  to  the.r  hon.es.     A  Mual    torce 

Presidio  of  El  Paso,  and  in  N<.vena>er,  1(.81    ^^    -"' 

v.,„ced,   accompanied    by    Father    Ayeta    and    othc    r     K 

^-^-,^rc:irrrt::r.:-^ 

^»-""K,::r:d'^ri::ri:ttSi 

The  missionaries  tlien  nntw I «i  UR  T..,u,q  -md 

■1    ftlu.ir  lives      In  ir.SJMbe  Pmw,  l'i""S'*>"'^ 

l^rri".:!;'  "Xa^o.d    ,o   ,.1>    .h^r    nds.^ 


...Doc.  IIW.Mox."  111.,  i,  pp.  108-106. 


;r'" 


■I 


212 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Father  Antonio  Guerra.     Gradually  most  of  the  New  Mexi- 
cans abandoned  these  new  pueblos  for  their  old  homes. 

I'ut  the  zeal  of  the  missionaries  was  unabated,  and  when  in 
Deoember,  1083,  a  Xumana  Indian  came  to  solicit  mission- 
aries,' Father  Nichohis  Lt)j)ez  had  been  a])i)ointed  Procurator 
and  Gustos  of  the  missions  of  New  Mexico,  which  the  Francis- 
cans were  too  devoted  to  abandon.  The  next  year  he  set  out 
from  Mexico  with  st)me  means  supplied  by  the  zeal  of  the 
charitable,  to  restore  reliifion.  At  the  convent  of  El  Paso 
he  found  thirty -three  Xumana  chiefs  come  to  seek  instruction 
and  ba})tism.  He  set  out  with  Fathers  .John  do  Zaboleta  and 
Anthony  de  Acevedo,  accompanied  by  the  Indians.  They 
made  their  way  barefoot  to  La  .luuta  de  los  Kios,  the  con- 
tinence of  the  Rio  Grande  and  (\)iichos.  Here  the  Indians 
had  erected  a  house  and  two  rustic  chapels  for  the  mis- 
sionaries. Leaving  Father  Acevedo  to  minister  to  these 
well-disposed  natives,  Fathers  Lopez  and  Zaboleta  kept  on," 
and  following  the  Puerco  River,  reached  the  Xumanas  and 
began  a  mission.  Father  Lopt'Z  drew  up  an  extensive  vocabu- 
lary of  the  Xumana  laiiguiige,  and  accpn'rcd  such  a  knowledge 
(if  it  that  ho  ., as  able  to  preach  to  the  natives  in  their  own 
tongue,  extending  his  intluence  to  the  Texas  Indians  on 
the  Nueces.  Soon  after  his  return  to  I  a  Junta,  the  Indians, 
excited  by  some  rumor,  rose  against  the  missionaries,  drove 
them  out  naked  and  without  any  provisions,  profaning  every- 
thing connected  with  the  service  of  (rod.  The  Franciscan 
Fathers,  with  great  sntFering,  reached  Kl  I'aso  after  long  and 
painful  wandering.  iStill  more  cruelly  Father  Manuel  Hel- 
tiuu  was  slain,  at  a  mission  of  the  Yumas  and  Tanos,  his 


cl 

fii 


i< 
a 
a 

11 

c 

( 
( 


'  LctUir  of  F.  Velcz  de  KscalnnU'. 

»  "  Mi'iiuiriiil  do  F.  NicolaH  Lopez"  in  Duro's  "  rcfliilosii,"  pp  fl8-ft; 
Burcia,  "  Knsuyo  ('ronolojrico,"  p.  200;  F.  Hj  I  venter  Velez  de  Kscaluute. 


POWERS  OF  THE  CUSTOS. 


213 


cliurch  destroyed,  and  the  sacred  plate  and  vestments  pro- 
faned.' 

Several  expeditions  were  made  into  New  Mexico,  but  no 

decisive  advantage  was  gained. 

In  the  year  1(590  the  once  ilourisliing  church  of  New  Mex- 
ico had  for  the  time  disappeared;  a  few  fugitive  Spaniards 
and  Indians  on  the  frontier  alone  represented  the  people  who 
a  few  years  before  ha<l  thronged  the  comely  churches  in  the 
npper  vallev  of  the  Rio  (Irande."  ^ 

During  the  whole  period  that  we  have  traced,  New  Mexi- 
co, though  subject  to  the  Bishops  of  Guadalajara,  had  never 
enjoved  the  presence  of  any  one  invested  with  episcopal 
di-nity  ;  the  ecclesiastical  administration  for  whites  and  In- 
dians had  dev..lve<l  ..n  the  Custos  of  the  Franciscans,  who  gov- 
erned as  Superior  of  the  religious  of  his  order,  Vicar-General 
of  the  Bishop,  commissary  for  the  Tribunal  of  the   Holy 
( )ffice,  and  Ecclesiastical  Judge.  Moreover,  under  the  privilege 
„f  Leo  X.  and  Adrian  VI.,  he  conferred  the  sacrament  of  con- 
firmation.'   (Questions  had  arisen  in  various  parts  of  Uie  Span- 
ish dominions  in   America  whether  religious  in  charge  of 
mission  stations  or  white  settlements  where  a  Bishop  was  as 
vet  unable  to  establish  secular  priestsbelonging  to  his  diocese, 
were  reallv  "  parochi,"  within  the  meaning  of  the  (^ouncil  of 
Trent      St  Pins  V.,  in  ir.C.T,  at  the  reipu^st  of  the  King  of 
Spain   bv  his  Bull  -Exponi  Nobis,"  declared  them  to  possess 
all  the  powers  of  parish  priests  for  the  Indians  and  for  whites 
in  their  district  not  subject  to  a  parish  priest/ 


I  Li'Ucr  of  SylvcHtt-r  Vi'lcz  do  Espalanfc. 

'  Ayrta.  "  Cris..l  <lo  la  Vcnla.l,"  p.  ;V2,  2  ;  Hornao/.,  "  Coleccion  do  Bu- 
lus."  HniHrtds,  1870,  i.,  p.  iWT.  _^ 

••"HuUarhim  dc  Proi.aKanda  Kiilc,"  Appendix  i,.  p.  43;  Aycta.  "  »e- 
fcnsu  di'  la  Vi'rda<l  "  77. 

'  Hcrnaoz,  "  Colecolon  do  Biilas,"  Hrusscls,  1879, 1.,  p.  :J07. 


1"   ;;'•": 

:   V4 


'' 


214 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


The  missionaries  of  JS'ew  Mexico  had,  as  we  liave  seen, 
opened  intercourse  with  tlie  Asinais   or  Cenis,  whom   the 
Spaniards  called  Texas  because  they  met  the  whites  crying 
''Texas!  Texas!"  which  meant  in  their  language,  "We  are 
friends !  "  but  which  the  Castilians  mistook  for  their  tribal 
name,  and  it  not  only  remained  the  usual  appellation  for  the 
nation,  but  is  now  that  of  one  of  the  States  oi  this  Kepublic. 
When  the  autliorities  in  Mexico  iieard  of  La  Salle's  landing 
in  Texius  and  apparently  obtained  some  clue  to  his  designs, 
an  expedition  was  sent  to  that  province  in  January,  ItivSl), 
under  Don  Alonso  do  Leon.     It  was  aoconqjanied  by  several 
missionaries,  the  Superior  being  Father  Damian  Mazanet  of 
the  Order  of  St.  Francis.'     Alonso  de  Leon  proceeded  to  the 
territory  of  the  Asinais  to  ransom   French  prisoners  still  in 
their  hands.     Here  evidence  wis  found  that  missionaries  liati 
held  intercourse  with  the  tribe,  or  received  some  ideas  from 
their  prisoners,  for  the  Spaniards  found  a  little  chapel  of 
houghs  with  an  altar  on  which  a  cruciiix  and  a  rosary  were 
honorablv  kept."     The  object  of  the  expedition  was  simply 
to  explore,  but  so  friendly  a  disposition  was  manifested  by 
the  Indians  that  after  the  return  of  the  exi)editiim  toCoaliuila 
in   May,  the  Spanish  authorities  determined  to  occupy  the 
country  and  established    Indian    missions.     (Catholicity  had 
already  reared  an  altar  iti  this  province,  and  several  priests 
who  accompanied  La  Salle  had  offered  the  holy  sacrifice,  and 
administered  the  sacraments,  three  remaining  to  perish  afti-r 
BOine  years'  stay  at  Ksi)iritu  Santo  P>ay,  being  maasacred  by 
the  Indians. 

The  Spaniards  visited  the  scene  of  desolation,  and  the 

>  Morfl,  "  Mcmoriii-s  paru  In  liistoria  do  In  provincia  dc  Texas,"  p.  54  ; 
EHpinosa.'  "Crmiicu  ApoHtolicii,"  i.,  p.  408;  Burcia,  "  Ensayo  Crouo 
logica."  p.  294 ;  (^arta  in  B  Smith,  "  Colcccion,"  p.  26. 

»  Hmitli,  "  (Jolcccion,"  p.  20. 


il 


CLOSE  OF  THE  FIRST  MISSION  IN  TEXAS.   215 
priests  ou  the  expedition  performed  the  last  rites  for  the  uu- 

'-^Z  opening  of  the  ,ear  1000  .w  no  Cat^ 
church  or  priest  in  Texas,  it  marks  the  actwe  prepaiations 
for  the  spiritual  conquest  of  that  provmce. 

The  Church  in  Spain  had  already,  too,  prepared  the  way 
for  the  spiritual  conquest  of  California. 

Seb,.tL  Vizcaiuo,  after  visittag  Lower  OaMornia  w  tl 
Father  PerJomo  aud  other  Franciscans  in  1596  ran  np,  n   a 
second  vojaBc,  a.  far  as  Santa  Barl^ra,  ^^^^^J'^^JZ 
IKv  of  San  Francisco.    He  was  aeeompanicd  on  tins  cxpe 
,";i:  hy  .Uree  discalced  CanneUtcs,  Fatl.ers  And^w  of  ". 
Assnninlon,  Anthony  of  the  Ascension,  and  Thomas  of 
Cr the  uvo  former  of  whom  offered  «-  holy  s«r,flce  o^ 
the  mass  beneath  a  spreading  oak  tree  at  Monterey,  .n  De 

cember,  1601.'  ____——— — 

.  Torqucmada.  "Monar.uia  Indiana."  ii..  P-  682;  Venegas.  "Hi^tona 
de  la  California,"  i.,  P-  l^^- 


lie 


i     I 


.1' 


BOOK  III. 

THE  CATHOLIC  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 


CHAPTER  I. 

FIRST  WORK   OF  THE   CHURCH   IN   MAINE,   mCHIGAN,   AND   NEW 
YORK.       1611-1052. 

The  Church  was  planted  in  Maryland  atnid  a  hostile 
Protestant  population  growing  u})  and  strengthening  around 
it,  so  that  it  held  its  own  with  difficulty  in  that  province  and 
expanded  hut  feebly  in  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  and  New 
York.  It  was  planted  under  the  protecting  power  of  Spain, 
beginning  at  the  Chesapeake,  then  in  Florida  and  the  Georgia 
coast,  in  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  setting  up  a  pioneer  cross 
on  the  coast  of  California. 

It  had  also  been  planted  at  the  north  and  west  under  the 
protecting  banner  of  France. 

Where  the  cross  was  first  reared  by  Frenchnien  on  our 
soil  is  not  certain.  If  we  are  to  credit  the  famous  Franciscan 
Father,  Atulrew  Thevet,  cosinographcr  to  the  King  of  France, 
who  claims  to  have  visited  the  coast  known  as  Nonimbega, 
and  which  was  certaiiily  some  part  of  New  England,  tlio 
French  had,  previous  to  1575,  erected  a  little  fort  ten  or 
twelve  miles  up  the  Nornmbega  River,  on  a  spot  surrounded 
by  fresh  water.'  Rut  history  is  silent  as  to  the  colonists  wlio 
settled  here.     The  earliest  English  settlers  on  the  New  Eng- 

'  Thevet,  "La  Cosmoj^mpliie  UriivorscUe,"  Paris,  1575,  p.  1008.     The 
river  is  most  probably  th(;  Kennebec. 
(216) 


CHAPEL  AT  SAINTE  CROIX  ISLAND.         217 

land  coast  found  traces  of  Frencluuen  who  had  made  eflorts 
to  check  the  vices  of  the  natives  and  instruct  them  m  the 
truths  of  rehgion.  These  are  supposed  to  have  been  Fi-ench- 
,nen  who  had  recently  escaped  the_  wreck  of  their  vessel,  but 
their  visits  may  date  further  back.' 

Leaving,  however,  the  period  of  the  voyages  prompted  by 
Cartier's  exploration  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  few  of  winch  are 
definitely  recrded,  we  come  to  the  conm.encemei.t  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  when  Pierre  du  Guast,  Sieur  de  Monts 
ohtained  of  the  French  king  a  commission  to  colomze  the 
American  coast  and  to  conduct  the  trade  to  the  exclusion  of 
all  others.     He  sailed  from  Havre  de  Grace  in  France  on  the 
Yth  of  March,  imU,  and  after  reaching  what  is  now  called  ^  ova 
Scotia,  coasted  along  to  an  island  in  Scoodic  Eiver  to  winch 
he  gave  the  name  of  Sainte  Croix,  or  Holy  Cross.     On  this 
island,  now  called  De  Monts  or  ^^eutral  Island  j-t  on  the  bo  - 
ders  of  New  Brunswick  and  within  the  jurisdiction  of  Maine 
de  Monts  began  a  settlement.     Of  the  little  fort  which  ho 
erected,  Champlain,  who  was  one  of  the  V^rtyM^^eU^. 
sketch,  in  which  appears  "  The  house  of  our  Cure     a  da  map 
showing  a  chapel  and  cemetery.     Lescarbot  speaks  of    1  e 
chapel  as  built  \ndian  fashion,  but  he  was  not  there  at  t  . 
tini  an<l   we  possess  no  further  description   ^^ ^^ J^^ 
Catholic  chapel  erected  in  New  England,  that  on  Ste.  Croix 
lland  in  July,  1«>04.     The  position  of  the  chapel  where  the 
■    t  known  niLss  was  said  in  New  England  can  be  seen  on  the 
,„ap  of  the  inland.'    The  priest  referred  to  by  Cham  plan 
was  the  Rev.  Nicholas  Aubry,  a  young  ecclesiastic  of  a  good 


090 


Lescarbot,  (lOU),  p.  470. 


h 


I 


1      3f 


I  c 


w 

til 


ei 


tl 


W 

\  o 

{I 

m 
''A 

ts 


c 


0 


E- 
O 

c 


c 

H 


0 


THE  SETTLEMENT  AT  FORT  ROYAL. 


219 


y,hoBe  name  has  not  come  down  to  us       I  .e> 

the  little  colony  till  the  spot  was  -'^^'f -^^^^^^^^  ^ar  te  pre" 

year  and  the  settlers  transferred  to  Port  Royal,  near        P 

ent  Annai)ohb,  Nova  Scotia.  ,.,_,„?„  therefore, 

The  Utile  chapel  ^l-wn  in  ChamplainWap^^oref^^^^. 
the  earliest  strnctnre  of  which  we  have  ^^^^^-^^  J^ 
raised   in   our  northern   parts  for   the  celebration 
invstories  of  religion.  .         ^ 

^No  further  details  are  given  as  to  ^^^7  ^  /^^^^^^^^^ 
Holy  Cross  Island,  save  an  adventure  ^\^^^.f^^^^^^^ 
who  landing  on  the  coast  before  they  -;^-^  " 
lost  in  the  woods,  and^had  nearly  perished  of  hunger 
he  was  finally  rescued.' 

The  settlement  at  Port  Royal  did  no    thme  and^  _ 

,,.ed  by  de  Monts  to  ^^-^f-;::Jl^^Z2.n.^on  of 

r't^!£t:g;"wv.exp-eda^ 

Ins  grant.     Tins  wa  gj  ^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^^  the 

that  some  Jesuit  lathers  sliouu  ^^^^  ^^^_^^_ 

conversion  of  the  Indians  ^'f^.^j'^^.^^.to  found  the 
„.,,ed  in  1C.08  from  a  professor's  ^^^^  ,,  „, 
n.ission.     It  was  evident,  at  once,  that       «  ^^     ^  ,^,, 

^,,,,.,toPou.incourt,^m^     ^F^rBiardand 
passage  of  the  missionary.     Wh  m    n  i                                  ^^^ 
lis  .rmpanion.  Father  Enomond  M-e  -de^  ^^       ,^^^. 
,o  by  the  only  vessel  then  fit^  ou  j      ^^^  ^  ^^^ 
ingbeen  raised  to  mamt.un  the  '"^''^'""  J?   ,    .  ,„  i,,terest 
otlier  difficulti..  arose^Twonngue^ots  ^vhohad  an_i 

,  Chan;^:^yoya.e."  161.  P.  1^  f^^i^^^Z  '^^■ 
plain."  ii..  p.  35;  T.escarlx.t   Lib  J'-  ^;^  '•  ,,;,,,  j^„a  America,. 

.  When  the  island  w.s  v.sited  '"     '^fj^'^^^^;^^^^      fortificalion  could  be 
,,,„.,,ry  conm>is.ioncr..  tl'^-—  tec"         olmcs'   "  Anuals.-  i-  P- 
traced  thou.b  <.ver,rmvn  wUh  large  tra^B^ 
140,  note;  Williamson's  "  Maine,    i..  PP-  U"  '• 


; 


i* !  t ' 


" .  «•' 


W) 


220 


THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY 


in  tlio  vessel  refused  to  allow  Jesuits  to  embark,  Antoinette 
de  Pons,  Marchionesa  de  Guercheville,  wlio  liad  been  an 
active  friend  of  the  proposed  mission,  at  once  raised  means  to 
purchase  the  rights  of  these  men,  and  made  the  share  in  the 
vessel  and  trade  thus  ac<juired  a  fund  for  the  support  of  the 
mission  and  the  colony.  Although  there  was  no  other  means 
l)y  which  the  missionaries  could  reach  their  destination,  the 
cry  was  immediately  raised  that  tlie  Jesuits  had  become  trad- 
ers, and  bad  faith  has  repeated  the  charge  to  our  day. 

Tlie  vessel  sailed  in  January,  1011,  and  at  sea  encouTitered 
Champlain  on  his  way  to  Quebec.  Ft  was  not  till  AVHiitsim- 
day.  May  22d,  that  the  missionaries  were  al>le  to  land  at  Port 
Royal;  Father  Masse  remained  in  a  cabin  reared  for  him  at 
that  place,  but  Father  Biard  accom]»anied  Poutrincourt  and 
subsequently  his  son  on  several  excursions  along  the  coast  to 
the  St.  John's  River,  Ste.  Croix  Island,  where  he  spent  some 
time,  and  even  as  far  west  as  the  Kennebec.  While  tlie  French 
were  tnidiiig  with  the  Indians  at  tlie  mouth  of  the  Kennebec 
late  in  October,  Father  Hiard  went  to  a  neighboring  island 
to  offer  the  holy  sacriticc,  atti-nded  liy  a  l)oy  to  serve  the 
mass.  Here  the  Indians  overran  the  little  vessel  and  assumed 
so  dangerous  and  rapacious  an  attitude,  that  Hiencourt  would 
have  tired  on  them  had  he  not  feared  that  the  missionary 
would  at  once  be  butchered.  This  island  is  the  second  spot 
on  that  northeastern  coast  of  our  territory  where  mass  is  cer- 
tainly known  to  have  Ihk'U  said. 

Poutrincourt,  in  France,  had  induced  Madame  de  fluereho- 
ville  to  advance  a  thousand  crowns  to  fit  out  a  vessel ;  thin 
was  confided  to  a  lay  brother,  who  giive  i)art  of  it  to  Poutrin- 
court. In  the  sequel  the  missioiiari(\H  could  obtain  no  part 
f  the  supplies  pur('liase(l  for  them  with  the  means  furnished 
by  Madame  de  (tuercheville,  on  account  of  the  joint  pro|>- 
orty.     On  the  contrary,  young  liieniiourt,  disregarding  their 


SETTLEMENT  AT  SAINT  SAUVEUR. 


221 


rights  under  the  compact,  and  their  character,  treated  the 
Fathers  with  every  indignity,  and  when  they  attempted  to 
leave  the  colony  Biencourt  prevented  them.'  In  fact  their 
position  at  Port  Royal  was  rendered  so  insupportable  that 
Madame  GuercheviUe  resolved  to  abandon  all  relations  with 
I'outrincourt  tmd  establish  a  distinct  missionary  colony. 

Slie  obtained  from  de  Monts  a  cession  of  all  his  rights, 
and  King  Louis  XITI.  made  her  a  grant  of  all  the  territory 
of  North  America  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Florida,  lou- 
trincourt  became  her  Viu^sal  as  he  had  been  of  du  Guast. 
His  seignory  was  subject  to  her. 

To  take  possession  of  her  new  domain,  and  to  establish  a 
numon  for  the  conversion  of  the  Indians  where  Catholic 
priests    could    begin  the  good   work  unhampered   by   .my 
Laims  or  interference  of  proprietors  or  mei^hants,  she  htt  d 
out  a  vessel  at  Ilonfleur  under  the  command  of  the  bieur  d. 
1.  Saiiss^tye.     It  carried  Father  Quentm  and  Brother  Gilbert 
du  Thet",  with   thirty  persons  wh.>  were  ^o  winter  m    he 
,.,„„trv.     The  vessel  saUed  from   France,  March     2,    (.1.5 
,,,,  putting  in  at  Port  Royal  in  May,  took  J^ithers  B.ard  and 
Mas  e  on  it.ard,  and  ran  along  the  co.st.     De  la  Saussaye  in- 
tended to  plant  the  colony  at  Kades,,uit  on  t  e  FenoW 
,,„t  after  encomiterii.g  storms  and  fogs  he  found  '""-  ^  " 
Mount  Desert  Island.     His  pilot  ran  into  a  hue  large  harbor 
..„,,,  ,,.t.rn  shore  of  the  island.     Ilere  the  m.sionaru.« 
landed,  a.ul  planting  a  cross,  offered  the  holy  sacrihce  of  ti. 
n.ass,  calling  the  port  Saint   Sauvenr-1  oly  Saviour^ 
,„,ians  persuade.1  the  French  to  abau<lon  the  project  ot  going 
„,,  to  Ka,lcs.,uit,  and  t,.  adopt  a  site  recommended  by  the... 
l!  was  ou  a  l>eautiful  hillside^oping^l^ -v^^ 

,„,  ,Mu.ls  Of  P.mlri.-n.un  under  tlu-  romvavi.  a.ul  the  dcp«.> 
imrfu'r  ...uUl  ..ol  tmit  u..olhc-r  purlnor  an  u  .»uU..«r. 


232 


THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 


li 


covered  by  Mount  Desert  and  several  Hinaller  iislands.  Two 
streams  of  water  flowed  from  the  hill,  and  the  ground  was 
rieli  and  productive.'  Here  the  settlement  was  laid  out 
about  the  middle  of  June,  but  de  la  Saussaye,  instead  of 
fortifying  a  position,  employed  the  men  in  planting  grain, 
beans,  and  other  garden  vegetables.  In  September  the 
vessel  was  still  there,  and  the  missionaries  and  settlers  in  the 
tents  and  temporary  houses  raised  on  the  shore,  when  during 
a  temporary  abseTU-e  of  the  commander,  an  English  vessel 
from  Virginia  under  Samuel  Argal  appeared  and  opened  lire 
on  de  Saussaye's  vessel,  which  soon  surrendered.  Brother  du 
Thet  being  mortally  wounded  by  a  nnisket-ball.  Argal  then 
landed,  carried  of!  the  French  commander's  conunission  and 
plundered  the  little  settlement,  treating  thejiarty  as  intruders 
on  English  territory. 

An  unprovoked  attack  by  men  pretending  to  be  (-hristians 
on  a  mission  station  established  for  the  conversion  of  the 
heathen,  followed  by  bloodshed  and  indiscriminate  j)lunder, 
has  no  parallel  in  history.  Virginia  shares  the  infamy  by 
endorsing  .Argal's  action,  as  England  does  by  refusing  repa- 
ration. 

Argal  ])ut  Father  Masse  i>nd  fourteen  Frenchmen  in  a 
Riiiall  craft  and  turned  them  adrift ;  Fathers  Hiard  and  Quen- 
tin  were  carried  to  Virginia,  then  ruled  by  a  code  of  blood, 
where  Sir  Thomas  Dale  threatened  to  hang  all  the  prisoners. 
Finally,  resolving  to  extirpate  the  French  settlements,  he  sent 
.\rgal  ba<-k  with  a  considerable  force.  The  English  vessels 
carried  the  missionaries  and  many  of  the  French  prisoners, 
who  were  glad  to  escape  from  the  soil  of  Virginia.  Aigal 
completed  the  destruction  at  St.  Saviour,  then  demolished  the 
post  on  Stu.  Cruix  Island  and  that  at  I'ort  lioyal,  where  Hicn- 

'  I*iirkm:in  fullowim:  ]'..  \.  lljinilin,  of  IliiniriT.  iliiiiks  tlir  iiositiciii  wiw 
on  Mcuiit  Desert  Island,  on  llin  western  Hi(l(!  of  Soamfs  Sound. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  QUEBEC,  CANADA. 


223 


court  showed  liis  batred  of  the  nussionaries.  On  tbe  voyage 
back,  the  vessel  containing  the  two  Jesuits  was  driven  to  the 
Azores,  but  linally  reached  England,  whence  in  tnne  the 
survivors  of  a  missionary  settlement  thus  broken  up  by  nien 
boasting  of  Christianity,  were  allowed  to  reach  their  native 

land.  ,     „   1 

It  never  could  have  entered  into  the  mind  of  the  mission- 
aries or  their  protectors,  that  war  would  be  made  on  a  mission 
station,  or  they  never  would  have  attempted  to  plant  one  so 
near  the  Kennebec,  already  more  than  once  visited  by  the 

English.'  , 

Samuel  Champlain  had  been  connected  with  de  Monts  m 
the  attempt  to  colonize  Port  Itoyal.     In  1008  he  and  Pont- 
.M-ave  were  sent  out  with  two  vessels  to  establish  a  post  on 
The  Saint  Lawrence.     Above  Isle  Orleans,  on  a  height  which 
formed  a  natural  f.>rtiiication.  Champlain  founded  a  cty  re- 
taining the  name  Quebec,  given  to  the  narrows  by  the  neigh- 
boring  Montagnais    Indians.      So.ne    temporary   biuld.ngs 
reared  .Inly  ;5,   KIOS,  were  the  commencement  of  Canada. 
De  Monts  thought  only  of  tra<ling-posts,  but  Champlaui  s 
projects  were  .-.obler  and  more  patriotic;  he  wished  to  build 
up  a  colony,  and  make  the  conversi.m  of  the  natives  an  ..1)- 
iec-t      Gaining  the  friendship  of  the  Algonquin  tribes  on  the 
St   Lawrence  and  Ottawa,  he  opened  trade  with  the  Ilurons, 
Indians  of  a  .litferent  race,  dwelling  near  the  lake  that  n.>w 
bears  their  na.ne.     To  retain  the  friendship  of  these  tribes,  ,t 
bccan.e  necessary  to  aid  tluMu  in  their  wars^-ith  a  confederacy 

Frunc..."  Lyons.  1«1«  ;  Chmm.lain.  -  VoyaK^n,"  l^.r.s^  WU  ,      A-  mm. 

S  .  i.f.tis  .I,.su  "■  Caruyon,  -  ITcmirn-  Mission  .Ics  .l.'suM.s  nu  (  umlu. 

■m-iM.    LrLurlM.!,  '•  llistoir..  .Ic  lu  NouvH-'  Fnmcv.    ,K.l.  UUS).  ,.,, 
mi-m,  is  .ixlrcin.ay  hoslil-'  l"  H"'  missioniiricB. 


■'I 


.1. 


in 


hU 


|i|..r 


I, 


224 


THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 


of  five  nations,  kindred  in  origin  to  the  llurons,  who  lay 
Boutb  of  Ijiike  Ontario. 

The  little  French  settlement  prospered,  and  in  IG 14  Cham- 
plain  obtained  from  PVance  four  Franciscan  Fathers  of  the 
Recollect  reform  to  minister  to  the  French  settlers  and  to 
convert  the  natives.  With  Father  Denis  Jamay,  the  Com- 
missiiry  or  Sui)erior,  came  Fathers  John  d'Olheau  and  Joscjili 
le  Caron,  with  the  lay  brother,  Pacilicus  du  Plessis,  The 
religious  reached  Tadoussac  on  the  feast  of  the  Aununciatioii, 
March  25,  1(515.  They  soon  began  their  labors  at  the  trad- 
ing-posts established  by  the  French,  and  amdiig  the  Mon- 
tagnais  Indians  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  while  Father  tloseph  le 
("aron  embarking  with  some  canoes  of  the  llurons  penetrated 
to  the  villages  of  that  nation.  The  Recollects  soon  learned 
the  two  great  languages  of  Canada,  the  AlgoiKjuin  and  Hu- 
ron, and  preached  the  gospel  far  and  wide  ;  but  though  others 
of  their  order  came  to  share  their  labors,  they  saw  that  the 
field  was  too  vast  for  them  to  occupy  proiitably.  Thcreujiou 
they  invited  the  Fathers  of  the  Society  of  ilesus  to  join  them, 
and  in  lt!'jr»  Fathers  Charles  Lalemant,  Enemond  Masse, 
and  John  de  lir61>euf  arrived,  to  be  welcomed  by  the  llecol- 
lects,  but  to  be  eyed  with  distrust  by  many  of  the  French 
who  were  full  of  the  prejudices  ins])ire(l  by  the  Huguenots. 
The  mi>sions  were  then  more  zealously  extended,  and  in  the 
autumn  of  1<)'2<1  Father  .loseph  de  la  Uoche  I )aillon,  a  Recol- 
lect of  noble  family,  set  out  from  the  Huron  country  for  the 
t4)wii8  of  the  Neut*""  nation,  who  occupied  both  banks  of  the 
Niagara,  and  reached  their  frontier  nearest  to  the  Seneca^, 
but  barely  escaped  with  life. 

This  zealous  religious  was,  so  far  as  can  now  be  aseer- 
tnined,  the  first  Catholic  priest  from  Canada  who  penetrated 
into  the  pres«'nt  territory  of  the  United  States.  He  carried 
back  u  kiiowletige  of  the  |H'ople,  and  of  the  country,  noting 
among  the  pro<hict^  the  mineral  oil. 


SECOND  JESUIT  MISSION. 


225 


The  new  colony  of  Canada  had,  however,  but  a  feeble  life. 
Neglected  by  the  government  at  home,  it  was  soon  at  the 
lowest  extremity,  and  in  July,  1629,  Champlain  surrendered 
to  Captain  David  Kirk,  an  English  commander,  wb.o  appeared 
with  a  fleet  before  the  starving  post  of  Quebec.  The  Recol- 
lects and  Jesuits  were  all  carried  off  by  the  English,  and 
Catholicity  had  no  altar  or  worship  till  the  restoration  of  the 
country.' 

When  England,  by  the  treaty  of  Saint  Germain  des  Pres 
in  1632,  iinally  restored  Canada  to  France,  after  dishonorably 
retaining  a  province,  captured  when  peace  had  been  de- 
clared between  the  two  powers.  Cardinal  Richelieu  offered 
the  Canada  mission  to  the  Capuchins,  but  the  religious  of 
that  reform  seeing  by  the  voyages  of  Champlain  and  the 
works  of  ihe  Recollect  Brother  Sagard,  how  vast  a  field 
awaited  evangelical  laborers,  even  in  the  territory  that  French 
energy  had  laid  open  in  twenty  years,  in  itself  a  mere  portal 
to  immense  unexplored  regions,  declined  to  undertake  the 
task.  The  great  Cardinal  then  summoned  to  the  task  the 
Society  of  Jesus,  excluding  the  Recollects  entirely.  The 
passport  of  the  first  Jesuit  missionaries  was  signed  by  the 
hand  of  his  Eminence  himself.' 

The  second  Jesuit  mission  in  Canada  began  with  the  land- 
ing at  Qiiel)ec  July  15,  1632,  of  Fathers  Paul  le  Jeune  and 
Anne  dc  None,  with  a  lay  brother.  It  was  a  small  beginning 
where  all  was  to  be  accomplished,  a  home  and  chapel  to  be 
reared  amid  the  embers  of  Champlain's  first  town,  and  then 

'  For  this  earlier  period  see  Sagard,  "  Grand  Voyape  dii  Pais  des  II>i- 
rons,"  Paris,  10a2  ;  "  Histoiro  du  Canada."  Paris.  1030  ;  Le  Clercq, 
"  Etablisscment  dc  la  Fol,"  a  vols,,  Paris,  1000— in  English,  New  York, 
1881  ;  Champlain,  "  Voyages,"  1003,  1C18,  1619,  1032. 

'  I  saw  it  some  years  ago  in  the  Bureau  des  Terres,  Montreal,  but  it 
has  sinre  disapiicured. 


-    ft 


f 


"■■A 


•:\  t 


22(5        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

a  continent  to  be  occupied.  Other  missionaries  soon  came ; 
and  throughout  France  in  the  gay  circles  of  the  Court,  in 
the  chateaus  of  the  provincial  nobles,  in  college  and  con- 
vent, among  merchants  and  artisans,  an  interest  was  excited 
in  the  missions  of  New  France.  Annually  for  forty  years  a 
little  volume  appeared  in  cheap  form,  giving  letters  of  the 
missionaries,  so  that  their  hopes  and  struggles,  their  suffer- 
ings and  triumphs,  were  familiar  to  the  pious  of  every  rank 
in  France.  Quebec  was  controlled  by  great  commercial  com- 
panies, Acadia  by  corporations  formed  for  fishery  ;  the  zeal 
excited  in  France  inspired  the  Venerable  John  Olier,  founder 
of  the  Seminary  of  Saint  Sulpice,  to  project  the  establish- 
ment of  a  settlement  in  Canada,  to  be  entirely  guided  by 
religious  motives.  From  this  great  thought  arose  the  city  of 
Montreal,  of  which  the  Jesuits  were  the  first  pastors. 

The  Catholic  life  of  Canada  grew,  developing  from  these 
two  centres,  Quebec  and  Montreal,  controlled  by  the  Arch- 
bishops of  Rouen  through  local  vicars-gcjieral,  each  city  es- 
tal)lishing  houses  of  education  for  both  sexes,  convents,  hos- 
pitals, and  confraternities  among  the  faithful. 

The  Jesuits  resumed  the  missions  begun  by  the  "Recollects 
on  the  Saint  Lawrence  and  on  the  banks  of  Lake  Huron,  in 
which  members  of  their  own  order  had  already  labored. 
The  Sulpitians,  guiding  in  the  paths  of  Christian  virtue  the 
settlers  in  and  around  the  city  of  Montreal,  never  extended 
their  Indian  missions  far  after  an  attem]>t  to  explore  the 
West.  A  temporary  effort  in  Quinte  Bay  and  a  great  rais- 
Bion  at  Oswegatchic,  n(»w  Ogdenslxirg,  mark  their  limit. 

The  Jesuits,  exppi)t  in  the  district  attended  by  the  Sulpi- 
tians, had  for  many  years  sole  charge  of  all  the  French  settle- 
ments and  the  religious  communities  that  grew  up  there,  to- 
gether with  the  Indian  missions  in  Canada. 

The  French  settlements  were  chiefly  at  Tadoussac,  a  great 


THE  HURON  MISSION. 


227 


trading  post ;  Quebec,  Isle  Orleans,  Three  Eivers,  Montreal, 
to  wbicli  the  Hurons  and  their  allies  further  west  came  down 
on  flotillas  of  canoes  by  the  way  of  the  Ottawa  Eiver.  The 
trading  establishment  at  the  Rapids  above  Montreal  was  the 
frontier  post  of  the  French. 

Under  the  zealous  labors  of  Father  Brdbeuf  and  his  asso- 
ciates, men  like  Fathers  Charles  Gamier,  Anthony  Daniel, 
Leonard  Garreau,  Chatelain,  Jogues,  Raymbaut,  many  were 
converted  in  the  great  Wyandot  or  Huron  nation,  and  in 
the  kindred  Tionontates.     The  long  route  to  and  from  their 
stations  near  Lake  Huron  became  annually  more  difficult 
and  dangerous,  as  the  Iroquois  or  Five  Nations  supplied  with 
firearms  by  the  Dutch  aj  Manhattan  waylaid    the  Indian 
flotillas  descending  to  trade  or  returning  from  Quebec,  at  a 
hundred  points  along  the  tedious  and  difficult  course.     Yet 
it  was  only  by  these  flotillas  of  bark  canoes  that  the  mission- 
aries could  reach  the  mission  field,  or  return  to  the  French 
colony  when  the  necessities  of  the  Huron  church  required 
it.     With  a  few  lay  brothers,  and  some  devoted  men  who 
gave  their  services  to  the  mission,  the  Jesuits  could  raise 
wheat  and  make  wine  for  the  celebration  of  mass ;  but  cloth- 
ing, books,  paper,  medicines,  i.Tiplements  of  various  kinds, 
could  be  had  only  in  the  colony ;  and  sometimes  the  inter- 
ruiition  of  navigation  was  so  prolonged  that  the  missionaries 
sufl'ored  greatly. 

Yet  so  far  were  they  from  any  idea  of  abandoning  the 
field  which  Providence  had  placed  under  their  care,  that 
thoy  planned  the  extension  of  their  missions  further  west. 
In  the  summer  of  1(U2,  a  peculiar  institution  of  the  cluster 
of  tribes  to  which  the  Hurons  belonged,  known  as  the  Feast 
of  tlie  Dead,  gathered  in  the  Huron  country  delegates  from  all 
tri])08  with  whom  they  held  friendly  relations.  Then,  amid 
solemn  rites  and  games,  the  bones  of  those  buried  temporarily 


-■     I 

,   .'i 


"*  ,•>'■■ 

'>  .1 

'.  m 


...... 


228        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

during  the  last  ten  years  were  committed  to  a  common  grave, 
richly  lined  with  furs,  and  with  them  articles  regarded  as 
of  highest  value.  The  Chippewa  envoys  to  this  ceremony, 
who  came  from  the  outlet  of  Lake  Superior,  invited  the 

black  gowns  to 

/f\Jo^^     fl^^u^^    M^    e^    visit  their  couu- 

try ;  and  when 

fffuHfir^^  ^^'fr^Hfet*^  e/i>-    /VJ.  the  Feast  of  the 

^  -  Dead  was  ended 

iJ^pXtC     J(^,M^  and  the    Cliip- 

J^ '    "^^  pewas     launch- 

^  ^a^     ^    r-^^  '^  their  canoes 
'^^^  /  on  Lake  Huron, 

FACSIMILE  OF  THE  nANPWRITINO  OF  FATHER         Father     CliarlcS 

ISAAC  JOOUK8.  Raymbaut   and 

Father  Isaac  Jogues  were  selected  to  accompany  them.  Set- 
ting out  from  the  mission-house  of  St.  Mary's,  a  sail  of 
seventeen  days  over  the  lake  brought  the  two  priestly  i)io- 
neers  to  the  rapid  outlet,  which  received  from  them  the  name 
it  still  bears,  Sault  St.  Mary's. 

Here,  in  October,  1G41,  the  Church  of  Canada,  starting 
from  Quebec  as  a  centre,  again  reached  the  prexnit  territory 
of  the  United  States.     Hero 

the  two  Jesuits  planted  the     Q^'V^J'   ^^\^*f**-''**^ 
Cross  of  Cliristianity,  looking  ^ 

.,,     ,         ,  ^         \    t  FAC-8IMILK    OF    THE    SIONATURB    OF 

Still  further  west,  and  form-        ^^^^^^.^^  chaules  raymdaut. 
ing  plans  for  the  conversion 

of  the  Dakotas,  of  whom  they  heard  by  their  Algonquin 
name,  Nadouessis.' 

Father  Isaac  Jogues,  who  thus  stands  as  one  of  the  two 
pioneer  priests  of  Michigan,  was  destined  soon  to  be  the 


'  Relation  de  la  Nouvellc  France,"  1042,  pp.  97-8. 


^ 


- 


. 


FATHER  JOGUES  A  CAPTIVE. 


229 


pioneer  priest  of  .another  State.     On  the  2d  of  June,  1642, 
he  and  Father  llayinbaut  embarked  in  the  Huron  canoes,' 
descending  the  great  water  highways;   Father  Raymbautj 
whose  health  was  shattered,  was  to  remain  in  tlie  French 
colony  ;  Father  Jogues  was  to  return  with  the  Indians  after 
the  trade,  bringing  with  him  supplies  the  Huron  mission 
I  sorely  needed.     The  journey  descending  and  returning  was 
fraught  with  danger  from  lurking  parties  of  the  Mohawks. 
They  reached  Quebec  safely,  and  Father  Jogues  enjoyed  for 
a  season  the  pleasure  of  mingling  among  his  brethren  and 
his  countrymen.     On  the  1st  of  August  the  missionary,  with 
two  Frenchmen,  Rene  Goupil,  a  candidate  for  entrance  into 
the  Society,  and  William  Couture,  embarked  with  the  Hurons 
from  Three  Rivers,  the  great  Chief  Ahasistari  being  in  com- 
mand.    Over-coutident  in  their  numbers  and  bravery,  the 
Hurons,  when  suddenly  attacked  by  the  Mohawks,  landed  in 
confusion  and  were  soon  routed.     A  few  only  with  the  two 
Frenchmen  made  any  stand.     Father  Jogues  might  have  es- 
caped, but  he  would  not  desert  his  flock  ;  Ahasistari  and  the 
few  brave  Hurons  who  remained  with  the  Frenchmen  were 
soon  overpowered.     The  prisoners  then  underwent  the  usual 
Indian  cruelties  ;  they  were  beaten  to  insensibility,  mangled, 
and  hacked.     Father  Jogues  had  his  nails  torn  out,  and  his 
forefingers  cnmched  till  the  last  bone  was  completely  crushed. 
Then  the  Mohawks  compelled  their  prisoners  to  begin  a  ter- 
rible march  to  the  Mohawk.     On  their  way  they  encoun- 
tered on  an  island  in  Lake  Champlain  a  war  party  just  setting 
out.     This,  to  ensure  courage  and  success,  wreaked  its  savage 
cruelty  on  the  prisoners.'     Father  Jogues  finally,  on  the  14th 
of  August,  reached  Ossernenon,  the  first  Mohawk  town,  near 

'  Smitli's  Island,  near  AVestport.  is  traditionally  believed  to  be  the  spot 
\ hallowed  by  the  snlTorings  of  these  illustrious  missionaries  and  their  dis- 
ciplea.     A  cross  keeps  the  memory  alive. 


'•■i 


•■■I 


M'i 


••I- 


ni 


i 


*M\ 


.,  f 


230       THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

the  present  station  of  Auriesville,  in  Montgomery  County. 
Here,  after  crossing  the  river,  the  prisoners  were  forced  to 
run  the  gauntlet,  and  were  placed  on  a  platform  for  further 
cruelties.    All  the  prisoners  were  cut  and  mutilated.    Father 
Jogues  had  his  left  thumb  sawed  ofE  at  the  root,  an  Algonquin 
woman  being  forced  to  execute  the  savage  cruelty.     Then 
followed  days  of  torture  in  each  of  the  towns  of  the  nation, 
the  missionary  forgetting  his  own  sufferings  to  instruct  and 
baptize  those  of  his  own  party  not  yet  received  into  the 
Church,  or  others  brought  in  by  other  war  parties.     AVhen 
the  council  of  the  tribe  finally  decided   the  fate  of  the 
prisoners,  several   Hurons  were  burned  at  the  stake,   in- 
cluding the  brave  Ahasistari ;  but  the  Hves  of  the  French- 
men were  spared.     No  care  was  taken   of  their  terrible 
wounds,  and  though  the  Dutch  endeavored  to  ransom  the 
European  captives,  the  Indians  refused  to  part  with  them. 
The  next  month  Reno  Goupil  was  killed  while  returning  to 
Oseernenon  with  the  missionary  and  reciting  the  rosary.    The 
Indians  regarded  his  prayers,  and  especially  the  Sign  of  the 
Cross,  as  magical  acts  for  their  injury,  the  making  the  sign 
on  a  child  being  the  immediate  cause  of  his  death.     Father 
Jogues  endeavored  to  secure  and  bury  the  body  of  his  com- 
panion, but  it  was  maliciously  carried  away.   The  good  priest, 
who  has  left  us  an  account  of  his  young  comrade,  attests  his 
deep  and  earnest  piety,  his  zeal,  and  his  services  as  a  med- 
ical assistant  to  the  missicnaries,  whom  he  had  voluntarily 
joined  from  religious  motives,  and  served  with  no  hope  of 
reward.'     Then  began  for  Father  Jogues  a  long  and  terrible 
captivity,  in  which  his  chief  consolation  was  that  of  attend- 
ing prisoners  at  the  stake,  and   the  instruction  of  a  few 


'  Rene  Goupil  had  been  a  novice  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  in  France,  but 
his  health  failed,  and  he  came  to  America,  hoping  to  enter  in  time.  Fa- 
ther Jogues  received  him  before  his  death. 


1  |< 
II 


HIS  ESCAPE. 


231 


Mohawks  in  sickness,  whom  he  taught  tp  look  to  God  for 
forgiveness  and  grace.  As  the  slave  of  savages  he  attended 
hunting  and  fishing  parties,  till  at  last  when  at  Fort  Orange, 
now  Albany,  he  heard  that  he  was  to  be  put  to  death  on  his 
return.  The  Dutch  urged  him  to  escape,  promising  him  pro- 
tection. During  the  night  he  reached  a  vessel  lying  in  the 
North  River,  near  the  Fort,  but  the  Indians,  on  discovering 
their  loss,  became  so  menacing,  that  he  was  taken  ashore,  to 
be  given  up,  if  necessary,  to  save  the  lives  of  the  Dutch. 
The  Mohawks  were,  however,  finally  appeased,  and  the  mis- 
sionary, who  had  been  confined  with  great  discomfort,  was 
taken  down  to  the  fort  on  Manhattan  Island,  around  which 
had  clustered  a  few  cabins,  the  commencement  of  the  great 
city  of  New  York.  In  New  Amsterdam,  as  the  place  was 
then  called.  Father  Jogues  found  but  two  Catholics,  the  Por- 
tuguese wife  of  a  soldier,  and  an  Irishman,  recently  from 
Maryland.  His  sufferings  evoked  the  sympathy  of  all  the 
Dutch,  from  their  director,  William  Kieft,  and  the  minister. 
Dominie  Megapolensis,  to  the  poorest.  The  Director  of  the 
Colony  gave  him  passage  in  a  small  vessel  he  was  dispatching 
to  Holland,  but  tlie  missionary  had  opportunity  for  addi- 
tional suffering,  and  after  being  driven  upon  the  English 
coast,  reached  his  native  land,  just  in  time  to  celebrate  the 
feast  of  Christmas. 

The  future  State  of  New  York  had  thus  been  traversed 
from  north  to  south  by  a  great  and  heroic  priest.  Another 
soon  followed  him  in  the  same  path  of  suffering. 

At  the  close  of  April,  1644,  Father  Joseph  Bressani,  a 
native  of  Rome,  who  had  been  two  years  on  the  Canada  mis- 
sion, soon  after  leaving  Three  Rivers  with  a  Huron  party, 
also  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Mohawks.  This  priest  was 
not  severely  maltreated  till  his  captors  met  a  war  party,  when 
he  was  cruelly  beaten  with  clubs,  but  on  arriving  at  a  large 


! 


FAC-8IMILE  OF  BIONATURE  OF  FATHER 
FRANCIS  J.  BREB8ANI. 


232        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

fishing  village,  the  prisonere  were  compelled  to  run  the 
gauntlet.  Father  Breseani's  hand  was  cloven  open  ;  he  was 
stabbed  and  burned  all  over  his  body,  indeed  his  hands  were 
burned  no  less  than  eighteen  times ;  a  stake  was  driven  through 

his  foot,  his  hair  and  beartl 
fs  torn  out  by  the  roots.     On 

jtr^ovy  %Jtai  {J^'^^om^'     reaching    Ossernenon    his 
"  tortures  were  renewed ;  his 

left  thumb  and  two  fingers 
of  the  right  hand  were  cut 
off ;  but  the  council  of  the  tribe  spared  his  life,  and  gave  him 
to  an  old  woman.  His  terrible  wounds  and  ulcers  brought 
him  nearly  to  the  grave ;  but  he  rallied  and  was  taken  to  the 
Dutch,  who,  efiEecting  his  ransom,  sent  him  also  to  Europe. 
He  anived  in  Ilochelle  November  15, 1644.' 

Father  Jogues,  honored  in  France  as  a  martyr  of  Christ, 
had  but  one  desire,  and  it  was  to  return  to  his  mission.  He 
solicited  from  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  permission  to  say  mass 
with  his  mutilated  hands,  and  it  was  given  in  words  that 
have  become  historic:  "Indiguum  esse  Christi  inartyrem 
Christi  non  bibere  sanguinem."  He  sailed  from  Rochelle  in 
the  spring  of  1644,  and  was  stationed  at  Montreal.  Sum- 
moned thence  in  July,  he  attended  negotiations  with  the 
Mohawks  at  Three  Rivers,  where  peace  was  concluded,  but 
its  ratification  was  delayed.  In  May,  1646,  Father  Jogues 
and  John  Bourdon  were  sent  to  the  Mohawk  country  to  rat- 
ify it  firmly.  Passing  through  Lake  George,  to  which  he 
gave  the  name  of  "  Lac  St.  Sacrement,"  as  he  reached  it 
on  the  feast  of  Corpus  Christi,  Father  Jogues,  with  his 
companion,  arrived  at  the  Mohawk  castles,  and  peace  was 


'  Father  Bressani  relates  his  own  sufferings  in  his  "  Breve  Relazione," 
Macerata,  1C58 ;  in  French,  Montreal,  1852 ;  see  also  "  Relation  de  la 
Nouvelle  France."  1944,  ch.  9. 


.-ri. 


:  i 


Mi 


L-UE,     N 


'  :;  G  u  E '- 


:.ifa 


1 

^^^■l 

^^H 

m 

1 

H^l  ■< 

■ 

Hl^ 

I 

HH^Hj   « 

* 

1          ^ 

i 

1^  'i 

f*- 

i     •• 

lu 


DEATH  OF  FATHER  JOOUES. 


233 


apparently  established.  One  great  object  was  to  cement  this 
peace  by  establishing  a  mission  in  the  Mohawk  country. 
Father  Jogaes  had  come  prepared  to  do  so ;  but  leaving  a 
small  box  containing  his  mission  requisites,  he  returned  with 
his  fellow  envoy  to  Canada.  There  the  foundation  of  the 
Mohawk  mission  was  decided  upon,  and  Father  Jogues  set 
out  for  his  dangerous  post,  accompanied  by  a  young  man 
named  John  de  la  Lande.  The  Mohawks  had,  however, 
already  resolved  to  renew  the  war,  and  parties  of  their  braves 
were  then  stealthily  approaching  the  unsuspecting  French 
settlements.  Father  Jogues  and  his  companions  fell  into 
the  hands  of  one  of  these  parties.  Deaf  to  his  protests  and 
his  remonstrance  the  Mohawks  stripped  and  maltreated  the 
missionary  and  his  companions,  and  led  them  as  prisoners  to 
Ossernenon,  which  they  entered  on  the  19th  of  October, 
1046,  amid  blows  and  execrations.  One  clan  tried  to  save 
the  missionary,  but  while  a  council  was  in  session  an  Indian 
summoned  him.  Father  Jogues  rose  to  follow,  but  as  he 
entered  a  cabin  he  was  struck  down  lifeless  by  a  blow  of  a 
tomahawk.  His  head  was  cut  off  and  set  on  one  of  the  pali- 
sades of  Ossernenon,  his  body  was  thrown  into  the  Mohawk, 
which  next  morning  bore  down  its  tide  the  nmrdered  bodies 
of  la  Lande  and  a  Huron  guide.  The  Dutch  learned,  and 
deploring  his  fate  made  it  known  to  the  authorities  in  Can- 
ada. So  ended  the  first  attem])t  of  the  Church  of  Canada  to 
extend  its  work  of  evangelization  over  any  part  of  the  soil 
of  New  York.  Father  Jogues  died  without  the  consolation 
of  once  offering  the  Holy  Sacrifice  on  the  banks  of  the  Mo- 
hawk. Father  haac  Jogues,  a  native  of  Orleans,  was  n  man 
of  polished  learning,  gentle,  enduring,  firm,  and  had  im- 
pressed all  who  knew  him  in  Canada  as  a  priest  of  singular 
virtue,  perfect  forgetfulness  of  self,  and  untiring  zeal.  His 
death  raised  him  in  the  minds  of  all  to  the  rank  of  a  martyr. 


II-  ^ 


234        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY, 


His  intercession  was  invoked  in  Canada  and  France,  and 
miraculous  favors  were  ascribed  to  him.  The  narrative  of 
his  sufferings  and  death  was  drawn  up  under  the  authority 
of  the  Archbishop  of  Rouen,  and  attested  by  oath  to  serve 
in  any  process  for  his  canonization.  In  the  Catliolic  t)ody 
that  now  permeates  the  great  population  of  the  Republic, 
devotion  to  this  early  priest  has  become  general ;  and  the 
third  Plenary  Council  in  Baltimore,  in  November,  1884,  for- 
mally petitioned  the  Vicar  of  Christ  that  the  cause  of  his 
canonization  might  be  introduced.' 

Contemporaneous  with  this  effort  from  Canada  to  establish 
the  Church  on  the  Mohawk,  more  consoling  results  were 
seen  in  Maine,  The  Recollects  of  the  province  of  Aquitaine, 
in  France,  came  over  in  1019  to  attend  the  establishments 
begun  in  Acadia  by  sedentary  fishery  and  fur  companies 

>  "  Rehition  do  la  Nouvellc  France,"  1643  ;  1043.  ch.  12,  14  ;  1647,  ch. 
4-7:  Crcuxius,  "  Historia  Caiuulunsis,"  jip.  338-500;  Tanner.  "  Socictas 
Militans,"  Prague,  167.'),  p.  .510 ;  "Concilium  Plenarium  Baltimorcnse 
III,"  Baltimore,  If^Sfl,  p.  Ixiv.  This  servant  of  God  was  born  at  Orleans, 
France,  of  a  family  still  lionored  there,  .laniiary  10.  1607.  Entering  a 
•lesuit  college  at  the  age  of  ten,  he  solicited  entrance  into  the  Society  of 
.lesus  and  began  his  novitiate  October  24. 1624.  As  novice  and  as  scholas- 
tic, student  aTid  teacher,  he  "-as  regarded  as  a  model.  ('onsi<iering  himself 
08  one  of  liltlt!  ability  for  learning,  he  solicited  a  foreign  mission,  and 
having  been  assigned  to  Canada,  was  ordained  in  1636  to  be  sent  to  that 
severe  tivld.  He  evinced  skill  in  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  the  Huron 
characi.  r  and  language,  and  was  a  i>atient,  succes.sful,  uncomplaining 
mis.sioner.  ready  for  any  peril.  In  the  hour  of  trial  he  showed  the  heroic 
degree  to  which  he  had  a.scpiided  by  his  life  of  prayer  and  union  with 
Owl.  His  life  has  been  written  by  Father  Felix  Martin,  8..I.  Paris, 
1873;  New  York,  IRS.'").  His  writings,  including  a  narrative  of  hia  cap 
tivity,  a  notice  of  Hene  Ooii])!!.  and  an  account  of  New  Nethcrland  in 
1642.  Iiave  been  published  in  a  volume!  of  the  "  Collections  of  the  New 
York  Historical  Society."  The  site  of  Ossernenon  has  been  identitied 
by  the  exhaustive  topographical  studies  of  Oeneral  .John  S.  Clark,  of 
Auburn,  and  it  has  lieen  ac(iuire<l  by  the  Society  of  .lesus.  A  pilgrim- 
age to  the  spot  took  place  in  August.  18H4,  when  the  little  chapel  was 
opened. 


H  3 


o 
w 
I* 

H 

K 

O 

•n 
>■ 

H 

B 

» 

O 
O 

a 

K 


<^  2 


O 


•{ 

I 

1  .   ;  -.f 
.4 


M 


i; 


r ; 


It 


tf'fr 


230 


rJETE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 


founded  .at  Bordeaux.  Their  chief  station  and  chapel  were 
on  St.  John's  River,  and  several  Fathers  labored  in  that  dis- 
trict till  1624,  one  dying  of  hardship  in  the  woods.  They 
then  retired  to  Quebec,  probably  crossing  part  of  Maine  on 
the  way.'  Though  they  resumed  their  missions,  they  were 
driven  out  l)y  the  English  in  1028 ;  but  even  before  the  res- 
toration of  Canada  to  France,  Recollect  Fathers  from  the 
province  of  Aquitaine  were  again  sent  out  in  1030.'  Three 
years  afterwai'd,  however,  Cardinal  Richelieu  gave  orders  for 
their  recall,  and  committed  the  Acadian  mission  to  the  I'V 
thers  of  the  Capuchin  Order.' 

Of  the  extent  of  their  labors  there  is  no  doubt.  The  Capu- 
chins of  the  province  of  Paris,  accepting  the  field  assigned 
to  them,  sent  mitsinnaries  who  attended  the  French  along  the 
coast  from  Chaleurs  Bay  to  the  Kennebec.  Tlioir  country- 
men constituted  a  floating  population— of  small  proportion 
in  winter,  but  swelling  iii  summer  to  thousiuids— as  is  the 
case  to  this  day  at  Saint  Pierre  and  Miquelon.* 

The  conversion  of  the  Indians  was  one  of  the  main  objects 
of  the  nn'ssion,  and  the  establishment  of  a  seminary  for  the 
instruction  of  the  young  natives  Wiis  especially  provided  for. 
Cardinal  Richelieu  had  in  1035  become  a  partner  in  a  com- 
pany for  settling  Acadia,  and  in  1040  he  transferred  all  his 

'  Le  (lercq,  "  Establishment  of  the  Fnitli,"  i.,  pp.  199,  227. 

'  I  hiiiuphiiii,  "  Voyages"  (Prince  edii.t,  i.,  p.  298. 

^  Failloii.  "  Ilistoire  de  hi  Colonie  Franvaiso,"  i.,  p  280 ;  Letter  of  Bon- 
tliilliiT,  .secretary  of  stale,  March  10,  10B3,  cited  by  Moreau,  "  Ilistoire 
de  I'Acadie  Franvoise,"  Paris,  1873,  p.  Ktl  ;  Faillon,  "  Ilistoire  de  hk 
Colonie  Fran(,aisc,"  i,,  p.  280.  D'Aulnny  received  the  Capuchins,  but 
Lh  Tour  retained  Recollect  Fathers  till  his  open  mockery  of  the  Cath- 
olic relifrion  comix'lled  them  to  withdraw  in  .January,  1645 ;  Moreau, 
pp.  131,211. 

•'•Helation  de  la  Nouvelle  France,"  1651.  pp.  14-15;  (  liiirlevoix, 
"  IIist<iry  of  New  France,"  ii.,  p.  202,  says  I>ruil!ettes  found  the  Capu- 
chins on  the  KonnelH-c,  but  the  "  Helation  "  of  1647  makes  this  doubtful. 


THE  CAPUCHINS  IN  MAINE. 


237 


rights  to  the  Capuchin  Fathers  as  a  fund  for  the  foundation 
and  maintenance  of  this  Indian  school,  so  that  the  great  Car- 
dinal of  France  was  actively  intercoted  in  the  Christian  edu- 
cation of  New  England  Indians  long  before  Plymouth  or 
Massachusetts  Bay  or  the  British  rulers  had  paid  any  atten- 
tion to  it.' 

The  centre  of  the  mission  was  at  Port  Eoyal,  but  there 
were  stations  attended  by  the  Capuchins  as  far  east  as 


FAC-SIMILE   OF   COPPER-PLATK    PROM   FOUNDATION   OF  CHAPEL  OF  OUR 
LADY  OF   HOLT  HOPE,  FOUND  IN   1863. 

the  Kennebec*  and  Penobscot.     Among  those  who  were  sta- 
tioned at  the  French  post  of  Pentagoet  on  the  Penobscot 

'  F.  Piiciflcus  de  Provins,  "  Relazione,"  Marcli  9, 1644,  MS. 

'  Moreau,  "  Hi.stoirc  de  I'Acadie  FranQaisc,"  pp.  187, 164, 167.  D'Aul- 
nay  was  eventually  selected  to  administer  the  revenues  of  the  portion 
belonging  to  the  Capuchins.  Father  Leonard  of  Chartres  for  baptizing 
a  child  wliich,  with  its  mother,  was  in  danger  of  death,  was  mortally 
wmmded  by  an  Indian.  Before  they  could  reach  the  hospice  with  the 
dying  Capuchin,  the  post  was  captured  by  the  English,  and  he  was  taken 
to  a  neighboring  island,  where  he  expired.     See  "  Bullarium  Capuccino- 


!( 


"  r 


;i 


'i< 


^m 


;  ; 


'\ 


238 


THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 


may  be  named  Father  Leo  of  Paris,  Father  Cosmas  de  Mante, 
Father  Bernardine  de  Crespy,  and  the  Lay  Brother  Elzear 
de  St.  Florentin.  Theu-  chapel,  which  bore  the  title  of  Our 
Lady  of  Holy  Hope,  was  evidently  reared  not  far  from  the 
lower  fort  at  the  present  town  of  Castine,  for  in  the  autumn 
of  1863  a  copper-plate  was  found  but  little  below  the  surface 
of  the  soil,  which  bore  an  inscription  proving  that  it  had 
once  been  in  the  corner-stone  of  the  Catholic  chapel.  It  ran 
thus :— "  1648 :  8  Jun  :  F.  Leo  Parisin  Capvc  :  Miss  posvi 
HOC  FVNDTM  IN  HNREM  Nrje  DiXM  Sanct^  Spei."  "  On  the 
8th  of  June,  1648,  I,  Friar  Leo  of  Paris,  Capuchin  mission- 
ary, laid  this  corner-stone  in  honor  of  Our  Lady  of  Holy 
Hope."  It  was  apparently  one  of  the  last  acts  of  this  mis- 
sionary, for  in  October  of  the  same  year  his  post  was  filled 
by  Father  Cosmas  de  Mante. 

While  the  Capuchin  Fathers  were  thus  engaged  at  Penta- 
goet,  the  Abnaki  Indians  on  the  Kennebec,  who  had  through 
kindred  Algonquin  tribes  visited  the  French  at  Quebec,  asked 
for  missionaries.  As  they  at  a  later  period  told  the  people 
of  New  England,  when  they  went  to  Canada  they  were  not 
asked  whether  they  had  any  furs,  but  whether  they  had  been 
taught  to  worship  the  true  God. 

The  Superior  of  the  Jesuit  Mission  took  the  matter  into 
consideration,  and  on  the  same  day,  August  21,  1640,  that  it 
was  decided  to  send  Father  Isaac  Jogues  to  the  Mohawk,  it 
was  also  unanimously  agree<l  that  Father  Gabriel  Druillettes 
should  proceed  with  the  Abnakis  to  found  on  the  Kennebec 
the  Mission  oi  the  Assumption.     He  left  Sillery  August 


rum,"  v.,  p.  28;  F.  Ignatius  of  Paris,  "  Brevis  .  .  .  descriptio,"  MS.; 
"Elopes  dcs  Illusfrcs  Capucina  de  la  Ville  de  Paris,"  MS.  Tliis  last 
ffives  his  death  iis  in  1640,  but  it  was  more  probably  in  leSf).  The  "  Au- 
nales  des  Pi'res  Capucins,"  in  the  Mazarin  library,  uufortuuately  has  no 
portion  devoted  to  the  Acadian  mission. 


F.  DRUILLETTES  IN  MAINE. 


239 


FAC-SmtLE  OP  THE    SIGNATCBE    OF    FATHER 
GABRIEL  DRUILLETTES. 


29th,  accompanied  by  Claude,  a  good  Christian  Indian,  to 
winter  with  the  Abnakis,  and  with  his  Indian  guides,  by 
canoe  and  portage,  he  in  time  reached  their  village  on  the 
Kennebec.  Here  he  set  to  work  to  learn  the  language  by 
means  of  the  Algon- 

quin,   which    he  had     ^^^^^^  -^V^Oc^^s  Soc-7'7- 
already  acquired.  The 
sick  he  instructed  as 
well  as  he  could,  and 

children  in  danger  of  death  were  baptized.  He  visited  an 
English  post  on  the  river,  and  subsequently  with  his  Indian 
guides  descended  to  the  sea  and  coasted  along  to  Pentagoet. 
The  Superior  of  the  Capuchins,  Father  Ignatius  of  Paris,  and 
his  associates  received  the  Jesuit  Father  at  their  hospice  with 
every  mark  of  affection,  and  Druiilettes,  after  a  short  stay, 
returned  to  his  mission,  with  a  letter  from  the  French  com- 
mandant at  Pentagoet  to  the  English  authorities. 

A  league  above  the  English  post  on  the  Kennebec  the 
Abnakis  gathered  in  a  little  village,  consisting  of  fifteen 
communal  houses.  Here  they  erected  a  little  plank  chapel 
in  their  style  for  the  missionary.  As  he  could  by  this  time 
speak  the  language  with  some  fluency,  he  taught  them  the 
necessity  of  believing  in  God,  the  Creator  of  mankind,  the 
rewarder  of  the  good,  and  the  punisher  of  the  wicked.  He 
impressed  on  them  above  all  to  renounce  the  use  of  liquors 
offered  them  by  traders,  to  avoid  quarrels,  and  to  throw  aside 
the  manitous  in  which  each  one  confided.  Following  them 
in  their  winter  hunt  he  continued  his  instructions  in  the 
fundamental  truths  of  Christianity,  and  taught  them  the  or- 
dinary prayers  which  he  had  translated  into  their  language. 

After  revisiting  the  English  post  he  returned  to  Quebec 
in  June.'     lie  fully  expected  to  continue  his  mission  ;  but 


'  "  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France,"  1647,  ch.  x.  (Quebec  ed.,  pp.  51- 


f^^' 


240        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

he  was  soon  followed  by  another  Indian  party  who  bore  a 
letter  from  the  Capuchins,  deprecating  the  establishment  of 
a  mission  in  territory  sTH^ciil'y  ;;»  'WTied  to  them.  The  Su- 
perior of  the  Jesuit  MitsiotJb  in  Otuiada  at  once  relinquished 
a  field  that  seemed  full  of  premise.' 

But  the  revolt  of  la  Tour  against  orders  from  France  and 
the  consequent  struggle  between  him  and  the  Sieur  Aulnay 
de  Charnisay,  in  whose  district  the  Capuchins  were,  menaced 
all  the  French  establishments,  for  La  Tonr  ol'l-aJufd  aid  from 
the  English  at  Boston,  though  d'Aulnay  sent  an  envoy  there, 
a  Mr.  Marie,  whom  the  people  of  Massachusetts  supposed  to 
be  one  of  the  Capuchin  Fathers.' 

Foreboding  apparently  the  close  of  their  mission  amid 
these  distvacting  scenes.  Fathers  Cosmas  de  Mante  and  Ga- 
briel lie  Joinville  visited  Canada,  and  were  in  1648  at  the 
Indian  mission  at  Sillery.'  The  former,  evidently  con- 
vinced by  the  results  he  witnessed,  addressed  the  Jesuit  Su- 
perior, begging  him,  in  most  touching  terms,  to  renew  the 
Abnakl  mission  and  give  the  poor  Indians  and  others  all  the 
assistance  his  courageous  and  untiring  charity  could  afford.* 
But  it  was  not  till  two  years  later  that  the  Society  of  Jesus 
could  take  steps  to  continue  the  Mission  of  the  Assumption. 

56) ;  "  .loiirnal  des  Jesuites,"  pp.  44,  68,  88 ;  Creuxius,  "  IJistoria  Cana- 
densis," p.  488. 

'  "Journal  des  Jesuites,"  1647,  Julj-  8^,  p.  91. 

'Murdoch,  "Nova  Scotia."  Halifax,  1865,  1.,  pp.  105,  107.  Indians 
of  St.  John's  River,  incited  by  La  Tour,  attacked  one  of  d'Aulnay's 
sloops,  carrying  off  a  soldier  and  one  of  the  Capuchin  Fathers,  killing 
the  soldier.  Moreau,  p.  155.  The  Letters  Patent  of  the  King  to  d'Aulnay 
de  Charnisay,  February,  1647,  in  the  "  Collection  de  Manuscrits,"  Que- 
bee,  1883,  pp.  120-24,  speak  highly  of  his  establishment  of  the  Capuchin 
u)is.sions  and  schools. 

'  "  Registre  de  Sillery,"  cited  by  Taiuguay,  "  Repertoire  General,"  pp 
41-2. 


*  "  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France,"  1661,  p.  14. 


I 


A  JESUIT  IN  BOSTON. 


241 


III  1650  Father  Gabriel  Druillettes  was  again  granted  to 
the  prayers  of  the  Abnakis,  who  had  year  after  year  soh'c- 
ited  his  return.  On  the  last  day  of  August,  though  spent 
with  a  laborious  winter  mission  on  the  shores  of  the  gulf,  he 
took  up  his  staif  to  accompany  the  Indians  to  their  lodges  on 
the  Keimebec.  The  patient,  self-denying  Jesuit,  went  also 
in  a  new  character.  He  bore  letters  accrediting  him  to  the 
governing  powers  in  New  England,  with  whom  the  Canadian 
authorities  proposed  a  free  intercolonial  trade,  and  to  whose 
humanity  they  appealed  for  aid  or  volunteers,  to  check  the 
Iroquois  who  menaced  all  that  was  Christian.  lour-and- 
twenty  days  of  hardship  and  suffering  brought  the  mission- 
ary to  Norridgewalk,  where  he  was  received  with  rapture. 
The  oliief  cried  out  as  he  embraced  the  missionary  :  "  I  see 
well  that  the  Great  Spirit  who  rules  in  the  heavens,  vouch- 
safes to  look  on  us  with  favor,  since  He  sends  our  patriarch 
back  to  us." 

With  souls  thus  pre])ared  his  mission  labors  were  full  of 
consolation.  Visiting  the  English  post  to  forward  letters 
announcing  the  nature  of  the  commission  contided  to  him, 
he  continued  his  priestly  Avork  till  November,  when  he  set 
ftut  for  Boston  with  Noel  Negabamat,  the  Chief  of  Sillery, 
embarking  at  Merry  Meeting  Bay,  with  John  Winslow,  whom 
the  missionary  calls  his  Pereira,  alluding  to  the  friend  of  St. 
Francis  Xavicr. 

At  Boston  Major-Genoral  Gibbons  received  him  coiirte- 
ously.  Father  Druillettes  says  :  "  He  gave  me  the  key  of  a 
room  in  his  house,  where  I  could  in  all  liberty  say  my  prayers 
and  perform  the  exercises  of  my  religion."  As  he  would 
naturally  carry  his  missionary  chapel  service  with  him,  we 
may  infer  that  Father  Druillettes  offered  the  holy  sacrifice  in 
Boston  in  December,  U\r>().  He  delivered  his  credentials, 
urging  the  cause  of  his  countrymen  and  the  claims  of  his 


242 


THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 


If 


i' 


neophytes,  which  lie  pleaded  also  at  Plymouth.  At  Roxhury 
he  visited  Eliot,  who  pressed  him  to  remain  under  his  roof 
till  spring,  hut  winter  had  no  terrors  for  him.  After  receiv- 
ing a  reply  from  the  governor  and  ])resenting  his  case  to  the 
leading  men,  he  sailed  early  in  January  for  the  Kennehec, 
and  iu  the  following  month  resumed  his  missionary  lahors. 
He  returned  to  Canada  in  June,  hut  was  again  accred- 
ited in  a  more  formal  manner  as  envoy  with  Mr.  Godefroy 
to  the  Commissioners  of  the  New  England  Colonics,  who 
were  to  meet  at  New  Haven.  Thither  the  missionary  and 
his  associate  proceeded,  and  in  Septemher,  1651,  the  Cath- 
olic priest  pleaded  in  vain  for  a  hrotherhood  of  nations, 
and  for  a  eomhined  action  against  a  destroying  heathen 
power.  The  visit  of  a  priest  to  New  England,  whose  Chris- 
tian civilization,  three  years  hefoie,  had  emhodied  its  claims 
to  the  respect  of  posterity  in  a  law  expelling  every  Jesuit 
and  dooming  him  to  the  gallows  if  he  returned,  is,  in  itself, 
a  most  curious  episode.' 

After  concluding  his  di])lomatic  functions  in  Boston  and 
New  Ilavon,  he  returned  to  his  little  flock  on  the  Ivennehec, 
and  spent  the  winter  instructing  and  grounding  them  iu  the 
doctrines  of  Christianity.  After  many  hardships  he  reached 
Quehec  in  March,  1()52.' 

PW  some  years  after  these  missions  of  Father  Druillettes 
on  the  Kennehec,  no  further  attempt  was  made  to  estahlish 
the  church  at  Norridgewalk,  hut  the  Ahnakis  kept  the  faith 
alive  hy  visits  to  Sillery  and  other  missions  in  Canada. 


'  Druillottcs,  "  Narre  du  Voyage,"  1650-1,  Albany,  1855  ;  "  Recueil  de 
Pi(!ces  8ur  la  Negotiation  entre  la  Nouv.  France  et  la  Nouv.  Angleterre," 
New  York,  1866  ;  Charlevoix,  "History  of  New  France,"  ii.,  pp.  201-18 ; 
Hazard,  "Collections,"  ii.,  pp.  183-4;  Hutchinson,  "Collection,"  i.,  p. 
269. 

*  "  Journal  des  Jesuites,"  80  Mars,  1652. 


JESUIT  MARTYRS. 


243 


^or  were  the  Capuchin  missions  to  be  much  longer  con- 
tinued. 

Brother  Elzear  de  St.  Florenthi  spent  ten  years  in  St.  Pe- 
ter's fort  at  Pentagoet,  becoming  thoroughly  versed  in  the 
rndian  language,  and  gaining  many  by  his  instructions,  which 
his  exemplary  life  corroborated.  In  1655  the  Very  Rev. 
Father  Bernardino  de  Crespy,  the  missionary  at  Pentagoet, 
was  carried  olf  to  England  by  an  expedition  sent  out  by 
Cromwell,'  and  the  Catholic  French  on  the  coast,  as  well  as 
the  Indian  converts,  were  deprived  of  the  services  of  their 
religion. 

The  war  declared  by  the  Iroquois  on  the  French  and  their 
allies,  when  the  Mohawks  so  treacherously  made  Father 
.logues  a  prisoner  and  put  him  to  death,  was  carried  on  with 
the  greatest  vigor ;  the  MontagTiais  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  the 
Algomiuins  of  the  Ottawa,  the  Attikamegues,  were  nearly 
annihilated,  and  the  great  Ilurou,  Tionontate,  and  Neuter 
Nations,  though  living  in  palisaded  castles,  saw  town  after 
town  captured  by  their  daring  enemy.  The  upper  country 
became  a  desert ;  the  surviving  Ilurons  and  Tionontates  fled 
t(.  Lake  Superior  or  descended  to  Quebec  to  seek  a  refuge 
under  the  canons  of  the  French.  The  little  colony  of  Canada 
suffered  fearfully.  The  Huron  missions  were  destroyed. 
Fathers  Anthony  Daniel,  John  de  Brebeuf,  Gabriel  Lalemaut, 
Charles  Gamier,  and  Noel  Chabanel  perishing  amid  their 
llocks,  Brebeuf  and  Lalemant  undergoing  at  the  stake  the 
utmost  fury  of  the  savages.  Father  James  Buteux  was  slain 
among  his  faithful  Attikamegues ;  the  secular  priests,  Rev. 

'  F.  Ignatius  of  Paris,  "  Brcuis  ac  dilucida  Missionls  AccadifE  Dcscrip- 
tio,"  MS.  ;  Moreau,  "  Hlstoire  de  I'Acadie,"  p.  263.  In  the  struggle  of 
d'Aulnay,  who  endeavored  to  carry  out  the  orders  and  decisions  of  tri- 
buniils  in  France,  and  of  the  Court,  against  La  Tour,  the  Capuchins 
labored  in  the  interest  of  peace,  on  one  occasion  obtaining  liberty  for  lia 
Tonr  and  his  wife.     Moreau,  p.  160. 


.d 


'41 


'•  "•'Hi 


Its 


FAC-SIMILK  Ob'  SIGN  ATlItl'.   OF    KATIIKU  .lOSKl'U 
roNlKT. 


244        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

Messrs.  Leinaitre  aiid  Vignal,  were  killed  in  the  neip^libor- 
lioocl  of  Montreal;  P'atlior  Josep'.i  Poncet,  while  engaged  in 
a  work  of  cliarity,  was  cuptured  in  August,  1()53,  by  a  l)aud 
of  Mohawks,  was  hurried  through  the  forest  trails  to  tlu'ir 

village,    undergoing 
:fe>'^e^JL^  0>tr>tG44'  '^<'^^OeivL,  privation,    hanlsliip. 

and  great  torture, 
his  hands  being 
frightfully  lacerated 
and  hurned.  At  the  Ilndson  he  and  his  companion  were 
stripped,  and  forced  to  run  the  gauntlet  of  a  pnrty  whom  they 
encountered.  At  the  Moliawk  village  the  missionary  was  ex- 
jKiscd  on  a  scallold,  iind  the  Indians  ma<le  a  boy,  not  more 
tiiiin  five  years  old,  hack  off  the  second  finger  of  his  left  hand, 
and  then  staunch  the  blood  with  a  liot  coal.  Taken  the  next 
day  to  another  town,  this  missionary  was  bnrned  by  d;iy  with 
pipes  and  firebrands  at  any  one's  fancy,  and  hung  up  at  night 
in  ropes.  The  council  called  to  decide  on  iiis  fate  spared  his 
lif(>,  and  gave  him  to  ;in  old  woman.  The  Dutch  of  Fort 
( (range,  to  whom  he  was  taken,  dressed  his  wounds.  Here  he 
met  liad'sson.  afterwards  f;imous  in  Canadian  annals,  who  had 
iicen  taken  prisoner  also,  and  a  llelgian  from  l?russels,  iiothof 
whom  approached  the  Kicrament  of  penance.  Meanwhile  it 
had  been  decided  I>y  the  Mohawk  sachems  to  restore  the 
missionary  to  the  French  and  propose  peace.  In  October 
ho  set  out  with  a  party,  and  after  a  laborious  march  ri'aciied 
Montreal.' 

Thus,  at  a  moment  when  the  prospect  of  the  Chin'ch  in 
Canada  seemed  besi't  on  all  sides  by  danger  and  ditlicnity, 
wlieii  any  extension  tf)war<l  the  .\tlantic  or  the  great  un- 
known \V(>sf  seemed  imp<issible.   peace  cam,'  not  nn!y  with 


'  i^'j^y 


"  Hdntlon  dc  lu  Ndiivcllc  rnuicp,"  1053.  eh.  4  {(Jiiclx-c  vd.,  pp,  !)-17>. 


II 


FATHER  PONCET. 


24.') 


startling  suddenness,  but  in  such  a  form  that  the  way  for  the 
gospel  M'as  opened  into  the  very  heart  of  the  Confederacy 
■which  had  hitherto  been  the  great  obstacle.  The  blood  of 
the  martyred  missionarich  had  pleaded,  and  not  in  vain,  for 
the  couversion  of  the  Iroquois. 


''cmoTv  Le    mo^rtt      £ y^ 


Pa^1u^  .^\rtauenjtcui. 


^cine^£:ii^  te  Jd^dtrJcc.J^A 


^onct^^Y  §'^^>'^^<^     ^ 


FAC-8IMILE8  OK  THK  HIONATIIIEH  »)K  KATIIEIIS    I,U  MOYNE,  UAOUENKAC, 
I.E   MEHCIEIi,    AND  UAUUEAU. 


I 


ii 

■■•i 

'1 


; 

'  1 

' 

J 

1 

^ 

I'l 

.; 

)'■ 

i. 

\J 

I'M 

1 

• 

'   '!    Hi 

hi 


CHAPTER  11. 

riir:  .irRisnicTioN  of  tiik.  aijciiiiishops  of  rouen — nii;  iiusi 

ONONDAtJA     MISSION — M(iK,      I,.\VAI..     VICAR-APOSTOLIC TIIK 

MISSION    ON    Tin;    ri'l'KK    LAKKS.        lOSlJ-lOOl. 


,i 


J 


i 


II 


Thk  extension  of  the  Catliolie  C'liiuvli  of  Canada  to  (iiir 
present  territory  in  a  permanent  manner,  is  coeval  witli  tiie 
estahlisliiiient  and  recojriiition  of  the  jurisdiction  of  tlie 
Archliisliops  of  Rouen  over  tlie  jiortion  of  North  America 
uiiicii  tlu'  adventurous  sons  of  France  were  exi)lorin<i;  and 
claiming;  for  their  monarch.  Tlie  earlier  missi(Hiaries  came 
in  niovt  cax's  with  faculties  from  the  diocese  of  Rouen.  .\s 
settlements  grew  up,  they  were  vaijjuely  re<;arded  as  part  of 
ihat  hishopric,  hut  no  jurisdictional  act  ri'co<;nizcd  the  trans- 
atlantic authority  of  the  French  prelate.  .\s  reliofious  com- 
uninities  of  women  aro.-e.  however,  the  i|uestioii  of  t'piscopal 
authority  reipiired  a  distinct  settlement. 

Accordinirly  the  .Jesuit  missionaries  in  Canada  >cnt  Father 

Vimont  to   France,  and  application  was  ma<le  to  the   Most 

Uev.  Francis  de  Ilarlay,  .Archhishop  of  I'ouen,  who,  in  lt!17, 

appointeij    F.ither  .lerome    Lalenuint.   the    Superior   of   the 

.Mi>i^ions  ill  (  aiiaila.  hi>  Vicar-(ieneral.      These  powers  were 

renewed   hy  his  ^ucce-.>or.  Francis  de  Ilarlay  Champallon,  in 

|tl,"i;{,  and  in  that  year  a  Hull  of  .luhilee  from  the  I'ope  wa> 

pulilicly  proclaimed  in  Canada  hy  the  authority  of  the  .Vich- 

hi-liop  of   IJoueii,  and  a( mpaiiied   hy  his  pastoial.      .\'-  the 

Church   f«preail   in   Maine,  .New  York,  ^ficlligan.  Wisconsin, 

t<t  Us*'  the  names  now  Ixtriie  oy  thcHc  districts,  the  authority 
cJlrti 


vi^ 


LE  MOYNE  AT  ONONDAGA. 


247 


of  the  See  of  Rotien  was  recognized  till  the  Holy  See  formed 
the  French  colony  into  a  vicariate.' 

There  was  a  general  movement  among  the  Iroquois  can- 
tons in  favor  of  peace  with  the  French.  Tiiongh  war  parties 
were  in  the  field,  the  Onondagas  proposed  negotiations,  and 
when  their  advances  were  favorably  received,  they  induced 
the  Oneidas  and  Cayugas  to  adoj)t  the  same  course:  the 
Mohawks,  who  had  suffered  heavilv  1)V  war,  sent  back  Father 
Poncot,  HO  that  all  but  the  Senecas  on  the  extreme  west  were 
in  accord.' 

Human  policy,  the  wish  to  gain  time  to  crush  other 
enemies,  discontent  with  their  Dutch  neighijors,  may  have 
had  their  inHueuce,  but  they  do  not  altogether  explain  tlie 
general  desire  of  tlie  Iro(juois  for  peace. 

The  treaty  was  actually  concluded,  and  it  became  necessary 
to  send  some  })erson  to  ratify  it  in  the  Iroquois  cantons.  The 
envoy  was  to  undertake  the  task  which  cost  Father  Isaac 
Joguos  his  life.  Yet  there  was  no  trouble  in  finding  a  Jesuit 
to  assume  a  peril-fraught  j)ositioii.  Father  Simon  le  Moyno 
had  succeeded  to  the  Indian  nauic  of  Isauc  .logues,  and  was 
ready  to  follow  his  footste])s  as  envoy  of  peace  to  an  lr<»(|Uoi8 
canton.  Putting  his  life  into  the  hands  of  the  Almighty,  he 
set  out  ill  .Inly,  lf!r)4,  with  his  Onondaga  guides,  ascending 
the  Saint  Lawreiu'e  by  paddling  and  ]iortage  to  the  great 
lake,  Ontario.  Ski.-ting  its  southern  shore,  he  arrived  at  a 
fishing  village,  where   he   found   .some   uf  his  old   Huron 


'  Fiiillon,  "  Ilisfoire  do  la  Colonlo  Franvnisc,"  i.,  p.  ^80,  says  that  tbt« 
Jesuit  FatluTs  who  nmic  over  in  imiU  ii|)|)lic(l  to  the  Arrliblslidp  of 
Hoaon. 

'  •'Journal  (loH  .rcsuitOH,"  .VuiruM,  KI.IIl.  pp,  \K^-,.  The  lir«t  utlmipt 
to  have  a  liNhop'n  ncp  cstalilisjicl  in  Ciiiiadii,  rinaiuilcd  iroiii  llic  Hoc 
ollc,  Is.  FmIIIom,  i,,  p.  UH'J  ;  l,c  (  lcrc((.  "  l>:|id.li«lifii.iit  of  (lie  Fiiitli,"  i.. 
p.  :i;!!t;  Miirirry.  ••  Docuuuiits,"  1..  p.  15;  llic  next  was  that  of  the  Yen. 
Mr.  Olitr.  in  lliritJ.     Faillon,  "  Vic  dc  M   Olii  r."  Paris,  1853,  ii.,  p.  50J. 


\    ■ 


ill' 


•i 
ft 


h  i 


t  • 


248       THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

Christians,  and  lieard  tlie  confession  of  Lis  old  Tiontate  host. 
Confc^sinir,  baptizing,  the  missionary  envoy  came  at  last  in 
sight  of  the  Onondaga  castle,  to  he  greeted  with  an  luuisual 
welcome.  In  the  solenni  council  he  opened  with  a  prayer  in 
Huron,  easily  followed  by  the  Iroquois,  in  which  he  anathe- 
matized the  evil  spirits  who  should  venture  to  disturb  the 
peace,  then  he  ])rayed  the  angel  guardians  of  the  land  to 
speak  to  the  hearts  of  the  Five  Nations,  to  the  clans,  tlie 
faniiHes,  the  individuals  he  named  ;  then  he  delivered  tlie 
nineteen  presents  symbolizing  ;us  many  words  or  propositions. 
In  reply  the  Ononthiga  siichems  urged  him  to  select  a  sj){)t  on 
the  banks  of  the  lake  for  a  French  settlement,  and  contirnied 
the  peace.  Everything  encouraged  ^'le  envoy  jiriest.  Tlie 
( )nondagas  seemed  full  of  good-will  .neir  Christian  captives 
full  of  fervor.  Father  le  Moyne  returned  with  two  precious 
relics,  a  New  Testjunent  that  had  belonged  to  Father  Bnibeuf, 
and  a  prayer-book  of  Father  Charles  (larnier,  both  put  to 
death  by  the  Inxpiois.  His  favorable  report  tilled  the  French 
colony  \nth  exultation.' 

To  plant  Christianity  and  civilization  at  Onondaga,  was 
the  next  stej).  Fathers  .loseph  Chauniouot  and  Clamle 
Uablon  were  selected,  and  leaving  Quebec  in  Septend)er, 
were  received  in  pom|)  by  the  sachems,  about  a  mile  from  the 
Onondaga  castles,  on  the  5th  of  Noveml>er.  A  ban([uet  was 
s])read  for  the  priests,  who  were  welcomed  by  an  orator  in  an 
eloipient  address,  to  which  Father  Cliaunionot  n  piied  in  (lu'ir 
own  language  and  style.  Then  they  were  conducted,  between 
a  welcoming  line  on  either  side,  to  the  great  cabin  ])repare(I 
for  them.  As  it  was  Friday,  they  hud  to  decline  the  juicy 
l»ear-meat  (  ookcd  for  their  rei)ast,  but  it  was  at  once  replaced 
by  iHjaver  iiud  iisli.     That  very  night  u  council  was  lield.  and 


U. 


"  Holation  dv  ia  Noiivnllc  Francf,"  1054,  ch.  vi.,  (Qui-bcc  etlition,  p. 


FATHER  CHAUMONOT. 


249 


the  essential  presents  were  exchanged.  The  erection  of  a 
chapel  for  Catholic  worship  was  to  be  one  of  the  first  steps. 
The  sachems  told  Chauniouot  that  as  they  had  ascertained 
tliat  the  most  gratifying  intelligence  they  could  send  that  fall 
to  Onontio,  that  is,  the  Governor  of  Canada,  would  be  that 
Onondaga  had  a  chapel  for  the  believers,  they  would,  to 
l)lease  him,  provide  for  it  as  soon  as  possible.  The  missionary 
ri'{)lied  that  they  had  discovered  the  secret  of  winning  the 
governor's  heart,  and  gaining  him  over  completely. 

For  some  days  there  ^vere  interviews,  discussions,  and  in- 
terchange of  presents,  the  missionaries  availing  themselves 
of  the  opportunity  to  visit  the  sick.  They  visited  the  Salt 
Spring  near  Lake  Ganentaa,  which  had  been  selected  as  the 
site  of  the  jjroposed  French  settlement.  On  the  same  hill 
was  another  si>ring  of  pure  water.  The  site  was  a  deliglitful 
one,  easy  of  access  from  all  directions. 

On  Sunday,  Noveiid)er  14th,  they  consecrated  their  work 
by  offering  the  holy  sacrifice  of  the  mass  at  a  temporary 
altar  in  the  cabin  of  Teotonliarason,  an  influential  woman 
who  had  visited  Quebec  and  now  openly  declared  herself  in 
favor  of  Ciiristianity. 

The  next  day  the  Sachems  convened  the  nation  in  a])ub]ic 
place  that  all  might  see  and  liear.  Then  Father  Chaumonot 
prepared  to  deliver  the  wampum  belts  of  which  he  was  the 
bearer. 

Father  Chaumonot.  who  had  ada])ted  his  natural  eloquence 
to  the  Indian  mind,  gave  lu'lt  after  belt,  each  with  a  symboli- 
cal meaning  which  he  explained.  "  Tiie  ai)])lausc  was  general 
and  every  mind  was  on  the  alert  to  see  and  Iiear  what  came 
next.  This  was  the  finest  wampum  belt  of  all  which  Father 
Chaumonot  displayed.  lie  declared  all  that  he  had  thus  far 
said  was  but  to  assuagt>  and  soothe  their  evils;  that  lie  could 
not  prevent   their  falling  sick  and  dying;    yet   he   had    u 


;H.l 


'   't. 


.  r 

,4 


,  a. 


1 

!     1 

M^' 

r ■ 

'>     1 

r 

f 

j 

'i          1 

f     ij 

i 

^  i 

■ 

■   1! 

Ki| 


i^i- 


I 


250        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

sovereign  remedy  for  all  kinds  of 
evils ;  and  that  it  was  this  properly 
which  broujjjlit  him  to  their  coun- 
try; and  that  thoy  had  displayed  |; , 
their  intelligence  in  coming  to  lu 
(Quebec  to  seek  him ;  that  this 
great  remedy  was  the  Faith,  which 
he  came  to  announce  to  them, 
which  tliey  would  undoubtedly  re- 
ceive as  favorably  as  they  had  done 
wisely  in  soliciting  it.''  Then  walk- 
ing up  and  down  he  ehxjucntly 
j)ortrayed  the  truth  and  beauty  of 
Christianity,  and  called  upon  them 
to  accept  it.  His  address,  the  first 
eloquent  presentation  of  the  Chris- 
tian faith  to  the  Five  Is'ations  at 
their  great  couiu-il  tire,  was  heard 
with  deep  attention,  interrupted 
rfl"!  only  by  the  ajiplauding  cries  of  the 
sachems  and  chiefs.' 

How  deeply  the  words  of  the 
missionary  impressed  the  sachems, 
may  be  seen  by  the  fact  that  the 
very  wam|>mH  lu'lt  iield  up  that 
da     bv  FatiiiT  Chaunumot.  is  still 


)A^-': 


i-^ 


preserv'd   among  the  treasures  of     fnTi^l 
the  Iro(|Uoi>  League,  at  Onondaga.     U  v^** 


C 


'  "  I{cliiti<iii    <i<'    111  Nnuvcllc  Frunco," 
lorid  (quclicc  fdilioii,  J).  Iti). 


K    cnAlMONOT's   nKI.T. 


MISSIONAIIV   lIKI.r. 


fl-» 


HIS  WAMPUM  BELT. 


251 


fc 


I 


showing  in  its  work  of  wampum  beads,  man,  the  oukwe  ouwe 
led  to  the  Cross  of  Christ.' 

^  Tlie  Mohawks  meanwliile  liad  made  proposals  of  peace,  and 
Father  le  Mojne  liad  been  promised  to  them.     Wearied  by 
his  past  labors,  a  stout  missionary  miglit  liave  pleaded  for 
rest,  bnt  he  shrank  from  no  work  of  duty.     He  accepted  the 
new  charge  with  alacrity.     Leaving  ^[ontreal  on  the  17th  of 
August,  1(]5(),  with  twelve  :\rolKiwks  and  two  Frenchmen, 
they  journeyed  on  foot  a  montli  before  tlie  uiissionary  entered' 
the  Mohawks'  castles,  whore  he  was  cordially  welcomed.    He 
delivered  the  presents  of  the  French  governor,  and  in  Mo- 
hawk   invoked  God  to   punish  any  one   who  violated  the 
solemn  pledges  of  the  treaty.     His  pi-esents  were  repaid  by 
those  of  the  canton,  and  peace  was  thus  firmly  estal)lishc(i. 
Then,  as  missionary,  he  conferred  baptism  on  the  children  of 
some  captive  Ciiristians ;  he  visited  the  Dutch  settlements, 
where   he   was  courteously    received,  though   the   minister 
listened  with  doubt  to  the  accounts  of  salt  springs  and  other 
peculiarities  of  the  country  tlie  missionary  had  visited.' 


•  ThiH  holt  is  perfect,  altIiou-?h  evidcutly  ancient.  It  is  seven  beiuN 
wi.ie  an.l  three  lm.ulre<l  and  lifty  lonir.  TI.e  (l-ures  are  white  on  a  .lark 
Kround,  We  give  an  accurate  (hawin-  „f  it  from  a  photoLwaph  liindlv 
fumish.'d  by  Gen.  John  S.  Clarli,  of  Aul.urr.,  who  is  convinced  tiiat  it  i. 
that  used  by  Chainnonot.  In  Dr.  Ilawleys  "  Karl v  Chapters  of  Cayu-a 
History,  p.  li),  he  says:  "The  U-end  of  this  belt  as  cxi-lained  at  this 
day,  IS  as  follows;  A  .ureat  many  years  a.eo,  a  con.panv  fro„,  Canada 
presented  this  belt,  desirin-  that  missionaries  from  th.-  lionmn  Catholic 
Church  mi-ht  besctilc.l  anions  the  Five  Nations,  and  cre.^t  a  chapel  al 
OnoM.laua.  and  that  the  road  (repnsented  by  the  white  .-tripe)  .should  be 
contmually  ke|.t  open  an.l  free  between  then.."  We  show  also  another 
belt  evidently  of  missionary  origin,  preserved  by  the  Ononda-as  ancient 
but  inferior  i„  workm.anship.  See  Powell,  -.Srond  Animal  Ueport  of 
IIk'  IJnre.iM  ot  Klhnolou'y,"  Washington,  iwa,  (i,  'iTt'i, 

•  ■•  IJelation  (le  la  Nonvell,.  France,"  16,10,  eh.  i.  (Quebec  edition,  pp. 
~  4)  ;  ()  (  allaghan.  •'  History  of  New  Xethcrland,'  ii..  p.  ;t();t ;  Marie  do 
1  Incarnation.  '•Lettrcs  Ili.stori.pi..s,"  f.eltre,  October  Vi    Itr,,-, 


M 
■m 


"  ;f 


^ 

'''A- 

1  K 

A.' 

'*n 


gOML 


ll 


\    ' 

F 

■ 

f  1 

■ 

■ 

"i 

IIH 


252        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

Meaiiwliile  the  missionaries  went  about  freely  among  the 
people,  meeting  many  old  Huron  converts,  now  slaves  or 
adopted  into  the  Onondaga  nation.  There  was  abundant 
work  for  their  zeal  in  reviving  or  encouraging  the  faith  in 
these  poor  exiles.  When  the  Catholic  world  was  celebrating 
the  dedication  of  the  grandest  temple  to  the  Most  High,  St. 
Peter's  church  at  Home,  a  bark  chapel  was  reared  at  Onon- 
daga. "  It  is  true,"  writes  Father  Dablon,  ''  that  for  all  mar- 
ble and  all  precious  metals  we  employed  only  bark.  As  soon 
as  it  was  erected  it  was  sanctified  by  the  baptism  of  three 
children,  to  whom  the  way  to  heaven  was  opened  as  wide 
beneath  those  vaults  of  bark,  as  to  those  held  over  font  be- 
neath vaults  fretted  with  gold  and  silver."  St.  John  the 
Baptist  had  been  adopted  as  the  patron  of  the  mission,  and  it 
was  doul)tless  under  his  invocation  that  this  first  chapel  on 
the  soil  of  Xew  Yoi-k  was  dedicated. 

But  the  chapel  was  soon  too  small  for  those  who  gathered 
to  listen  to  the  doctrines  of  Christianity  proclaimed  in  their 
own  tongue  by  the  eloquent  Chaumonut.' 

But  the  sachems  of  Onondaga  wished  a  French  settlement, 
and  expressed  <lissatisfaction  because  no  cdlonists  arrived. 
To  obtain  them  and  so  dispel  all  doubts,  Father  Dablon  re- 
turned to  Canada. 

There  a  serious  consultation  was  held.  It  was  generally 
believed  that  the  Oiiondagas  were  endeavoring  to  draw  the 
French  into  their  country  only  to  massacre  them :  but  un- 
less some  went,  the  cantons  would  declare  war.  Accordingly 
fifty  Frenchmen  under  Mr.  Dupuis.  commandant  of  the  fort 
at  Quel>0(',  left  that  city  with  all  necessjiries  for  a  settlement, 
accompanied  by  Father  r)al»Ion,  the  Sujierior  of  the  mission. 


'"Rrlntion  de  \n  Xouvelle  Franre,"  lfi50,  rli.  vii.  xiii.,  (QucIkt  cd., 
pp.  20,  :ir,). 


i 


OUR  LADY  OF  GANENTAA. 


2o3 


F.  Francis  le  Morcier,  two  otlior  priests  of  tlie  Society,  Rene 
Monanl  and  James  Freniin,  with  two  lay  brothers.' 

They  set  out  amid  the  anxious  fears  of  their  countrymen, 
their  white  banner  with  filename  of  Jesus  betokening  the  ob- 
jet't  of  their  omiujnition.  After  a  tedious  journey  '  iring  which 
they  suffered  from  hunger,  the  colonists  on  the  ilth  of  July 
reached  the  spot  on  Laivc  Onondaga  which  Fathers  Chaumonot 
and  Dablon  had  selected,  and  Avhere  the  sachems  of  the  tribe 
awaited  them.  The  French  canoes  moved  over  the  waters  of 
tlie  lake  amid  a  salvo  from  their  live  cannon.  A  grand 
reception  and  banquet  followed.  The  next  day  a  solemn  Te 
Deum  was  clianted  for  their  safe  arrival,  and  possession  was 
taken  of  the  country  in  the  name  of  Jesus  Christ,  dedicating 
it  to  Ilim  by  the  holy  sacritice  of  the  mass.  On  Sunday  all 
received  holy  comnumion,  to  fulfil  a  vow  made  amid  the  dan- 
ger;? of  their  route.  After  the  usual  i-onnd  of  rece))tions  and 
banipiets  to  conform  to  the  Indian  custom,  the  French  set  to 
work  in  earnest  tt)  erect  the  blockhouse  of  Saint  ;^rary  of  Ga- 
nentaa,  as  the  headcpiarters  of  the  settlers  and  of  the  nn'ssion- 
ai'ics.  It  stood  on  a  hill  from  which  flowed  a  stream  of  salt 
water,  and  one  lim[)id,  fresh,  an<l  ]iure.  Before  the  close  of 
August  the  house  was  well  advanced,  and  the  missionaries 
had  reared  in  the  Indian  villag(!  of  Onondaga  a  regular 
chapel,  apparently  a  larger  and  more  solid  structure  than  that 
raised  the  year  before." 

Melds  were  prt>pared  and  planted  by  the  French  with 
wheat,  Indian  corn,  and  vegetables,  and  places  arranged  for 
the  swine  and  poultry  which  they  had  brought.' 


'  '  if 

'  %\ 

'«,  t'l 


■1 


:  i 


■w 


^  "'ncl;iii()ii  (Ir  In    Xoiivcllc   FfMiicc,"  1(157,   rli.  4,  (Qnchor  cd.,  pp. 

7-0),     Marie  dc  riiicarii;iii.iii.  •■  l.ciircs  Hi-toriciui"*."  p.  ."i;)!,  I.clliv  Oct. 

4.  m.-is. 

'■'  '  HcIiUion  (Ic  1m  Ximvcllc  Kniicp,"  1(157,  cli,  5  i(Jurlicc  (mI..  p.  \H\. 
•Kadisson,  "  Voviiircs,"  p.  lis,  St.  Mary's  of  (JuiicMlMM  \v;is  jwst  nortli 


a 


■M 


r 

! 

1 

( 

t 

1 

1 

J 

^ 

i 

I'l 

I.! 


I 


1     1 


I    i 


I   ''   ''     1       J        1 

m 


t  I! 


y  i 


THE  JESUIT   WKM,,    GANKNTAA.      KHO.M   A   DKAWINQ    BY   A.    I..    UAWHON. 


ij        !    I 


CAYUGA  AND  SENECA  MISSION. 


255 


»^' 


IIAW80N. 


As  80011  as  the  coniinencement  of  tlio  mission  had  been 
laid  at  Onondaga,  the  missionaries  preimred  to  extend  their 
sphere  of  action.  Fatlier  Chaumonot  towards  the  close  of 
August,  U')i)G,  set  out  for  Cayuga,  and  leaving  Father  Rene 
Menard  there,  pushed  on  to  the  Seneca  country.  The  mis- 
sionary of  the  Cayugas  was  not  Avarmly  received  at  Goio- 
gouen,  Huron  apostates  having  created  prejudice  against  the 
messengers  of  the  faith,  but  four  days  after  his  arrival  a 
bark  chapol  was  erected,  draped  with  finely  wrought  mats 
and  pictures  of  our  Lord  and  His  Blessed  Mother.'  Then  his 
work  began ;  instructions  were  given  daily,  the  sick  and  dy- 
ing visited,  calumnies  refuted,  difficulties  exi)lained.  Some 
listened  ;  one  a  warrior,  who  had  given  wampum  belts  to 
rescue  Fathers  Bi-ebeuf  and  Lalemant,  but  which  the  war 
chiefs  subsequently  returned. 

Father  Chaumonot  at  (xandagan,  a  Seneca  town,  disposed 
the  sachems  to  favor  the  cause  of  Christianity  and  to  main- 
tain the  peace;  another  town.  Saint  MichaeFs,  made  up  al- 
most entirely  of  Ilurons,  welcomed  the  priest,  many  of  the 
exiles  having  adhered  to  the  faith  though  long  deprived  of 
a  pastor.' 

The  two  missionaries  also  visited  Oneida,  although  warned 


of  the  railroad  bridge  ou  lot  100,  on  the  north  side  of  Lake  Onondaga, 
about  midway  between  the  two  extremities.  "The  .Jesuit's  Well,"  of 
which  an  illustration  is  given  from  a  drawing  by  A.  L.  Rawson,  with  its 
accompanying  salt  .spring,  marks  the  spot.  The  Onondaga  village  whexe 
the  chapel  was  erected,  wa.s  twelve  miles  distant,  two  miles  .south  of  the 
present  village  of  .Alanlius.  Gen.  John  8.  Clark  in  llawley's  "Early 
Chapters,"  p.  33. 

'  Gen.  John  8.  Clark,  who  has  so  caref\illy  studied  the  sites  of  Indian 
town.s,  places  GoiogoUen  three  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Union  Springs, 
near  Great  Gully  Brook.  Hev.  Dr.  llawley's  "  Early  Chapters  of  Ca- 
yuga Ili.story,"  p.  21. 

•'  ■   Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France,"  1657,  ch.  15-16  (Quebec  ed    nv 
42-6).  ^  .,  HP- 


f 


'-m 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


t  us, 


m 

1.8 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

^ 

6"     — 

► 

V] 


% 


<p^ 


/. 


•c* 


\j»  :> 


'/ 


/A 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER  NY    M}80 

(716)  S73-4S03 


-o^ 


'^ 


I 

fi     i 


I 


256        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

that  a  plot  was  forming  against  their  lives  ;  but  tliej  went 
on  and  boldly  announced  the  gospel. 

Onondaga  was,  however,  the  central  mission  and  that  which 
afforded  most  consoling  hope.  Here  they  found  more  ])er- 
sons  ready  to  listen  to  their  teaching,  more  who  in  sickness 
placed  all  their  hope  in  Our  Lord  when  lie  was  made  known 
to  them.  The  old  Christians  and  converts  were  so  numerous 
that  three  Sodalities  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  were  established, 
one  (^nondasra,  one  Huron,  and  one  of  the  Neuter  Nation. 
They  all  assendiled  in  the  chapel  on  Palm  Sunday,  1057,  be- 
fore daybreak,  and  prepared  for  mass  by  reciting  the  rosary.' 
Yet  the  lives  of  the  missionaries  hung  by  a  thread.  ^Vllile 
Father  Kagueneau  was  on  his  way  from  Canada  to  Onon- 
daga with  a  party  from  that  canton  accompanied  by  some 
Ilnrons,  who  had  agreed  to  settle  there,  an  Onondaga  chief 
ttimahawked  a  Huron  woman,  and  his  companions  nii'.ssacivd 
the  mcTi  of  the  tril)e,  tr(«ating  the  women  and  children  as 
slaves,  stripping  them  of  all  their  goods.'  The  mis'^ionary 
1111(1  a  lay  bntther  reached  Onondaga  alive,  but  felt  that  they 
were  prisoners.  If  this  nation  had  ever  really  been  sin- 
cere in  their  advances  to  the  French,  the  jealousy  of  tlie  Mo- 
hawks and  Oncidas,  who  wished  all  trade  to  pass  through 
their  country,  soctn  by  specious  reasoning  incited  the  Onon- 
ilagas  to  join  them  in  renewing  hostilities  against  the  French. 
While  Father  le  Moyne  was  on  the  Mohawk,  and  the  mis- 
sionaries ami  French  at  Oncmdaga,  the  Oncidas  slrw  and 
w'ali)ed  three  culdiiists  near  Montreal,  (ioveriiord"  \illeltnust 
acted  with  a  decision  that  saved  the  lives  of  the  missionaries. 
He  seized  all  the  Irocpiois  to  l)e  found  in  the  colony  and  put 
them  in  irons.     Thcv  saw  that  they  were  to  deal  with  a  man 


'  "  Hfliktlon  (l(»  111  Nouvcllc  Fritncc,"  cli.  10.  p.  47. 
» Il< ,  ell   'ii.  pp.  .VI-0.     HiiilisM.in,  "  VoyiifriH,"  p.  IIW. 


tlioy  went 

liat  wliit'li 

more  ])cr- 

11  sickness 

de  known 

numerous 

-tiil)li(-lio(l, 

2r  Nation. 

lOST,  he- 

:ie  rosary.' 

1.     While 

to  Oiion- 

hy  some 

lafja  cliiet" 

nii'ssacriMl 

;hil(h"en  as 

nlBsionary 

;  tliat  they 

heen  siii- 

.f  tiie  Mo- 

s  tliroiij:;h 

the  Onon- 

le  Freiu'h. 

I  the  niis- 

hlew  and 

Vilk'hiiuht 

irthioiiaries, 

»y  ami  put 

rith  a  man 


It). 


<}*W1 


; 


i 


Cl.OSHJ  Oj 


■     1  ll'-'    [iiSl  ■■ 

-on II'  I-"' 


""f" 


~s.-3*r 


■fT 


m    ' 


K 

J  r 

^'b 

•  E 

ft 

|B 

i^ 

pI 

1 

CLOSE  OF  THE  MISSION. 


257 


with  whom  they  could  not  trifle.  One  was  allowed  to  re- 
turn and  assure  the  Mohawks  and  Oneidas  that  the  lives  of 
their  tribesmen  depended  on  the  safe  return  of  Father  le 
Moyne. 

The  position  of  the  party  at  Onondaga  was  more  serious, 
but  the  arrival  of  some  Indians  from  that  tribe  irave  the  <>()v- 
ernor  the  hostages  he  desired  ;  but  he  could  not  send  an  ex- 
pedition to  save  the  French.  The  winter  wore  away,  the  mis- 
sionaries faitlifully  discharging  their  duties,  the  French 
settlers  looking  forward  to  the  o])ening  of  navigation  for  an 
effort  to  escai)o.  Flat-boats  and  canoes  were  secretly  con- 
structed, and  at  last  one  of  the  French  gave  a  grand  bancpiet 
which  gathered  all  the  men  of  the  Onondaga  tribe.  It  was 
one  that  required  the  guests  to  eat  everytliing  set  before 
them,  and  the  French  lavished  their  provisions  to  glut  the 
guests,  while  music  was  kept  up  to  .Irown  all  noise.  At  last 
far  in  tlie  niglit  the  Oiiondagas  returned  to  their  village,  and 
soon  sleep  held  tlie  whole  tribe.  Then  the  French  embarked 
in  haste,  breaking  a  way  through  the  ice,  down  the  Oswego 
to  the  lake,  and  coasting  along  they  finally  reached  Quebec' 

So  ended  the  first  French  settlement  and  the  first  Catholic 
mission  in  New  Vork,  which  had  lasteil  from  November  T), 
Kinf),  to  March  20,  1(558,  and  whicli  liad  erected  chapels  in 
the  Onondaga  towns,  and  among  tlie  Oayugas. 

No  sooner  had  peace  with  the  Ir.xpiois  allowed  the  Catho- 
lic Church  to  extend  its  influence  into  the  territory  of  the 
fierce  Indians  who  had  slaughtered  i)riest  and  neoiihyte  and 
catechumen,  than  it  sought  also  to  penetrate  to  the  utmost 
limit  then  known  to  the  French,  the  country  of  the  Ottawas 
on  Lake  Superior,  of  the  very  existence  of  which  few  Eun^ 


'  '■  Relation  (Ic  Ja  Noiivclle  France."  1058.     Letter  of  F.  Raguencan, 
PP   3-0;  Riulisson,  "  VoynircM,"  pp.  iaU-lU4 
17 


BV        i  ■ 


^^•m 


, :'  li 


i  ' 


'  It 


! 


f  ' 

1 

\ 

1 

■i. 

1 

.V 

i 

,  i 
1     1 

« . 

1 

1 

;  t , 
■  1  ' 

! 

■  ! 

258         THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

peans,  few  even  of  the  English  settlers  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
had  the  remotest  idea. 

At  the  first  gleain  of  peace  with  the  Iroquois,  flotillas  ot 
canoes  from  Lake  Superior  made  their  way  by  the  devious 
route  of  Lake  Huron  and  the  Ottawa  to  IMontreal  and  Que- 
bec     The  Jesuit  missionaries  heard  from  these  Indians  of 
other  tribes,  the  Winnebagoes,  Illinois,  Sioux,  Crees.     They 
resolved  to  plant  the  cross  among  them.     The  Ottawas  asked 
for  missionaries,  and  when  their  flotilla  was  ready,  lather 
Leonard  Garreau  and    Father   (iabriel  Druillettes  were  ai>- 
pointed  to  acconipanv  them  on  their  h.ng  and  ditflcult  voyage, 
with  I]r..ther  Louis  le  Boesnie,  destined  to  become  the  earli- 
est metal-worker   in   the  West.     As  the  flotilla  was  i)ass.ng 
the  upper  end  of  the  islan.l  of  Montreal  it  was  attacked  by  a 
Alohawk  war-partv.     At  the  first  volley  Father  (4arreau  fell, 
his  spine  traversed  by  a  ball.     In  this  state  he  fell  into  the 
lunids  of  the  Mohawks,  who  dragged  him  into  a  little  stock- 
ade thev  had  made,  there  to  be  stripped  and  left  for  three 
davs  welterinii  in  his  blood.     The  Ottawas  abandoned  the 
oti.cr  missionarv  and  hast.-ned  onward.  The  intended  aprstle 
of  the  West  was  at   last  carried  to  Montreal,  to  expire  the 
same  dav,  praying  for  his  murderers,  fortified  with  the  sacra- 
nicnts,  and  ed'ifving  all  by  his  patient  heroism.' 

The  Church  acting  through  the  heroic  regidar  clergy  of 
France,  had  made  its  almost  superhuman  efforts  to  gain  a  foot- 
hoM  i„  Maine,  in  New  York,  in  Michigan,  but  in  the  summer 
of  If.r.S  the  first  signs  of  h..po  seemed  blasted  ;  no  permanent 
a.lvantag.-  had  been  gained  ;  n..whcre  south  of  the  St  Law- 
rence and  the  great  lakes  was  the  holy  sacrifice  oiVere.l,  not  a 
siiude  French  i)riest  resided  at  any  i)oint. 

But  the  Church  in  (^mada  was  at  this  time  to  receive  new 

^"  HduJti.m  dc  la  Nouvellc  Fmnou."  1050.  ch.   xv.-xvl..  pp.  n8-43 
(Quebec  edition). 


A  BISHOP  APPOINTED. 


209 


Jife  and  vigor  by  the  formation  of  tlie  colony  into  a  Vicariute- 
Aj)ostolic  confided  to  a  bisliop  of  eminent  personal  qualities 
and  of  illustrious  name.     The  Holy  See   requested  by  the 
King  of  France  to  erect  a  bishopric  in  Canada,  deemed  best 
after  some  consideration  to  establish  a  Vicariate-Apostolic. 
I'rancis  de  Laval  de  Montigny,  recommended  by  the  king  for 
the  Canadian  bishoi)ric,  was  i)reconi8cd  IMio]-)  in  paiilb us  in- 
fi<M'n(iii  in  ]\Iay,  1658,  and  on  the  3d  of  June  a  bull  was  is- 
sued creating  him   bishop  of   Petra\a   in  the   ecclesiastical 
province  of  lleliojiolis.     There  was  at  once  an  oi)position  in 
France.    The  Archl)i.s]iop  of  Rouen  protested  ;  the  parlement 
at  that  city  went  so  far  as  to  defy  the  authority  of  the  Ib.ly 
See,  and  forbid  Mgr.  Laval  to  exercise  the  functions  of  Vicar- 
Apostolic  in  New  France;  the  bisliop  who  was  to  consecrate 
him  declined  to  proceed.     This  conduct  excited  astonishment 
at  Kouie,  and  after  examining  the  question,  the  Pope  decided 
against  tlie  pretensions  of  the  Archbishop  of  liouen.    A  bull 
was  issued  declaring  Bishop  Laval  Vicar-Apostolic,  but  indi- 
rectly confirming  all  acts  done  in  Canada  under  the  authority 
of  the  Archbishop  of  Rouen.     ]\[gr.  Laval  was  then   conse- 
cr.'ited  by  the  Pope's  nuncio  at  Paris  on  the  8th  of  December, 
1(158,  in  the  chapel  of  tlie  Benedictine  Abbey  of  St.  Germain 
des  Prcs,  which  was   then  not  within  the  diocese  of  any 
itishop.     But  the  letters  patent  of  the  king  showed  a  desire 
to  incorporate  the  future  diocese  in  Canada  with  the  French 
iiierarchy.  ;m<l  make  Hishoj)   Laval   merely  a  vicar-general  of 
the  Archbislioj)  f)f   Rouen,  while  the  Holy   See  desired   to 
make  him  free  from  idl  control,  and  dependent  directly  on 
Kome. 

(fathering  a  few  priests  to  aid  in  the  work  before  him 
in  Cnnada.  Bislio])  Laval  disregarding  the  orders  of  the 
French  pMrl.-ment,  sailed  from  Rochelle,  and  reached  Quebec 
on  the  Kith  of  June,  1<;5!).     Although  his  coming  had  not 


i 


■  I 


!l 


ulll 


!  I M 


200        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

been  announced,  be  was  received  witb  all  possible  pomp,' 
"  as  a  comforting  angel  sent  from  heaven." 

The   Jesuit  Fathers,  who  were  still  acting  as  parochial 
clergy  in  all  the  settlements  except  Montreal,  at  once  re- 
signed that  portion  of  their  work  into  the  hands  of  the  bishop, 
devoting  themselves  henceforward  to  their  college,  sodalities, 
and  chapels  in  the  colony,  and  to  the  Indian  missions.'    Bishop 
Laval's  authority   was  universally  recognized  by  the  clergy 
except  one  priest,  who  receiving  a  new  appointment  as  Vicar- 
General  from  the  Archbisho])  of  Ilonen,  attempted  to  ques- 
tion the  jurisdiction  .)f  the  Vicar- Apostolic.     At  a  later  date 
Bishop  Laval,  in  his  wuleavors  to  prevent  the  sale  of  liquor 
to  the  Indians,  drew  on  himself  the  hostility  of  tiie  governors ; 
but  he  always  had  the  hearty  support  of  the  great  uuiss  of  the 
people  settled  in  the  country  and  of  his  clergy. 

"Monseigneur  de  Laval,"  siiys  the  judicious  Ferland, 
"  exercised  a  great  influence  over  the  destiny  of  Canada,  both 
directly  bv  himself,  and  indirectly  by  the  institutions  which 
he  foundJd,  ius  well  as  by  the  spirit  he  was  able  to  infuse  into 
the  clergy  of  \i\a  immense  diocese.  All  who  have  spoken  of 
him  agrce  in  acknowledging  that  he  possessed  an  elevated 
piety  and  the  finest  qualities  of  mind  and  heart.  Based  on 
profound  conviction,  and  often  recpiired  t..  crush  evil  at  its 
outset,  t<.  prompt  and  develop  some  noble  project,  his  firm- 
ness yielded  neither  to  the  suggestions  of  friendship  nor  the 
threats  of  hatred.  Some  reproach  liim  with  a  firmness  car- 
ried t(.  stuhbornness.  On  this  earth  no  virtue  is  perfect;  ho 
may  have  been  misfjiken  at  times;  but  it  is  better  for  the 


'  Faillon  "  nifiU>irc  dc  la  (^olonio  (Janiulienno,"  ii,  pp.  :H3-n:5»  ;  "  He- 
lalion  (U-  la  Nouvclle  Franco,"  1059.  p.  1  ;  LaiiRCvin,  •'  Nolic-  Uiogra- 
phujuc,"  Montreal,  1874,  p.  1). 

'  At  a  later  p<Ti.Hl  FronU;n«r  c-oniplaincd  of  the  Jesuita  lM;ca.i8c  they 
would  not  do  parot;liial  diity  among  the  French. 


BISHOP  LAVAL  AND  HIS  WORK. 


261 


founder  of  society  to  err  tliroiigh  excessjivc  (irmncss  tliiiii 
from  weakness.  A  vigorous  hand  was  needed  to  guide  in 
the  straight  way  tlie  little  nation  just  born  on  the  banks  of 
the  Saint  Lawrence.  If  at  the  outset  it  liad  befallen  him  to 
take  a  wrong  direction,  he  would  have  swerved  more  an<l 
more  from  the  path  of  honor  and  duty  as  he  advanced  in  his 
car(>er  ;  he  could  have  been  recalled  to  the  true  path  only  by 
one  of  those  severe  chastisements  which  Providence  employs 
to  purify  nations."  '  He  entered  at  once  on  the  exercise  of 
his  episcopal  functions,  Confirmation  aiid  Holy  Orders  were 
soon  conferred  for  the  first  time  in  Canada,  and  the  settlers 
and  their  dusky  allies  bowed  in  reverence  before  the  repnj- 
sentative  of  the  Episcopate,  with  whose  blessing  to  animate 
them  they  went  forth  fearlesslv  to  face  all  dangers. 

When  a  (Jatholic  bishop  thus  reached  Canada,  he  found 
the  colony  on  the  brink  of  ruin,  ravaged  by  armies  of  Iro- 
quois against  whom  the  most  heroic  bravery  of  the  French 
settlers  seemed  ineffectual;  but  wliile  he  joined  with  the 
civil  authorities  in  aj)pealing  to  the  home  government  for 
troops  to  protect  the  colony,  he  courageously  undertook  to 
visit  his  vicariate  from  Gaspc  to  La  Prairie.  With  the  Su- 
perior of  the  Jesuit  Fathers  he  projected  new  missions  in  the 
distant  AVest. 

In  the  summer  of  1C60  a  great  flotilla  reached  Montreal 
from  the  upper  lakes,  composed  of  Ottawas  guided  by  two 
Frenchmen,  (Troseillior  and  Radisson,'  and  bearing  several 
years'  accmiudation  of  furs.  Undismayed  by  the  fate  of 
leather  Garreau,  the  missionaries  were  ready  to  accompany 
the  Ottawas  on  their  return.     Bishop  Laval,  who  saw  the 


Uj  because  they 


'  "  ('ours  d'Histoirc  du  Cuniida,"  i.,  p.  449. 

•'  "  Heliition  dc  la  Nouvollo  Franco."  16C0,  cli.  6,  Qiiobcc  ed.,  p.  29; 
".Journal  dca  .Icsuites,"  p.  287  ;  Hcc  liadisson,  "  Voyages,"  pp.  134-17i3, 
for  his  explorations  and  voyage  down. 


(•'  ! 


»    I 


I      I 


lil 

ii 


263        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

flotilla  at  Montreal,  would  gladly  have  gone  in  i)er.sou. 
Father  Keno  Menard,  to  whom  the  (^aynga-s  had  just  sent 
belts  to  urge  him  to  revisit  them,  was  seleetad  for  the  Ottiir 
Avas  with  Father  Cliarles  Alhanel,  John  Gui'rin,  a  devoted 
servant  of  the  mission,  and  six  other  Frenchmen  ;  but  the 
canoe  a^ssigned  to  Father  Alhanel  would  not  receive  him,  and 
he  was  compelled  to  return.'  Father  Menard,  fully  conscious 
of  the  hardships  l)efore  him,  writing  a  parting  letter  to  a  fel- 
l(»w  religious,  said:  "In  three  or  four  months  you  may  put 
me  in  the  Memento  of  the  Dead,  considering  the  life  these 
IKM.ple  lead,  my  age  and  feeble  health.  Yet  I  felt  so  power- 
fully impelled,  and  I  saw  in  this  all'air  so  little  of  nature  s 
promising  that  I  could  iu)t  doubt  that  I  should  feel  an 
eternal  remorse  if  I  allowed  the  opportunity  to  pass."'  Be- 
tween Three  llivers  and  Montreal,  Father  Menard,  who  had 

set  out   in   such 

f{^ntUvu>  ^Cru=-nL  JocLnAoAvi  To^  '"'^''     ^'"*     '"' 

.      .  could  not  obtain 

FAC-SIMII.K  OK  TIIK  SKiNATi:iU-;  OF  UliNK   MK.NAUI). 

a  proper  sni)i)ly 
of  dothiuir  and  other  necessaries,  met  !)isli(ip  Laval,  whose  en- 
<-oiiraging  words  tilled  him  with  consolation.  "  Father,"  he 
siiid.  "every  consideration  seems  to  l)id  you  remain  here,  but 
( iotl,  who  is  stronger  than  all,  wishes  you  in  those  parts."  The 
uii8.sionary  was  an  ohl  traveller,  and  had  made  nuuiy  a  jour- 
ney with  Huron  and  Inupiois  ;  hut  tlii'  treatment  he  tiieu 
experienced  was  nothing  compared  to  wliat  he  had  to  sutler 
from  the  brutal  Ottawas.  They  snatched  his  breviary  from 
his  hand  and  tlung  it  into  the  rapid  stream.  ( )n  another  oc- 
Ciusion   thev    set  him  ashore,  leaving  him  t(»  chunber  over 


It 

! 

! 


'  The  "  Ucliitiim  "  states  tliat  <4r<)sciilicr  und  liadisaon  l)aptizc(l  miiiiy  In- 
(liiiii  cliildn-n  ill  danffcrof  doath.  "  Itclivtion,"  1000,  p.  12,  and  lladisson's 
account,  p.  100,  Hcem  U)  coiiflrni  it. 

'  Lctu^r  ..f  All).'.  27,  1000.     "  Kcl,"  1000,  p.  30. 


MISSION  OF  ST.  TERESA. 


263 


frightful  rocks  to  overtake  them.  Half  his  day  was  spent 
wading,  his  niglits  stretched  on  a  rock  without  shelter  or  cov- 
ering, hunger  at  last  was  relieved  only  by  "  tripe  de  roche," 
or  hits  of  deer-skin.  After  they  entered  Lake  Superior,  their 
canoe  was  crushed  by  a  falling  tree,  and  the  missionary  and 
tiiree  Indians  were  left  to  starve.  At  last  some  less  brutal 
( >ttawas  took  them  up,  and  on  Saint  Teresa's  day,  October 
ir)th,  Father  Jlenard  reached  a  large  bay  on  the  south  shore 
of  Lake  Superior;  and  "here,"  he  says,  "I  had  the  consola- 
tion of  saying  mass,  which  repaid  me  with  usury  for  all  my 
l)ast  hardships.  Here  also  I  oi)ened  amission."  The  spot  of 
tliis  first  mass  and  first  mission  on  Lake  Superior  was  at  Old 
Village  Point,  or  Bikwakwenan  on  Keweenaw  Bay,  about 
seven  miles  north  of  the  present  village  of  L'Anse.' 

The  nearest  altar  of  the  living  God  to  thi't  reared  by  this 
aged  and  intrepid  priest  was  that  of  the  Sid[)itians  at  Mon- 
treal, yet  the  altars  at  Santa  Fe  and  St.  Inigoes  were  but  lit- 
tle more  remote.  . 

The  aged  priest  stood  alone  in  the  heart  of  the  continent, 
with  no  fellow-priest  and  scarcely  a  fellow-man  of  European 
race  within  a  thousand  miles  of  him. 

He  bfgan  his  instructions,  but  few  besides  the  aged  and 
infirm  seemed  inclined  to  listen.  A  good,  industrious  widow, 
laboring  to  maintain  her  five  children  ;  a  noble  young  brave, 
whose  natural  purity  revolted  against  the  debaucheries  of  his 
-lation,  were  the  first  fruits  of  those  in  the  jn-ime  of  life. 
Testing  his  neophytes  long  and  strictly,  Father  ^lenard  ad- 
mitted few  to  baptism,  "  I  would  not,"  he  wrote,  "  admit  a 
greater  number,  being  contented  with  those  whom  I  deemed 
certain  to  persevere  firmly  in  the  faith  during  my  absence  ; 

'  This  ia  the  result  of  V.  Rev.  Edward  Jiicker's  enrcf  ul  study  of  the  life 
of  Father  Mi'niird.  The  tribe,  though  chissed  under  the  general  name 
Ottawas  by  the  Frcneh,  were  Chippewaa. 


ikt 


I  i 
I  * 

I 


ft 


264        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

for  1  do  not  know  yet  what  will  become  of  nie,  or  whither  I 
shall  betake  myself."  His  cure  was  attested  by  the  fact 
that  Fathers  Marquette,  Allouez,  and  Nouvel  subsequently 
found  converts  of  Father  Menard  adhering  to  the  Christian 

faith  and  life. 

Keinouciie,  the  chief  to  whose  care  the  missionary  had 
been  esjiecially  coniided,  proved  to  be  a  brutal,  sensual  man, 
who  finally  <lr"ove  Father  Menard  from  his  cabin,  so  that  he 
was  conqu'lled  to  rear  a  rude  shelter  for  himself,  and  to  seek 
food  lus  he  might  from  the  Indians  or  the  rocks.  Yet  there 
was  no  thought  of  abandoning  his  mission.  "  I  should  do 
myself  great  violence  were  I  to  wish  to  descend  from  the 
cross  which  (Jod  has  prepared  for  me  in  my  old  (lays,  in  this 
remote  part  of  the  world.  There  is  no^  any  desire  in  my 
heart  to  revisit  Three  liivers.  I  do  not  know  what  sort  of 
nails  these  are  that  fasti'ii  me  to  the  adorable  wood,  but  the 
mere  thought  of  any  one  approaching  to  take  me  down  from 
it  makes  Jiie  shudder."  .  ..."  I  can  sim-crily  say  that,  in 
sjMte  of  hunger,  cold,  and  other  (li,>c..mforts,- almost  unbe- 
coming detail,-!  feel  more  content  here  in  one  day  than  I 
experienced  all  my  lifetime  in  whatever  part  of  the  world  I 

sojourned." 

Amid  all  the  hardships  of  a  winter  in  a  hovel  of  branches 
on  Lake  Sui)erior,  Father  Mi'nard  was  ac.|uiring  all  i.ossil.le 
inf(.rmati<.n  of  the  country  and  tlie  triias  inhabiting  it.  lie 
lieanl  of  distant  nations  and  proposed  setting  out  to  an- 
nounce the  gospel  to  thtm.  "  It  is  my  hope  to  die  on  the 
way."  I'.ut  a  call  came  from  a  tribe  to  whom  the  .lesuitrt 
had  already  preached.  A  band  of  Ti.m.mtate  llunms,  ily- 
ii.g  from  the  Iro-piois,  had  reached  the  land  of  tlie  Dakotas, 
but  acted  so  insolently  as  to  prov(.ke  that  warlike  race.  The 
Tionontatis,  thoroughly  worsted,  retreated  up  a  branch  of  the 
.MisHissij.pi,  calle<l  the  Black  Uiver,  to  its  headwaters,  where 


B 


I    i 


DEATH  OF  F.  MENARD. 


265 


they  were  at  tliia  time  m  an  almost  starving  condition. 
Hearing  that  a  Jesuit  Father  was  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, tliej  sent  imploring  him  to  visit  them,  the  i)agan  por- 
tion promising  to  listen  to  his  instructions.  Father  Menard 
sent  three  Frenclnnen  to  ascertain  the  real  state  of  affairs. 
They  found  the  road  so  difficult  and  dangerous,  the  condition 
of  the  Uurons  so  wretched,  that  on  returning  they  begged 
the  missionary  not  to  attempt  to  go,  but  his  answer  was  a 
decided  one  :  "  God  calls  nie  thither ;  I  must  go,  should  it 
cost  me  my  life."  "  This  is  the  finest  oj)portunity  of  show- 
ing to  angels  and  men  that  I  love  my  Creator  more  than  the 
h'fe  I  hold  from  him,  aiul  you  wish  me  to  let  it  slij)  ^" 

Some  Iluroiis  came  to  trade,  and  with  these  as  guides,  and 
taking  a  little  stock  of  smoked  fish  and  meat,  he  set  out  with 
one  Frendnnan  July  13.  1(><>1.  He  salt!  to  his  converts  and 
countrymen  :  "  Farewell,  my  dear  children  ;  1  bid  you  the 
long  farewell  for  this  world  ;  for  y(m  shall  never  see  me 
again.  Ihit  I  i)ray  that  the  divine  mercy  may  unite  ns  all  in 
heav.m."  ' 

The  party  reached,  as  Kev.  Edward  Jaoker  thinks.  Lake 
Vieux  .K'sert,  the  source  of  the  Wisconsin.  Here  the  Huron 
guides  left  him.  promising  to  push  on  to  the  village  and 
bring  relief.  After  waiting  two  weeks.  Father  Menard  and 
liir.  compMiiion.  liiidiiig  an  old  canoe,  attempted  to  descend 
the  river,  broken  by  a  succi-ssion  of  rapitls.  It  was  a  terrible 
undertaking  for  an  aged  man  whose  frame  was  shattered  by 
years  of  expoRurc  and  toil.  At  one  dangerous  rapid  Father 
Menard,  to  lighten  the  canoe,  landed,  and  witii  some  of  the 
packages  made  his  way  over  tin-  rocks.  Wlu-n  the  French- 
man ha<l  guidi'd  his  caiine  safely  down  the  dangerous  pass, 
he  lookul  for  the  venerable  priest.     In  vain  he  called  him  ; 


'  "  Kcliitlon  (1<!  Ill  Nouvdld  Franco,"  l(l«a,  Qti(l)(>(  cd..  pp.  !20  1 


^1 


■\m 


■  c 

'  i 


f 

I 


m 


1  ^ 

1 

i  ' 

I 

i 

1 
1 

i  i 


286         THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

lie  tirin!  his  giin  that  the  sound  ini-jht  f^niilc  the  rnisMoiiary 
if  lie  Iiiul  lost  his  way.  A  (lili>;oiit  search  proved  iueifectnal. 
Then  he  set  out  in  haste  for  the  llurons,  meeting?  t)ne  of  the 
!Sac  tribe  able  to  <,Miide  him.  There  he  endeavored  to  induce 
the  llurniis  to  send  out  a  party  to  search  for  him,  but  a  scout 
who  went  (.ut  discovered  a  hostile  trail.  Tiie  fate  of  Father 
liene  Menard  is  uncertain.  That  he  died  by  the  hand  of  pnAvl- 
in<r  Inilians  seems  most  probable;  his  altar  furniture,  his  c;us- 
sock,  and  breviary  were  subse(iuently,  at  dilTerent  times,  found 
in  the  hands  of  Dakota.'  and  ..tlier  western  tribes.  "  I'ater 
Fru«rifer"  he  was  called  liy  his  fellow-laborers,  who  had  seen 
the  result  of  his  miss'.m  work   in  Upper  Canatla  and   New 

York. 

Father  Mrnard  perished  about  An.irusl  loth,  and  V.  Kev. 
'Mv.  ,la<'k(>r,  after  a  very  careful  local  .study,  decides  that  he 
Wius  lo>t  near  the  rapid  on  the  Wisconsin,  known  as  (Jrand- 
fathcr  l'>ull,  or  Meanlii'U  rapids.' 

'  It  is  sii  Mt  down  nil  Mil  iiiiciciit  uii|iiililisli(il  limp  in  Mr.  S.  I..  M. 
narlDw's  c.ll.-ctii.ii,  ,is  iiiiiy  I'l'  s.cii  hi  Wiii-or,  "  NMrriilivc  ami  Critical 
Hi.tory,"  iv.,  p,  'JiHi.  Im.i-  llic  la-^l  iiii'^-'iiiiis  of  this  crrcal  prii'st,  sec 
"  Hthilioii  (Ic  III  N.Miv.lIc  Kniiici'."  Ki'i:!,  (Jiu'Im'*' fd.,  K-M;  imU.  pj). 
2--(i:  KKi.').  p.  !».  I'irroi,  "  Md'urs  cl  fmitiiriii's  dcs  SauvaKcs,"  i-ditod 
by  F.  Tailliaii,  |i.  ilJ. 


I  !     1 


^  ^ 


lufiwonary 
m'tfoctiiiil. 
:)ne  of  the 

to  iiuha-c 
)ut  a  scout 

of  Fiithor 
lof  i)r()\vl 
re,  liis  ciiw- 
nt's,  found 
;.  "  Pater 
o  liiid  seen 

and  New 

1(1  V.  Kev. 

les  tliiit  he 
as  (irand- 


Mr.  S.  r-.  M. 
and  Critiful 
It  priest,  s<'i> 
15  ;  imil.  pp. 
»j?i'N,"  I'ditfii 


(,'llAl'TKIt  III. 


THK    OIT.WVA    MISSION.     1  ('tt'»2-l(>75. 


Till')  ti(hiiiis  of  Menard's  death  were  slow  ii<  reach i n <i;  h 


IH 


brethren  on  the  St.  I^awreiice  ;  hut  when  they  came,  no  idea 
of  ahandoniiijj  the  mission  was  eiitertainech  Danger  from 
hostile  IrcMiuois,  the  hardships  of  the  loiij:;  journey,  the  bru- 
tality of  the  Indians  whose  conversion  they  were  to  seek,  did 
ni«t  appall  them.  Father  Claude  Allouez  was  selected  to  con- 
tiiiiie  the  work  of  Mi'iiard.  He  reached  Montreal  in  l(!(i+ 
only  to  find  that  the  Ottawa  flotilla  had  departed.  The  next 
year  he  I'liiharked  in  one  of  their  canoes,  and  on  the  1st  of 
St'pteinl)er.  l(Hir>.  reached  Sault  St.  ^^ary's,  and  after  a  brief 
stay  at  St.  Teresa's  liay  landed,  on  the  1st  of  October,  at 
Cheiroiniejroii.  Ib're  he  erected  his  bark  chapel,  dc(licatin<; 
it  to  the  Holy  (Jliost,  the  spot  takiiiiif  the  name  of  "  I,a 
I'ointe  (hi  Saint  Ksj)rit."  The  ("hiirch  to  this  day  exerts  her 
inthieiice  there,  and  the  present  cliiirch,  identified  with  the 
veiieralile  ISishop  Haraga,  claims  to  be  the  oldest  one  in  the 
Stati'  of  Wisconsin. 

The  |)opiilatIon  at  Chej^'oimcyon  was  a  motley  ^rnt'ierinif  of 
Indians  heloiifring  to  eiffht  different  tribes.  Father  Allouez 
found  tlicm  ail  preitariiifjj  to  take  the  Held  against  the  Sioux, 
and  his  first  triumph  was  to  cause  them  to  abandon  the  pro- 
ject. His  chapel,  adorned  with  strlkiiiir  pictures,  such  as  hell 
and  the  last  jii(lj;nient,  attracted  Indians  from  all  parts;  some 
aski'd  to  be  instructed,  others  cumo  to  mock  and  jeer;  some 

(267) 


268 


THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 


brought  children  to  be  baptized;  a  few  lluroiis  sought  to  re- 
vive the  faith,  now  ahnost  extinct,  in  their  hearts.     'Hie 
Lord's  Prayer  and  the  Angelical  Sahitation  in  the  ('hi]>i)ewa 
huiguage  were  chanted  after  every  instruction,  and  were  soon 
generally  known.     The  niedicine-nien  were  the  great  eneniies 
of  the  missionary,  and  early  in  1 »!('.(;  they  incited  profligate, 
ill-disposed  men  at  a  larger  Indian  town,  where  the  mission- 
ai\v  had  erected  a  second  chapel,  to  break  in  the  walls  and  to 
try  and  rob  him  of  everything.     He  was  forced  to  return  to 
("hegoimegon,  where  the  Hurons  gave  him  more  consolation. 
Tiiev  had  been  de})rived  of  a  nussianary  sii:ce  the  death  of 
Father  (iarnier,  and  Allouez  baptized   some  whose   instruc- 
tion had  been  begun  by  that  holy  missionary.     The  Potta- 
watouues,  of  whom  a  large  band  visited  La  I'ointe,  showed 
k'tter  dispositions  for  the  faith  than  theOttawas;  but  the 
priest  ctmld  not  say  the  sjune  (»f  the  haughty  and  cruel  Sacs 
and  Foxes.    The  Illinois  coming  from  their  great  river,  which 
he  believed  to  empty  somewhere  neai'  Virginia,  danced  the 
cnlmnet  and   listened  t(»  his  instructions,  carrying  to  their 
distant  home  the  first  tidings  of  the  gospel. 

Hishop  Laval,  in  the  act  by  which  he  created  Father  Al- 
louez his  Vicar-General  in  the  West,  bears  testimony  to  the 
work  of  the  missionaries  of  the  Society  of  .Icsus.  '*  We  can- 
not sutliciently  praise  (iod  on  beholding  the  zeal  and  charity 
with  which  all  the  Fathers  of  your  Society  continue  to  em- 
ploy their  lives  iji  this  new  church  to  advance  the  glory  (»f 
(ioil  and  the  kingdom  of  .lesus  Christ,  and  to  secure  the  sal- 
vation of  tlie  souls  whom  He  has  confide<l  to  our  care,  but 
especially  i>t  the  happy  success  which  He  gives  to  tlie  lalxirs 
which  you  have  nmlcrgone  for  several  years  past,  with  ecpial 
fortitude  and  courage,  to  establish  the  faith  in  all  the  countries 
that  lie  on  the  North  and  West.  We  cannot  but  testify  to 
you  and  all  your  companions  the  most  signal  joy  and  coiiso- 


F.  ALLOUEZ  CREATED  VICAR-GENERAL.     269 


hitiori  that  we  derive  from  tliera,  and  in  order  to  contribute 
with  all  our  power  by  marks  of  our  regard  in  the  progress 
and  advancement  of  these  glorious  designs,  and  contiding  in 
your  piety,  i)urity  of  life,  and  ability,  it  is  our  will  to  appoint 
you  our  Vicar-General  in  all  the  said  countries,  as  we  do  by 
these  i^resents,"  etc' 

Hy  this  appoiiitnient  Father  Claude  Allouez,  or  the  Su- 
l)erior  f»f  the  JMission  in  the  West  for  the  time  being,  was 
created  Vicar-General,  and  all  missionaries  to  whom  the 
Jiishop  had  given,  or  might  subseciuently  give,  faculties  for 
that  district  were  made  subject  to  him.  This  act,  dated  July 
21,  KU;;?,  is  therefore  tlie  first  ecclesiastical  organization  of 
the  Church  in  tlie  West.  The  Bishop  of  Quei)ec  soon  after 
announced  that  the  holidays  of  obligation  in  his  diocese,  and 
of  course  in  the  district  assigned  to  the  Vicar-(ieneral,  were 
those  which  were  established  by  Pope  Urban  VIII.  in  1042, 
to  which  he  added  the  feiusts  of  Saint  Francis  Xavier,  and  of 
the  Invention  of  the  Holy  Cross." 

Father  Allouez  w(!nt  to  the  western  extremity  of  Lake 
Superior,  where  he  met  a  band  of  Sioux,  aud  entleavorod 
through  an  interpreter 

to   tell    them    of    the      y^    A       Q_  /? ^^ 

faith.       lie     learned    (^JL  CUOlL  C^O^ite^ ^ 

FATIIKU 


KAC-HIMII,!' 


OF      flIONATUIlK     OK 
CLAUDh:   A1,IA)UKZ. 


thiif  beyond  their 
country  lay  the  Kur 
ezi,  after   which   the 

land  was  cut  olT.  lie  met  too  Kilistinons,  whose  language 
resembled  that  of  the  Montagnais,  of  the  lower  Saint  Law- 
rence. In  1(1(57,  he  |)enetrated  to  Lake  Alimibegong,  where 
he  revived  the  faith  in  the  hearts  of   the  Nipissings,  who 

'  "  Archives  of  ArclibiHliopric  of  QticlH'c,"  A.,  p.  Klfl. 
•  "  Onloiiniinoc  iiu  Hiijct  du  rctniiiclicmciit  I't  iiiNtitiitiiin  ile  (iiii'l(i\u'8 
ffHles,"  3  Dec,  1007  ;  "  Archivin  (if  Qucltfc,"  A.,  p.  58. 


■■■      vl 


i    1 

M 

It 

1 

\ 

i 

w 


270        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

had  formerly  boon  under  the  care  of  the  Fathers  of  tlie 
Huron  mission,  lie  celebrated  Pentecost  among  them  in  a 
chapel  made  of  branches,  but  with  a  devout  ami  attentive 
flock,  whose  piety  was  the  great  consolation  of  his  iaboi'ious 
ministry. 

The  Catliolic  Church  had  begun  her  work  on  Lal\«» 
Superior  with  energy- :  and  Father  AUouez,  who,  i)y  this 
time,  had  ac(|uired  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  whole  liclil 
o|)en  to  missionary  labor,  descended  v/ith  the  trading  ilotilla 
in  the  summer  of  IdiJT,  to  lay  his  plans  before  his  superiors. 
Two  days  only  did  he  spend  in  Quebec,  returning  to  tiie 
Ottawas,  with  Father  Louis  Nicolas,  to  pass  througli  the  liard- 
Bhi2)s  of  the  long  and  dangerous  route.'  He  bore  with  lum 
a  pastoral  of  the  Venerable  Hisho]*  Laval,  whose  authority  he 
liad  invoked  to  aid  him  in  checking  the  unchristian  lives  of 
some  of  the  early  French  pioneers. 

The  labors  of  the  mis.-.ionarics  in  the  West  found  other 
obstacles  than  the  pagan  ideas  and  practici's  of  the  Indian 
tribes.  The  bad  examjile  of  some  fur  traders,  who,  throwing 
olT  the  restraints  of  civilization,  plunged  into  every  vice,  pro- 
duce(l  a  most  unfavorable  impressidii  on  the  Indians,  who 
contrasted  it  with  the  high  morality  |)roiiched  by  the  mission- 
aries. To  remove  the  scandal  as  far  as  possible,  Father  Al- 
loucz  appealetj  to  liishop  Laval.  The  fi)!lowing  is  probably 
liie  tirst  ofhcial  ecclesiastical  act.  aj»p!ying  directly  ant  ex- 
clii-ivclv  to  the  Churcli  in  the  West  : 


*'  Francis,  by  the  (trace  of  (ioil  and  of  the  Holy  See, 
Hisliop  (»f  I'etnea,  Vicar-Apo>tolIc  in  "New  l''rance,  and 
nominated  by  the  King  first  liish(t])  of  said  country  : 
'i'o  our  well-beloved  I'ather  ( "lamh^  Allouez,  Superior  of 

'  "  Ucliitioii  (Ic  la  Xdiivclli^  Fnuici',"  KitiT,  :li.  ii.-xvi.    liuobcu  udilioii, 
pp.  4-30.     Li'ttro  (lu  i>i"rc'  Muniuctto,  Auj,'.  4,  HW7. 


DISORDERS  OF  FRENCH  TRADERS. 


271 


Ikk;  uiiilioii, 


the  TMission  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  among  the  Otttiwas, 
Health. 

"  Oil  the  report  wliieh  we  have  received  of  the  disorder 
prevailing  in  jour  nn'ssions  in  regard  to  the  French  who  go 
thither  to  trade,  and  who  do  not  hesitate  to  take  pait  in  all 
the  ])rofane  feasts  held  tlicre  hy  the  pagans,  sometimes  with 
great  scandal  to  their  souls,  and  to  the  edilication  which  tlicy 
ought  to  give  to  the  (liristian  converts,  we  enjoin  von  to 
take  in  hand  that  they  shall  never  be  ])resent  when  tiicse 
feasts  are  manifestly  idolatroiis,  and  in  case  they  do  the  con- 
trary of  what  you  decide  ought  to  he  done  or  not  done  on 
this  point,  to  threaten  them  with  censures  if  they  do  not  re- 
turn to  their  dutv,  and  in  case  of  contumacy,  to  ])rocee<l 
according  to  your  prudence  and  discretion,  as  also  towards 
those  who  arc  given  m  an  extraordinary  degree  to  scandalous 
itnpurity,  to  act  in  the  same  manner,  (liven  at  Quebec  this 
Gth  of  August,  oiu'  thousaml  six  hundred  and  sixty-seven. 

"  Francis,  /il.s/u>p  of  IMraa:' ' 

The  next  year  tliese  two  priests  were  reinforced  by  the 
arrival  of  Father  James  j\Iar- 
(juette  and    Brother  J.ouis   le     %^eiruU.  ItlO'YCfUAXie 

lioesmc. 

KAC-siMii.i;  OK  Tin;  siviN  \  iTKi-.  OK 

The   mission    stations    were  i  atiiku  mahijii:iti:. 

Sault   Sainte    Marie,   ami    T.a 

Pointe  <lii  Saint  Esprit,  at  ('liiigoimegon,  each  jirovided  with 
a  chapel.  At  the  last  mission,  about  this  time,  bands  of  a 
very  great  number  of  tribes  had  gathered,  tiying  from  tlio 
war  parties  of  the  Ini(|uois,  which  had  carrieil  desolation 
around  the  shores  of  I,ake  Michigan,  as  of  old,  amid  the 
nations  seated  on   Lake  Huron.     This  gave   Father  Alloiiez 

'  '•  Archives  of  Qiicbi'c,"  A.,  pp.  .llM. 


'_>?.' 


M 


f 


272        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

ail  opportunity  to  aiinouiico  t!ie  faith  to  many  tribes,  to  obtain 
a  knowlc'dgo  of  their  laiij:;uagc,  and  the  routes  leading  totht^ir 
country.     The  Iro<iuois  were  the  great  obstacle,  and  peace 
with  tlieni  was  essential.     The  Ottawas  (Queues  (toupees)  at 
La  Pointe,  among  whom  he  had  labored  two  or  tliree  years, 
showed  little  sign  of  conversion.     They  had  been  obdurate  in 
the  Huron  country,  and  when    Father   Menard    instructed 
them.     Father  Allouez  at  last  announced  his  determination 
to  leave  them  and  go  to  the  Sault,  when?  the  people  showed 
docility.     Finding  liim  in  earnest,  the  chiefs  called  a  council, 
in  theautumn  of  KJC").     There  they  decided  to  put  an  end 
to  poly-iamy,  to  abolish  all  olfering  to  Manitous,  and  not  to 
take  part  in  the  heathen  rites  of  the  tribes  that  had  gathered 
around  them.     The  change  was  sudden  but  sincere.     They 
ca.ne  during  the  winter  regularly  to  the  chapel  with  their 
wives  and  children  to  receive  instruction,  and  to  pray  in  com- 
mon in  the  morning  and  at  night.     The  whole  tribe  became 
(Christians,  and  by  its  numbers  and  love  of  peace,  gave  great 

hopes. 

Father  Manpiette,  at  the  Sault,  found  many  correspond  to 
his  teaching,  but  was  prudently  waiting  to  test  tlu;  strengtli 
of  their  good  resolutions,  before  admitting  them  to  baptism.' 

Hoping  to  .)btain  more  missionaries,  and  means  to  establish 
st^itions  at  (ireen  l^ay  aTid  other  points.  Father  Allouez,  in 
UW,),  went  down  t.i  CJuebec,  taking  several  Inxpiois  whom 
he  had  rescued,  and  through  whom  he  hoped  toelTect  a  peace 
between  the  Five  Nations  and  the  Western  tribes.  This 
hai)i)y  result  followed.  The  Ottawa  mission  was  organized, 
and  Father  Dublon  went  up  as  Sui>erior.' 

Father  James  Manpiette  then  went  t(.  (Miagoimegon  in 
Septwnber,   1  <;»','.»,  t(.  take  charge  (.f   thejnotley  gathering 

'  "  Rclution  (Ic  In  NoiivdU'  Friiucf,"  1(«58,  p.  21. 
»  11)1(1.,  1(MH>,  |)i>.  l«-20. 


MISSION  AT  GREEN  BAY. 


273 


there,  the  newly  converted  Kiskakons;  the  Tionontate 
Ilurons  who  had  finally  settled  there,  most  of  whom  had 
been  baptized,  but  in  their  wandering  life,  had  lost  nearly  all 
traces  of  Christianity ;  the  Ottawa  Sinagos  and  Keinouches, 
who,  with  few  exceptions,  derided  the  Christian  teachers, 
lie  found  the  Kiskakons  docile  and  attentive  to  all  the  in- 
structions and  exercises  in  the  chapel,  and  could  see  in  tlie 
modest  behavior  of  the  young  women,  that  they  were  making 
real  progress  in  virtue,  and  avoiding  the  old  vices.  He  was, 
however,  already  selected   by  Father  Dablon  to   found   a 

FAC-SIMILE  OP  THE  SiaNATUBE  OP  PATHEK  CLAUDE  UABLON. 

mission  among  the  Illinois,  and  in  1070,  wrote,  that  during 
the  winter,  he  had  acquired  some  elementary  knowledge  of 
their  language  from  a  young  man  of  the  Illinois  nation,  who 
had  come  to  Chagoimegon.  He  found  it  to  differ  widely 
from  other  Algoncpiin  dialects,  but  he  adds,  "  I  hope  never- 
theless, I)y  the  help  of  God's  grace,  to  understand  and  l)e 
understood,  if  God  in  his  goodness  leads  me  to  that  land." 
"  If  it  pleases  God  to  send  some  Father,  he  will  take  my  place, 
while  I,  to  fulfil  Father  Superior's  orders,  will  proceed  to 
found  the  mission  of  the  Illinois."  '  Father  Allouez  had 
paved  the  way  for  this  mission,  by  announcing  the  Gospel  to 
some  who  came  to  La  Pointe." 

In  November,  that  j)ioneer  of   the  Faith  on  the  Upper 
Lakes,  set  out  in  the  canoes  of  the  Pottawatomies,  accom- 


'  "  Relation  dc  la  Nouvelle  Fmnce,"  1670,  pp.  89-90. 

■  A  l)0()k  is  still  preserved  in  Caniulii,  containing  prayers  in  Illinois  and 
French,  which  contains  an  ancietit  note  stating  that  it  was  prepared  by 
Father  AUonez  for  the  use  of  Father  Marquette. 
18 


I' 


ii 


.n 


ii-i 


i 


i' 


(  4 1 


'  I 


^-■'■1  n 


pH 


■ 


274        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

panied  by  two  other  Freiiclnneu,  and,  amid  storms  and  snow, 
toiled  on  till  tlicy  reached  Lake  Michigan,  and  skirted  its 
shores  till  they  entered  (Jreen  Bay,  on  the  feast  of  Saint 
Francis  Xavier.     The  next  day,  Father  AUouez  celebrated 
the  first  mass  in  that  part,  which  was  attended  by  eight 
Frenchmen.     A  motley  village  of  six  Imndred  Indians,  Sac^ 
and  Foxes,  Pottawatomies  and  Winnebagoes,  had  gathered 
here  to  winter,  and  similar  groups  were  scattered  at  intervals 
art)und  the  Bay.     The  missionary  spent  the  winter  announc- 
ing the  (iospel,  first  to  the  Sacs,  instructing  them  and  toacliing 
them    to   pray,  having   soon   adapted   the   Algoncpxiu   Our 
Father  and   Ilail    Mary  to  their  dialect.     In   Febniary,  he 
visited  the  Pottawatomies,  convening  the  chiefs,  and  then 
visitijig  each  cabin.     In  both  villages,  all  sick  children  were 
bajrtized,  and  adults  in  danger  were  instructed  and  preiwred. 
The  winter  wore  away  before  ho  had  made  a  thorough  visitii- 
tion  of  all  tliese  villages,  and  to  his  regret,  he  saw  them  begin 
to  scatter.     Living  on  Indian  corn  and  acorns,  he  had  toiled 
and    sulTered,  but  coidd  feel  that   something   had  been  ac- 
complished.    In   April,  he  ascended    Fox  River,  passing  a 
Sac    village   with    its    fish    weir,    i)assing    Kakalin    Kapids, 
threading  Winnebago  Lake,  and  keeping  on  till  he  reached 
the  crowded  town  of  the  Foxes,  where  he  was  greeted  as  a 
Manitou.     The  chiefs  came  to  the  council  he  convened,  and 
there  he  explained  the  fundamental  doctrines  of  Christianity. 
the  Commandments  of  God,  the  rewards  and  punishments  of 
eternity.     He  consoled  them  for  their  recent  losses  at  the 
hands  of  the  merciless  Irocjuois.     They  resjwnded  at  a  later 
council,  and  urged  him  to  renuxin  to  instruct  them.     Thus 
be.'an  the  Mission  of  Saint  Mark,  so  named  from  the  day  of 

its  first  work. 

Then   he   took  his  canoe  again,  and  returning  to  I^ke 
Winnebago,  ascended  Wolf   River   to  the  Mascoutin  fort. 


V. 


SAULT  ST.  MARY'S. 


275 


nd  snow, 
<irtcd  its 
of  Saint 
;elel)rato(l 

l)y  oiglit 
inns,  Sacs 

gathered 
;  intervals 

iinnounc- 
l  teaching 
juin  Our 
iruary,  he 

and  then 
hen  were 

prepared, 
iijrli  visitii- 
liein  l)egin 
had  toiled 
1  heen  ac- 

pansing  a 
n  Hapidri, 
le  reached 
reeted  as  a 
vcned,  and 
hristianity, 
shnients  of 
sses  at  the 
I  at  a  later 
em.     Thus 

the  day  of 

g  to  T^ko 
ioutin  fort. 


Here  he  found  a  trihe  ready  to  welcome  a  missionary.  Re- 
turning from  this  excursion,  in  which  he  found  that,  hy  a 
.short  jxn-tage,  he  could  easily  reach  the  great  river  Messi-sipi, 
he  visited  the  Menomonees,  with  t'leir  corrupt  Algonquin, 
and  tiie  Winnehagoes,  whose  language  of  tlie  Dakota  stock 
was  utterly  unlike  any  language  he  had  yet  heard.  He  set 
to  work  to  study  it,  and  to  translate  the  Lord's  Prayer  and 
the  Angelical  Salutation,  with  a  brief  Catedhisiu  into  it. 

Such  was  the  first  announcement  of  Christianity  in  the 
heart  of  Wisconsin.  The  teaching  of  the  Church  had  begun. 
There  were  a  few  converts,  but  instructions  and  prayei's  were 
maintained  regularly  by  the  missionary  in  his  chapel.  Late 
in  May  he  returned  to  Sault  St.  Mary's. 

The  new  tield  thus  o])ened  with  the  missions  of  the  Illinois 
and  Dakotas  in  jirosjiect  called  for  more  evangelical  laborers. 
l''atliers  (iabriel  Druillettes  and  Louis  Andre  went  up  in  the 
autumn  of  1070.'  In  May,  1()71,  the  Cross  was  formally 
planted  at  Sault  St.  Mary's  amid  a  vast  gathering  of  tril)e8. 
1  lere  the  chapel  was  a  constant  attraction.  Indians  came  and 
listened ;  children  were  baptized,  and  a  class  gathered  for 
daily  instruction.  Amid  great  hopes  their  little  chapel  took 
tire  on  the  27th  of  Jamiary,  1671,  and  the  missionaries  were 
able  to  save  little  except  the  Blessed  Sacrament. 

Meanwhile  Father  A.ndre  visited  the  Missisagas,  Manitou- 
line,  Mackinac,  and  Lake  Xipissing,  encouraged  by  the 
docility  of  the  Lnlians,  l)nt  always  constantly  on  the  verge  of 
starvation,  living  on  pieces  of  deerskin,  tripe  de  roche,  or 
acorns.  In  the  spring  of  1(171,  Father  Marquette,  who  had 
i)i't'ii  at  La  I'ointe,  saw  his  tiock  of  Hurous  and  Ottawas 
tremble  before  the  wrath  of  the  Sioux,  whom  they  had  pro- 
voked.    They  fled,  the  Ottawas  to  Manitouline,  the  Ilurons 


'  "  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France,"  1670,  ch.  xii. 


R'ii 


270        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

to   Michilimakiniu',  wliero   Father   Marquette   took    up   his 
abode  to  continue  the  mission  of  Saint  Ignatius. 

Father  Allouez  continued  hi«  labors  around  Green  Bay, 
greatly  encouraged  by  his  reception  among  bands  of  Miitniis 
and  (»f  Illinois,  near  the  Mask(.uten  fort.  Here  he  was  re- 
ceived with  respect  by  the  great  chief  of  the  Illinois,  wiiom 
his  people  regarded  with  the  deepest  reverence.  The  gentle 
and  sweet  disposition  of  this  chief  won  the  heart  of  the  mis- 
sionary, who  built  great  hopes  on  the  favor  of  one  who  could 
unite  these  traits  with  great  valor  in  war.  So  deeply  wius 
the  chief  moved  by  our  Lord's  passion  when  the  mis- 
Bionary  described  it,  that  all  wondered;  grace  seemed  to  be 
working  in  his  heart.  He  escorted  the  missionary  to  his 
canoe  when  he  left,  urged  him  to  visit  them  in  their  own 
country,  and  gJive  every  hope  that,  in  time,  this  most  inter- 
esting nation  yet  discovered  by  the  missionaries  woidd  alTord 
a  field  for  consoling  and  fruitful  labors.' 

Father  Henry  Nouvel  was  sent  up  in  the  autumn  of  K'.Tl 
as  Superior  of  all  the  Ottawa  missions,  as  those  on  the  Upper 
Likes  were  called.  He  took  for  his  share  the  laborious  mis- 
sions on  Lakes  Ilnr..n  and  Nipissing.  Father  (iiibriel  Druil- 
lettes  continued  his  labors  at  Saidt  St.  Mary's,  encouraged  by 
cures  that  seemed  so  miraculous  that  the  Indians  redoubled 
their  faith  and  zeal.  He  rebuilt  his  chapel,  which  greatly 
surpassed  the  first  one.'  At  Michilimakinac  Father  ]Mar- 
quette  was  assiduous  in  his  work,  endeavoring  to  revive  in 
the  minds  and  hearts  of  the  Ilurons  the  knowledge  and  love 
of  (iod  which  had  become  nearly  effaced  in  their  long  wan- 
derings and  struggles. 


'  "  Relation  do  la  Nouvelle  France,"  1671,  part  Hi.,  ch.  1-5. 

'  ••  U.'liition  (le  la  XonvcUe  France,"  1071,  p.ai.  i-  ■  I'utoi,  "  Kstablish 
mcnt  of  the  Faitli"  (Slicii'H  truiisliition),  ii.,  p  105,  i^jU.-,  that  it  was  i 
tniisnificcnt  church,  with  the  richest  vcstim  ..>.  hui  'hk  i.-,  a  mere  exug- 
frcnition. 


lit 


THE  OTTAWA  MISSION. 


277 


Father  AUouez  and  Father  AndrO  planted  tlieir  little  house 
and  chajiel  at  the  Rapide  dos  Peres,  from  which  the  latter 
attended  the  tribes  on  Green  Bay,  the  former  those  on  the 
riverrt  beyond  their  mission  station.' 

Meanwhile  the  Church  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  had  been  re- 
built, and  tine  vestments  sent  by  charitable  friends  in  more 
civilized  ])art8  tilled  the  Indians  with  wonder,  as  they  camped 
around  the  chapel — a  safer  place,  in  their  eyes,  than  their 
own  fort  against  any  attack  of  hostile  braves,  old  Iskonakite, 
!i  Chippewa  chief,  scmned  with  wounds  from  Dakota  or 
Iro(jUois,  being  the  catechlst. 

This  new  church  stimulated  a  kind  of  jealousy.  At  Green 
Bay  the  Indians  murmured,  and  to  satisfy  them  a  suitable 
site  was  selected  on  P'ox  liiver,  which  had  taken  the  name  of 
ISaint  Francis  Xavier.  Here,  before  the  close  of  ir»7;>,  a 
large  church  was  erected,  to  which  the  neighboring  tribes 
might  repair  when  not  away  on  their  distant  hunting- 
grounds. 

From  the  Sault  Father  Druillettes  directed  the  Chippewas 
and  Kiskakons,  and  visited  the  Missisagas.  There  was  much 
faith  to  encourage  the  missionaries,  but  the  medicine-men 
labored  to  prevent  the  progress  of  Christianity  and  to  seduce 
those  who  had  embraced  it.  As  in  other  parts,  they  endeav- 
ored to  jiersuade  the  people  that  the  missionanes  caused  the 
death  of  the  children  of  unbelievers.  Father  Henry  Kouvel 
was  three  times  attacked  with  uplifted  hatchet  by  one  of 
these  medicine-men. 

In  the  sunnner  of  1072  the  Ottawa  Sinagos  and  the  Tio- 
nontate  Ilurons  began  to  arrive  at  Michilimakinae,  Father 
Andre  having  produced  some  fruit  among  the  former  on  Lake 
Superior.   A  Huron  stockade  fort  rose  near  the  church.   Some 


"  Relation  de  la  Nouvcllc  France,"  1673,  part  ii.,  ch.  2-5. 


I 


'.'■-t 


1 

4t        '* 

! 

" 

i     i! 

278        ri?^  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

Tlurons  from  near  Quebec,  who  caino  up  to  trade,  aided  the 
missionary  by  their  exhortatii)n8  and  the  inHuence  of  their 
example.  But  Father  Marquette  was  preparing  to  resign 
hie  mission  to  other  hands  and  set  out  on  a  dangerous  expe- 
dition.' 

Fatlier  Louis  Andre,  sent  to  Green  Hay,  began  his  labors 

iit  Saint  Fraiu'is  Xavier  among  the  Sacs  at  Chouskouabika, 

endeavoring  to  dispel  their  sui)erstitions,  and,  above  all,  their 

belief  in  Missii)issi— a  deity  <>n  whom  they  relied  for  success 

in  iishing.     He  found  polygamy  a  great  obstacle,  and  would 

not  admit  to  his  instructions  any  one  who  did  n(»t  renounce 

it.     Visiting  every  cabin,  he  instructed  the  inmates  amid  the 

nets  and  dning'tish.     dust  three  <lays  before  Christmas, 

lt;T2.  his  little  cabin  wius  burned  down,  and  ho  lost  his  desk 

and''l)apers,  with  many  valuable  articles.     A  new  house  and 

ohajwl  was  rearea  for  him  by  piling  up  a  wall  of  straw  to  the 

height  of  a  man  and  rooting  it  with  mats.     Such  was  the 

winter  home  of  a  Western  priest  two  centuries  ago.     Among 

the  l\)ttawatomi»"s  at  ( )ussouamigoung  his  experience  was 

more  cheei-ng,  the  chapel  being  constantly  visited  by  the 

women  to  receive  instructions  or  to  olTer  their  devotions. 

Attached  to  this  mission  were,  too,  the  Winnebagots  and 

Menomonees.' 

I„  the  Helds  near  the  Maskouten  village.  Father  Alloue/. 
had  reared  a  chapel  of  reed  mats,  which  he  opened  on  the 
feast  of  the  Assumption.  Miamis  came  and  camped  around, 
H,.  that  he  was  comju'lled  to  go  out  and  instruct  them  in  the 
open  air,  using  his  cha,K'l  for  mass,  which  he  said  behind  a 
rood-screen  of  mats,  leas  ing  only  a  small  space  for  the  cate- 


.  ..  Uclatlon  <lc  la  NouvrlUi  France."  Ifl7:» :  Maiu.tr.  ISOI,  w  14(t-l...  ; 
■•  H..lali..n«  liuMiles."  I'aris,  IWM,  n>.  (1!>-10'3. 

V  ..  H,.l„ti..n  .1.-  la  N..uv.li.'  Frauer,'  IftTU,  pp.  157-180.  "  H.lati....H 
lnr.lit.s,"  pp.  Wi-Vi'i.  •■i'-J»-'J!>8' 


THE  MASKOUTENS. 


279 


olnunens  ;  and  for  them  be  established  two  rules — that  there 

was  to  bo  no  smoking  or  talking  in  the  chapel.     Then  a  cross 

was  planted  in  the  Maskouten  village,  and  its  meaning  ex- 

iilaincd,  with  the  veneration  in  which  Christians  held   it. 

Besides  this  charge  he  also 

labored  among  the  Foxes  at 

Saint  !Mark  and  the  Indians 

at  Green  Bay,  to  which  the 

next  year  came   Kiiskaskias 

and  Peorias.    In  1675  Father  Silvy  wps  eent  to  Green  Bay  to 

aid  Father  AUouez  in  his  labors.' 


FAC-BIMILE  OF    THE    SIONATUKB    OF 
FATDER  ANT.    SILVY. 


'  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France,"  1673,  pp.  123-147,  211-223,  ii.,  p. 


20. 


rv\ 


1- 


1 

f 


hi 


i 


li 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  CHURCH  AMONG  THE   IB0QU0I8,    1660-1680. 

The  services  of  the  Catholic  Church  were  thus  begun  on 
the  shores  of  T^ake  Superior,  near  the  fugitive  Ilurous,  who 
still  yearned  for  a  priest.     There  were  Catholics  on  the  Ken- 
nebec and  Penobscot,  by  the  shore  of  Lake  Onondaga  and  in 
the  castles  of  the  Seueeas.     Providence  was  ])aving  the  way 
for  their  consolation.     The  Catholics  at  Onondaga,  French 
prisoners  in  hourly  dread  of  a  fearful  death  at  the  stake, 
Huron-*  and  AlgoiKpiins  groaning  under  a  hopeless  captivity, 
found  a  potent  protector  in  the  elocjuentand  wise  Garaconthie, 
whose  hospitality  the  missionaries  had  often  enjoyed,  and 
who  now,  by  liberal  presents,  siived  from  a  fearful  death  the 
French  prisoners  l)rought  into  the  territory  of  the  Five  Na- 
tions.    An  admirer  of  the  Christian  law,  though  he  had 
never  place.1  hiniself  in  the  ranks  of  the  catechumens,  this 
remarkable  nnm  gathered  the  French  and  Indian  (Christians 
by  the  sound  of  a  bell  for  morning  and  evening  prayer  at 
(inondaga,  and  on  Sundays,  by  giving  feasts,  enabled  the 
Catholics  to  s])en(i  the  day  in  suitable  devotions. 

Meanwhile  he  labored  steadily  to  incline  the  minds  of  his 
countrvmen  to  peace  with  the  French.  Ills  wisi*  policy  at 
l,M,t  prevailed.  In  July,  1661,  two  Iro.pi..is  canoes,  l)earing 
ft  white  flag,  were  nm  up  on  the  shores  at  Montreal,  and  a 
band  <.f  warriors  advanced,  accompanied  by  four  Frenchmen. 
The  (Xvuga  Saonchiogwa  delivered  ids  presents,  jjroposing 
ixjacc  in  the  name  of  the  Onon.lagasand  Cayug;iM,  and  asking 
(280) 


4     ! 


1 

f «,» 

■V 

V 

1 

i. 

\ 

1 

} 

,' 

* 

• 

p  t* 

*    , 

2 

ILL. 

ui 

!  ■ 


^^Bttj^iiftl 


1 

1 

1 

Mf? 

1 

li 


ii'lll 


t 

i    1 

LE  MOYNE  AT  ONONDAGA. 


281 


the  French  to  return  to  Ganentaa,  but  raising  his  last  belt  of 
wampum,  he  said  :  "  A  black  gown  must  come  with  me  or 
there  can  be  no  peace  ;  on  his  coming  hang  the  lives  of  the 
twenty  Frenchmen  now  at  Onondaga.'"  The  decision  was 
referred  to  Viscount  d'Argenson,  the  Governor  of  Canada. 
The  colony  had  suffered  terribly,  the  Seneschal  Lauson  and 
a   Sulpitian   at    Montreal    had    been   slain,   every   Iroquois 
town  had  witnessed  the  torture  and  death  of  French  prison- 
ers.    Peace  was  worth  a  risk  and  a  sacrifice.     A  Jesuit  was 
ready.     I'^ather  Simon  le  Moyne  was  selected  for  the  danger- 
ous embassy.     He  went  up  to  Montreal  with  Father  Chau- 
inonot,  and  after  consulting  Iroquois  delegates  he  stepped 
into  one  of  their  canoes  on  tlie  21st  of  July,  uncertain  as  to 
the  fate  before  him.     Mohawk  war  parties  threatened  his 
life  on  the  way,  but  he  at  last  approached  the  Onondiiga  cas- 
tle, to  be  welcomed  before  entei-ing  by  Garaconthie  and  the 
sachems.     With  tact  Garaconthie  took  the  priest  first  to  the 
cabins  of  infiuential  men  to  win  their  favor.     Then  his  own 
cabin  became  the  chapel  of  Catholicity  at  Onondaga.     A 
council,  convoked  by  the  sound  of  the  old  mission-bell,  de- 
cided to  send  Garaconthie  to  Montreal  with  nine  of  the  French 
prisoners,  and  he  went,  meeting  on  his  way  an  Onondaga, 
who  had  butchered  the  Rev.  Mr.  Maitre,  a  Sulpitian." 


I  "  Hdrttion  lip  liv  Nouvelle  France."  1601,  ch.  ii.,  vii.,  pp.  7-32. 

••■  Iliid.,  "Journal  dos  .losiiitcs,"  j).  800.  Fiithcr  Peter  .Joseidi  Mary 
Chaiinionot  ceases  from  this  time  to  appear  as  an  evangelical  laborer  in 
this  country.  lie  was  one  of  the  most  notable  of  the  .Jesuit  missionaries 
in  (  Miuula.  The  son  of  a  poor  vliiejrrower,  he  ran  away  while  a  student 
and  made  his  way  to  Italy,  where,  after  a  series  of  adventun's,  be  liecamo 
tutor  in  a  Jesuit  college,  and  llnally  entered  the  order,  to  (ilTcr  his  ser- 
vices for  the  missions  of  New  France.  After  beinp  associated  with  Fatiier 
BrelM'uf  in  tlie  Huron  and  Neuter  missions,  he  took  an  active  part  in  oh- 
tabli^hitift  Catholicity  at  Oncmdapi.  Then  he  took  charjie  of  tlie  fiipitivo 
llurons  at  Qtiebec,  founding  the  mission,  wiiich,  from  his  ilevotion  to 
the  Santa  Casn,  be  called  •'  Loretfe."    Tho  same  devotion  led  him  to 


r^-Tfrn* 


::r 


f «  I 


282        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

During  the  winter  Father  le  Moyne  remained  at  Onon- 
daga oflFcring  mass  daily  in  his  chapel  for  the  French  and  In- 
dian Catholics,  whom  he  gathered  again  at  evening  to  recite 
the  rosary.  Sickness  prevailed,  and  he  visited  the  sick  assid- 
uously, giving  them  all  the  bodily  relief  in  his  power,  and 
instructing  for  baptism  all  who  showed  good-will.  His  bap- 
tisms of  dying  infants  and  of  adults  reached  two  hundred. 
Wine  for  mass  failed  him  at  last,  and  he  wrote  to  the  Dutch 
post,  from  whicli  he  received  a  small  supply.  During  his 
stay  he  visiteci  Cayuga  also,  and  his  iutluence  as  a  missionary 
extended  even  to  the  Seneca  country.  In  the  summer  of 
1002  he  was  sent  back  with  the  remaining  French  prisoners. 

Father  Simon  le  Moyne,  the  first  to  open  missions  among 
the  Mohawks  and  Onondagas,  was  born  in  1004,  and  entered 
the  Society  of  Jesus  at  the  age  of  nineteen.  lie  came  to 
Canada  in  1038,  laboring  from  that  time  zealously  among  the 
llurons.  His  intrepidity  and  ability  were  hallowed  by  his 
zeal  and  piety.  Broken  by  years  of  lalwr,  not  long  after  this 
perilous  stay  at  Onondaga,  he  died  a  holy  death  at  Cap  de  la 
Magdelcine"  Nov.  24,  1005.' 

After  Father  Allouez  set  out  to  plant  Catholicity  on  Lake 


take  an  urtive  part  in  csiiiblishiii'^  tlic  Coiifnitornily  of  tlu>  Holy  Family, 
wliicli  still  exists  in  ("aimilii.  and  which  in  tiio  Indian  missions  in  our 
present  limits  did  inealeiiiahle  good.  Father  Chaunionot  was  famous 
for  his  eloiiuenee,  i)reaehinfr  in  the  Italian  style,  not  confined  in  a  pulpit, 
but  moviiii;  about,  lie  became  a  i)erfect  master  of  the  Huron  lanj,niaj,'e, 
his  frrainmar  beini;  the  key  to  all  the  Iroipiois  dialects.  In  Oiiondaj^a  he 
was  iMiually  at  home.  No  one  ever  adapted  himself  more  Ihoroufjhly  to 
the  Indian  lines  of  thoujjhl  and  expression,  lie  died  jn  the  odor  of 
Bimclity  at  QucIh-c,  February  'ii.  lOlCl,  aged  82.  Through  obedience  he 
wrote  an  account  of  his  life,  which  has  been  printed.  New  York,  iHoH  ; 
Paris,  1H(!1».  and  recently  with  the  introduction  of  matter  merely  referred 
to  in  the  l<"xt.  by  tin-  venerable  Father  Felix  Martin,  Paris,  \HH',. 

'  ".lournal  des  .lesuiK's,"  pp.  ;j3&-340  ;  "  Uuuuissemeut  ilea  Jesuites  de 
lu  lAmi^iant',"  pp.  US,  132. 


FORT  ST.  ANNE. 


283    . 


Superior,  the  French  government  was  roused,  when  too  late, 
to  send  out  a  force  sufficient  to  ])ring  the  Iroquois  cantons  to 
teniis,  if  not  to  subjection.  But  it  had  allowed  the  oppor- 
tunity to  slip  of  acquiring  New  Netherland  from  the  Dutch. 

In  1()65  Alexander  de  Prouville,  Marquis  de  Tracy,  was 
sent  over  as  Lieutenant-General  of  the  King,  Daniel  Remy 
de  Courcelles  as  Governor  of  Canada,  and  the  regiment  of 
(Jarigiian-Salieres  to  operate  against  the  Iroquois,  and  a  num- 
ber of  settlers,  nearly  doubling  the  French  population  of 
Canada. 

The  Marquis  do  Tracy  established  a  line  of  forts  along  the 
River  Richelieu,  the  last,  Fort  Saint  Anne,  erected  in  1665, 
being  on  Isle  la  Mothe,  in  Lake  Champlain,  the  first  white 
structure  in  our  present  State  of  Vermont,  as  its  chapel  was 
the  first  edifice  dedicated  to  Almighty  God  in  that  State.  In 
January,  1666,  de  Courcelles,  with  a  small  force  on  snowshoes, 
traversed  the  country  to  attack  the  Mohawks ;  a  slight  skir- 
mish was  the  only  result,  but  he  returned  to  Canada  with  the 
startling  intelligence  that  the  English  were  in  possession  of 
Xew  Nethei  land,  and  that  thenceforward  the  Iroquois  would 
lie  backed  not  by  the  easy-going  Hollander,  but  by  the  grasp- 
ing English,  who  held  with  a  firm  hand  the  whole  coast  from 
the  Kennebec  to  the  Roanoke.  The  boldness  of  de  Cour- 
h  had  its  effect.     The  Mohawks  and  Oneidas 


ce 


aies' 


marcn 


sought  peace  as  the  Onondaga«  had  already  done.  It  was 
granted,  and  the  Jesuit  missionary  Beschefer  was  sent  to  rat- 
ify it.  Before  he  could  reach  Lake  Champlain  tidings  came 
that  the  Mohawks  had  broken  the  peace,  killed  some  French 
(»fficers  and  captured  others. 

The  French  force  was  soon  in  movcinent,  new  embassies 
from  the  cantons,  and  messages  from  the  English,  cn-atiiig 
Imt  littln  delay.  It  was  accompanied  by  four  chaplains,  tiie 
licv.  Mr.  DuIJois,  chaplain  of  the  Carignan  regiment,  Rev. 


■ ;  hr 


i 


r- ■;-•'' 


i''t 


1 

,  .  -■  ■ 

1 

; 

fi, 

fl 

l\ 

^^mf' 

1 

» 

1 

■     1 

.  il 

;  ■  1 

284        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

Dollier  de  Casson,  a  Sulpitian,  and  the  Jesuit  Fathers, 
Albanel  aud  Raffeix.  The  Mohawks,  on  hearing  of  the  ap- 
proach of  a  large  force,  abandoned  three  towns  and  took 
refuge  in  the  fourth,  wliieh  was  strongly  palisaded.  Here 
they  resolved  to  make  a  stand,  kit  as  Tracy  advanced  they 
fled.  The  French  took  solemn  possession  of  the  Mohawk 
coimtry,  a  Te  Deuni  was  chanted  and  mass  said  in  the  great 
town.  Then  the  country  was  ravaged,  the  stores  of  pro- 
visions laid  up  by  the  Mohawks  were  destroyed,  and  their 
towns  given  to  the  flames.  The  humbled  Indians,  their  old 
renown  lost,  returned  to  starve  amid  the  ruins  of  their  castles. 
Tliey  sought  peace,  they  asked  for  missionaries. 

The  Jesuits  did  not  hesitate  to  trust  their  lives  again  to  a 

nation  which  had  caused  the  death  of  so  many  of  their  order. 

After  kneeling  to  receive  the  blessing  of   the  Bishop  of 

Petriva.   Father  James  Fremin   and   Father  John   Pierron 

set  out  in  July,  1007,  for  the 
7aro^«y  ^rtmln  J-l-      Mohawk,  and  Father  James 

FAC-8IMII.E  OF  THE  BioNATuuE  OF    gpuyas  for  tlic  Oueidas,  but 

♦•ATIIEK  JAMES  FllEMIN.  t"^      .     o    •     x     t  «     T   h, 

at  Fort  Samt  Anne,  on  Isle 
\jx  Mothe,  they  found  their  way  beset  by  Mohcgans  who 
hopi'd  to  ambuscade  and  slay  the  Moliawk  envoys.  They  re- 
mained at  the  fort  for  a  month,  giving  a  mission  to  the 
garrison,  the  first  undoul)tedly  in  the  history  of  the  Church 
in  Vermont,  then  committing  themselves  to  Divine  Provi- 
dence, went  on.'  They  were  taken  by  their  guides  to  Ganda- 
ouaguc',  "the  town,"  says  Father  Fremin,  "which  the  late 
Fatlier  Jogues  ])edewed  with  hit*  blood,  and  where  he  was  so 
hurriblv  treated  during  his  eighteen  months'  captivity."  A 
congregation  of  Huron  and  Algontpiin  captives  was  already 
there  anxious  for  their  ministry,  and  Fathe^  Fremin  gathered 

'"  Relation  delaNouvelle  Frunce,"  16fl&-7,  ch.  18  (Quebec  eil.,  pp. 

2»-9). 


c        1 

I 

i 

1  , 

. 

i,  i 

.  i 

> 

1   , 

THE  MOHAWK  MISSION. 


285 


them  in  an  isolated  cabin  to  instruct  them,  prepare  them  for 
the  sacraments,  and  baptize  their  children.  A  Mohawk  woman 
too  came  forward,  and  following  his  instructions,  sought 
baptism.  The  missionaries  then  visited  the  other  two  to^vns 
of  the  Mohawk  nation,  and  three  smaller  hamlets,  so  that  they 
soon  had  an  organized  Christian  flock.  On  the  feast  of  the 
Exaltation  of  the  Holy  Cross,  they  addressed  the  sachems, 
and  delivered  the  wampum  belts  which  they  bore  from  the 
French  governor. 

A  site  was  selected  at  Tionuontoguen  for  their  chapel ;  it  was 
erected  by  the  Mohawks,  and  similar  chapelo  were  rearefl  in 
the  other  towns.  Such  was  the  beginning  of  the  Mission  of  St. 
Mary  of  the  Mohawks.  Here  the  missionaries  labored,  mak- 
ing at  first  little  impression  on  the  Iroc^uois,  and  exposed  to 
insult  and  even  danger  from  the  braves  when  infuriated  by 
the  liquor  which  traders  freely  sold  them.  After  visiting 
Albany,  Father  Pierron  returned  to  Quebec,  but  was  soon 
again  on  the  Mohawk,  Fremin  leaving  the  field  of  his  year's 
labor  to  found  a  mission  among  the  Senecas.' 

Reaching  the  Oneida  castle  in  September,  1667,  Father 
James  Brnyas  soon  had  his  chapel  dedicated  to  St.  Francis 
Xavier,  in  which  he  said  mass  for  the  first  time  on  St. 
Michael's  day.  He  too  found  Christians  to  form  a  congrega- 
tion, needing  instruction,  encouragement,  and  consolation. 
They  were  the  nucleus  around  which  some  well-disposed 
Oneidas  soon  gathered.'  During  tlie  year,  he  was  joined  by 
Father  Julian  Garnier,  who  soon  after  proceeded  to  Onon- 
daga. Garaconthie  welcomed  him  cordially,  and  erected  a 
chapel  for  his  use,  which  wsis  dedicated  to  St.  John  tlie 
Baptist.     To  place  the  Church  on  a  solid  basis,  this  chief  pro- 

'  "  Relation  de  la  Nouvdle  Franco."  16(58,  ch.  i.-ii.,  Quebec  edition,  3, 
pp.  2-i;).     Ilfiwloy,  "  Early  Chapters  of  Mohawk  History." 
•'  "  Relation,"  1668,  ch.  3,  Quebec  edition,  3,  p.  U. 


I'll  '] 

;  » 


I*. 


,1 


■i         .♦ 


:•'■'  I 


.im&i 


i] 


rr^ 


H 


'm 


286        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

posed   to   tlie   heads  of   the  great  families,  an  embassy  to 
Quebec,  witli  \yhich  he  set  out. 

Then  Father  Stephen  Carheil  and  Father  Peter  Milet 
began  at  Cayuga  to  revive  the  work  begun  by  Father 
Menard,'  in  this  mission  of  St.  Joseph. 

One  thinir  was  evident  to  the  missionaries  in  all  the  can- 
tons,  that  unless  some  check  was  given  to  the  traders  who 
sold  li(;[uor  to  the  Indians,  there  was  no  hope  for  their  civiliz- 
ation and  conversion.  Father  Pierron,  with  the  Mohawk 
sachems,  appealed  to  Governor  Lovelace,  of  New  York,  that 
his  intlucnce  might  arrest  the  traffic.  His  reply  acknowl- 
e<lsred  the  devoted  labors  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries,  and 
sympathy  with  their  work. 

p'ather  Fremin  reached  the  first  Seneca  village  November 
1.  KiOS.  and  was  received  with  all  the  honors  paid  to  am- 
bassadors. A  chajwl  wius  then  reared  for  him,  and  cai)tive 
Christians  incorporated  into  the  nation,  came  eagerly  to  obtain 
the  i)enefits  of  religion."  Catholicity  had  thus  her  chapels  in 
each  of  the  five  Inxiuois  cantons,  with  zeahjus  priests  labor- 
ing earnestly  to  convert  the  lri)()ii(>is.  The  worship  of 
Tiiaronhiawagon,  the  sui)erstitinus  observance  of  drcamr, 
the  open  debaucheries,  formtwl  a  great  ob.-tack-,  and  the 
thirst  for  spirituous  licjuors  inllamed  ail  their  bad  passions. 
Desides  this,  prejudice  against  the  Catholic  priests  was  im- 
])arted  to  the  Inxjuois  by  the  Dutch  and  English  of  Albany,' 
and  by  llurons,  who,  in  their  own  country,  had  resisted  all 
the  teachings  of  the  missionaries.  Father  Carheil  tried  t<» 
instruct  and  baptize  a  dying  girl,  but  her  Huron  father  jtre- 
veuted  him,  and  t«>ld  him  that  he  was  like  Father  Jirebiiif, 


"  RcliUioii,"  IfiOH,  ell.  4,  T),  Quebec  edition,  il,  i>|).  10-20. 

"Relation  de  In  Nouvelie  Fmnce,"  lOOU,  eh.  1-5.  Quebec  edition,  pp. 


1-17. 


'  See  "  Relation  de  lu  Nouvelie  France,"  KiTO,  p.  :V2. 


DANIEL  GAEACONTHIE. 


287 


and  wished  only  to  kill  her.  The  missionary,  driven  from 
the  cabin,  could  only  weep  and  pray  for  the  poor  girl,  who 
expired  amid  the  wild  rites  of  the  medicine-men.  The 
Huron  then  i-oused  the  people  to  slay  the  missionary,  whom 
he  accused  of  killing  his  child. 

The  prisoners  brought  in  and  burned  at  the  stake,  were  al- 
ways attended  by  the  missionaries,  who  sought  to  instruct 
them  and  prepare  them  for  death  by  baptism,  and  there  is  no 
page  more  thrilling  than  that  in  which  a  missionary  records 
his  presence  near  the  sufferer,  amid  the  horrible  tortures  in- 
flicted on  him. 

The  faith  seemed  to  make  but  little  progress  in  the  hearts 
of  the  Iroquois  themselves,  yet  many  of  the  better  and  abler 
leaders  had  been  careful  observers,  and  in  their  own  hearts 
recognized  the  superiority  of  the  gospel  law,  though  their 
hnmovable  faces  betrayed  nothing  of  the  inward  conviction 

The  open  avowal  of  Garaconthie,  the  able  Onondaga  chief, 
at  a  council  convoked  at  Quebec,  in  consequence  of  a  re- 
newal of  hostilities  between  the  Senecas  and  Ottawas,  was  a 
stai'tling  surprise,  as  consoling  as  it  w;is  unexpected.  "  As  to 
the  faith  which  Onnontio  (the  French  Governor)  wishes  to 
see  everywhere  diffused,  I  publicly  profess  it  among  my 
coimtrymen ;  I  no  longer  adhere  to  any  superstition,  I  re- 
nounce polygamy,  the  vanity  of  dreams,  and  every  kind  of 
sin."  For  sixteen  years  he  had  been  a  constant  friend  of  the 
French,  he  had  attended  instructions,  had  even  solicited  baj)- 
tism,  yet  the  Fathers  had  hesitated,  though  his  pure  life 
seemed  to  attest  his  sincerity.  His  avowal  on  this  occasion, 
won  Bishop  Laval,  who,  finding  him  sufficiently  instructed, 
resolved  to  baptize  and  confirm  him.  The  ceremony  took 
l)la('e  in  the  Cathedral  of  Quebec,  the  Governor  being  his 
godfather,  and  Mile.  Bouteroue,  daughter  of  the  Intendant, 
his  godmotlier.     In  the  church,  crowded   with   Indians  of 


:4  m 


.p. 


IS 


m 


f   »w 


288        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

almost  every  tribe  in  the  valley  of   the  St.  Liuvrence,  he 
received  at  the  font  the  name  of  Daniel,  that  of  Governor  de 
Courcelles,  and   was   then   entertained   with   honor   at   the 
Castle  of  Quebec.'     The  eflfect  of  this  conversion  waa  incal- 
culable, not  only  at  Onondaga,  but  in  all  the  other  cantons. 
Reaching  the  Mohawk  towns  at  a  critical  moment,  when 
Father  Picrron,  in  attempting  to  expose  the  absurdity  of  the 
Indian  traditional  tales,  had  been  commanded  to  be  silent,  but 
by  treating  their  conduct  as  an  insult,  had  made  it  an  affair  of 
state,  to  be  discussed  by  the  great  council  of  the  tribe,  Gara- 
conthie  threw  his  whole  influence  adroitly  on  the  side  of  the 
missionary,   and   the   result   was   a  public   renunciation   of 
Agreskoue  or   Tharonhiawagon    as   their  divinity,  the   act 
being  ratified  by  an  exchange  of  belts  between  the  mission- 
ary and  the  nation.'     At  Oneida,  Garaconthie  spoke  in  favor 
of  the  faith,  and  gave  a  wampum  belt  to  attest  the  sincerity 
of  his  words.'     At  Onondaga,  he  urged  Father  Milet  not  to 
confine  his  instructions  to  the  children,  but  to  explain  the 
Christian  law  to  adults.     The  missionary  gave  a  feast,  and 
erected  a  pulpit  covered  wnth  red,  unth  a  Bible  and  crucifix 
above,  and  all  the  symbols  of  the  superstitions  and  vices  of 
the  country  below.     A  wampum  belt  hung  up  conspicuously 
betokened  the  unity  of  God.     Kis  discourse,  carefully  pre- 
l)ared,  produced  an  immense  influence,  ai\d  thenceforward  he 
had  among  his  auditors  the  best  men  of  the  nation. 

The  triumph  of  Father  Picrron  on  the  Mohawk  was  not 
a  mere  transitory  one.  The  old  gods  of  the  IIotinonsionTu 
fell  and  ff.rever,  not  only  in  that  canton,  but  in  the  others. 
Dieu,  the  God  preached  by  the  missionaries  which  sotm  on 
Iroquois  lip  became  as  it  now  is,  "  Niio,"  has  since  been 


'  "Relation  dc  la  Nouvelle  Franco,"  1670,  ch.  2,  Quebec  edition,  pp. 
'Ibid.,  c.  5.  « Ibid.,  0.6. 


AGRESKOUE  RENOUNCED. 


289 


worshipped  by  the  Five  Nations,  whether  they  profess 
Christianity  or  not.  By  a  providential  law,  the  Iroquois 
term  to  express  the  Lord,  or  rather  He  is  the  Lord,  is 
Hawonniio,  which  seems  to  embody  the  term  for  God. 

The  open  honor  to  their  old  gods  was  gone,  but  to  eradicate 
superstitions,  especially  the  idea  that  dreams  must  be  carried 
out,  no  matter  how  absurd  or  wicked,  was  not  easy  ;  and  to 
build  up  in  these  hearts,  ignorant  of  all  control,  the  self-denying 
system  of  the  law  of  grace,  was  a  task  of  no  ordinary  magnitude. 
The  missionaries  resorted  to  all  devices  suited  to  the  ignorant, 
to  wliom  a  book  was  a  mystery.  The  symbolical  paintings 
<levised  by  Kev.  JNIr.  Le  Nobletz,  in  France,  were  of  great  ser- 
vice, and  Father  Pierron  invented  a  game  which  the  Mohawks 
took  up  very  readily,  and  in  whicli  some  dull  minds  learned 
truths  of  faith  as  to  which  instructions  seemed  never  clear 
onougli  to  reach  their  comprehension.  When  they  saw,  in 
tliis  way,  that  mortal  sin  led  to  hell,  unless  one  could,  by  the 
path  of  i-piiance,  return  to  grace,  the  whole  came  vividly  be- 
fore their  minds  while  the  missionary  instructed  them.' 

Yet  the  profession  of  Christianity  was  not  regarded  with- 
out aversion.  A  woman  of  rank,  an  Oyander,  havhig  be- 
come a  Christian,  was  in  a  council  of  the  tribe,  convoked  for 
the  purpose,  degraded  from  her  rank,  although  she  held  it  by 
descent.  Another  was  installed  in  her  place,  and,  stripped  of 
her  pro]ierty,  she  went  to  Canada  to  enjoy  in  peace  the  exer- 
cise of  her  religion.' 

It  was  not  easy  again  for  the  missionaries  to  inculcate  self- 
control,  temperance,  and  chastity,  when  the  English  and 
French  governments  alike,  permitted  unlimited  sale  of  liquor 
to  the  Indians,  by  which  the  doctrines  of  the  missionaries 
were  contradicted  and  vice  encouraged. 


'  "  Relation  de  la  Nouvellc  France,"  1670,  p.  38.  •  Ibid.,  p.  6. 

19 


m^, 


■ ,  t 


:^-f'MI 


Am 


If 


ilH'  I, 


ifii 


290 


THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 


Father  Bruyas,  at  Ouciila,  saw  his  efforts  thwarted  by  the 
prevalent  druukeuness  of  tlie  men,  who  were  deaf  to  all  ex- 
hortations, their  hearts  being  like  the  roek  from  whieh  the 
tribe  derives  its  name,  and  they  so  influenced  the  women 
that  it  was  only  when  the  braves  were  absent  on  the  war- 
path or  the  hunts  that  they  ventured  to  attend  the  instruc- 
tioiLs  in  the  chapel.' 

Wo  see  an  example  of  this  in  the  Huron,  Francis  Tonsa- 
hoteu,  who,  though  a  Christian,  did  not  avow  or  practice  his 
reliuion  openly,  l>ut  when  noing  (.If  to  a  hunt,  told  his  Krie 
wife  to  attend  the  instructions  of  the  missionary  durinjr  his 
absence.  She  became  the  earnest  and  pious  (/atholic,  Catharine 
Ganneaktena,  the  foundress  (»f  the  mission  of  La  I'rairie, 
'after  haviiiir  been  the  tutor  of  Father  Bruyas  in  the  (  "-eida 
dialect.'  At  a  later  period,  the  missionary,  at  these  seasons, 
assembled  the  old  men,  and  expouuih-d  the  mysteries  of  faith  to 
them,  refutinj;  tiieir  sui.erstitious  fables.  These  conferences 
showed  Ity  their  fruit  that  they  had  touched  many  a  heart.* 

Unable  to  celebrate  the  holidays  of  the  (Miurch  at  Oneida, 
Father  Bruyas  frecjuently  went  on  those  occasions  to  Onon- 
da^ra,  where  the  ciiildren  sanjr  the  truths  of  Christianity 
through  the  town;  and  wiiere  Fatiier  Milct.  addressing  the 
sachems,  attncked  the  Dream  su]H>rstition,  the  last  stronghoM 
of  Ir.Mpiois  p;lgalli^m.  They  yieided  to  his  arguments  and 
f(»rmally  renounced  it,  remintling  him  that  Agreskoue  wa» 
no  lonin'r  named  at  their  feasts,  which  indeed,  on  all  great 
occasions,  were  opened  by  the  blessing  asked  by  the  priest. 
The  failure  of  some  dream  prophecies  »)f  the  medicine-men 


'  "  Itoliilion  <lc  III  Noiivillc  Friinci',"  HITO.  p.  53. 
•'  Cliiuiclii'tirrc.  "  Vic  (Ic  111  U.  CalhtTiiii'  Tiwikouita." 
'  •■  Hclalion  tl"  In  NmivcUc  Friiiicf,"  WTi.  p.  10. 
'  111 ,  l<i:o,  p.  m  :  Cliau.lu  ti<rc,  ■'  Vi.-  dc  In  H.  Catherino  TopiikouiUi." 
ell.  1 .'      <';|ih;iriii<>  I'aii.T.it.il  i  >  Mniilrciil  ill  I'l'lT. 


THE  IROQUOIS  MISSION. 


291 


about  tins  time,  aided  the  missionary  cause  by  discrediting 
those  impostors. 

Still  the  Catliolic  Churcli  at  Onondaga  was  made  up  mainly 
of  old  Huron  and  other  Cliristian  Indians,  wlioni  the  misfor- 
tunes of  war  had  consigned  to  tliat  place,  with  a  few  converts 
made  during  the  existence  of  Saint  Mary's,  at  Ganentaa.' 
Father  Carheii,  at  Cayuga,  struggled  with  the  same  dilKcul- 
tios,  converting  a  few,  chieHy  in  sickness,  which  ravaged 
many  of  the  cantons,  but  with  his  auxiliary  lienc  he  built  a 
neat  chapel  of  wood,  resembling  Indian  cabins  in  nothing 
but  the  bark  roof.  Father  F'remin,  at  the  Seneca  town  of 
Saint  Michael,  erected  his  chapel  for  the  large  and  distinct 
body  of  Huron  Christians,  many  of  whom  were  eminent  for 
piety  and  fervor.  Among  these,  flames  Atondo  is  recorded 
as  one  given  to  prayer,  and  constant  in  exhorting  others  to 
observe  the  commandments  of  God,  and  lead  a  pious  life. 
Francis  TehoroidfK)!igo,  baptized  by  Father  Hrebeuf,  the 
host  of  Father  le  Moyne,  v,  ho,  after  edifying  his  own  land, 
and  that  of  his  exile,  died  at  the  Mctuntaiii  of  Montreal,  knew 
all  the  leading  events  of  Scriptiu-e  history  as  well  as  the 
Catechism,  and  not  only  trained  his  own  familv  to  a  Christian 
life,  but  was  so  constantly  instructing  all  aroinul  him,  that 
Father  Ciarnier  says:  "  If  the  (Jospel  had  never  been  pult- 
lished  in  this  country  by  missionaries,  this  man  alone  would 
havi'  annoimced  it  sutliciently  to  justify  at  the  Day  of  .Judg- 
ment the  conduct  of  (tod  for  the  salvation  of  all  men."' 
That  missionary  had  come  to  Onondaga  to  aid  Fremin,  and 
had  reared  a  chapel  :it  ( Jandachioragou,  as  Fremin  did  in 
September,  1(!«!),  at  St.  Michael's.' 


'  "  Hclation,"  1670,  p.  01. 

'III.,  p.  71;   "  !liMt(iry  of  the  (Mholio  Miaslcms  among  the  Iiiiiiiiii 
Tribt's,"  p.  !WH. 

'  St.  Miclmt'l'a  (Cliiiulougurae)  wiw  probably  ubout  five  miles  Bouthiiist 


ail  a 

111 


.  fc, 


i't 


P",  i 


■:  i 


, 

^^*-:.iJ 

Il 


m 


III 


.  i 
.ift< 


til 

r:  n  1 


til! 


292        3'i?£^  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

The  2<')tli  of  August,  1070,  saw  a  little  synod  of  the  clergy 
of  IS'ew  York,  held  at  ( )noii(laga.  Fathers  Freniiu  from  Sen- 
eca, and  Carheil  from  Cayuga,  had  joined  Father  :Milet,  and 
on  that  day  Fathers  Bruyaa  from  Oneida,  and  Pierron  from  the 
Mohawk,  arrived.  They  spent  six  days  in  concerting  the  stcjis 
to  be  taken  to  ensure  success  in  their  missions,  and  the  means 
.)f  overcoming  the  obstacles  which  impeded  the  establishment 
of  the  faith.'  Yet  their  lives  were  in  peril  when  tidings  came 
that  several  of  the  tribe  had  been  murdered  by  the  I'rench. 

The  iuilnence  of  this  untoward  tidings  was  soon  perceived. 

Returning  to  his  Seneca  mission,  Father  Julian  (Jarnier  reach- 

^  ^  ed   (iandachioragon   safely, 

/u^o^r.^^  JyO^^^^x^:^^       ,,„^  ^^,,,11^,  p,i,,i„g  through 

KAc-MMii.ic  OF  THE  8I0NATUUK  OP     Giuidagarac,  was   assaulted 

by  an  Indian  maddened  with 
<lrink,  who  twice  endeavored  to  i)lunge  a  knife  into  his  body  ; 
but  as  Father  Fremin  woiideringly  attests,  the  brave  Jesuit 
never  paled  in  the  hour  of  danger,  such  was  his  lirmncss  and 
resolution.  He  took  up  his  abode  at  (Jaiidachioiagou,  where 
there  were  only  three  or  four  avowed  Christians.  Then  he 
founded  the  Mission  of  the  Immaculate  Conception,  and 
began  to  study  the  Seneca  language,  drawing  u]i  the  outlines 
of  a  (irammar  and  a  Dictionary  which  is  still  extant.' 

Father  Kreniin.  though  still  retaining  charge  of  Saint 
Michael,  St.  James,  and  the  other  Seneca  towns,  was  jjre- 
vented  by  illnestt  from  resuming  his  labors  there.'     But  the 

<if  tlu!  present  town  of  Victor  ;  OandmhioruKoa  "i'^  prolmlily  at  the  site 
of  F.imu  ;  (landiifraro  (St.  .lames)  south  of  the  village  of  Vielor,  and  Hon- 
nontuun,  or  The  Coneeption,  a  mile  and  a  half  N.N.W.  of  Iloneoye 
FallH.  ThlH  Is  the  resnlt  of  the  earefnl  and  patient  study  of  tien.  .lolin 
S.  (lark.  Iluwley,  "  Karly  ChapUTS  of  Seneeu  History,"  Auburn,  1«H), 
i)p.  ar.  <l. 

'  "  Itelation  do  la  Nouvelle  France,"  1070,  p.  77. 

'  It  Ih  preserved  at  the  mission  of  Sault  St.  Liniis 

»  "  IWalion  do  la  Nouvelle  France,"  1«71,  p.  'Jl. 


SAONCHIOGWA'S  BAPTISM. 


293 


Tioxt  spring,  the  town  of  St.  Mieliiicl's  with  his  cliapel,  was 
utterly  destroyed  by  fire,  and  it  was  regarded  as  a  judgment 
for  its  resistance  to  the  faith.  The  tribe  promised  to  erect  a 
new  and  finer  chapel  within  the  palisades  that  enclosed  the 
new  town. 

Saonchiogwa,  the  great  Cayuga  chief,  undertook  an  embassy 
to  Quebec  in  the  year  1071,  to  make  terms  on  behalf  of  the 
Sonecas  who  had  violated  the  peace;  after  terminating  that 
alFair  satisfactorily,  he  sought  Father  Chaumonot,  whose 
words  in  the  great  address  at  Onondaga  years  before,  had 
never  left  his  mind.  He  had  made  his  cabin  the  home  of 
l''athers  Menard  and  de  Carheil,  had  carefully  followed  their 
instructions  and  studied  their  lives.  Yet  he  was  such  a  type 
of  the  w^ily,  diplomatic  Indian,  that  the  missionaries  were  not 
(•(tnvineed  of  liis  sincerity.  Now,  however,  his  conduct,  his 
language,  all  convinced  the  missionary.  lie  was  baptized  by 
Uisluip  Laval,  Talon,  the  Intendant,  acting  as  his  godfather, 
and  Huron,  Algonquin,  and  Irocpiois,  sat  <lown  together  at 
the  bomiteous  feast  spread  after  the  ceremony.'  The  acces- 
sion to  the  Christian  cause  of  a  man  of  the  ability  of  Saon- 
chiogwa,  who  now  took  his  stand  beside  Daniel  (raraconthie, 
was  incalculable.  Both  were  men  of  uid)leniished  reputation, 
who  had  ac(pn"red  the  highest  rank  in  the  councils  of  the 
Five  Nations,  by  their  wisdom,  ability,  aiul  ehxjuence. 
(iaraconthie,  after  liis  conversion,  gave  a  ban<piet,  and  an- 
nounced that  liis  actions  were  now  to  i)e  guided  by  the  Chris- 
tian law,  that  his  life  should  be  ])ure,  and  what  duties  he  had 
hitherto  discharged,  would  now  be  still  more  exactly  fulfille(l 
iVom  a  higher  motive.  In  regard  to  dreams,  he  announci'ij 
that  he  would  in  no  case  do  a  single  act  to  fulfil  one,  or  tak" 
part  in  any  of  tiio  8U|)erstitious  customs  of  their  forefathers, 

'  "  Rc'latiou  do  lu  Nouvellc  Fraucc,"  1071,  pp.  S-A. 


» ,i 


■  Mi  \i 

;    .       i 


iri 


IV'M 


m,_ 


I     1 


I 
l 


If  ^>!l 


294        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

Tlio.e  follies  were  the  ruin,  not  the  mainstay  of  their  eoim- 
trv      ilanv  who  had  hesitated  before,  took  conrage  and  now 
came  forward  to  end.raee  and  to  practice  a  faith  professed  by 
such  superior  men.     At  Albany,  (iaraconthic  reproached  the 
,„tl,orities  for  havinj,  sonjrht  the  furs  of  his  countrymen, 
cnrruptin-  them  with  li.pior,  but  never  seeking  to  deliver 
then,  from  their  spiritual  blindness,  or  teach  them  the  way 
to  (iod.     ''You  ask  me  why  I  wear  this  crucifix  and  these 
beads  aromul  my  neck?  y.m  ridicule  me,  you  tell  mo  that  it 
i.  jrood  for  nothing;  you  blame  me,  and  show  contempt  tor 
the  true  and  saving  doctrine  taught  us  by  the  black-gown.. 
What  blessing  after  that  can  you  expect  from  God,  m  your 
treaties  of  peace,  when  you  blaspheme  against  His  most  ador- 
able mysteries  and  constantly  olTend  Him  T" 

Almost  at  once  by  a  single  elocpient  address,  he  prevented 
tlu'  amnial  saturnalia  known  as  Onnonhouaroia. 

\fter  four  or  live  years'  toil  at  Oneida,  Father  Bruyas  was 
as>igned  to  the  :Mohawk  an.l  became  Superior  of  thelro.iuu.s 
n.issions,  Father  Milct  succee.ling  him.     At  Tayuga,  leather 
(\irheil  wa^  so  atTectcl  by  a  nervous  disorder  that  he  was 
forced  to  resign  his  mission  for  a  tune 
2U^U    /     to  Father  llatTeix.     Keturning  to  Canada 
'^^^  ,j,„l  tinding  medical  skill  une<pial  to  the 

FAc-siMiiK  OF  TUE  ^^^^^^  ^^^  ,^j^  muladv,  lio  turncil  to  a  high- 
;i;.;;;.r;:.r  er  physician  and -sought  ins  curefron. 
(Jod  in  praver.  before  the  shrines  of  Our 
Ladv  of  Fove  an.l  St.  Anne^  at  Hcaupr,'-.  He  recoveri'd 
and"  rcturnci  to  his  mission.  Medals  of  Saint  Anne,  dug  up 
to  thi8  day  in  the  old  land  of  the  C^ayugiis,  are  doubtless  due 
t..  the  pious  gratitude  of  this  missionary,  who  dilTusod  devo- 
tion to  the   Mother  of  Our  Ka-ly.     On  his  return,  I'ather 


'  '■  Rflutlon  (1(!  la  NouvcUo  Franco."  1071.  P-  H. 


THE  IROQUOIS  MISSIONS. 


295 


Kaffeis  hastened  to  the  Seneca  towns  to  aid  Father  Garnier, 
ami  Father  de  Laniberville  was  in  charge  at  Onondaga. 

Among  the  Senecas  there  was  great  instability ;  now  the 
sachems  of  a  town  would  hold  a  coinicil  and  decide  that  all 
must  pray  to  God,  in  other  words,  place  themselves  under  in- 
struction for  baptism  ;  then  on  the  prompting  of  some  apos- 
tate Huron,  or  some  tire-brand  from  another  Iroquois  tribe, 
they  would  decide  that  the  missionary  was  a  spy  and  a  sor- 
cerer, and  i)ropose  his  death.' 

Meanwhile  the  faith  was  gaining,  especially  among  the 
Moliawks;  but  the  converts  were  assailed  by  temptations 
from  within  and  without.  The  heathen  party  used  every 
elfort  to  load  the  Christians  into  drunkenness,  debauchery,  and 
superstitious  observances ;  many  after  the  first  fervor  had  sub- 
sided, yielded  to  these  insidious  advances,  and  the  mission- 
aries groaned  to  see  that  it  was  almost  imiiosi^ible  for  any  one 
t(t  persevere  where  all  around  breathed  vice  and  corruption, 
and  where  there  was  no  strong  body  of  Christians  to  give 
moral  support  by  a  pious  example. 

The  war  waged  by  the  Mohegans  on  the  Alohawks  had 
kept  the  latter  constantly  on  the  alert,  and  prevented  easy 
access  to  Albany.*  With  i)eaco  in  107:5  came  sucli  a  miivcrsal 
debauchery  that  a  fatal  epidemic  ensued.  Father  Bruyas  and 
his  associate.  Father  Boniface,  labored  incessantly,  attending 
the  sick  and  preparing  for  a  (Uiristian  death  all  who  showed 
any  disposition  to  end)race  the  faith,  and  recalling  those  who, 
lia'ving  once  professed  (Christianity,  liad  yielded  to  tempta- 
tion. Father  Boniface  at  Gandaouiigue  and  (tannagaro, 
forming  St.  Peter's  mission,  had  what  were  regarded  as  tlie 
tirst  and  principal  Inxpiois  churches,  the  faith  being  more 
constantly  embraced  and  more  !)ravely  professed.    The  towns 


"  Ueliilion  do  In  Nouvelle  France,"  1672,  p.  25. 


f-Vl  s 


n 


i.l 


I  ♦ 


m 


.J" 

!' 


I 


-.Drntgrmmim 


4 


ij(': 
*' 


3  V 
i 


XI  \ 


f>^ 


290        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

were  small,  but  they  contained  more  practical  Catholics  than 
all  the  rest  of  the  Iro(iuois  castlen.    The  result  was  attributed 
to  the  intercession  of  Father  Jognes  and  Keue  Goupil.     The 
services  of  the  Church  were  performed  openly  and  with  no 
little  pomp,  even  the  Blessed  Bread  beinir  given  as  in  French 
churches.     The  Catiiolic  women  wore  their  beads  and  medals 
openly,  even  when  visiting  the  English  settlements.'     One 
(.f  these  faithful  women  was  the  wife  of  Kryn,  the  principal 
'  chief,  and  called  by  the  French,  "  The  Great  Mohawk."     So 
incensed  was  this  haughty  Indian  that  he  abandoned  her  ami 
went  away  from  the  village  and  the  cabin.    ^Moodily  hunting 
he  came  at  last  to  La  I'rairie.     The  order  and  regulai-ity  pre- 
vailing in  that  little  Catholic  settlement  so  impressed  his  nat- 
urally upright  mind  that  he  remained  tliere.    In  a  short  time 
the  bravest  warrior  and  leader  of  the  :Mohawks  was  kneeling 
in  all  humility  to  receive  instruction  iu  the  doctrine  of  Christ. 
When  his  rallying-cry  resounded  again  through  the  \alley  of 
the  Mohawk,  Kryn  entered  the  castle  as  a  fervent  discii)le,  to 
the  astonishment  of  the  heathens  and  to  the  joy  of  his  for- 
wdvcn  wife.     With  her  and  many  others  he  soon  set  out  for 
the  banks  of  the  Saint  Lawrence,  accompanied,  among  the 
rest,  by  a  young  warrior,  who,  as  Martin  Sltandegonrhaksen, 
became  the  model  of  the  mission." 

The  Mohawks  of  Tioimotoguen  did  not  show  this  inclina- 
tion for  the  true  faith,  and  they  reproached  F^>Mier  IJruyas 
with  trying  to  dep..pulate  the  country;  and  he  gave  a  wam- 
pum belt  to  attest  that  neither  he  nor  his  associate  had  insti- 
giited  the  (treat  Mohawk.* 

^Relation  dv  la  Nouvello  Fmiioe,"  1073,  pp.  88;  "  Ki'lMtimis  Iiu'- 

dilM,"i  .  pp.  I   19; 

»  "  Uchition  <!.■  la  XouvelU-  Fran.c,'  1«T8,  p.  45,  etc.  ;  "  Hdiilions  Iiu- 
dili'H,"  pp.  l«-20;  ii  ,  pp.  5(t-t;  Cliiiuchcticrc.  "Vie  dc  Ciilh.riiu'  1  «■ 
gakiinita." 

•  ••  lU'lalior.."  1673,  p.  54  ;  "  HelutiouH  Inidites,"  i.,  pp.  20-21. 


SACHEM  ASSENDASE. 


297 


<iiii 


Among  tlie  Onondagas  Father  Jolm  de  Lamberville  was 
ponsolod  and  supported  by  the  zeal  and  fervor  of  Garaconthie. 
His  open  profession  of 

Christianity    drew     on       ^eoni&^ri/lnu^^ 
tl  lat  remarkable  man  the    ^ 

,       ,         FACSIMILE     OP     THE     SIGNATURE    OP    FA- 

luitred  of  some  of  the  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^  lambeuville. 

sat'henis,  who  endeavor- 
ed to  break  down  his  intluence,  declaring  that  he  was  no  longer 
a  man,  that  the  black-rol)es  had  disordered  his  mind.  They 
said  that  as  he  had  given  up  the  customs  of  the  Onondaga 
nation,  he  evidently  cared  nothing  for  it ;  but  when  any  em- 
bassy was  to  be  .sent  or  an  elo(pient  speaker  was  desired  for 
any  occasion,  all  turned  to  Garaconthic.  When  he  was  once 
prostrated  by  disease,  the  whole  canton  was  in  alarm.  To 
the  Christians  he  was  an  example  and  a  constant  monitor. 
Father  Carheil  continued  his  labors  among  the  Cayugas,  1  a- 
ther  Julian  Garnier  at  the  Seneca  mission  of  St.  Michael, 
and  Father  RalTeix  at  tliat  of  the  Conception,  gaining  a  few 
adults  hi  health,  bai)tiziiig  more  who  turned  to  them  when 
the  hand  of  sickness  prostrated  them.' 

The  next  year  Fatlier  Jhniyas  won  the  aged  but  aide 
sachem,  Assendase,  one  of  the  pillars  of  the  old  Mohawk 
faith,  who,  crafty  and  astute,  upliel<l  his  intluence  by  his  re- 
nown as  a  medicine-man.  lie  had  listened  to  the  instructions 
of  the  missionary,  but  had  for  two  years  resisted  (iod's  grace, 
when  the  earnest  words  of  Count  Frontenac  at  Montreal  gave 
him  courage  to  avow  his  conviction,  renounce  his  errors,  and 
seek  bajitism.'  Assendase's  family  followed  his  example, 
althouirh  sickness  and  misfortune  came  to  test  tlieir  con- 
staiicy.     Ills  conversion  roused  the  heathen  party,  and  one 

'  "  Hclation  d.'  la  Nouvcllc  France,"  1673,  j)p.  55-114f"  Rolations  Iiiii- 
ditps."  i.,  pp.  r)7-(t8. 
■  Ibid.,  pp.  2H5-278. 


>  IM 


i:L, 


•■'-ytmm 


i-r 


298        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

<,f  his  own  kindred,  maddened  by  drink,  tore  the  rosixry  and 
orucitix  from  the  nock  of  the  aged  chief  and  threatened  to 
kill  him      "  Kill  me,"  said  Assendase  ;  "  I  shall  be  happy  to 
die  in  so  good  a  cause ;  I  shall  not  regret  my  life  if  1  give  it  in 
testimony  of  mv  faith."     His  example  exerted  a  great  influ- 
ence     The  fervor  of  those  already  Christians  was  revived  by 
the  reception  of  a  statue  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  received  from 
the  shrh.e  of  Notre  Dame  de  Foye,  winch  was  exposed  to  the 
faithful  on  the  feast  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  with  all 
possible  pomp.     Catholicity  had  an  open  and  authorized  ex- 
isti>nce.  and  scarcely  a  Sunday  passed  without  the  baptism  of 

some  child  or  adult. 

Father  Boniface,  prostrated  by  illness,  was  compelled  to 
leave  the  mission,  and  was  succeeded  at  Oandaouaguc  by  la- 
ther James  do  Lamberville.'     F.ut  the  Mohawk  mission^sus- 
tained  a  terrible  loss  bv  the  death  in  August,  1075,  of  I'eter 
A-en<las.'..  the  (Mnistian  chief,  who  expired  after  a  long  and 
painful  illness,  which  he  bore  with  piety  and  patience,  refus- 
ing all  the  superstitious  remedies  proposed,  and  declaring  : 
"  I  wish  to  die  a  Christian  and  keep  the  word  I  have  pledged 
to  God  at  mv  baptism.     I  do  not  ascribe  my  illness  to  it,  as 
n.v  kindred  falsely  imagine.    AVe  must  all  die  ;  the  heathens 
will  die  as  well  as  1.     There  is  one  (Jod  who  sets  a  hmit  to 
my  life  ;  IK-  will  do  with  me  as  He  wll! ;  I  accept  willingly 
all  that  comes  from  His  hand,  be  it  life  or  death." ' 

This  was  a  severe  blow  to  Father  Bruyas  at  Agnie,  but 

"^RdHlioim  InMit^s."  M,  PP.  85-45;  "  Rolation."  lOTIW)  p.  ITH. 
Fatlur  I5..nifaco  vvusKmI  away  in  a  dolirious  state.  His  rrlipous  brotl.nn 
b,.L'an  ,l..v.,t'....H  t..  inv..l«>  the  intcn'ossi.,,,  of  Fath.T  IJr.luM.f,  an.l  .v 
ir.,nl.Ml  a.  a  inirad..  Fati.er  IJoniface'H  rocovcry  of  his  scmiscs,  soon  aft.r 
whirl,  he  expinMl  in  Rreal  piety  December  17,  1074.  MS.  Atte.stafon  of 
the  .Miracle.  , 

'  ••  delations  Inedites,"  ii..  p.  lO'J  ;  "  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  Fruue. 
lt>7:j-0,  pp.  147-151  ,  ••  Uelation,"  l«7(V-7,  vp.  7.  etc. 


CATHARINE  TEGAKOUITA. 


209 


Father  James  de  Lamborville  had  his  consolations  at  Ganda- 
ouagxiL;.     Going  one  day  through  the  town  when  most  of  the 
people  wore  absent  in  the  fields,  he  was  impelled  to  enter  the 
c^'hin  of  a  great  enemy  of  the  faith.     There  he  fomid  the 
niece  of  that  chief,  Tegakouita,  daughter  of   a   Christian 
Alt!;onqnin  mother,  prevented  by  an  injury  to  her  foot  from 
being  at  work  with  the  rest.     She  was  a  lily  of  purity  whom 
God  had  preserved  unscathed  amid  all  the  dangers  surround- 
iiiij  her.     It  had  been  the  great  longing  of  her  heart  to  be  a 
Christian,  but  her  shy  modesty  prevented  lier  addressing  the 
missionary.     Father  Lamlierville  saw  at  once  that  she  was  a 
soul  endowed  with  higher  gifts,  and  he  invited  her  to  the  in- 
structions niven  at  the  chapel.     These  she  attended  with  the 
strictest  iidelity,  learning  the  i)raycrs  and  the  abridgment  of 
Christian  doctrine  readily  in  her  desire  to  be  united  by  bap- 
tism to  our  Lord.     She  edified  all  by  her  fervor,  and  was 
solemnly  baptized  in  the  chapel  on  Easter  Sunday,  1075, 
receiving  the  name  of  Catharine. 

Her  uncle  had  at  first  done  nothing  to  prevent  her  attend- 
ing the  chapel  or  perfonniug  her  devotions  in  the  cabin  ;  but 
persecution  soon  came  when  she  declared  that  she  would  not 
go  to  the  field  to  work  on  Sunday.  They  endeavored  hi  vain  to 
starve  her  into  subjection  by  taking  all  food  away  with  them, 
leaving  her  to  fast  all  day  unless  she  came  to  them,  when 
they  intended  to  compel  iier  to  work.  She  cheerfully  bore 
the  mortification  rather  than  offend  God  by  neglecting  to 
sanctify  the  Lord's  day. 

Fatlier  Lamberville  soon  found  tliat  the  usual  regulations 
adopted  for  the  women  converts  did  not  ap])ly  to  Catharine. 
What  they  were  urge<l  to  avoid  she  had  always  shunned. 
Higher  and  more  si>iritual  was  the  life  she  was  to  lead. 
"  The  Holy  Ghost,"  says  her  biogra])lier.  Father  Chauche- 
tiere,  "  wh(»  wrought  more  in  her  than  man,  directed  her  in- 


♦i.' 


ill-' 


'}\ 


'fi ' 


'  I 


»•- 


X  -.i  -r -f    ?"S 


300 


THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 


1*1 1 


teriorly  in  all,  so  tliat  she  pleased  God  and  men,  for  the  most 
wicked  admired  her,  and  the  good  found  matter  for  hnitation 

in  her." 

Though  her  example  and  services  were  of  the  utmost  hen- 
efit  to  him,  and  the  crosses  she  underwent  increased  her 
merit,  tlie  missionary  was  in  constant  fear,  and  lu-ged  her  to 
o-o  to  La  Prairie,  ami  meanwhile  to  be  incessant  in  prayer. 
Her  uncle,  who,  in  the  system  of  Iroquois  relationship,  stands 
in  the  stead  of  a  father,  Avould,  she  knew,  never  consent  to 
her  departure.'  She  feared  that  the  attempt  might  lead  to 
trouble,  and  perhaps  result  in  the  death  of  some  one  at  the 
hands  of  her  furious  guardian,  wiio  once  sent  a  brave  into 
the  cabin  to  kill  the  "  Christian  woman,"  as  she  had  grown 
to  be  connnonly  called.     She  did  not  (piail,  and  feared  not 
her  own  death,  but  that  of  any  one  who  attempted  to  aid  lii-r. 
At  last,  however,  the  resolute  chief,  Hot  Cinders,  came  to 
Gaudaouaguc.     Catharine  felt  that  in  him  she  had  a  tower  of 
strengtli,  and  told  Father  Lamberville  that  she  was  ready 
to  start  for  La  Prairie  with  her  brother-in-law,  who  had  come 
with  Hot  Cinders.     During  her  uncle's  absence,  she  and  her 
companions  started  by  a  circuitous  route,  and  though  pursued 
bv  her  uncle  with  bloodthirsty  design,  reached  La  Prairie, 
which  she  was  to  edify  in  life  and  make  glorious  by  her 
death  and  the  favors  ascribed  to  her  intercession  after  the 
close  of  her  virginal  life.' 

The  year  of  Catharine's  baptism  Father  de  Lamberville 
lia<l  in  vain  endeavored  to  reach  a  Mohawk  who  had  fur 
eight  months  been  lingering  on  a  l)allet  of  pain,  but  the 
doors  of  the  cabin  were  closed  against  him.  "  In  this  t-x- 
tremity,"  he  writes,  "  I  had  recourse  to  tin-  venerable  Fatlier 
.lo.rues,  to  whom  I  connnendcd  this  man,  and  at  ..nee  the 


'  ChaiichctiiTc,  "  Vic  ilc  ('Mtlicriiu'  Tcirakoiiitji,"  New  York,  1886. 


ill 


Cachcrtne/  tc^koiiucL  J^rcc^uo-i^e^  divSanc 
S.Zcna\r  de^  TTZort^eaL  en  Cattatlu-ynortz 
cn^  odeuf  df  iTairut^te  ■ 


roUTIlAIT  OF  CATHAHINK  TKdAKOl'ITA,    FUOM   TITK   I'lCTtlUE  'K 
UK   LA   I'DTIIKIIIK. 


./H 


■  I 


"•■■'I 


1  *H 


fi  < 

,•1 


I'ttjatrri             >• 

t     ^ 

IHI  ■  '  .        '-  "^ 

^PPn '     ,      • :  f 

tj^H 

.-.  ;     ■*  1    /f '. 

pH 

u 

''  t 

* 

^^^^1 

; 

^H^i 

^1 

^B|, 

.fl 

^^K^             ^ 

^^B; 

ll 

^^^B< 

j^l 

^^H> 

■^^Hr 

k     ^^1 

^^■kj^^llg    1 

^^1 

^^H^^H'^< 

I'fl 

,     .^^1 

^■iwrnriiiJtnrRf   ! 

tt>  ''i^^H 

^H 

:^^l 

;  ;^H 

.   I      -  ■  '      ■     i' 

■-^-^l^ii    ■ .  ■    ■■  t(  ,-^}- 

i   ^j^l 

9 

^^HilKlr'   '       '       *  '     ' 

<yi 

^^^^P^;:- 1:^^' 

:  ifl 

■Blii              i.:'H 

lilH 

nnMv^'                  :   ' '  nr 

7   V9^^ 

||P'" '■'■■'! 

||9 

H'      '  M 

'  ^^^^1 

HI'''  ■     '  :  -'Mm^ 

11 

■'     '''.'■'   ■    ■  ^  ll 

||1 

.}02        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

,,Uu  doors  opened  a.ul  gave  n.e  aeeesH  to  iuBtruet  and  bap- 
tise ln.n.  The  eor.ver.iou  is  a  speeial  work  of  duMue  graee, 
and  a  special  favor  ol.taine.1  l,v  tl>e  .nerits  of  lathe.  Isaac 
JogueH,who  shed  hi.  blood  here  in  God's  .juarre  Ijavn-g 
,been  massacred  by  these  savages  in  hatred  ot  the  faith 

At  Oneida  Father  Milet  made  less  progress,  and  it  ^  .is 
c,„ly  the  higher  and  abler  minds  that  were  impressed.  One 
chief  was  converted  in  1072  ;  a  few  years  after  another,  who 
withdrew  from  the  village  and  cabined  apai-t  to  keep  aloo 
from  the  snperstitions  an.l  debaucheries  of  his  tnlie.  In 
lt;T5  Milet  converted  the  great  chief,  Soenrese  he  nus- 
8i<.nary  was  consoled  by  the  fervor  of  his  flock  and  the  decay 
of  the  worship  of  Agreskoue. 

In  the  .evi-ral  cantons  the  missionaries  derived  great  con- 
solation from  the  Confraternity  of  the  Holy  f-'j^; '^  l^;;;;; 

ussociation  fomidod  at  Montreal 
bv    Father    Chaumonot,     Ucv. 


i/fL'^hJ^tt-ntiynp^       j^,.    y^,Hel,  and  the  Ven.  Mar- 
^         ^  gjiret  Eoiirgeoys.      It  was  at- 

',r  :»:"n;-;wr:    l^.^  to  ev.r,  Ca..,«Hc  cl,»,K.| 

in    the    Irociuois    country   and 

..stained  the  faith  and  Christian  life  of  all.'     But  the  mis- 
«ions  were  entering  on  a  period  of  trial  ;Uie  death  o.^^^^ 

Christian  cliicfs,  the  removal  of  otuers  to  La  Praine  had  em- 
boldened the  heathens,  who  began  to  menace  the  hves  of  the 
n^issionaries  and  treat  the  Christians  with  oppress.oii  and  m- 
.ult  Oaraconthi.'-  was  far  advanced  in  years,  anc  m  !..(>, 
foehng'that  his  life  was  uncertain,  he  gave  three  solemn  ban- 
.nets  One  was  to  declare  that  they  were  not  given  m  a.- 
.ordance  with  any  dream,  and  that  he  renounced  all  supc. 

T^^lktion   do  lu  Nouvdle  Fran,..-   1«7..  1075;  167«  ;  1073-9,  ,. 
1.0  .  ..  K.l.tionH  InMiU-s."  ii.,  PP.  !!«.  1<>6.  '-'a-lll- 


r 


DEATH  OF  GARACONTHiA 


303 


utitious  rites  ;  in  another  lie  denounced  the  banquets  where 
all  must  be  devoured  by  the  gxiests.  In  the  third  he  sang 
his  Death  Song,  as  he  was  now  so  old.  lie  saluted  the 
Master  of  Life,  whom  he  acknowledged  as  sovereign  of  our 
fortunes ;  on  whom,  and  not  on  dreams,  our  life  and  death 
(k'pouded.  He  also  saluted  the  bishop  in  Canada,  and  other 
dignitaries  there,  telling  them,  as  though  they  were  present, 
that  he  wished  to  die  a  Christian,  and  hoped  that  they  would 
pray  to  God  for  him.  lie  concluded  by  making  a  public 
profession  of  his  faith,  and  by  disavosving  all  the  errors  in 
which  he  had  lived  before  his  baptism. 

lie  attended  the  midnight  mass  at  Christmas  with  his 
whole  family,  coming  a  long  distance  through  the  snow. 
Attacked  by  a  pulmonary  disease,  he  repaired  to  the  chapel, 
and  after  kneeling  there  in  prayer,  told  Father  Lamberville, 
"  I  am  a  dead  man,"  and  made  his  confession  with  great 
compunction.  During  his  illness  his  prayer  was  constant ; 
then  giving  the  farewell  banquet,  in  which  two  young  war- 
riors announced  his  wishes,  the  Rosary  was  recited,  and  after 
the  Commendation  of  a  Departing  Soul,  he  peacefully  yielded 
up  his  soul.  The  great  Catholic  chief  of  Onondaga,  Daniel 
({araconthio,  stands  in  history  as  one  of  the  most  extraordi- 
nary men  of  the  Iroquois  league.' 

Father  (Jarheil  at  Cayuga,  aided  for  a  time  by  Father 
I'ierron,  and  Fathers  Gamier  and  Rafi'eix  in  the  Seneca 
towns,  had  not  met  the  encouragement  found  in  the  Eastern 
cantons.  The  old  Huron  element  was  the  nucleus  of  the 
Catholic  liody,  with  more  converts  from  the  subjugated  Neu- 
ters and  Onnontiogas  and  captive  Susquehannas  than  from 
the  Cayugas  and  Senecas. 


'  "  Hcliitiona  Inodites."  ii..  pp.  112-114,  li)7-205 ;   "  Helation  de  la 
Nouvfllc  Fraucc,"  1673-9,  pp  185-192  ;  "  Rcliitioii,"  1676-7,  pp.  24-29. 


1  »ii 


i 


THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

About  the  year  l()78  Father  Francis  Vaillant  Ruceeeded 
Fatlier  Hniyas  at  Tioiinoiitofjiion,  and  that  master  of  tlie 
Mohawk  huiguagc  proceeded  to  Onondag.-i  to  continue  the 
work  of  Father  .lolin  de  Lainberville,  and  Father  John  Pii  r- 
rnn.  leaving  the  Mohawks,  joined  tlie  missionaries  in  the 
Seneca  nation,  after  being  at  Cayuga  in  Kit*!.  Bruyas'  Labors 
on  the  Moliawk  had  been  most  fruitful  and  his  influence 
groat.  The  language  of  the  nation  he  spoke  with  fluency 
and  correctness  and  he  drew  up  a  vocabxdary  and  a  woik 
called  "  Kacines  Agnieres,"  or  "  Mohawk  Radicals,"  in 
which  the  primitive  words  were  given  and  the  derivatives 
from  them  explained.  He  also  wrote  a  catechism  and  prayer- 
book.' 


During  the  j>eriod  of  the  Iro(]Uois  missions  of  which  we 
lave  more  ample  details,  the  missionaries,  in  constant  peril 
and  hardship,  had  earnestly  labored  among  the  Five  Nations ; 
their  great  success  was  with  the  sick  and  dying,  and  the  baj)- 
tisms  of  adults  and  infants,  which,  from  KldS  to  IttTS, 
amounted  to  t>,'i*2l.  did  not  in  consfiiueiice  greatly  increase 
the  church  militant  on  earth,  though  it  did  the  church  tri- 
umphant in  heaven.  The  enngration  of  Christiana  to  Can- 
ada, which  the  missionaries  urged  to  prevent  apostasy,  also 
Itrevcnteil  great  increase  of  numbers  in  the  cantons.  The 
missionaries  maintained  their  chapels  and  instructions  maiidy 
for  the  little  body  (»f  Christians  who  were  not  able  to  with- 
draw. 

The  attitude  of  the  English  in  New  York  and  their  claims 
over  the  territory  of  the  Five  Nations  showed  the  miasion- 
aries  that  in  a  few  years  tlie  land  of  the  Iro<|uois  woiild  1h' 
<'loso(l  to  them. 


'  •■  Hdation  dc  In  NdiivcUf  Friiiicc."  1073-0,  p.  140  ;  Hniyus'  "  Hiicims 
Ajriiii^rcH"  was  piililiHlicd  in  Slini'w  "  Aiiiiriciin  MiijruisticH"  in  lH«2-!<. 
It  liiul  Ikhiu  U8iil  hy  FitihiT  Ht-nnrpin.  "  Nouvcllf  Di-coiiviTtc,"  p.  !)7. 


11 


MISSION  VILLAGE  AT  LA  PRAIRIE. 


BUG 


The  Catholic  Indian  emigrants  from  New  York  settled, 
some  at  La  Prairie,  some  at  Lorette  with  the  Hurons,  and 
others  again  at  the  Mountain  at  Montreal,  where  the  Suljii- 
tian.4  of  the  Seminary  had  established  an  Iroquois  mission, 
the  fruit  of  their  labors  among  the  portion  of  the  Cayuga 
tribe  which  settled  on  Quintr  Bay.' 

The  Jesuits  had,  too,  in  16(19,  erected  a  little  house  at  La 
I'rairie  do  la  IMagdeleine,  as  a  place  where  missionaries  com- 
ing from  tlie  L-o(|Uois  or  Ottawa  missions  might  recruit; 
iiut  Indians  began  to  stoj)  there,  and  some  desired  to  remain 
for  instruction,  so  that  it  soon  recpiired  the  constant  service 
of  two  experienced  priests  to  minister  to  people  of  many 
different  languages.  Lidians  from  the  cantons  of  the  Five 
Nations,  who  lacked  courage  to  avow  their  desire  to  become 
Cliristians,  or  who  had  embraced  the  faith,  but  feared  to  lose  it, 
proposed  to  Father  Fremin  that  they  should  settle  at  La 
Prairie.  Tlie  missionary,  fully  aware  of  the  ditiiculty  of  a 
conveitV  preserving  the  faith  amid  tlie  prejudice  and  seduc- 
tions of  the  Iroquois  castles,  beheld  in  this,  a  providential 
design.  Catharine  Oanneaktena,  an  Erie  convert,  was  the 
f(Mnidress  of  the  new  village.  Others  soon  followed  her  ex- 
ample, and  when  the  report  spread  that  u  new  Inupiois  town 
liad  been  formed  at  La  I'rairie,  so  many  came  that  a  govern- 
ment was  organized,  and  chiefs  to  govern  the  town  were 
elected  with  the  usual  Iroipiois  forma  and  ceremonies.  IJy 
the  tirst  laws  promulgated,  no  one  was  penuittcd  to  take  u]) 
his  residence  unless  ho  renounced  three  things.  Belief  in 
Dreams,  ChaJiging  wives,  and  Drunkemu'ss  :  and  any  one 
admitted  who  oiVended  on  t!"se  points  was  to  be  expelled. 

The  village  thus  formed,  showed  the  importance  of  the 
course.     No  longer  opjxised  or  persecuted,  no  longer  allured 


Hhwi,  '•  ilwl.iry  of  the  Ciitholic  Missioiw,"  pp.  SOiWlll. 
2U 


"K 


f?. 


,ri 


■■  ■? 


•  ■  i: 


■I 


n 


.Hi 


liii 


306        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

to  resist  or  abandon  the  faith,  catechumens  came  assiduously 
to  instructions,  and  those  already  Christians,  practiced  their 
religion,  praying  and  approadung  the  sacraments  with  fer- 
vor.    The  better  instructed  became  dogiques  or  catechists  of 
others,  and  one  of  these  attended  every  band  that  went  out 
from  the  village  for  the  winter  hunt.    A  catechumen  and  his 
wife  while  out  on  a  hunting  expedition,  fell  in  with  two 
leading  :N[ohawlvs.  one  of  them  Kryn,  the  Great  Mohawk. 
These  listened  with  interest  to  what  they  heard  of  the  new 
village  and  its  moral  code.     They  felt  that  it  was  a  rightful 
course ;  they  joined  the  catechumens  in  their  devotions,  and 
going  back  to  their  tribe  for  their  wives,  came  to  La  I'rairie 
with  forty-two  companions.'     Every  hunting  party  that  went 
out,  acted  as  apostles,  and  the  men  of  their  tribe  whom  they  met, 
were  so  impressed  by  their  probity,  their  devotions,  and  their 
instructions,  that  a  party  seldom  returned  to  La  Trairie  without 
bringing  some  candidate  to  the  missionary.'     In  this  way  a 
famous  Oneida  chief,  called  by  the  French,  "Hot  Cinders," 
from  his  liery  disposition,  who  had  left  his  own  canton  in 
<lisgust  at  some  affront,  was  led  to  visit  La  Prairie,  where  he 
reinained  and  became  one  of  tho  most  fervent  Christians,  his 
abilitv  soon  causing  his  election  as  one  of  the  chiefs.     He 
was  installed  with  all  the  formalities  used  in  the  Iroquois 
<-antons,the  siune  harangues  and  symbolical  acts:  but  througli 
iiiatlvcrtence,  the  presentation  of  a  nuxt  was  omitted.     He 
«-omplainc(l  to  the  missionary  that  he  ha.l  been  made  a  fool 
..f,  that  ho  was  no  chief,  a**  he  hud  no  mat  to  sit  upon,  and 
the  whole  ceremonial  was  repeated  to  make  his  induction 
strictly   legal'      This  mission  lost   in   1073   its   foundress, 

'  ••  Relation  do  la  Nouvcllc  Frunci-."  1073;  New  York.  1«0I,  p.  :;(); 
•'  RplnlloiiH  InfdiloH,"  P;lri^  IHfll.  1.,  pp.  17U-189. 
•I hill.,  I.,  pp.  379-38». 
»  ClmucUcUurc.  "  Vio  du  Cttllmriiie  TfiKakouitA." 


V.  CATHARINE  TEGAKOUITA.  30? 

Catharine  Ganneaktena,  who  died  full  of  pietj,  having  pre- 
served her  baptismal  innocence  unsullied,  and  regarded  as  a 
saint  by  the  little  Christian  community  which  had  grown  up 
around  her  and  revered  her  as  a  mother,' 

On  Whitmonday,  May  26,  1075,  Bishop  Laval  extended 
tiio  visitation  of  his  diocese  to  this  mission,  where  he  was 
received  with  great  pomp  and  joy,  and  the  next  day  he  con- 
ferred the  sacrament  of  confirmation  in  an  Iroquois  chapel 
Tlie  bishop  was  greatly  touched  and  edified  by  the  Christian 
deportment  of  the  Indians,  and  the  peace  and  happiness  that 
prevailed  in  the  village.  He  remained  some  days  to  visit 
the  whole  mission,  giving  free  access  to  all.' 

The  mission   had  remarkable  men  in  the  Great  Mohawk 
and  ni  the  Oneida  Chief,  Louis  Garonhiague.     It  received 
Its  most  illustrious  and  holy  member  in  the  autumn  of  1077 
when    Catharine    Tegakouita    arrived    from   the    town    of 
({:n..lawagnr.     There  she  began  the  life  of  toil,  recollection, 
■•m.l   prayer,  seeking  in  all  things  to  do  what  was  most  agroe- 
Mo  to  God.     The  little  bark  chapel  was  the  home  where 
she  spent  the  hours  not  required  by  the  assiduous  toil  of  an 
Indian  woman,  for  having  renounced  for  God  all  idea  of  mar- 
riage, she  lived  with  her  brother-in-law,  and  not  to  be  a  bur- 
then labored  constantly.     The  work  of  an  Iroquois  woman 
included   felling  and  cutting  up  trees  for  firewood.     Once 
a  tree  she  had  felled  as  it  descended  hurled  her  to  the  ground, 
a  branch  striking  her.     As  soon  as  she  recovered  her  senses 
she  exclaimed  :  "  My  Jesus  !     I  thank  Thee  for  having  pre- 
serve,! me  from  that  accident,"  an<l  took  up  her  hatchet  to 
continue  her  work  :  h.-r  companions   compelled   her  to  go 

I   'n,'I'''i?oll^^^y':':^'^^^^^^  ••Kolalion.Ine.Iilo^.- 

'..  pp.  .H4-.H8.        UHiition  do  la  Nouvdl,.  France,"  l(17a-U,  pp.  108-174 

'"  Hchitions  InrdlU'S."  ii..  pp.  58,  ric  ,  1(W,  Ptr. 


'•    'fl 


■'  M  I 


*      '1 

a 


•• 

♦ » 

1  H 

; 

•  ^1 

r' 

^H 

?  f 

-1 

'»; 

^M 

'1 

9 

''i 

1 

J 

-^^1 

h'^ 

■ 

"1 

1 

i  1  W 

j'-lj 

m 

••■  t 


"11 

■  >■ 


l;    I 


308         THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

aiul  rest,  hut  she  said  that  God  lent  her  a  little  more  life  to 
do  penanee,  and  that  she  must  ejnploy  her  time  well. 

A  new  church  was  rising  under  the  hands  of  the  carpen- 
ters, something;  grand  in  the  eyes  of  the  Indians.     To  lier  in 
her  humiUty  it  seemed  that  she  was  not  worthy  to  enter, 
and  was  lit'  only  to  be  driven  from  it.     8he  enrolled  herself 
in  the  Confraternity  of  the  Holy  Family,  and  adopted  a  rule 
of  life  which  she  followed  exactly.     When  the  family  went 
off  to  hunt,  and  she  could  not  hear  masses  daily,  she  made  a 
little  oratory  to  wiiich   she  retired  to  pray.     All   soon   re- 
garded her  a.^  a  Imly  virgin  dedicated  to  God ;  hut  this  did  not 
alTect  her  humilitv  or  spirit  of  penance  except  to  increase  it, 
and  augnuM.t  thJ  austerity  of  her  life.     The  winter  spent 
wiUi   tlie  huntiiig-party  was  to  her  one  of  such  spiritual  pri- 
vation that  she  ever  -ifter  preferred  bodily  privation  in  the 
village  so  long  as  she  could  attend  the  adorable  sacrilice, 
spend    hours    bi-fore  the    I'.les^ed  Sacnmieut  and  often  re- 
ceive it. 

Her  health,  never  s..und,  failed  gradually.     She  couhl  only 
drag  herself  to  tlie  ehap.'l.  and  leaning  on  a  bench  oonunune 
with  (Jod.     In  the  spring  of   ItiSit  she  was  unable  to  leave 
her  mat.  and   prepared   for  her  di'ath.     She  had  renounced 
the  world  in  which  she  had  lived,  with  its  pleasures  and  its 
vanities;  she  had  practiced  the  evangelical  counsels  of  chas- 
titv.   poverty,   an.l  obe.lience.     When    Father  Fremln  gave 
her  the  la^t  sacraim-nts  he  aske<l  her  to  address  those  around 
Iht.  for  the  cabin  was  filled.     She  had  in  life  unconsciously 
to   herself  fille«l  the  mission  with  new  fervor,  and  he  wished 
1,,,,.  influence  to  be  lasting,     .\ssisted  by  all  the  consolations 
of  religion  she  expired  on  Wednesday  in  Holy  Week,  and 
th,'  Indians  came  to  kiss  her  hands,  and  to  spend  the  .lay  and 
night  in  praver  beside  her  lifeless  remains.     The  missionarv 
p,onounce.rher  eul<.gimn   there,  holding  her  up  to  all  as  a 


CANONIZATION  SOLICITED. 


809 


model  for  imitation.  She  was  buried  at  a  spot  selected  by 
herself  three  years  before. 

The  reputation  of  her  virtue  spread  through  Canada.  The 
missionaries  and  all  who  had  known  her  attested  her  exalted 
virtues  and  sanctity,  and  her  grav«  became  a  pilgrimage. 
Bishop  Laval  came  to  the  Sault  with  tiie  Marquis  de  Denon- 
ville,  and  prayed  at  the  tomb  of  "  the  Genevieve  of  Canada," 
as  he  styled  her.  The  priests  of  neighboring  parishes,  who 
at  first  checked  devotion  to  the  "  Good  Catharine,"  came  to 
pray,  as  did  Rev.  Mr.  Colombiere  from  Quebec,  and  sturdy 
old  soldiers  like  Du  Lhut. 

The  miracles  ascribed  to  her  intercession,  of  which  a  host  are 
recorded,  have  kept  devotion  to  her  alive  in  Canada.  Her  rel- 
ics, and  all  belonging  to  her,  were  eagerly  sought ;  little  objects 
she  had  made,  pieces  of  wood,  even,  that  she  had  chopped. 
Father  Chauchetiere  painted  her  portrait,  and  this  was  copied 
and  circulated.  De  la  Potherie,  in  his  "  Ilistoire  de  I'Ame- 
rifjue  Septentrionale,"  gives  an  engraving  based  evidently  on 
one  of  these  pictures  by  the  missionary,  and  we  give  an  exact 
reproduction  of  it. 

The  introduction  of  cause  of  her  canonization  with  those 
of  Father  Jogues  and  Kene  Goupil  was  solicited  from  the 
Holy  See  by  the  Fathers  of  the  Third  Plenary  Council  tif 
Baltimore.' 

'  The  fiillfst  accounl  of  Cudmrine  is  her  Life  by  Fathor  (liuuie  Clmu- 
chfticn',  Xcw  York.  ]H8« ;  i\  Kliortcr  life  by  F.  Cboloiipk  is  in  t\w. 
'•  F^ettrcs  Edillimtes."  Vol,  XII.  (Paris,  1727),  Kip's  ".Tcsuil  Missions." 
New  York,  1H47.  pp.  82-1  l!l ;  and  in  Cliarlcvoix,  "  llisloiro  de  la  Xou- 
vclic  l-'ranri'"  (Slu'a's  Translation,  iv.,  p,  2H!I)  ;  M^r.  St.  Valiur,  second 
Hishopof  Qufbec,  records  licr  holy  life  iu  his   '  Estat  Present,"  pp,  48-9. 


it  pff- 


i 


iS'" 


V 


'4h 


I 


CHAPTER  V. 


THE  CHURCH   FROM  THE  PENOBSCOT  TO  THE  MISSISSIPPI,  IGSU- 

1690. 


SccH  was  the  position  of  the  Chnrcli  in  the  part  of  North 
America  claimed  by  France.  Devoted  priests  had  estabHshed 
niis-sions  amonjif  the  five  Iroquois  tiations  and  amoup;  the 
Algoiuiuin  tribes  aromid  Lakes  Huron,  Michigan,  and  Supe- 
rior. In  all  these  parts  France  had  not  a  single  settlement, 
not  a  trading  post  or  fort;  a  few  adventurous  fur  trappers 
alone  threaded  the  Indian  trails  in  those  regions  where  the 
Catholic  missionaries  woi'e  patiently  laboring. 

France  seemed  utterly  indifferent  to  the  vast  realm  in  her 
grasp.  No  attempt  was  made  to  restore  the  settlement  at 
(lanentaa,  or  tlie  fort  on  Isle  La  Motte,  in  Lake  Chami)lain  ; 
no  ves.sel  was  built  to  extend  the  trade  on  the  lakes.  In  all 
(lur  present  territory  there  was  not  a  post  thi'.t  France  could 
claim  till  the  treaty  of  Breda,  in  July,  KUiT,  restored  IVnta- 
goet  to  the  ^lost  Christian  king.'  But  the  French  (iovern- 
ment  was  at  liist  aroused  to  the  importance  of  the  vast  coun- 
try in  North  America  to  which  she  could  lay  claim,  and  to 
consider  it  as  something  more  than  a  territory  fmm  which 
heartless  trading  companies  could  draw  furs.  The  Catholic 
missionaries  on  the  Likes  had  for  some  years  been  rejwrting 

'  "  Mciiinircs  dcs  ComniiHsaircs  du  Hoi."  I'iiri«,  1755,  ii.,  pp.  K).  !.",)5,  ;)',>ii. 
The  "  Kntal  (lu  Flirt,"  etc,  "  ('dllcclicm  dc  Miimismts,"  Quubtc,  188-1, 
i.,  p.  '.'OO,  iniikcs  the  chupel  Urto  a  fnime  building,  8  puces  by  6. 
(iUU) 


LA  SALLE  AND  THE  SULFITIANS. 


311 


more  and  more  definite  intelligence  of  the  great  river  in  the 
West,  which  the  Algonquin  tribes  called  Missi  sipi,  great 
river;  and  which  the  five  Iroquois  nations  stjled  Ohio,  great 
and  beautiful  river.     Though  the  French  Government  took 
no  steps,  individuals  did.     Eobert  Cavelier,  who  had  assumed 
the  style  of  de  la  Salle,  brother  of  a  Sulpitian  priest  at  Mon- 
treal, had  heard  of  this  river  through  the  Iroquois  ;  the  Sul- 
pitians  moved  by  missionary  instinct  resolved  to  seek  it  and 
will  the  tribes  on  its  banks  to  Christianity.     On  the  Gth  of 
July,  1669,  a  little  expedition  set  out  from  Montreal,  La 
Salle  with  five  canoes  and  the  Sulpitians,  Eev.  Francis  Dol- 
lier  de  Casson,  priest,  and  Keue  de  Brehaut  de  Galinee,  stili 
in  deacon's  orders,  with  three  canoes,  guided  by  «ome  Senc- 
cas  who  had  wintered  in  Canada.     Plodding  aloiig  slowly 
they  reached  the  chief  Seneca  town  on  the  12th  of  Auo-ust, 
and  there  with  Father  Fremin's  attendant  as  inteqjreter, 
they  solicited  from  the  Seneca  Council  an  Illinois  slave  to 
guide  them  to  his  country.     The  sachems  deferred  a  reply, 
but  meanwhile  the  French  were  told  on  all  sides  that  the 
route  by  land  was  long  and  dangerous,  while  the  great  river 
could  easily  be  reached  by  way  of  Lake  Erie.     Abandoning 
the  hope  of  reaching  the  river  through  the  Seneca  country 
they  crossed  the  Niagara  below  the  falls,  and  at  a  little  vil- 
lage near  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario  obtained  two  western 
Indians  for  guides.     Soon  afterward  they  met  Louis  Jolliet 
descending  from  the  copper  district  on  Lake  Superior,  who 
on  learning  their  object  recommended  the  route  by  way  of 
Green  Bay  and  the  Wisconsin.     La  Salle  left  the  Sulpitians 
(in  the  plea  of  illness  and  started  for  Montreal.     Kev.  Dol- 
lier  de  Casson  and  his  companion  proceeding  westward,  win- 
tered on  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Erie.     Setting  out  in 
the  spring  they  lost  all  their  chapel  e(inipment,  so  that  Dol- 
lier  de  Casson  was  deprived  of  the  consolation  of  saying 


"11 


ri4 


'!  :■  ■  .1 


313        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

mass.  On  the  25th  of  May,  they  descried  the  pahsade  around 
the  house  and  cliapel  of  the  .Icsuit  Fathers  at  Sault  Ste. 
Marie  with  the  cidtivated  iields  near  by.  After  enjoyiuf? 
the  hospitality  of  Fatliers  Dablon  and  IMarquette  for  a  time 
at  this  mission  tlie  two  Sulpitians  returned  to  Montreal.' 

La  Salle,  at  some  subsecpient  period,  by  way  of  Lake  Erie 
reached  the  Illinois  or  some  other  affluent  of  the  MississipjH, 
but  made  no  report  and  made  no  claim,  having  failed  to 
reach  the  main  river. 

The  Jesuit  missionaries,  however,  had  not  abandoned  the 
subject.  Talon,  Intendant  of  Canada,  recommended  Louis 
JolHet  to  Count  Frontenac  as  one  who  was  capable  of  under- 
taking an  exploration  which  he  deemed  important  for  the 
interest  of  France.  The  French  Cfovernment  in  Canada,  at 
last  resolved  to  send  out  an  expedition  of  discovery.  In 
November,  1072,  Frontenac  wrote  to  (^olbert,  the  great  prime 
minister  of  France :  "  I  have  deemed  it  expedient  for  the 
service  to  send  the  Sieur  Jolliet  to  the  country  of  the  Mas- 
koutens,  to  discover  the  South  Sea  (Pacific  Ocean),  and  the 
great  river  called  ^lississippi,  which  is  believed  to  empty 
into  the  gulf  of  California."  One  single  man  with  a  bark 
canoe  was  all  the  Provincial  Government  could  afford ;  but 
Jolliet  had  evidently  planned  his  course.  Like  the  Sulpitians 
he  proceeded  to  a  Jesuit  mission,  to  that  of  Father  James  Mar- 
quette, who  had  so  long  been  planning  a  visit  to  the  country 
of  the  Illinois,  and  who  s]>eaking  no  fewer  than  six  Indian 
languages  was  admirably  litted  for  such  an  exploration. 
That  missionary  received  permission  or  direction  from  his 
sujK'Hors  to  join  Jolliet  on  his  proposed  expedition,  and  there 
are  indications  that  the  veneral)le  liishop  Laval,  to  accredit 


'  "  Voynpc  (le  MM.  Dullicr  dt;  Cusson  iH  de  Galinee,  1009-70."  Mon- 
treal. 1875. 


MARQUETTE  AND  JOLLIET. 


313 


liiiri  to  the  Spanish  autliorities  whom  he  might  encounter, 
iiiiicle  him  his  Vicar-General  for  the  hinds  into  wliich  they 
were  to  penetrate.'  JolHet  reached  Michiiiniackinac  on  tlie 
Sth  of  December,  1072,  the  Feast  of  the  Immacuhite  Con- 
ception, and  tlie  pious  missionary  with  whom  he  was  to 
make  the  exploration,  thenceforward  made  the  Immaculate 
Conception  the  title  of  his  discovery  and  mission.  They 
spent  the  winter  studying  their  projected  route  by  way  of 
(ireen  Eay^  ac(juiring  from  intelligent  Indians  all  possible 
knowledge  of  the  rivers  they  should  meet,  and  the  tribes  they 
would  encounter. 

All  this  information  they  embodied  on  a  sketch-map,  both 
posseasing  no  little  topographical  skill.  On  the  17th  of 
May,  1(373,  Father  ISfarquette  and  JoUiet  with  five  men  in 
two  canoes  set  out,  taking  no  ])rovision  but  some  Indian  coi-n 
and  some  dried  meat.  Following  the  western  shore  of  Lake 
IMichigan,  they  entered  Green  Bay,  and  ascended  Fox  River, 
undeterred  by  the  stories  of  the  Indians  who  warned  them  of 
the  peril  of  their  undertaking.  Guided  by  two  Mianiis 
whom  they  obtained  at  the  Maskoutens'  town,  they  made  tlie 
l)ortage  to  the  Wisconsin,  and  then  reciting  a  new  devotion 
to  the  Blessed  Virgin,  they  paddled  down  amid  awful  soli- 
tudes, shores  untenanted  by  any  hunuui  dwellers.  Just  one 
month  from  their  setting  out  their  canoes  glided  into  the 
Mississijipi,  and  the  hearts  of  all  swelled  with  exultant  joy. 


'  Fiithor  Maniuctte,  though  never  Superior  of  the  Ottawa  missions,  wnt* 
Virnr-Genenil  of  the  Hisliop  of  Quebec,  luid  apparently  in  liis  quality  as 
niissioniiry  to  the  Illinois,  as  his  successors  there,  Allouez  and  Gravier 
also  lield  this  olhce,  then  the  priests  of  the  seminary  of  Quebec,  and  last 
of  all,  Rev.  Peter  Gibault.  (Letter  of  Fatlier  (Jravier  to  IJishop  Laval.) 
The  appointment  may  have  been  given  when  he  set  out  to  found  his 
Illinois  mission  in  1674,  but  there  is  no  apiiarent  reason  for  conferrinjr 
such  a  dignity  on  him  then,  and  there  was  when  he  set  out  on  his 
voyage. 


'  /  ;;j*'  \\  \ 


f'  I 


I 


■i    mM 


I; 


m 


r-^ 

m 

\  1 

m 

'•^T 

■ 

II 

■ 

11 

■ 

9 

i^'U 

^^^H 

(  f 

j^^l 

■t 

d^^^l 

hi 

t  j|^^B 

f'1 

WM 

'fl^H 

:| 

1 

314        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

The  dream  of  Father  Marquette's  Ufe  was  accomplislied ;  he 
was  on  the  great  river  of  the  West,  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  the  Immaculate  Conception.  On  and  on  their 
canoes  kept  wliile  they  admired  the  game  and  hirds,  tlie  tisli 
in  the  river,  the  changing  character  of  tlie  shores.  More 
than  a  week  passed  before  they  met  the  least  indication  of 
the  presence  of  man.  On  the  25tli  they  saw  foot-prints  on 
the  western  shore,  and  an  Indian  trail  leading  inland.  The 
missionary  and  his  fellow-explorer  leaving  tlie  canoes  followed 
it  in  silence.  Three  villages  at  last  came  in  sight.  Their 
hail  brought  out  a  motley  group,  and  two  old  men  advanced 
with  calutnets.  When  near  enough  to  be  heard  Father  Mar- 
quette asked  who  they  were.  The  answer  was :  "  We  are 
Illinois."  The  missionary  was  at  the  towns  of  the  nation 
he  had  for  years  yearned  to  visit.  The  friendly  natives  es- 
corted them  to  a  cabin,  where  another  aged  Indian  welcomed 
them  :  "  How  beautiful  is  the  sun,  O  Frenchman,  when 
tliou  comest  to  visit  us!  All  our  town  awaits  thee  and  thou 
slialt  enter  all  our  cabins  in  peace." 

These  Illinois  urged  the  missionary  to  stay  and  instruct 
them,  warning  him  against  the  danger  of  descending  the 
river,  but  they  gave  him  a  calumet  and  an  Indian  boy.  He 
promised  these  Illinois  of  the  Peoria  and  Moingona  bands 
to  return  the  next  year  and  abide  with  them.  Having  an- 
nounced the  first  gospel  tidings  to  the  tribe,  the  missionary 
with  his  associate  was  escorted  to  their  canoes  by  the  war- 
riors. Past  the  Piesa,  the  painted  rock  which  Indian  super- 
stition invested  with  terror  and  awe  ;  past  the  turl)i(l  Mis- 
souri, pouring  its  vast  tide  into  the  Mississipj)i  ;  |)ast  the 
unrecognized  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  coming  down  from  the 
land  of  the  Senecas,  the  explorers  glided  along,  impelled  by 
the  current  and  their  paddles.  At  hust  the  character  of  the 
country  changed,  (•ani'l)r;il:es  replaced  the  forest  and  priurie, 


lljllp 


THE  MISSISSIPPI  EXPLORED. 


315 


and  swarms  of  mosquitoes  hovered  over  land  and  water. 
After  leaving  the  Illinois,  they  had  encomitered  only  one 
single  Indian  band,  apparently  stragglers  from  the  East,  who 
recognized  '^he  ,\cijs  of  the  Catholic  priest.  To  them  he 
spoke  of  God  and  eternity.  But  as  the  canoes  neared  the 
Arkansas  River,  the  Metchigameas  on  the  western  bank  came 
(tut  in  battle  array,  a  band  of  the  Quappa  confederation  of 
Dakotas.  Hemming  in  the  French  above  and  below,  they 
tilled  the  air  with  yells.  The  missionary  held  out  his  calu- 
met of  peace,  and  addressed  them  in  every  Indian  language 
lie  knew.  At  last  an  old  man  answered  him  in  Illinois. 
Then  Father  Marquette  told  of  their  desire  to  reach  the  sea 
and  of  his  mission  to  teach  the  red  man  the  ways  of  God. 
All  hostile  demonstrations  ceased.  The  French  were  regaled 
and  referred  to  the  Arkansjis,  the  next  tribe  below.  This 
more  friendly  nation,  then  on  the  eastern  shore,  was  soon 
reached.  The  explorers  had  solved  the  great  question,  and 
made  it  certain  that  the  Mississippi  emptied  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  The  Jesuit  Father  had  published  the  gospel  as  well 
as  he  could  to  the  nations  he  had  met,  and  opened  the  way 
ti»  future  missions.  On  the  ITth  of  July  they  turned  the 
liows  of  their  canoes  northward,  and  paddling  sturdily  against 
the  current  at  last  descried  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois.  On 
the  way  they  met  the  Peorias,  and  Father  Marquette  spent 
throe  days  with  liim,  explaining  in  each  cabin  the  funda- 
mental trutlis  of  religio!!.  That  he  made  some  impression 
we  can  see  by  the  fact  that  as  he  was  about  to  embark  they 
brought  him  a  dying  child  which  he  bajttized,  the  first  re- 
corded administration  of  the  sacrament  on  the  banks  of  the 
great  river. 

The  voyage  of  the  priest  has  become  historic.  The  Gov- 
ernment, which  sent  his  companion,  JoUiet,  seems  to  have 
coiiqtrehended  less  the  value  of  the  discovery  to  France  than 


••   ?!■   . 


<  ^  ■  'II 


vr** 


P', 


1 


316         THE  CHUHVtl  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

the  Cliurch  did  the  groat  iiekl  of  labor  whicli  Provideuce 
had  laid  open  to  the  zeal  of  her  ministers.' 

ABcending  the  Illinois  lliver  the  missionary  readied  the 
town  of  the  Kaskaskias,  who  extorted  from  liini  a  i)ronii8e  to 
return  and  instruct  them.  A  chief,  with  a  band  of  warriors, 
escorted  the  party  to  Lake  Michigan,  and  following  its  west- 
ern l)ank  they  reached  Green  Bay  in  the  closing  days  of 
September.  While  Father  Marquette  was  thus  exploring  the 
territory  stretching  far  away  to  the  south,  there  had  been 
strange  scenes  in  the  Ottawa  missions.  The  Dakotas,  who 
bad  so  long  been  at  war  with  the  Algonquin  tribes  around 
Lake  Superior,  sent  an  embassy  of  ten  leading  men  to  Sault 
Sainte  Marie  to  arrange  a  peace.  The  Chippewas,  or  Indians 
of  the  Sault,  received  them  with  hearty  welcome,  but  sonii; 
Crees  and  Missisakis  resolved  to  kill  them,  and  wheii  the 
council  was  held  a  Cree  contrived  to  slip  in  armed  in  spite 
of  the  precautions  adopted,  lie  struck  a  Dakota  a  deadly 
wound,  and  then  the  surviving  Dakotas,  believing  themselves 
betrayed,  turned  upon  the  Indians  nearest  them,  l<ilHiig 
all  they  met.  Many  escaped,  and  the  Dakotas  barricaded 
the  house,  and  with  arms  they  found  kept  up  a  tire  on  those 
without  till  the  building  was  set  on  tire.  All  were  at  last 
slain,  with  two  of  their  women,  while  forty  Algoncjuins  were 
killed  or  wounded.  The  trading-house  in  which  they  mot 
was  burned  to  the  ground,  and  the  Hames  spread  to  the 
chaj)el  and  residence  of  the  missionary,  which  was  also  de- 
stroyed. As  their  ambassadors  were  killed  at  the  village  of 
the  Chippewas,  that  tribe,  though  not  the  assailants,  wore  l>y 
Indian  law  responsible  to  the  Dakotas.    Dreading  the  rosent- 


'  Marquette's  Narrative  is  in  French  and  in  English  in  Sliea,  "  Discov- 
ery and  Kxploration  of  tlie  Mississippi  Valley,"  New  York,  1852,  pp.  ii- 
.52;  his  Life,  pp.  xli.-lxxx  "  Helatioiis  Ini'<lites."  i.,  pp.  19a-204  ;  ii., 
pp.  239-329. 


iM 


HIS  LAST  ILLNESS. 


817 


nient  oi  that  powerful  natiou  they  fled,  and  of  the  mission 
conducted  by  Father  Druillettes  naught  remained  but  a  de- 
serted town  and  smoldering  ashes.  But  the  aged  missionary 
clung  to  his  flock,  and  after  a  time  began  to  restore  his 
chapll,  aided  by  the  Superior,  Father  Henry  Nouvel,  and  a 

lav  brother.' 

"After  his  return  from  his  great  voyage,  Father  Marquette 
was  assigned  to  Green  Bay,  but  having  in  1074  obtained  per- 
mission to  undertake  to  estabhsh  a  mission  among  the  Kas- 
Uaskias.  he  set   out  in   November   with   two  companions, 
although  ho  had  been  sick  all  the  summer.     The  disease 
returned  before  he  had  reached  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan, 
and  he  cabined  for  the  winter  at  the  portage  of  a  river  lead- 
ing to  the  Illinois,  generally  regarded  as  the  Chicago.''     In 
the  spring  he  made  a  novena  in  honor  of  the  luunaculate 
Concepticm  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  and  feeling  new  strength 
set  out  in  March  29,  1675,  and  in  eleven  days  reached  the 
town  of  the  Kaskaskias,  who  received  him  as  an  angel.     A 
chapel  was  soon  reared,  adorned  with  mats  and  furs  ;  at  the 
upper  end  tlie  missionary  draped  it  with  hangings  and  pic- 
tures of  Our  Lady.     After  delivering  his  words  and  presents 
to  the  chiefs  of  the  tribe,  he  preached  to  them,  and  then 
founded  his  mission  by  the  celebration  of  the  fuvt  mass  in 
Illinois  on  Holy  Thursday,  1075.     After  beginning  his  I'eg- 
ular  mission  laljors  he  found  that  his  iliscase  was  assuming  a 
more  dangerous  form,  and  wishing  to  die    assisted  by  lus 
brethren,  he  set  out  for  Michilimackinac.     His  two  good 
canoe-men  took  the  nussionary  with  all  care  to  Lake  Michi- 
gan, and  embarking  there  plied  their  paddles,  urging  their 
canoe  along  the  eastern  shore.     Convinced  that  he  would 


"  Relations  Inedites,"  i.,  pp.  205-210  ;  ii.,  pp.  3-8. 
Ibid.,  ii.,  pp.  23,  318. 


J'  1   'i 

•I 


818        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

not  reach  his  old  mission,  Marquette  instructed  liis  compan- 
ions how  to  assist  liim  in  his  dying  moments,  and  to  bnrv 
him.     One  evening  as  tliej  landed  for  the  night,  he  told 
them  ho  would  die  tlie  next  day  ;  they  put  up  a  bark  cabin 
as  well  as  they  could  and  placed  the  dying  missionary  in  this 
wretched  shelter.     lie  heard  the  confessions  of  his  men,  and 
with  great  difficulty  recited  his  breviary— an  obligation  which 
he  always  scrupulously  jicrformed.     Then  he  sent  them  to 
rest.     Some  hours  later  lie  sunniioned  them  to  his  side,  and 
taking  off  his  crucifix  asked  them  to  hold  it  before  his  eyes. 
Rallying  his  strength  to  make  a  profession  of  faith,  and 
thaidung  God  for  permitting  him  to  die  in  the  Society,  a 
missionary,  destitute  of  all  things,  he  continued  in  prayer  till 
his  strength  failed.     Seeing  him  about  to  depart,  his  faithful 
attendants  pronounced  the  names  of  Jesus  and  Mary,  which 
he  repeated  several  times,  then  sweetly  expired,  not  far  from 
midnight.  May  10,  IT.T:).    His  body  was  interred  in  (he  place 
he  had  selected,  and  the  river  which  skirts  it  bears  his  name 
to  this  day  ;  but  some  Ottawas  in  1077  took  up  his  remains, 
and  placing  the  bones  in  a  box  of  bark,  carried  them  to  the 
mission  chapel  at  Michilimackinac.     The  remains  were  re- 
wived  with  solemnity  liy  Father  Henry  Xouvel  and   Father 
Piers<in,  and  after  a  funeral  service,  the  box  was  placed  in  a 
little  vault  in  the  middle  of  the  church,  "  where,"  wrote  Fa- 
ther Dablon,  "  he  reposes  as  the  guardian  angel  of  onr  Ottawa 
iriissions."     His  ])iety,  zeal,  and  virtues  had  in  life  caused 
hiin  to  be  regarded  as  a  saint,  an<l  the  rei)ute  iiu-reased  after 
his  holy  death.     Indian  and  white  came  to  pray  ovtT  the  rv- 
mains  of  one  whom  all  believed  to  l)e  enjoying  the  beatitic 
vision,  and    pleading    for  those  whose  wdvation   had    been 
<!earer  to  liim  than  life.     His  devotion  to  the  Immaculate 
Conception  of  the  Mlesijcd  Virgin  was  remarkable.     On  In'rt 
great  voyage  he  recited  with  his  companions  a  chaplet  he 


*.:yw-. 


HIS  TOMB. 


819 


..,.^^= 


'4-^  ■  T  ■•■v.' '  ''^r  ■ 


had  composed  to  honor  tliat  mystery  ;  he  gave  the  name  of 
tlie  Inunaculate  Conception  to  the  MisHissippi,  and  to  the 
riiissioii  among  the  Kaskaskias,  which  has  never  lost  it. 
Providence  has  maintained  his  honor,  for  a  city  has  been 
iiained  after  liim,  and  has  been  made  by  the  Pope  a  bishop's 
Hce.'  lie  died  at  the  early  age  of  38,  having  borne  the  robe 
of  Saint  Ig!iatius  for  twenty-one  years. 

The  church  in  wlii  h  he  w;us  laid  away  was  burned  in 
1700,  when  the 
mission  was  aban- 
doned. For  years 
the  very  site  was 
unknown,  but  was 
tiually  discovered 
in  1877,  by  Rev. 
Eld  ward  Jackcr, 
then  missionary  at 
Pointe  Saint  Ig- 
nace.  Excavations 
inside  the  founda- 
tion-walls, about 
the  centre  in  front 
of  tlie  altar  reveal- 
ed a  decaying  bark 
box  containing 
pieces  of  human  bones.  To  his  mind  and  to  those  of 
students  generally,  there  was  little  doubt  that  remains  thus 
peculiarly  committed  to  the  earth  were  those  of  Father 
James  Manpiette,  of  Laon,  interred  there  in  precisely  that 
form  in    1G77.     The   learned  priest,  thoroughly  versed  in 


SITE  OF  FATHEU  MARQUETTE'S  CIIArEI,  AND 
GUAVE,  AT  roiNTE  SAINT  lONACE,  MICH., 
IDENTIKIED  ANO  KNCI.CHEI)  IIY  V.  UEV.  K. 
JACKEU. 


'  "Hclations  Itu'dllcs,"  il.,  pp.  21-33.  2D.;-i}30 ;  "  Hcliition,"  1073-9, 
pp.  1(K)-1'J0;   Shea,  "  Discovery  of  tho  Mississippi  Valley,"  pp.  53-00, 


1 

fJI 

: 

]M 

,  1 

,  'tf 

» 

Cr*    ^ffi 

"      laB 

• 

'fl* 

% 

if  J 

> 

J 

;i.  f 

.J  1  *  *■ 

4m 


t] 


iili 


i 


:i 


320        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

all  the  early  history  of  the  nussioiis,  was  not  a  man  to  be 
hasty  in  conclusions.  He  surrounded  the  spot  once  con- 
secrated to  religion  with  a  fence  to  preserve  it  from  neglect.' 

The  last  work  of  Father  Marquette,  the  mission  he  founded 
at  Kaskaskia,  was  zealously  taken  up  by  Father  Allouez, 
who  set  out  from  Green  Bay,  in  October,  HmO,  but  wiii- 
Iter  set  in  so  suddenly  that  he  could  not  proceed  till  February. 
When  he  reached  Kaskaskia,  at  the  close  of  April,  he  found 
not  only  that  band,  but  several  others  of  the  Illinois  nation. 
Here  he  planted  a  cross  and  begiui  his  labors,  which  he  re- 
newed the  following  year.' 

The  great  discovery  made  by  Jollict  and  Father  ^ranpu'tte 
did  not  at  first  promi>t  the  French  (lovernment  to  any 
scheme  for  planting  colonies  to  cultivate  the  rich  laiuls  ..f 
the  Mississipi)i  Valley,  or  develop  its  mineral  Avealtli.  A 
l)l!m  of  settlement  proposed  by  JoUiet  was  rejected.  The 
attitude  of  the  English  in  New  York  began,  however,  to  ex- 
cite alarm,  but  their  action  was  regarded  as  a  menace  to  the 
French  fur  trade  rather  than  a  step  toward  the  destruction 
».f  French  pnwt-r  in  America.  The  ("otmt  de  Frontcnac, 
governor  of  Canada,  went  up  to  Lake  Ontario,  and  at  a  spot 
near  the  present  Kingston,  called  by  the  Iro(piois  Cataro- 
couy,  laid  in  July,  UiTf?,  the  foundation  of  a  fort  to  bear  his 
name.  The  engineers  traced  the  fort,  and  the  H»ldicrs  somi 
tlirew  up  earthworks  and  stockades.  France  had  planted 
her  Hr.st  fort  on  the  lakes.  The  cunnnand  of  this  outpost 
was  soon  given  to  La  Salle.  He  was  full  of  projects  for 
building  up  hift  fortunes  in  the  West,  not  by  colonization 
and  agriculture,  but   by  controlling  the  fur  trade.     Many 

'  "Ciitliollc  World,"  xxvl.,  p.  267.  0«r  llluHtnition  shows  \\w  sit.'  cii 
Iho  old  clmpol  iinil  the  Ui'v    Mr.  .Iiukcr  nciir  il. 

•  "H.liilioim  Im'dllcM,"  pp  ;»<m;U7:  ••  H.-lutlon,"  lfl7:M).  p.  1-M  ; 
Slwrt,  "Diwiivcry  of  the  .MwbisHippi,"  pp.  (17-77. 


THE  RECOLLECTS. 


321 


members  of  his  family  and  others  in  France  entered  into  his 
pohomes,  and  he  obtained  a  grant  of  Fort  Frontenac,  and  a 
patent  to  explore  the  West  with  a  monopoly  of  trade.  Fron- 
tenac suggested  that  a  fort  should  be  established  at  Kiagara, 
and  a  vessel  built  on  Lake  Erie.' 

All  this  La  Salle  undertook  to  accomplish.  After  rebuild- 
ing Fort  Frontenac  with  stone,  he  prepared  to  conduct  an 
expedition  to  the  West.  The  grandiloquence  with  which 
he  announced  hi-i  projects  led  to  the  wildest  hopes  of  results. 
A  sycophant  of  Frontenac,  he  was  in  full  harmony  with  that 
governor's  hostility'  to  the  Bishop,  secular  clergy,  and  the 
Jesuits.  He  solicited  liecolloct  Fathers  as  cliai)lains  of  his 
posts  and  expeditions.  There  were  at  the  moment  in  Can- 
ada several  Flemish  Recollects  whom  Louis  XIV.  had  torn 
fi'om  their  convents  in  territory  he  had  wrested  from  Spain, 
and  forced  to  annex  themselves  to  a  French  province.  The 
Superiors  there  gladly  sent  their  unsolicited  recruits  to  Can- 
;,(la,  and  the  Sup'.'rior  of  their  order  at  Quebec  having  no 
tirld  to  employ  them  in  the  colony,  gladly  assigned  a  large 
ninnber  of  them  to  La  Salle,  (^f  these  sons  of  St.  Francis 
the  Superior  was  the  aged  Father  Gabriel  de  la  llibourde, 
last  scion  of  an  oM  llurgundian  house,  and  under  hin\  were 
Fathers  Zonobins  ^lembre,  Louis  Hennepin,  Luke  Ihiisson, 
and  Mclitlion  Watteaux. 

The  Sieur  tie  la  Motte  in  a  brigantine  accompanied  by 
Father  Hennepin  reached  the  outlet  of  Niagara  River,  De- 
cember (!,  lOVU,  and  the  F.ecollect  Father  chanted  the  To 
Deum  in  thanksgiving.     Leaving  their   vessel    there   they 


'  Frnnfcnao  to  rollicrt,  Novcinbir  14,  1074,  "Now  York  Col.  Doc." 
i\.,  !>.  I'-il.  Ill  XhU  very  (lisi>at(li  he  iinnoiiiiceil  tliiit  ii  Dii'cli  friiiatf, 
"The  Flyinir  llorsc,"  had  CMiitiircd  Fort  I'diinRoct  The  only  «pot  williiii 
oiir  pp'stMit  limits  wlicro  tliuru  wiim  a  cliapi;!  for  French  (Jutholics,  had 
ihiis  bot'ii  li'tniMirarily  lost. 
21 


•i  Itl 


1  i.  ^l  i  i 


i 

i 

1 

1 

KM 


if 


m 


■ii 


822        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

went  in  canoes  to  the  Mountain  Ridge,  where  a  rock  still 
bears  Hennepin's  name.  Climbing  the  heights  of  Lewiston, 
they  came  in  sight  of  the  mighty  cataract,  where  the  massed 
waters  of  the  upper  lakes  rushing  through  the  narrow  channel, 
plunge  down  what  seemed  to  tlu-ir  astounded  eyes  as  many 
hundreds  of  feet.  Father  Hennepin  gave  the  first  published 
description  of  this  wonder  of  the  Western  world. 

Looking  for  suitable  land  to  settle  on,  they  reached  Chip- 
pewa Creek,  where  they  slept,  and  returning  the  next  morn- 
ing, Father  Hennepin  offered  the  first  mass  on  the  Niagara, 
where  La  ^lotte  and  his  men  were  gathered  to  build  a  f()rt 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river,'  The  Indians  showed  such  hos- 
tility to  the  fort  that  it  was  abandoned,  and  La  ^lotte  be- 
gan a  house  and  stockade  at  the  Great  Rock  on  the  east  side, 
which  he  called  Fort  de  (\mty.  Here  Father  Hennepin  at 
once  began  to  erect  a  bark  house  and  chapel.' 

Returning  to  Fort  Frontenac  after  blessing  the  "(irithn," 
the  first  vessel  on  Lake  Erie,  which  La  Salle  I)ad  built  aliovo 
tlie  falls.  Father  Hennepin  came  up  again  with  the  Sui)eri()r 
of  the  mission.  Father  Gabriel  de  la  Ribourde,  and  Father 
Zenobius  Membre,  and  MeHthon  Watteaux.  La  Salle  made  a 
''rant  of  land  at  Niaerara  to  the  Recollect  Fathers  for  a  resi- 
dence  and  cemetery,  May  'J7,  IC70,  and  this  wa.s  the  tirst 
Catholic  Church  property  in  the  present  State  of  New  York. 
When  tlie  "  ( Jriflin  "  sailed,  Father  Melithon  Watteaux  remain- 
ci\  in  the  palisiided  house  at  Niagara  as  chai)lain,  and  he  ranks 
as  the  first  ('atholie  priest  appointed  to  minister  to  whites  in 
New  York.' 

'  Ili-nncpin,  "  Relation  of  Loulsiuim,"  p.  68. 

♦  lliitl..  p  74.  "Tonty  in  MurKry,"  i.,  p.  076.  The  projected  fort  wms 
noon  destroyed  by  lire.     Ibid.,  ii.,  j).  12. 

"  IjO  ('lere((,  "  J>tiiblislimeiit  of  the  Faith,"  ii.,  p.  112;  nenuepiii. 
"  Nouvelle  Decouverlo,"  p.  108. 


m> 


RECOLLECT  CHAPELS. 


323 


La  Salle's  party  ou  his  barque,  the  "  Griffin,"  reached  Michi- 
liiuakiiiac,  where  at  Pointe  Saint  Ignaee,  the  Jesuit  Fathers 
li.ul  their  mission  church,  and  minor  chapels  for  the  Hurons 
and  Ottawas.  After  some  stay  here  the  expedition  entered 
(ii-een  Bay,  whence  La  Salle  sent  the  vessel  back  to  Niagara 
with  a  load  of  furs,  but  it  never  reached  its  port,  and  the 
fate  of  the  first  vessel  which  plowed  the  waters  of  the 
iil)|)er  lakes  is  involved  in  mystery.  La  Salle  then  kept  on 
in  canoes  along  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  his  party  con- 
sisting of  himself,  the  three  Franciscan  Fathers,  and  ten  other 
persons. 

Reaching  the  mouth  of  St.  Joseph's  Kiver,  La  Salle,  dur- 
ing the  month  of  Novendjer,  threw  up  a  rude  fort,  and  i"  it 
the  Recollect  Fathers  built  a  bark  cabin,  the  first  Catholic 
church  in  the  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan.  It  was  appar- 
ently dedicated  to  Saint  Anthony  of  Padua,  as  the  coni- 
niaiider  (»ii  the  voyage  had  pronnsed  to  dedicate  the  first 
chapel  to  that  saint.'  Here  the  three  priests  officiated  for 
tlie  party,  swelled  by  Tonty's  detachment,  preaching  on  Sun- 
days and  holidays. 

Setting  out  from  this  post  in  December  by  toilsome  travel 
and  portage,  La  Salle  reached  the  country  of  the  Illinois  In- 
<lians,  and  throwing  up  a  little  fort,  began  to  build  a  vessel 
in  which  to  descend  the  Mississippi.  Fort  CrevecuMir  was  a 
httlc  below  the  present  episcopal  city  of  Peoria.  Upon  the 
arrival  of  the  party  there,  Father  Gabriel  de  la  Ribourde, 
with  his  fellow-priests,  Fathers  Zeiiobius  Mend)rc  and  Louis 
llcnncjiin,  raised  a  cabin  as  a  chapel  for  the  French  and  for 
the  Illinois  Indians.  Tliis  little  chapel  was  of  boards,  but 
they  were  unable  to  say  mass,  their  little  stock  of  wine,  made 


'  lIciiiM'piii,  "  I>iscriplion  of  Louisiiinu,"  pp.  96,  138,  177;  Le  Clercq, 
Eslalilisliinnil  of  tho  Fiiith,"  il.,  pp.  114.  117,  130. 


.      'tJ 


■Ml 


"S, 


in 

m 


m 


!  imM 


in 


§ 


m 


324        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

from  wild  grapes  gathered  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Micliigaii, 
having  failed  them.  The  services  in  the  chapel  consisted 
only  of  singing  vespers  and  occasional  sermons  after  morning 
prayers. 

La  Salle  hearing  no  tidings  of  his  harque,  which  was  to  have 
brought  his  supplies,  set  out  for  Forts  Niagara  and  Fronte- 
nac,  liaving  first  dispatched  Father  IIenne])in,  with  two  of 
his  men,  in  a  canoe  to  ascend  the  Mississippi  River.  Leav- 
ing his  two  fellow-religious  at  Fort  Crevecosur,  this  Francis- 
can descended  the  Illinois  River  to  its  mouth,  and  after  being 
a  month  on  the  Mississippi,  fell  in  Apiil  into  the  hands  of  a 
large  war  j'arty  of  Sioux,  who  carried  him  and  his  compan- 
ions up  to  their  country,  where  he  saw  and  named  the  Falls 
of  Saint  Anthony.  Held  captive  for  some  months,  Father 
Hennepin  and  his  companions  were  rescued  by  Daniel  Grey- 
solou  (In  Lhut,  who,  after  wintering  in  the  Sioux  country, 
returned  for  further  exploration.  With  tliis  protection  Fa- 
ther TIennepin  reached  (ircen  Ray  by  way  of  the  Wisconsin 
River,'  having  been  the  first  to  announce  the  gospel  in  the 
land  of  the  Dakotas. 

Tlie  party  left  at  Fort  Crevecccur  had  meanwhile  liad 
a  dangerous  and  tragic  experience.  Devoting  liimself  as 
aid  to  his  Superior  in  instruc  ting  the  Illinois,  Father  Meinhre 
took  up  his  residence  iji  the  cabin  of  the  chief,  Ouma- 
houha,  to  whom  La  Salle  had  made  presents  to  insure  his 
good  treatment  of  the  missionary  ;  but  the  slow  progress 
he  niadi'  in  the  language  and  the  brutal  habits  of  the  Indians 
elTectually  discouraged  him.  (Jradually,  however,  he  ac- 
<|uircd  somekiKiwleilge  of  the  language  and  began  to  ini-truct 
the  peoi)l(>,  finding  it  dillicult  to  make  any  impressic^n  on  the 
mintls  of  these  Indians.     Toiity,  who  was  left  in  connnaiiil 

'  ncnii(|iin,  "  Description  of  LoulHiunu."  pp.  102-25iJ. 


DEATH  OF  FATHER  RIBOURDE. 


325 


of  the  fort,  was  soon  deserted  by  most  of  his  men,  and  the 
afj;ed  Father  de  la  Eibourde  was  adopted  by  Asapista,  an  Illi- 
nois chief.  When  the  cl  isters  of  grapes,  carefully  watched 
by  the  missionaries,  began  to  ripen  in  the  summer  sun,  they 
pressed  them,  and  enjoyed  the  consolation  of  offering  the 
holy  sacrifice  iii  their  chapel,  the  second  Catholic  shrine  in 
Illinois.  They  followed  the  Indians  in  their  summer  hunts 
and  Father  Membre  visited  the  Miamis,  but  the  fruit  of  their 
labors  was  not  encouraging  ;  tiiey  baptized  some  dying  chil- 
dren and  adults,  but  conferred  the  sacrament  of  regeneration 
on  only  two  adults  in  health,  in  whom  they  found,  as  they 
fiuppcjsed,  solidity  and  a  spirit  of  perseverance,  yet  were  dis- 
tressed to  see  one  of  these  die  in  the  hands  of  the  medicine- 
men. In  September  the  Illinois  were  attacked  by  an  Iroipiois 
army  and  fled.  Tonty  and  the  missionaries  escaped  narrowly, 
and  seeing  no  alternative,  set  out  to  reach  Green  Bay  in  a 
wretched  bark  canoe,  without  any  provisions.  The  next  day 
an  accident  to  the  canoe  com])elled  them  to  land  ;  while 
Ti-nty  and  Father  Membre  were  busy  repairing  the  damage, 
Father  (iabriel  de  la  Ilibourde  retired  to  the  shade  of  a 
neighboring  grove  to  recite  the  ofiice  of  the  day  in  his 
Fireviary.  When  toward  evening  they  sought  the  venerable 
priest,  no  trace  of  him  could  be  found.  Three  Kickapoos 
luid  come  upon  him,  and  although  they  recognized  him  as  a 
['"reiichman  and  a  missionary,  they  killed  him  and  threw  his 
liody  into  a  hole,  carrying  off  all  he  had,  even  his  breviary 
and  diurnal.  These  subsequently  fell  into  the  hands  of  a 
Jesuit  missioner. 

Father  (Tal)riel  de  la  Ribourde  was  the  last  of  a  noble  fam- 
ily in  Hnrgundy  who  gave  up  all  to  enter  the  f)nler  of  Saint 
Francis.  After  being  master  of  novicei)  at  Bethune,  he  came 
to  Canada  in  1070,  and  was  the  first  Sujierior  of  the  restored 
Recollect  mission  in  Canada.     He  wa-^  in  his  seventietli  year 


'■':  M* 


1'- 


J 


Up- 


.H 


•1 ' 


ill 

HI 

Hi 
•  il 


;l 


I  I 


326        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

when  he  fell  by  the  hands  of  the  prowling  sivages  Septem- 
ber 9,  1080.' 

After  eiuluring  great  hardships,  want,  and  illness,  Fathti- 
Menibre  reached  the  Jesuit  mission  at  Green  Bay,  and  he 
says  that  he  could  not  sufficiently  acknowledge  the  charity 
which  the  Fathers  there  displayed  to  him  aiid  his  compiiii- 

ions.   Father  En  jalraii 

fZa^tmJU  ^'(Mlir^J^  Jf^     then  accompanied  him 

/  «^  ^  to       Michilimnkinac, 

FAC-SIMn.E    OF  THE    BIGNATIMIE  OF  FATIIEH    .yljjtl.er    FatllOr    lleU- 
JOHN   EN.IALHAN. 

nepin  had  })rece(k'(l 
them.  lie  had  recovered  some  of  their  vestments  at  (ii-i'cii 
Bay,  where  he,  too,  was  able  to  say  mass,  after  which  he  win- 
tered at  Michilimakinac  with  Father  I'ierson. 

When  La  Salle  set  out  in  November,  1C81,  to  descend  tlie 
Mississippi,  Father  Zenobius  Membre  bore  him  company,  and 
his  account  of  the  canoe  voyage  is  preserved.  He  planted 
the  cross  at  the  Quappa  town  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Missis- 
si])pi.  endeavoring  to  announce,  as  well  as  he  could,  the  great 
truths  of  religion  to  the  tribes  he  met  on  the  way.  It  waa 
his  privilege  to  intone  the  Vexilla  Regis  and  the  Te  Deum 
when  they  reached  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  This  amiable  relig- 
ious returned  with  La  Salle  to  Europe  by  the  way  of  Canada,, 
and  the  Recollect  mission  in  the  Mississippi  Valky  came  to 
a  close.  "All  we  have  done,"  says  Father  Membre,  "has 
been  to  see  the  state  of  these  nations,  and  to  open  tin;  way  to 
the  gospel  and  to  missionaries,  having  baptized  only  two  iu- 


'  LcClerc*!.  "  Establishment  of  the  Faith,"  ii.,  pp.  l'2S-i:)7  ;  I.cllcrnf  I.a 
Sailf  in  Marf,'ry,  "  DcVoiivcrtea  ct  Ktalilisscinciits  dcs  Fraii(;ii>."  Paris, 
1H77,  ii.,  p.  124.  "  Itchitioii  dc  lU'iiri  dc  'I'Diity,"  il)iii.,  i.,  p.  "iSS  ;  lliii 
nepin,  "  Description  do  laLouisiune."  Paris,  1G83;  New  York,  IHSO,  i)p. 
20tJ-9. 


VIC.  IRIA  TES-APOSTOLIC  ERECTED. 


327 


fants,  whom  I  saw  at  the  point  of  death,  and  who,  in  fact, 
(hod  in  our  presence."  ' 

There  is  reason  to  beheve,  however,  that  the  Eecollects 
rcjjarded  the  Mississippi  Valley  as  a  field  assigned  to  them, 
and  the  whole  influence  of  Count  de  Frontenac,  the  Governor 
of  Canada,  supported  by  the  French  Government,  was  given 
to  the  Recollects  and  directed  against  the  bishop  and  his  sec- 
ular clergy,  and  against  the  Jesuits  who  shared  the  views  of 
the  l)ishop.  La  Salle  was  in  ardent  sympathy  with  Frontenac, 
and  his  papers  and  those  of  his  friends  show  the  most  viru- 
lent hatred  of  the  Jesuits.  The  venerable  Father  Allouez, 
who  had  labored  so  long  and  fruitfully  in  the  northwest,  was 
M  special  object  of  La  Salle's  detestation,  and  he  was  ready  to 
lay  any  crime  to  the  missionary's  charge. 

In  this  position  of  siiFairs  the  French  Government  was  in- 
(hiced  to  ask  the  Holy  See  to  erect  one  or  more  Vicariates- 
Apostolic  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  the  hopes  of  a  success- 
ful mission  appeared  to  the  Propaganda  so  well  founded  that 
\icariatcs  were  actually  established.  But  when  information 
i)F  this  step  reached  Bishop  Saint  Vallicr  at  Quebec,  he  for- 
warded to  Paris  and  Rome  a  strong  protest  against  the  dis- 
memberment of  his  diocese,  without  his  knowledge  or  con- 
sent. He  claimed  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  as  having  been 
(hscovered  by  Father  Marquette,  a  priest  of  his  dit)cese,  and 
f.ouis  Jolliet,  a  ])upil  of  his  Seminary.  He  claimed  that  Fa- 
ther Manpiette  had  preached  to  the  nations  on  that  river  ai\d 
baptized  Indiano  there  more  than  twelve  years  before.  Louis 
XIV.  referred  the  matter  to  three  connnissioners,  the  Arch- 
liisliop  of  Paris,  the  King's  Confessor,  and  the  Marquis  de 
Seignelay,  and  on  their  report  he  solicited  from  the  Holy  See 
a  revocation  of  the  Vicariates  which  had  been  established.' 

•  Lc  Clcmi,  "  Estiil)lishm(!ut  of  the  Faith,"  ii.,  p.  194. 

'  "  Momoire  pour  fiiire  connaitri'  an  Roy  que  tous  les  missionnuirt    'le 


*;*,  ,f:,3iHi 


htm 


If   :i 


in: 


w 


wng^m^mstm 


tmeyifi  'im^-apvjtm.yrr^^mW^J'-W^Pfr 


328        TilE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

The  Eecollect  Fathers  had,  however,  withdrawn  from  the 
"West  and  the  whole  care  of  the  missions  and  of  tlie  only 
Trench  post.  Fort  Saint  Louis,  estahlished  hy  La  Salle  at 
Starved  ImjcK,  <>ij  the  Illinois  River,  near  the  Bi<r  Vermillion, 

devolved  on  the  Jes- 

the  veteran  Allouez, 
who  lahored  among 
the  Miamis,  visiting 
Fort  Saint  Lonis  from 
time  to  time ;  Henry 
Nonvel  and  Enjalran 
at  Green  15ay  ;  Alba- 
nel,  IJailloquet,  James 

FAC-8IMILE8  OF  THE  BIGNATDRES  OF  FATrtEUH     Gravicr,     ('laudo    Av- 
ALBANEL.     UAILLOyUET,    GUAVUCU.     AND    ^^^^^,^^^^        Stephen        (Ic 

(yarheil  and  T\icolas 
Potier  ;  while  John  Joseph  Marest,  of  a  family  to  he  long 
connected  with  the  West,  was  assigned  to  a  projected  mission 
among  the  Sioux." 

Nicholas  PerrDt,  one  of  the  most  capable  and  honest  of 
the  French  i)i()iieers  of  the  West,  a  man  whose  solid  services 
contrast  nol.ly  wit Ii  the  great  vuporiiigs  and  petty  results  of 
La  Salle,  was  a  steady  friend  of  the  Catholic  development  of 

la  Nouvcllc  France  v  doivcnt  tnivailliT  smis  la  (l('|UMulancc  dc  I'EvOquc 
dc  Qui'bw,"  t)V  Hisliop  Si.  Vallicr.  The  date  iiuisl  l);-  about  ICS,-).  Sec, 
too,  Letter' of  "llic  IJislmp,  .\wi:ihI  20,  KiMS.  MiiVKry,  iii..  p.  579.  It 
would  be  iiiKTcslin?,'  to  ascrtaiii  tbc  naiiu'saiul  limits  of  these  Vicariates, 
the  first  disiinct  or^'auizatiim  in  iIiIh  country,  but  these  details  cannot  yet 
1k'  traced  in  tbo  archives  of  llic  Propaganda. 

'  ■•  New  York  Col,  Docuiiieiils,"  i.\.,  p  418;  Cliarlevoix,  "  History  of 
New  France,"  CaUilo^ue  S.  .1  ,  KiSH  ;  Haugy,  "  .lounml  d'uno  F.xpedition 
contre  leslro.iuois  en  1(!S7."  I'aris,  18H3,  p.  Hill ;  F.  Henri  Nouvi'l  to  1)(! 
la  Barre,  April  2a,  1(W».  i".  Mar^'ry,  ii.,  p.  :m. 


th 
Ci 
in 

St 

w 
el 


ns 


PERROT'S  MONSTRANCE. 


329 


the  West,  and  that  he  was  especially  a  benefactor  of  the 
Church  at  Green  Bay  is  attested  by  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing relics  preserved  in  the  country.  This  is  a  silver  mon- 
fitrance,  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Bishop  of  Green  Bay, 
which  bears  an  inscription  telling  when  and  by  whom  it  was 
given.  Though  buried  for  generations  on  the  site  of  the  old 
chapel  at  the  Ilapide  des  Peres,  it  is  so  well  preserved  that 


PKKROT'8  MONSTRANCE  AND  BASE,    SnOWINO  INSCRIPTION. 


its  original  beauty  can  bo  seen.  On  the  base  is  the  inscrip- 
tion :  "  4)  Co  soleil  a  6td  donnd  par  M.  Nicolas  Perrot  a  la 
mission  de  St.  Fran^'ois  Xavier  en  la  Baye  des  Puants.  ifi 
1<)S0."  "This  ostensorium  was  given  to  the  mission  of  St. 
I'rancia  Xavier  at  Green  Bay  by  Nicolas  Perrot,  1^80."  ' 

>  x'^^  who  imbibed  from  La  Salle  and  Mar-ry  a  rooted  prej- 
udi.T  i.L.mi.t  the  .Tesuifs,  we  regret  to  say.  has  thrown  on  this  noble 


I   1 


■'l  "   M 


>  I 


V 


4 

1 


1 4( , 


.  I 

4 


H'hi 


1 

t 

! 

I 
..  r 


m 


.ii 


330        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

The  missionaries  were  in  early  times  the  only  representa- 
tives of  civilized  authority  on  the  frontier,  and  alone  exer- 
cised control  over  the  bushlopers  and  independent  fur-trad- 
ers. Under  the  ban  of  the  law,  as  most  of  them  were,  for 
the  French  authorities  in  Canada  favored  only  trading  com- 
panies and  monopolists,  these  irregular  traders,  many  of  them 
born  in  the  country  and  ki  own  from  boyhood  to  the  mission 
priests,  found  in  them  monitors  in  their  waywardness,  con- 
solers in  sickness  and  affliction,  encouragers  in  all  that  tended 
to  keep  them  within  the  laws  of  moral  and  civihzed  life. 
Frequently  aided  by  them  in  their  long  journeys,  and  re- 
lieved by  their  aid,  the  missiotiaricb  naturally  sympathized 
with  these  young  men  of  (^iiiadian  birth,  and  as  naturally 
were,  at  times,  reproached  In  those  who  grasped  at  the  mo- 
noiiolv  of  the  fur  trade  on  the  lakes,' 

I)e  la  IJarre,  when  Governor  of  C^inada,  was  as  favorable 
to  the  missionaries  as  Frontenr^c  and  his  sycophant  La  Salle 
had  been  hostile.  In  hip  instructions  to  La  Durantaye,  an 
olHi-er  sent  West  in  1()LS3,  he  says  :  "  As  the  Rev.  Jesuit  Ya- 
thcrs  are  the  best  informed  as  to  the  manner  of  treatinjr  with 


!         ! 


"{  J 


cxiilorer  the  odium  of  attciinptinu;  to  poison  La  Salle.  But  Nicolas 
Pcrrot,  who  was  Captain  of  the  C'otc  tie  Bw-aiicour  in  1070,  and  wlio 
had  acted  as  the  rcprcscntativf  of  tin-  Fronrh  Govonniient  in  tho  West, 
could  not  be  tlie  man  who  was  valet  to  La  Salle.  Another  person  of  the 
name  was  a  hired  servant  to  the  Sulpitians  in  1007  (Faillon,  iii.,  p.  220), 
and  a  workman  at  Fort  Frontenac  (.Mar{;ry).  He  is,  in  all  i)r(jl)at)ility, 
the  valet  of  La  8alle. 

'  In  tlie  constant  fliiiirs  at  them  in  the  dispatches  of  Frontenae  and  the 
writin/^s  of  La  Salle,  this  should  be  borne  in  mind.  Any  missionary. 
Catholic  or  Protestant,  isolated  on  the  frontier  would  be  similarly  inllu- 
enecd.  Father  JIar((Uctte'H  unlinislied  journal  pives  us  a  kind  of  |>lioio- 
praph  of  life  on  the  lakes  in  those  days,  and  (he  punninj;  words  that 
close  it  are  a  kind  of  apolojry  for  the  coureurs  de  bois.  "  Si  les  Fram;oiH 
out  des  robbes  de  ce  pays  icy,  ils  ue  les  desrobbeut  pas,  tant  lea  fatipuis 
8ont  grands  pour  les  eu  tirer." 


DEATH  OF  FATHER  ALLOUEZ. 


881 


the  Indians,  and  tlie  most  zealous  for  Christianity,  he  will 
place  conlldence  in  tliein,  will  afford  them  all  satisfaction  in 
liiri  power,  and  treat  them  as  persons  for  whom  I  entertain  a 
profound  respect  and  a  great  esteem." 

Tonty,  while  faithful  to  La  Salle,  did  not  share  the  preju- 
dices of  his  commander,  and  not  only  availed  himself  of  the 
services  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers  at  Fort  St.  Louis,  but  sought 
to  have  them  in  the  territory  on  the  Arkansas  granted  him 
by  La  Salle,  where  he  gave  them  laud  for  a  chapel  and  a 
mission. 

The  enterprises  of  La  Salle,  involving  a  monopoly  of  trade, 
had  excited  great  discontent  in  Canada  and  the  West,  and  his 
overbearing  manner  and  violence  had  created  him  many  ene- 
mies. The  Iroquois  saw  with  no  favorable  eye  his  forts  at 
C^atarocouy,  Niagara,  and  on  the  Illinois.  They  were  a  con- 
stant menace  to  tlie  existence  and  trade  of  the  Five  Nations. 
In  1083  a  Seneca  force  was  sent  against  Fort  Saint  Louis  in  , 
Illinois,  plundering  French  traders  on  the  way.  They  ex- 
pected to  take  the  post  by  snrprise,  but  the  Chevalier  Baugy 
and  Tonty  had  been  warned,  and  repulsed  the  Iro<pois  witli 
loss.'  The  brave  Breton,  de  la  Durantaye,  hearing  of  the 
danger  of  the  fort,  had  set  out  for  its  relief,  accompanied  by 
an  Indian  force,  and  the  veteran  Father  Allonez,  who,  rising 
altove  all  personal  motives,  was  ready  to  endure  toil  and 
danger  to  save  the  lives  and  property  of  La  Salle's  colony  on 
the  Illinois.' 

Father  Claude  Allouez,  the  founder  of  Catholicity  in  the 
West,  closed  his  long  labors  by  a  happy  death  on  the  27th  or 
28th  of  August,  1689,  in  the  seventy-sixth  year  of  liis  age, 

'  Margr}\  ii.,  pp.  338,  344  ;  Charlevoix,  "  History  of  New  France,"  iii., 
p.  244;  "N.  Y.  (;ol.  Doc.,"  ix.,  p.  239;  "  Mercurc  Galant,"  August, 
1683,  pp.  340-350. 

■'  Tonty  in  Murgry,  p.  22. 


'  ^E 


>(.; 


!?  t 


III 


*  i 


HI 


:■! 


^BjS»K-iyTj^^^^sm^i^"j;-WMW^jp'^ia^ 


1 

1 

1 

^^^H 

( 

n 

1^ 

H^^B 

,  !       :     I      ^l^.'- 

' 

.   I 


I.I      'i 


882        THiE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

having  been  nearly  tliirty  years  on  the  missions  around  Lake 
Superior  and  Lake  Michigan,  which  he  had  created.' 

Tlie  Irofjuois  had  thus  openly  made  war  on  the  French, 
and  do  la  IJarro  ])repared  to  invade  their  territory  with  a 
force  suftioient  to  punish  their  perfidy.  The  other  cantons 
renewed  their  treaties  with  the  French,  so  that  de  la  Barre 
was  able  to  throw  his  whole  army  on  the  Scnecas. 

The  missionaries  in  that  nation  were  no  longer  safe ;  Fa- 
thers Freinin  an<l  Pierron  returned  to  Canada,  followed  in 
1083  by  Father  Gamier ;  the  Cayuga  chiefs  ])hmdercd  Fa- 
ther de  Carheil.  and  in  1084  drove  him  from  the  canton. 
The  missionaries  on  the  Mohawk  withdrew,  and  Father 
Milct,  leaving  Oneida,  proceeded  to  the  camp  of  de  la  Harre 
at  Hungry  Bay.  The  Catholic  missions  among  the  Five 
Nations  were  suspended,  except  at  Onondaga,  where  the  twi> 
brothers  in  blood  and  religion,  Fathers  John  and  James  de 
Lambcrville,  still  maintained  tlu'ir  clia])el. 

De  la  P.arre  was  induced  by  the  other  cantons  to  acccjtt 
vague  ])r(imis(.'s  nuule  on  behalf  of  the  Scnecas,  with  whom 
he  niade  ])eace  and  returned  to  Canada.  The  Senecas,  how- 
ever, netrlected  to  carry  out  the  treatv  on  their  side,  and  after 
u  general  eouiu'il  at  Alltany,  a  force  was  sent  by  the  Five 
Nations  against  the  Ottawiis  in  Michigan. 

The  Manjuis  de  Dciionvillc,  who  had  arrived  as  (lOveriKir 
of  Canada,  made  all  preparations  for  a  vigorou.^  camjiaign. 
Father  John  dc  Kambervillc  went  down  to  Canada  to  cnuftr 
with  him,  leaving  his  brother  alono  at  (Onondaga.     Colonel 


'  \\c  wiiv  luirn  III  Siiiiit  Didicr  cii  Forest,  and  Rturlicd  nt  the  Collpfrc  of 
Puy  en  Vcliiy,  wliorc  he  was  under  the  direction  of  Hiii'.l  FrnnoiH  Hijris. 
Fnteriiiir  tlic  Society  of  .lesus  willi  one  of  ' U  l)rotli''r><,  lie  v.n'<  sent  to 

Cntiinlii  in  Kl.'iH.     His  lipHt  lalion*  were  near  (Jnel ,  l)ut  AuiiusI  K,  KKiri, 

lie  left  Tiiree  HiviTf  for  lii-*  j.'real  Western  mission.  To  liis  merit  ilirre 
\*  uniform  testimony,  and  tlie  only  diss<inant  voiee  is  tliat  of  I. a  Salle. 
.Marjrry.  "  DiVouvprles  et  FlaliliK.s( ini'nt.s  dis  Frani,aiN,"  1.,  pp  59-04. 


F 


FATHER  LAMBERVILLE'S  PERIL. 


333 


Donfran,  Governor  of  New  York,  was  inciting  the  Iroquois 
!i<niiust  the  French  and  endeavored  to  obtain  posriessiou  of 
Father  James  de  Lainberville  ;  but  he  remained,  and  soon 
joined  by  his  brother,  they  continued  their  mission  amid 
"a  thousand  dangers.  In  1080  the  younger  Father  was 
recalled,  and  when  Denonville  was  ready  to  talvo  tlic  lic.'ld, 
Father  John  dc  Lamberville  was  sent  to  Onondaga,  mainly 
to  cover  his  designs.  To  prevent  knowledge  of  his  move- 
ments reaching  the  Indians,  the  governor  arrested  all  the 
Iroquois  in  the  colony,  entrapping  those  living  near  Fort 
Catarocouy,  and  even  treating  as  prisoners  some  who  assumed 
t(.  be  ambassadors  from  the  cantons.  These  prisoners  were 
sent  to  France  to  bo  treated  as  galley-slaves. 

The  missionary  stood  alone  at  Onondaga.     In  the  eyes  of 
the  Indians  he  was  responsible  for  tbe  apparently  treacherous 
acts  of  the  governor,  whoso  envoy  he  had  been.     But  Teior- 
hensere  was  respected  for  his  virtues.    The  sachems  of  Onon- 
daga addressed  him  in  noble  words.     They  knew  the  honesty 
of  liis  heart  too  well  to  believe  him  capable  of  duplicity,  but 
the  young  braves  would  hold  him  responsible.     "  It  is  not 
safe  for  thee  to  remain  here.     All,  perhai)s.  will  not  rendcT 
tlu'c  till'  justice  that  we  do,  and  when  once  onr  y<nmg  mm 
have  sung  the  war  song  ....  they  will  hearken  only  to 
tiicir  fury,  from  whi.-li  it  would  be  no  longer  in  our  i)ower 
to  rescue  tli.-c."     They  gave  him  guides  and  a  guard,  insist- 
ing that  he  should  dei>art  at  once,  and  led  by  di'vions  paths 
the  missionary,  at'ter  closing  the  lii4  Catholic  chap,     bi  the 
land  of  the  Five  Nations,  reached  his  countrymen  in  s. 
The  missions  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  among  tlu' hv( 
.pinis  nati.ms  begun   with  the  tortm-es  of  the  saintly  Isaac 
Josues,and  maintaimMl  amid  all  di-heartening  opposition  for 
f.rty  years,  closed   virtually   with  the   noble    retirement  of 
I'ati.er  John  de   Lamln   ville.     .\fter  this  the  C^^tholica  in 


■m': 


111 


if-'       r 


it 

11 


334        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

the  cantons  ccuiUl  depend  only  on  occasional  visits  of  a  priest, 
and  many  gradually  joined  the  vilhi-iie  at  Sault  Sauit  Louis, 
or  that  under  the  Sulpitians  on  the  island  of  Montreal. 

Denonville  in  his  expedition  against  the  Senecas,  had  a 
force  of  western  Indians,  who  came  attended  by  Father 
Enjalran.  In  the  action  with  the  Senecas  at  Gannagaro 
(Boughton's  Hill),  this  missionary  laboring  among  his  In- 
dians received  a  severe  and  dangerous  wound. 

After  ravaging  the  Seneca  towns,  Denonville  erected  a 
fort  at  .Niagara  and  garrisoned  it.  The  cha])el  here  was  the 
next  shrine  of  Catholicity.  La  Salle's  block-house  and  Fa- 
ther Melithon's  chapel  within  it  had  been  burned  by  the 
8enecas  twelve  years  before.  Now  within  the  stockade  were 
some  eight  caliins,  one  set  apart  for  the  priest,  and  another 
with  double  door  ami  three  small  windows  was  evidently  the 
cha]H'l.  Here  the  Chevalier  de  la  Motthe  was  left  with  a 
garri.-un  of  a  hundred  men,  but  the  provisions  furnished 
were  so  unfit,  that  they  bred  disease  that  swept  off  most  of 
the  French,  including  the  commander.'  Father  .lohii  de 
Land)erville,  who  had  gone  there  to  minister  to  the  garrison, 
was  stricken  down  with  the  disease,  and  in  1<!S7  the  surviv- 

fNMMJIPTION  ON    PATrtEn   MII.KTV  CIIOSS   AT   MAdAU'.. 


.1  i 


n  I 


opp  wore  discovered  and  rescued  by  some  Miami><.'  Father 
Milet  accompatiicd  the  next  party  sent,  and  on  (lood  Friday, 
K'tHS,  lie  erected  and  blessed  a  large  wooden  cross  in  the  ccn- 


\l    ! 


U^illm^ 


'  "  Now  York  Doc.  Mist,"  I.,  p.  1«H. 

'  Clmrlrvolx,   "  History  of  N«'W  Fmncc,"  HI,  pp  290-1,  HOa,  and  nu- 
thoritic*  riled. 


FATHER  MILET,  A  CAPTIVE. 


335 


tre  of  the  square  with  the  inscription,  "  Christ  reigneth,  con- 
<liiereth,  coiuniandeth." 

But  on  the  IHth  of  Scpteniher,  tlio  pahsades  were  demol- 
ished, and  the  French  withdrew.  The  last  altar  reared  by 
the  Catholic  priests  of  France  on  the  soil  of  New  York  was 
thus  for  a  time  abandoned.  The  labors  of  ])ioneers  and  mis- 
sionaries from  tlie  days  of  Champlain,  thrilling  with  their 
heroic  effort  had  failed  to  ])lant  a  permanent  settlement  or 
chapel  on  the  soil.  The  souls  won  from  heathenism  were 
numbered  with  the  anointed  dead,  or  in  Catliolic  villages  on 
the  banks  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  attested  the  thoroughness  of 
the  Christian  teaching  given. 

In  1090  only  one  Catholic  missionary  was  in  the  land  of 
the  Iro(|uois.  lie  was  there  as  the  first  had  been,  a  prisoner. 
Father  Milet  after  the  eva(!uation  of  Niagara  was  stationed 
at  Catarokouy,  where  his  knowledge  of  the  Irocpiois  charac- 
ter and  language  was  reckoned  upon  as  a  means  of  drawing 
tlie  cantons  to  peace.  In  June,  KiSO,  a  few  Onondagas 
iij)proached  the  fort,  and  declaring  that  peace  had  been  made 
at  Montreal,  asked  for  a  surgeon  and  priest  to  attend  some 
of  their  sick.  Father  Milet  with  St.  Anumd,  a  physician, 
went  out,  but  found  themselves  prisoners.  The  missionary 
was  pinioned,  de])rived  of  his  breviary,  and  all  he  had  on 
him.  Manchot,  an  Oneida  chief,  however,  told  him  that  he 
and  his  ol<l  Oneida  converts  would  save  his  life.  Yet  he 
was  soon  stripped  and  sul)jected  to  ill  usage,  until  he  was 
given  up  to  the  Oneidas,  who  took  him  bound,  but  uninjured, 
to  their  canton.  There  his  old  Christian  converts  prevented 
any  injury  being  done  to  him,  but  he  was  held  as  a  ])risoner.' 

In  the  ciu^tern  portions  of  the  country  there  seemed  a 
ujurc  favorable  prospect.     IJut  even  after  the  restoration  of 

'  "  T.pttro  du  piro  Pierre  Mllct  A  quclqucs  MIsslonnalrN  rtti  Cnnndn." 
Oniu'iiiul.  1001. 


.^,■1' 


I 


4 


m 


If. 


i 


3;j() 


THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY 


Pentiigoc't  Itj  treaty,  ditticultitvs  riii^etl  by  Colonel   Temple 
delayed  its  exeeution.     Not  till  tlie  5tli  of  August,  1070, 
was   Pcntagoet   acttually    surrendered   to   the   Chevalier  de 
Grande- Fontaine.     The  French   sent  to   garrison  the  post, 
,and  the  few  settlers  who  liad  remained  during  English  rule, 
were   the   only   Catholies   of     European    origin    under   the 
French  flag  in  the  land  now  embraced  in  the  United  States. 
'     The  chapel  once  served  by  the  Capuchin  Fathers  was  re- 
stored to  the  Catholic  worship.     It  is  described  as  "  a  chaiiel 
(if  about  six  jxices  long  and  four  paces  broad,  covered  with 
shingles,  and  built  upon  a  terrace:  it  was  surmounted  by  a 
belfry  containing   a   small    bell    weighing   about    eighteen 
pounds."' '     This  was  the  only  cliurcli  in  the  only   l'"rench 
post  on  our  soil  at  tl       time.     When  France  recovered  Aca- 
dia wo  trace  the  existence  of  only  one  priest  in  the  province, 
the  Franciscan,  Laurence  Molin,  who  sceuia  to  have  visited 
all  the  stations,  and  drawn  up  a  census,  so  that  he  prol)Mbly 
otliciated  in  this  chapel  for  the  little  garrison  and  the  hand- 
ful  of    French   settlers.     Ihit  the  lone   settlement  did  not 
urow,  thouirh  the   I'aron  de  Saint  Castin,  ensign  of  (Jrande- 
I'.'utaiiif.  (Jovernor  of   .Xcadia.  or  his  successor,   Cliambly, 
labored   earnestly  foV  years  to  develop  the  resources  of  the 
p.'st  and  ilistrlct  soo!i   known   as  the    parish    of   the    Holy 
Family.' 

Tlic  |)('oplf  of  New  England,  after  King  Philip's  war, 
looked  with  suspicion  and  hostility  ot!  :\ll  Indians,  even  those 
who  had  been   gatlu'reil   in  villages  for  instruction  by  mm 


'  M.inati,  '•  Hist. lire  ilf  rAciulic  rnuiroisc,"  Piiri«,  1«7;i,i).  ,'75.    Home 
l:l•(•(lll(•(•t^  liilldwcil,  .iiiil  llicii  four   I'.iiitcnts  nf  Nai-nritli  were  sent 
"CdllfiiiiMi  lie  M:in'is(Tits,"  (Juft"''-.  l^isJ,  i,.  p.  ::it:i,     '■(•ciittiini^l  Cil 
cliratliiii  lit  ISiiiii^or,"  |).  'H. 

■  l'cntM.rii('t  w!iM  tnkcn  liy  ii  I)iit<  h  friL-Mtc  in  HITJ.     la  ItJttb  llic  plun 
(itTlng  Knirli.Hli  dlscovcri'ii  a  chapel  in  St.  CaKtin's  house. 


MISSIONS  IN  MAINE. 


337 


like  Eliot.  Many  bands,  in  consequence,  stru('l<  into  the 
forests,  and  souglit  Kafer  and  more  congenial  homes  with 
kindred  tribes  near  the  Saint  Lawrence,'  Thus  in  lOTO  the 
Sokokis,  Indians  of  Saco,  settled  near  Three  Itivers,  where 
the  Catholic  missionaries  immediately  undertook  their  in- 
struction in  religion,  and  so  many  of  the  Abnakis  from  the 
Kennebec  clustcre<l  around  the  old  Algoncjuin  inission 
chaj)cl  at  Sillery,  that  it  became  an  Abnaki  mission. 
About  tlie  same  time  Father  Morain  was  laboring  among  a 
band  of  Gaspesians  and  Etchemins  who  had  wandci-ed  iidand 
til  the  liivier,^  du  Loup  (»n  the  borders  of  Maine."  To  re- 
vive religiiiii  in  Acadia,  liishoj)  L;iviil,  in  K1S4,  sent  to  that 
part  of  Ids  diocese  a  zealous  secular  priest,  Louis  P.  Thury, 
who  labored  there  to  the  close  of  his  useful  life.'  Three 
years  later  he  had  taken  up  his  residence  at  Pentagoet,  and 
the  holy  sacrifice  was  again  offered  in  the 
chapel  of  the  French  frontier.*  Father  /Joc  (Bicuyf-  S ) 
.lames  liigot,  who  after  consolidating  the  ^ 

Abiiaki  missiuii  at  Sillery,  had  transferred 
it   to   Saint    Francois   de   Sales    on    the 
(haudiere   in    HiS."),  visited   the  country 
near  i'ciitagoet  in   1(!S7,  to  lay  tin?  foimdation  of  a  cliurrh 
amipiig  till'  Indians." 

The  lOr.^lish  in  that  part  of  the  country  were  already,  by 
piuiiderlng  tlu'   French  and  insulting  iinssioiiaries  wlio  fell 


^1 
fac-bimiIjE   of    Tmc 

fi  I  O  N  A  T  IT  R  E  OK 
FATIIKU  .lACCJIJI  S 
HKiOT. 


-  M. 


'  "  N.w  York  Doc.  Ilisl.,"  i.,  p    Kilt. 

■'  "IM'ilioii,"  t(i7(l-.7,  II.  KIT;  "  IMalioiis  Iiu'ditcs,"  ii.,  pp.  i:!S-ir)l). 

'  Hisliop  Si.  ValiiT,  '■  KslMl  I'lcsiMit  (Icl'Kirlisc,"  Qm.Ik'c.  1s.-,T.  p.  12. 

*  ('nnliiial  'rascluTrau,  "  Mi'inoiff  nnr  IfM  Missions  dc  JWcniiic" 

'  IJii;()t,  "  .Imiriial  (If  (v  ijiii  s'c^i  pusst'  duns  In  Missjiin  Aliiiaiiui^c  dr- 
puis  III  fi'stc  dc  Nncl,  i(is;!,  jusipi' au  (*  Oclolirc,  KlNl,"  New  York, 
H.")?  ;  "  r, litre  dii  pt'ri'  .lacipics  Miijiit.  ('irili' ail  muis  do  .Iiiillcl.  liis."!,' 
Ni'w  Yiiik,  Is.-.H  ;  liisjiiip  SI.  Vaiii'r,  "  Ksial  I'l-csiait,"  (i.  «W  ;  Dcnoii 
villr  in  Clmrli'viiix,  "  History  of  New  Friiiici',"  ill  ,  p.  H(W. 
22 


-Ml 


"  ni 


f  '• 


i  I 


338        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

into  tlieir  hands,  provoking?  liostilities.  When  the  war  began 
the  Catliolit'  Indians  were  ready  to  meet  their  old  enemies 
on  tlie  iield.  The  Indians  of  Kev.  Mr.  Thnry's  mission,  lie 
tells  ns,  mnnberin^'  nearly  a  hundred  warriors,  almost  all 
went  to  confession  before  setting  out  against  Fort  Pemaquid  ; 
and  while  the  iorca  was  absent  their  wives  and  children  ap- 
proached the  holy  tribunal  to  lift  nji  clean  hands  to  (iod,  and 
the  women  kei>t  up  a  ])erpetual  recitation  of  the  Rosary  from 
early  morn  to  night  to  ask  (Iod,  through  the  intercession  of 
the  Blessed  Virgin,  to  show  them  His  favor  and  protection 
during  this  war.' 

For  a  brief  term  of  two  years  regular  and  secular  jiriests 
of  France  estal)lished  a  chapel  and  exercised  the  ministry  in 
a  far  distant  portion  of  the  country,  with  independent  sanc- 
ti.iii  from  the  C'ongrcgation  "  de  I'ropagande  Fide"  at  Rome 
and  the  Archltishop  <«f  Rouen,  who  still  cbnig  to  his  old 
jurisdiction  beyond  the  Atlantic. 

When  La  Salle  had  continued  the  expl(»ration  of  the  Mis- 
nis-^ippi,  begun  l)y  Jolliet  and  Maniuette,  and  established  the 
fact  that  no  impediment  to  navigation  existed,  bm,  that  a 
vessel  might  sail  from  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  to  Diejjpe  or 
Kochelle,  he  formed  vague  plans  of  trade  in  bulTalo  robes, 
Imt  Hcems  to  have  entertained  no  definite  project  of  coloniz- 
ing tlie  valley  of  the  great  river.  When  he  went  to  France 
liis  mind  was  tilled  with  projects  for  colle<-ting  a  vast  Indian 
force  with  which  to  cross  tiie  country  from  the  Mississippi 
to  the  Mexican  frontier  and  capture  the  rich  mining  districts 
in  Mexic(«,  of  which  Santa  Harbara  was  popularly  supposed 
to  be  the  real  centre.  In  Paris  he  met  Pefialosji,  once  (Jov- 
eriior  of   New  Mexico,  who  had   taken   refuge  in   France, 


'  I.cttrc's  (k-  M.  Tliury.  "  Collpction  dr  Miiim«rilH,"  QiuImc.  IHHa.  pp 
4tl4-:..  477. 


FRENCH  CHAPEL  IN  TEXAS. 


339 


whiTc  to  curry  favor  with  tlie  (iovcriunont  lie  prepared  a 
iiarnitive  of  an  expedition  to  the  Mis-sisriippi,  which  he  pre 
teiiik'd  (o  have  made  from  Santa  Ft',     lie  put  La  Salle's 
Hchemes  into  practical  form,  and  proposed  that  an  cxi)edition 
should  be  sent  to  Texas,  whence  the  mines  could  be  easily 

reached.' 

The  (Jovernment  was  deceived.  La  Salle  was  taken  into 
fiiv(.r,  and  was  sent  out  to  prepare  the  way  for  a  lar<re  expe- 
dition under  Penalosa.  The  real  object  of  the  exi)edition 
was  of  course;  kei)t  secret,  and  La  Salle's  object  was  ostensi- 
lilv  the  month  of  the  Mississipi)i,  which  he  liad  discovered, 
iiiid  where  he  was  to  begin  a  settlement.  A  vessel  was  given 
to  him.  with  authority  to  enlist  soldiers  among  the  rabble  of 
Paris,  and  the  ",Ioli,"  a  vessel  of  the  French  Navy,  coni- 
iiiiinded  liy  Captain  Beaujeu,  was  placed  at  his  disposal,  and 
subject  to  his  orders  till  his  expedition  reached  its  destina- 
tion.    The  expedition  left  France  in  July,  l<i84. 

Aftt'r  taking  in  some  freebooters  in  the  West  Indies,  La 
Salle  entered  the  Gidf  of  l\[exico,  and  passing  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississipjii  coasted  along  the  Texan  shore  for  a  suitable 
port.  He  finally  lixed  on  Passo  Cavullo,  to  which  he  re- 
turned. One  vessel  entered  the  bay,  the  other  was  run 
ashoic  by  accident  or  design.  Here  the  object  of  the  ex])e- 
dition  was  made  known,  and  the  plan  of  an  attack  on  the 
Spanish  settlements  was  revealed.' 

Several  priests  had  accompanied  the  expedition.  The 
necf)lloct  Father,  Zenobius  Nfembre,  who  had  accomi)anied 
l.a  Salle  to  Illinois,  and  snb>r(|uently  down  the  Mi.ssissippi, 


^-! 


:,;s 


'  Sticii,  "  IVniilosa,"  Now  York,  18Sv' ;    Diiro,  "  Pofliilosa,"  Miidrid, 

1SH',\ 

Joutrl.  •McuriiMl  llis|..ii(|uc."  I'nriM,  ITi:!;  Cavclicr,  "  Ui'liition,"  Now 
Ytirk,  lS.-|Si;  Mariiry,  "  KUibli.sscim'iils  el  Di'couvcrlcs,"  li.,  ]^\  AK,-{'m ; 
I,f  (  lii((i,  "  Ksiiiliiislimnit  of  the  Failli,"  New  York,  ISSl,  pp.  iOO-'JKt. 


I  1    ' 


^^p 

i  '    : 

, 

i:|:-t 

k^i^ 

^^P^^^R 

^Kil  "^ 

Hli'  ~' 

^^^*TiiMMt 

340        THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 

M-as  one.  lie  was  accoiiipuuied  by  Fathers  Anastanius  Douay 
atid  ^[axiiiius  Le  Clercq  of  the  same  order.  Tliose  Fathers 
had  (il)taiiK'd  from  the  Propa<j;anda  special  powers  establish- 
iii^f  a  mission  of  their  order.  There  were  i)esides  the  iJcv. 
John  ("avelier,  brother  of  La  Salle,  a  Sulpitian,  Pa>v.  Messiv. 
C'hefdeville  and  D'esiiumville  of  the  san)e  eoninumity.  Thi'v 
liad  obtained  facnlties  from  the  Arch[iish(»p  of  Konen,  who, 
in  granting  tliem,  alleged  as  a  ground  for  his  action  that 
Qnebec  was  too  remote  from  their  destination  to  justify  aj)- 
piication  to  the  bishd])  (if  that  see.' 

Wiien  Kev.  Mr.  DVvnianvilie  learned  the  real  object  of  tiie 
expedition  he  declared  his  intention  to  return  to  France. 
"lie  had  come,"'  he  said,  "to  war  against  demons,  not 
against  Christians,''  and  he  sailed  hack  with  I'caiijcii,  who. 
having  fultillcd  the  task  imposed  upon  him,  luiisted  his  sail 
for  Europe.' 

T.a  Salle,  entering  Espiritu  Santo  J5ay  in  .lannary,  ICiSa, 
threw  up  a  fort  on  the  spot  subsequently  oecuitied  liy  the 
Hahia  mission.  From  this  |)oiiit  he  nuide  excursions  to  sound 
the  native  tribes,  and  formed  an  alliance  witii  the  C'enis  or 
Asinais.  evidi'iitly  awaiting  all  the  while  the  arrival  of  the 
great  exjK'dition  under  I'efialosa,  which  never  came.  Fear 
of  capture  by  the  S])aniards  must  have  prevented  his  vintur- 
ing  into  the  gulf  witii  Ins  remaining  vessel,  jiud  at  Ia^t.  ap- 
parciitly  convinced  that  his  goverimii'nt  had  abandoned  him, 
he  set  out  from  his  fort,  which  he  had  named  St.  Louis,  with  a 
piU'ty.  intending  to  reach  the  Mississi|)pi  overland  ami  return 
with  such  force  as  he  could  irathcr.  In  the  fort  he  left  alioiit 
twenty  per-<ins  under  I'arbier,  with  Fathers  Meiidir(''  ami 
.Maximus  I.e  Clei-eq,  and  the  Suljiitian.  Kev.  .Mr.  ( 'hefdeville 


'  Sf«'  "  Faciillii'8,"  in  I.c  ('I<t((i,  ii.,  p.  imi ;  Marjrry,  ii.,  \<.  I"i 
'  hV'xinativillc.  in  Mjirrry,  ii..  jvp.  ."ini  517. 


\ 


I 


I 


I- 


FRENCH  CHAPEL  IN  TEXAS. 


341 


He  was  accompanied  on  liis  march  by  his  brother,  Ecv.  Mr. 
( 'aveUer,  and  Father  Anastasius  Doiiay.  For  two  years  these 
live  priests  had  offered  the  holy  sacrifice  in  a  chapel  con- 
structed ill  the  tort,  and  administered  the  sacraments.  There 
wore  marriages  and  baptisms,  the  s'  ''■  to  console  with  relig- 
ions rites,  and  the  dead  for  whom  to  Oxior  the  mass  of  recpiiera. 
(icv.  Mr.  Cavelier  and  Father  Anastasius,  after  the  mui'der 
(if  La  Salle  by  his  own  men,  reached  a  French  post  on  the 
Arl^ansas,  and  by  way  of  Illinois  returned  to  Canada  and 
France.' 

IldW  long  the  party  at  the  fort  remained  unmolested  is 
not  delinitely  known,  but  they  were  nearly  all  finally  cut  off 
bv  tliu  Indians.  That  this  was  the  fate  of  the  Recollect  Fa- 
tlicrs  and  Rev,  Mr.  Chefdeville  was  positively  asserted  by 
two  young  Frenchmen  named  Talon,  who  were  rescued  by 
the  Spaniards  and  by  Francisco  >hu'tincz,  afterward  Sergeant 
;^5ajor  at  Pensacola,  who  in  Texas  obtained  the  chalices  and 
breviaries  of  the  murdered  priests  from  the  Indians.^ 

A  Spanish  expedition,  sent  to  break  np  the  French  settle- 
ment, found  only  charred  ruins  and  the  unburied  bones  of 
the  unfortunate  remnant  of  La  Salle's  great  force.' 

Sainte  Croix  Island,  the  Falls  of  Saint  Anthony,  and  Fort 
Saint  Louis  in  Texas  are  the  three  extreme  ])oints  in  om- 
land  marking  the  limits  of  the  territory  through  which  the 
cleriiv  of  France,  under  the  Bishops  of  Rouen  and  Quebec, 
had.  in  less  than  fourscore  years  and  te!i,  carried  the  ministry 
of  tile  Catholic  Church,  offering  its  solemn  sacrifice,  an- 
nounciujr  tiie  word  of  (Jod  to  civilized  and  unreclainu'd  men, 
s|)inding  strength  and  health  aiul  life's  blood  in  the  cause  of 


■  -'If 


■  !■>'. 


M 


.Iiiiiiil,  ••  .louriial  IIistori<nu'."  jv  '.\'i9. 
I.cticrof  (llbiTvillc,  Horhcllf,  May  !l,  1704. 
'  Hnrciii.  "  Kiisayo  Cronolosrico,"  pp.  294~(; ;  Siiiilli,  "  Colircion,"  p.  2.1 


iJ 


i   a 


842 


THI':  CHUliCn  IN  FRICNVH  TERRITORY. 


'I 


#'       '*^ 


i 


relifrioii,  from  the  iicrce  oci'iui  tido  of  FuikIv,  tlio  tlmiidcrous 
roar  of  Niairani,  the  copiior-liiUHl  shores  of  Superior,  and  tin- 
hisoii   ]iliiiis  of  tlie  Mississippi   N'alloy  to  the  jiulf  shore  of 
Texas,  wliilr  Protestantism  had  not  vet  ventured  to  proclaim 
its  views  or  eaU  men  to  prayer  at  the  foot  of  tlie  AHefi'lianies. 
^leanwhile  tlie  IJislioprie  of  tjuehee  had  seen  its  changes. 
The  venerable  Laval  had,  soon  after  the  erection  of  the  See, 
exerted  himself  to  ij;ive  existence  to  the  chapter  instituted  l>y 
the  hulls,  hut  dela\s  ensued,  and  he  linally  visited   Kurope. 
There  failinj;  health  and  increasini;  diiliculties  induced  liiiii 
to  offer  to  resi<;n  his  See.     To  succeed   him  as   liishop  of 
Quebec,  the  Ahbe  -iuhn   I'aptist  de  la  Croix  Chevrieres  de 
Saint  Vnllier.  a  luitive  of  (Jreuoble,  a  man  of  ])iety  and  wm-th, 
and  at  the  tinu"  one  of  the  king's  chaplains,  was  selected. 
With  the  authority  of  Vicar-tieneral  conferred  upon  him  by 
J^ishop  Laval,  the  Al'lie  de  St.  Vallier  visited  Canada  and  ex- 
amined the  condition  of  the  Church  on  the  Atlantic  shore  of 
Acadia  and  throughout  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrenci',  con- 
sifuiu"  the  residt  of  his  t)bservatioiis  to  writinir.  and  in  time 
giving  them  ft»  the  press. 

lu>solved.  then,  to  undertake  the  direction  of  the  diocese, 
he  acce|>ted  tlH>  bulls  of  appointment,  and  JTishop  Laval  hav- 
inir  ratified  his  virtual  resignation  by  a  formal  act  on  tlu' 
L>fth  of  January.  1«!SS.  the  Abbe  Saint  Vallier  was  duly  con- 
secrated bishop  on  the  following  day. 

Hisho])  Laval's  desire,  ardently  entertained,  was  to  return 
to  Canada  and  end  bis  days  tluTC.  After  sonu'  delay  this 
was  permitted.  Though  no  longer  the  bisliop  of  tbe  diocese, 
his  personal  inthieiU'c  was  great,  and  tluring  the  absence  of 
Hisliop  St.  Vallier.  ir.ltl-2,  lT<>n-171L  tlie  presence  of  it^ 
former  bishop  was  a  source  of  blessing  to  Canada,  in  his  co- 
operation with  those  entrusted  with  the  administration,  the 
exercise  of  episcopal  functions,  and  tlie  intluence  which  his 


i 


I 


„ 


BISHOP  LAVAL. 


;j4;5 


zeal  evoked  for  the  jrood  of  rclif,n()u.  Surrounded  by  the 
loving  cliildreii  of  his  clergy,  religious,  and  Hock,  Bishop 
J.aval  died  on  tlic  Gtli  of  May,  1708.  He  died  as  a  saint  and 
was  venerated  as  one  ;  many  sought  his  interocssion  with 
(iod,  and  for  nearly  two  centuries  frequent  niii-aclcB  have 
l.een  ascribed  to  hiui. 
The  Church  of  Canada  in  our  ilay  has  petitioned  for  the 

KAe-SIMII.E  OF   THE   SIONATURE  OV   ItlPnoi'  I.AVAI-. 

canonization  of  Bishoj)  T.aval.  As  by  his  authority  the 
(Inirch  was  established  in  New  York,  Micliigan,  Illinois, 
:ind  Wisconsin,  and  the  cross  borne  down  the  cm-rent  of  the 
Mississijipi,  the  Catholic  Clnirch  in  tlie  United  States  cannot 
be  iiidilTerent  to  the  cause  which  may  exalt  to  the  honor  of 
public  sulTragcs  at  our  altars  one  who  exercised  epiBcoi)al 
jurisdiction  over  bo  vast  a  part  of  our  territory.' 

>  T  ii  T..ur  "Momoircs  sur  la  Vic  dc  M.  df  Laval.  Premier  Kvi^q.w  dc 
Q.u'b,.o  "  C.lo-iu.,  ITtil.  T.iin-evin,  "  Notice  Hio-ri.phique  sur  Franrom 
,le  Laval  de  Montinoreiicy,  1'  Kve-iue  <le  CJuel.ee."  M.a,trral,  1S..|  ; 
••Ks.iuissedelavie.  .  .  .  de  Mct.  Fr.  Xavier  de  Laval  Montnu.rei.cy. 
Premier  Kve(iue  de  Qiu'hee,"  Qtii'liec,  1845. 


•  tj 


■ .  Ii 


I 


■MAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


/. 


>#  ^    <^'A  J^/^ 


1.0  :i 


I.I 


50 

^  us, 


2.5 

|Z2 

2.0 

1.8 


11-25  il.4   ill  1.6 


o> 


vi 


A 


/^ 


/>%J> 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WHSTM.N.Y    UStO 

(7t6)  •72-4503 


BOOK    IV. 


THE  CATHOLIC  CHURCH  IN  THE  ENGLISH 
COLONIES. 


CHAPTER  I. 


CATUOUCri'Y   IN   MARYLAND,    1690-1708, 

It  has  been  the  custom  with  historians  to  speak  contempt- 
uously of  the  two  Stuart  brothers,  Charles  11.  and  James  II., 
as  rulers.  Yet  James  seems  to  have  been  the  first  to  ap})ro- 
hend  the  future  greatness  of  America,  and  the  necessity  vi 
uniting  the  colonies  in  one  organized  system.  Charles,  act- 
ing by  the  advice  of  James  in  dispossessing  the  Dutch,  and 
taking  steps  for  the  speedy  settlement  of  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania,  as  well  as  by  the  charters  which  he  granted 
for  the  Carolinas,  made  England  sole  occupant  of  the  whole 
coast  from  the  rugged  shores  of  Maine  to  the  borders  of 
Florida.  A  comjiact  series  of  conmiunities,  blended  together, 
ready  to  afford  mutual  aid,  confronted  on  the  north  the  ter- 
ritcries  claimed  by  France,  and  on  the  south  those  occupied 
for  more  than  a  century  by  Spain.  James  II.  as  Duke  of 
York,  and  as  king,  had  been  the  first  to  check  the  increasing 
power  of  France  on  the  north  and  west,  and  make  the  St. 
Lawrence  and  the  Mississippi  the  boundaries  of  England's 
future  empire. 

The  fall  of  the  Stuarts  changed  the  whole  political  and 
religious  character  of  events.  England  became  heartily 
and  intensely  opposed  to  Catholicity  in  her  internal  relations, 
and  in  her  intercourse  with  other  nations.  She  was  ])recipi- 
tated  into  wars  with  France  and  Spain,  and  these  involved 
her  American  coloiues  in  hostilities  with  ('anada  and  Florida. 
The  struggle  on  the  part  of  the  colonies  was  not  national 
(844) 


COODE'S  FALSE  CHARGES. 


345 


merely.  It  heightened  the  old  antagonism  to  the  Church 
<it'  God,  and  made  her  an  object  of  unceasing  liatred  and 
dread,  and  caused  her  to  be  regarded  as  a  menacing  enemy 
at  tlie  very  doors  of  the  colonists.  Within  the  provinces 
every  Catholic  was  regarded  as  a  Jacobite,  ready  at  all  times 
to  join  any  enemy  whatever  against  his  fellow-countrymen. 

Ill  Maryland  a  revolt  against  the  authority  of  Lord  Ealti- 
more  was  headed  by  one  John  Coode,  whose  character  may 
be  judged  l)y  the  fact  that  having  subsequently  been  or- 
dained a  minister  of  the  Church  of  England,  he  was  indicted 
and  convicted  in  1699  of  "  atheism  and  blasphemy."  '  This 
inuu  gathered  a  convention  "for  the  defense  of  the  Protest- 
ant religion,"  which  sent  to  William  III.  an  exposition  of 
their  motives.  Among  the  grievances  which  they  alleged 
was  the  following : 

"  In  the  next  place  Churches  and  Chappells,  which  by  the 
said  Charter,  should  be  built  and  consecrated  according  to 
the  Ecclesiasticall  lawes  of  the  kingdome  of  England,  to  our 
greate  regrett  and  discouragement  of  our  religion,  are  erected, 
and  converted  to  the  use  of  popish  Idolatry  and  superstition, 
Jesuits  and  seminarie  i)riests  are  the  onely  incumbents  (fur 
which  their  is  a  supply  provided  by  sending  over  popish 
youth  to  be  educated  at  St.  Ormes."  ' 

It  further  charged  that,  "  sevcrall  children  of  protestants 
iiave  been  committed  to  the  tutelage  of  jvipists,  and  brought 
up  in  the  Romish  superstition."  And  again,  "  The  seizure 
and  apprehending  of  protestants  in  their  houses  with  armed 
forces,  consisting  of  papists,  and  that  in  time  of  peace,  thence 


'  Hawks,  "Contributions  to  tlio  Ecrlesiastical  History  of  the  U.  8.," 
ii.,  p.  (14. 

Maryland  historians  admit  tliat  these  cliarpos  were  proundless  and 
inulicioiis,  McMalion,  p.  240;  Ilawlis,  "  Contributions."  ii.,  p.  66; 
Cliiilnu-rs,  p.  888. 


lU 


!■!! 
I 

» 


'I 


346 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


liurrying  them  away  to  prisons,  etc.  We  still  liud  all  tlie 
iiieaues  used  by  these  very  persons  and  their  agents,  Jesuits, 
priests,  and  lay  papists,  that  art  of  malice  cann  suggest,  lo 
divert  the  obedience  and  k)yalty  of  tlie  Inhabitants  from 
their  most  sacred  Maj''"  to  that  lieight  of  impudence  that 
solemn  Masses  and  prayers  are  used  (as  wee  have  very  gooil 
information)  in  their  Chappelle  and  Oratoryes  for  the  \)yw- 
pcrous  success  of  the  popish  forces  in  Ireland,  and  the 
French  designes  against  England." ' 

"William  seized  the  opportunity  to  make  Maryland  a  royal 
province.  He  recogjiized  the  convention,  and  sent  out  Sir 
Lionel  Copley  as  royal  governor  in  1(501.  This  official  :it 
once  summoned  a  legislature,  from  which  all  Catholics, 
though  they  represented  very  great  landed  interests,  wore 
excluded.  The  first  act  recognized  William  and  Mary  ;  the 
second  was,  "An  Act  for  the  service  of  Almighty  God,  and 
the  establishment  of  the  Protestant  religion,  in  this  Pmv- 
iiice."  The  knell  of  religious  liberty  had  sounded.  "  Under 
the  gentle  auspices  of  that  government  ol  the  Lords  Ealti- 
Juore,"  says  the  Maryland  historian,  AfcMalion,  "  that  gov- 
crmnent,  whose  tyrannical  and  popish  inclinations  were  now 
the  favorite  theme,  the  profession  and  exercise  of  the  Chiis- 
tian  religion  in  all  its  modes,  was  o))en  to  all, — no  church 
was  established  :  all  were  pmtectcd,  none  were  taxed  to  sus- 
tain a  church  to  whose  tenets  they  were  opposed,  and  tin- 
people  gave  freely  as  a  benevolence,  what  they  would  have 
loathed  as  a  tax." 

The  Puritans,  ungrateful  to  the  Catholics  who  ofTered  thciii 
a  home,  had,  on  seizing  the  government,  sought  to  crush  the 
adherents  of  the  ancient  faith  ;  now  they  beheld  their  own 


'  Hflmrf,  i.,  pp.  J111-.1.  The  chnrpcs  wen-  utterly  pnpostcroiis,  ;is 
PrototjiiitH  fur  outimiiilicrcd  the  CutliolicH,  but  the  document  giive  llic 
aulhoritiP8  in  EnRland  a  pretext  they  desired. 


ANGLICAN  CHURCH  ESTABLISHED. 


347 


weapons  turued  against  tlioinselves,  and  saw  a  party,  placed 
in  power  by  their  aid,  CBtablish  the  Church  of  England  in 
Maryland.  Nor  was  this  merely  in  name.  The  whole  prov- 
ince wao  divided  into  parishes,  vestrymen  were  appointed, 
and  every  taxable  inhabitant  of  Maryland,  whetlier  Cath- 
olic, Puritan,  or  Friend,  was  taxed  annually  forty  pounds  of 
tobacco  to  form  a  fund  for  building  Episcopal  churches  and 
maintaining  Episcopal  ministers.  To  annoy  the  Catholics, 
Saint  Mary's  County,  in  Avhich  the  population  was  maiidy  of 
that  faith,  was  divided  into  two  parishes,  one  named  William 
and  IMary,  the  other  King  and  Queen.  Here  as  in  other 
Catholic  parishes,  the  people  were  compelled  to  contribute 
their  means  to  erect  Episcopal  churches,  some  still  existing, 
and  for  nearly  a  century  to  pay  for  the  support  of  a  hostile 
ministry  which  never  had  but  a  petty  tlock  of  its  own. 

Jjoing  ere  long  disfranchised,  the  Catholics  had  no  voice 
in  making  the  laws  oi"  electing  delegates,  but  they  naturally 
united  with  the  Friends  and  others,  who  felt  the  hardship  of 
tliis  unjust  and  oppressiv«j  system. 

The  church  thus  established  had  not  ministers  enough  to 
supply  the  parishes  created  in  the  province,  for,  according  to 
some,  "  there  were  scarcely  any  ministers  in  it."  Grovernor 
Xicholson  found  but  three,  so  indifferent  had  members  of 
the  (.Mmrcrt  of  England  been  in  recard  to  their  religion. 
"  These  three,"  says  a  re])resentation  of  the  Anglican  clergy 
to  the  Bishop  of  London,  "  had  to  contend  with  double  their 
number  of  priests  belonging  to  the  Church  of  Rome." ' 
Another  Protestant  represents  "  his  religion  as  in  a  manner 
turned  out  of  doors  "  by  the  very  loose  morals  and  "  scandal- 
ous lives"  of  the  Anglican  clergy,  and  "by  the  Roman 
priests'  cunning."     The  province  tlien  contained  a  jMipuia- 


n 
'Mi 


I'll,''. '-i 

N  'li'.  ft  ' 


'M 


'••■^"  uiij 


'H;j 


•  mPi 


'  Iliiwks,  "  Contributions,"  ii.,  pp.  71,  70,  77. 


(I 


11 


:M8 


TiiK  cm  men  in  mahvi^and. 


(ion  (if  (wi'iity-Hvo  thoiiHiiiKl,  u  majority  Itiiiii^  I'mloKlniit ; 
vet  (liiH  wiiH  tilt'  Ktiiti!  to  wliicli   religion   had   lullcti   aiiiono' 

tllCIII.' 

Itiit  wliil'^  tilt'  clcrjjv  (if  lli(!  rniicstaiil,  '"ailli  wore  fr\\,jiii(l 
liv  no  iiKMiiiH  a  credit,  not  a  breath  of  Hiispieion  is  raised 
apiinst  llie  Catholic  pricHlw  of  Mar_ylaiid.  'I'iic  only  .Icsuit 
KafluTK  then  in  the  province",  ho  far  iih  wo  can  gather,  were 
the  Uev.  NichohiH  (Juliek,  liev.  '/raiir-iK  I'eMningtoii,  mid 
Ivev.  William  1 1  miter,  with  proitalily  the  Franciscan  l''atlnr, 
Itasil  lloliart.  Yet  few  an  they  were,  these  zealons  priests 
not  only  kept  alivo  tlio  fiiith  of  Catholics,  but  won  J'rotest- 
uiits  to  the  Chiircli.* 

In  the  Assembly  convened  by  Nicholson  on  Iuh  arrival,  an 
act  was  passi'd  transft>rring  the  seat  of  govermnent  from 
Naint  Mary's  to  Amie  Arnndi'll.  "The  n>asons  alleged  for 
the  change,"  says  Scharf,  "  were  not  withdut  weight  ;  liiit  it 
is  probable  that  the  trne  motives  were  to  be  found  in  the 
fact  that  Saint  MaryV  was  especially  a  Catholic  settlement, 
was  bt'yond  other  towns  (levote<l  to  tlit>  proprietary  goverii- 
menf,  and  was  closely  connected  with  all  those  ti<s  which  it 


'  MoMiilioii,  "  Ulsl.iry  of  IVruryliiiid."  p.  IMI  ;  lFiiwi«s,  i  ,  p.  7n. 

'  rill    Letter  fnun  llie  MiinlMiid  (I'mtestniit  !:|iiseo|iMh  ("ler^'V  t(i  tlio 
Hislidii  iif  !,(iiul(in,  Miiy  IS,  lOlMl  (••  Hist.  Miitr  ,"  Mareli,  tWlS.  p.  ITil), 
NiiyN  :   "  Wlieii  his  I'.xei'lleney  (tovenuii-   N'ieiei|<oii  eiime  into  the  Ceuii 
try  in  the  yi'iir   KilM   IJieri'  were  Init  I!  ('lerj,'Vineii  in  lOpinedpal  Orders, 
liesides  :i  orll  piiplsji  priests  wIki  IimiI  perverled  divers  idh-  pi-ojile  from 
llie  I'r.ilestaiit   Ueli!,'ioii,"  ....   "This  expeetation  of  the  Lord  Haiti 
nion'  iH'injt  n'-slon-d  to  the  n<iveriiiiient  of  MMiylaiid  animales  the  I'ri,  sis 
and  .lesiiits  to  iH'K'in  already  to  invei^de  several  iiriiorant  people  lo  luni 
to  their  reliu'ioii.     To  which  end  they  do  (contrary  to  the  Act  of  I'arli.i 
iiient  to  deter  them  from  pervertinv  any  of  hi.s  Mn,leslyV  I'rotestnnt  siili- 
,|e<ts  to  iHiiMTv)  introdiK  e  Iheiiiselves  into  the  eori|miiy  of  the  sick  wh.n 
Ihey  hnvo  no  Ministers  that   his   Kxeelleney  hilli  lieiii   latelv  forced  lo 
Ihhiic  nut  liii*  prorlanmlioii  amiiiiM  their  so  doiii);  to  restrain  tbcm  "     lli 
|».  I.W 


li 


ZJ'JAL  OF  TIIK  CATIIOIJC  (JU'lliUY. 


:m!) 


wiiH  tIi(J  policy  of  I  Ik;  ik^w  govoniiiuiiit  to  break  up."  '  'Jlu; 
iMiiyor,  (joimiion  Council,  iiiui  Freciiieii  of  Suint  Mary'H  in 
\;iiii  appealed;  tlieir  ronionHtmiKai  waH  treated  with  tli(i  ut- 
iiKmt  contempt;  the  clianj^i!  was  carried  into  eirect,  and 
lli()U;.;li  aH  late  aH  1705  ^overiiineiit,  ling(!red  at  the  old  cap- 
it;il,  Saint  Mary'rt  gra<luall_y  di^cllned,  till  no(hin;r  reinaiiiH  to 
mark  the  Hpot  hut  a  f(;w  hrickn  and  tin;  rrotestant  chinvh 
erected  with  money  wrun<jf  from  the  CatliolicH,  and  with  the 
mnlcrialH  of  the  (»1(1  ( 'atholie  church  and  j^overnor'n  Iioukc. 

Aliout  (his  time  (Joveriior  Nicholnou  inKued  orders  to  th(! 
several  HherilTs  forthwith  to  make  to  him  an  exact  return  of 
:ill  popish  ehapelH  and  priests  (hroiij^hoiit  the  province.  'I'lic 
retin-UH  made  in  l(l!Ki-7  hIiow  two  priestw  aiul  one  lay  brother 
ill  Saint  Mary'H  County,  wliicli  contiiined  four  chapelH;  three 
pricHtH  'uid  one  lay  brother  in  CharlcH  ('onnty,  which  also 
contained  four  cha|)elH  ;  and  one  chapel  in  Talbot  County, 
where  tlieiH'  was  no  resident  priest,  and  which  had  jirobably 
been  attended  by  a  Rev.  Mr.  Smith."  'I'lie  .lesiiit  l'"athers 
tlicii  on  till'  misHion,  besidi'  Pennington  and  Hunter,  were 
I'litlier  AVilliam  Kiddell,  who  arrived  in  MVXt,  and  Katlier 
'riiomaH  Harvey  from  New  York  and  Father  Robi'rt  Hrooke, 
who  arrived  in  KiOO. 

The  next  year  Maryland  was  visited  by  a  pestilence,  and 
the  ('Mtholic  priests  showed  their  wonted  zeal  and  devoted- 
iiess.  Ill  many  parts  there  were  no  l*rote4ant  clerfry,  or 
iioii(>  who  w.Mild  face  the  danger,  and  the  priest  was  fre- 
<|iiciitly  summoned  to  the  betlside  of  a  suiTerer.  Their  care 
and  iitteiition  won  so  many  to  the  faith,  that  an  Kpiscdpnl 
minister  adilressed  a  letter  to  Nicholson  which  he  sent  to  tin- 
I.ejfislatiire.    That  body  took  alarm,  and  in  an  address  to  the 


'  Sclmrf,  i.,  p.  .145. 

A  priest  of  ihis  ntiiuo  is iilludiHi  to  Hoon  ufter  in  a  will  as  now  or  late 

•if  'I'.illiiit  ('ounly. 


^Ij 


350 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


frovernor  said  :.  "  Upon  reading  a  certain  letter  from  a  rev- 
erend uiinister  of  the  Cliureli  of  England  wliieli  yonr  Excel- 
lency was  pleased  to  coninmiiicate  to  us,  complaining  to  your 
Excellency  that  the  Popish  pi-iests  in  Cliarles  County  do,  of 
their  own  accord,  hi  this  raging  and  violent  mortality  in  tli;i! 
county,  inake  it  their  husiness  to  go  up  and  down  the  countv. 
to  jjersons'  houses  when  dying  and  frantic,  aud  endeavour  to 
seduce  and  make  proselytes  of  them,  and  in  such  condition 
holdly  jircsuine  to  administer  the  sacrament  to  them  ;  wc 
have  put  it  to  the  vote  in  the  House,  if  a  law  should  he  made 
to  restrain  such  their  presumption  or  not ;  and  have  con- 
cluded to  make  no  such  law  at  present,  hut  humhly  entreat 
your  Excellency  that  you  would  be  pleased  to  issue  your 
proclamation  to  restrain  and  prohibit  such  their  extravsigancc 
and  presumptuous  behaviour."  ' 

iSuch  a  proclamation  probably  issued.  Ministers  of  tlic 
(lospel  were  forbidden  in  time  of  ])estilence  to  visit  the  sic!< 
who  were  abandoned  by  their  own  pastors  or  destitute  oi' 
thi'iii  I  One  would  think  that  steps  to  increase  tlie  nund)crs 
or  elKciency  of  the  established  clergy  would  have  been  moiv 
reasonable. 

Yet  the  matter  did  not  drop  there.  Some  time  after,  the 
Upper  House  paid  this  tribute  to  the  zeal  of  Father  Williiini 
Hunter.'  Addressing  the  governor,  they  say:  "It  bciiin' 
represented  to  this  board  that  William  Hunter,  a  Pojiisli 
priest,  ill  Charles  county,  committed  divers  enormities  in 
<liss\vading  several  persons,  esjiecially  poor,  ignorant  people 


'  "  Miirj'Iiind  Muiniscripts  at  Fiilhnin,  "  cited  by  Hawks,  ii  ,  p   7!). 

'  Fiilhcr  William  Hunter,  ii  niitivc  of  Yorkshire,  entered  the  Society  of 
.Icsus  in  1070,  and  after  u  year  on  the  Ijv^'iish  mission  rarne  to  Maryland 
in  mvi.  He  was  Hiiperior  of  the  Mission  from  KiOO  to  170H,  and  died  nl 
Fort  Tohareo  AuRiist  15,  1723,  at  the  ajje  of  04.  Foley,  "  Hocords, " 
vii.,  p.  IIH,") ;  "  Woodstoek  I.eUers,"  xv.,  ]).  1),'). 


PENAL  LAWS. 


351 


of  the  Clmrcli  of  England,  from  their  faith  and  endeavour- 
ing to  draw  them  to  the  Popish  faitli,  consulted  and  debated 
wlictlier  it  may  not  be  advisable  that  the  said  Hunter  be 
wliolly  silenced,  and  not  suffered  to  preach  or  say  mass  in 
nny  part  of  this  prov'::ce,  and  thereupon  it  is  thought  advis- 
al)le  tliat  the  same  be  wholly  left  to  his  Excellency's  jiidg- 
niont  to  silence  him  or  not,  as  his  demerits  require." 

The  Legislature  resolved  to  annoy,  if  they  could  not  crush, 
the  Catholics.  A  law  had  been  j)assed  in  1G96,  under  which 
it  Avas  evidently  intended  to  make  attendance  on  the  Church 
of  England  service  compulsory,  but  it  was  annulled  by  the 
King's  Council  in  1G99  on  the  express  ground  that  it  con- 
tained "  a  clause  declaring  all  the  laws  of  England  to  be  in 
force  in  Maryland  ;  which  clause  is  of  another  nature  than 
tliat  which  is  set  forth  by  the  title  in  the  said  law."  '  The 
Legislature  did  not  venture  to  act  under  the  vague  terms  of 
tiiis  law  by  ordering  any  prosecution  of  the  Catholic  clergy. 

The  Franciscan  Father  Basil  Ilobart'  and  the  Jesuit  lay 
brotlier  Nicholas  Willart,  whose  deaths  are  reported  in 
l(i98,  were  perhaps  victims  to  their  zeal,  early  pioneers  in 
the  long  catalogue  of  priests  and  religious  who  have  beon 
martyrs  of  charity  in  the  land  of  Mary. 

The  Catholics  had  now  entered  on  a  period  of  great  trial. 
The  proprietary  deprived  of  his  government  of  the  colony 
could  exert  no  influence,  and  even  his  personal  rights  in  the 
])rovince  he  had  secured  only  in  part,  the  Assembly  defying 
a  royal  decision. 

Year  by  year  new  laws  were  enacted  bearing  more  aiul 
more  heavily  on  Catholics.  Thus  in  1700  an  act  was  placed 
on  the  statute-book  which  required  the  use  of  the  Book  of 


'  Scharf,  "  History  of  Maryland,"  i.,  p.  864. 

'  "Acts  of  Chapter  held  in  ICnpland,"  July  10,  1698.     This  Father 
had  been  liiborinR  on  the  Maryland  mission  from  1674. 


i 

M 

ll 

*ll 

{ 

;.  "if 

1 

"'•*   ^tk 

1 

i  iUli  ilW 

1 

362 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


'  Common  Prayer  "  in  every  diurcli  or  other  place  of  publio 
worsliip,"  hut  the  remonstranccH  against  a  statute  whicli 
alTccted  the  Presbyterian  and  tlie  Friend  no  less  than  the 
Catholic,  i)revented  its  receiving  the  royal  assent' 

The  Church  of  England  took  a  step  toward  organizing  in 
America  by  sending  out  tlic  Rev.  Dr.  J3ray  as  Coininissarv. 
Yet  in  his  first  \'i8itation  this  higli  official  addressing  a  min- 
ister arraigned  for  his  scandalous  life,  bore  testimony  to  the 
high  character  of  the  C^atholie  clergy,  "It  so  happens,  that 
you  are  seated  in  the  midst  of  pai)ist8,  nay,  within  two  miles 
of  Mr.  Hunter,  the  chief  amongst  the  numerous  priests  at 
this  time  in  this  province;  and  who,  I  am  credibly  informed 
by  the  most  considerable  gentlemen  in  these  parts,  has  nindc 
that  advantage  of  your  scandalous  living  that  there  have 
been  •,<:ore  perversions  made  to  popery  in  that  ])art  of  AfarA- 
Land  since  y(mr  polygamy  has  been  the  talk  of  the  country, 
than  in  all  the  time  it  has  been  an  English  colony."  ' 

The  English  Government  iiuleed  begiin  to  feel  that  its 
neglect  of  all  care  for  the  religious  condition  of  its  subjects 
ill  America  was  not  creditable  to  the  realm  or  to  the  richly 
endowed  church  establishe.l  bylaw.  The  Charter  granted 
hy  William  III.  ,m  the  16th  day  of  June,  in  the  thiKeentli 
year  of  his  reign,  to  "The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts,"  admits  the  delinquency  in  a  coarse 
and  vulgar  fling  at  the  Catholic  clergy  whose  zeal  and  disin- 
terested labors  were  such  a  striking  ccmtrast  to  their  revileis. 
"  Many  of  our  loving  subjects,"  it  says,  "  do  want  th..  admin 
istration  of  God's  word  and  sacraments,  and  seem  to  !„■ 
abandoned  to  atheism  and  infidelity;  and  also  for  want  of 
learned  and  ortliodox  ministers  to  instruct  our  said  lovin.r  sul. 


'  Iliuvks,  ii.,  p.  97;i;  Soharf,  i.,  pp.  aorMi. 

■'  ••  The  Acts  of  Dr.  Hray'.s  VisiUilion,  h,I,l  ;,t  Annapolis,  in  Mnrylan 
London,  ITOO,  p.  13.     Hawks,  ■■  Conlrilnilions,"  ii..  pp.  497,  etc. 


W" 


STERILITY  OF  PROTESTANTISM. 


353 


jects  in  the  principles  of  true  religion,  divers  Romish  priests 
and  Jesuits  are  the  more  encouraged  to  pervert  and  draw 
over  our  said  loving  subjects  to  Popish  superstition  and  idol- 
atry." 

Humphreys,  the  Historian  of  the  Society,  recording  the 
work  of  the  Society  to  the  year  1718,  is  very  cautious  and 
j!;ives  no  account  of  the  extent  of  the  Catholic  Church  in 
Maryland.  There  is  not  the  slightest  claim  by  him  that  the 
missionaries  of  this  Protestant  Society  had  gained  any  con- 
verts from  the  ranks  of  the  Catholics,  but  writing  after  a  law 
Ii;ul  been  passed  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  Catholic  ser- 
vants, he  contents  himself  with  saying :  "  the  number  A 
Piipists  who  went  over  there  hath  decreased."  ' 

Thus  from  hostile  testimony  we  draw  some  idea  of  the 
labors  of  a  prominent  Catholic  clergyman  in  Maryland  at 
this  time. 

By  a  law  passed  in  1702  which  received  the  royal  sanc- 
tion, the  English  acts  of  toleration  were  extended  to  Protest- 
ant dissenters  in  Maryland,  who  were  permitted  to  have 
service  in  their  meeting-houses  when  registered.  The  Cath- 
olic was  thus  left  the  only  victim  of  intolerance  and  op- 
pression in  a  province  founded  by  Catholics." 

John  Seymour,  the  royal  governor  sent  over  in  February, 
170.'?,  was  a  tit  instrument  for  the  enforcement  of  an  un- 
christian policy. 

Soon  after  his  arrival  a  complaint  was  lodged  before  him 


'  Ilumplireys,  "An  Historical  Account  of  the  Incorporated  Society 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts."  London,  1730,  p. 
xvi.,  p.  21. 

'And  Maryland  "presented  the  picture  of  a  province,  founded  for 
the  sake  of  rclitjious  opinion  by  the  toil  and  treasure  of  Roman  Catholics, 
in  which  of  all  who  called  themselves  Christian,  none,  save  Roman  Cath- 
olics, were  denied  toleration."  Rev.  Dr.  Hawks  in  "  Contributions," 
ii ,  p.  117. 

28 


si  -■•■■!,'• 
■■  ■.'•-    ''ifte 


i}     .ii' 


364 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


that  Father  William  Hunter  had  consecrated  a  chapel,  and 
that  Father  Robert  Brooke  had  said  mass  iu  court  time  in 
the  old  Catholic  chapel  at  Saint  Mary's,  as  the  Catholic 
clergy  had  done  since  the  founding  of  the  colony.  The 
governor  summoned  the  priests  before  him  and  his  council, 
September  11,  170-1,  and  though  the  accused  asked  to  bo  at- 
tended by  their  counsel,  Charles  Carroll,  this  was  refused.  To 
the  charge  of  consecrating  a  chapel  Father  Hunter  rei)lio(l 
that  "  he  did  not  consecrate  it,  for  that  is  an  Episcopal  fuiu'- 
tion,  and  that  nobody  was  present  but  himself  in  his  coirnnon 
priest's  vestments,  and  that  neither  under  his  Excellency's 
eye,  nor  in  his  presence,  but  if  any  such  thing  was  done,  it 
was  above  fourteen  months  ago,  and  long  before  his  Excel- 
lency's arrival."  Father  Brooke  pleaded  justly  that  he  had 
only  done  what  others  had  formerly  done  without  cavil. 

The  action  and  language  of  the  wretched  bigot  who  then 
governed  Maryland  are  thus  recorded,  and  are  a  picture  of 
unexampled  arrogance,  insolence,  and  intolerance : 

"  Advised  that  this  being  the  first  complaint  the  said  Mr. 
Hunter  and  Mr.  Brooke  be  severely  reprimanded,  and  told 
that  they  must  not  expect  any  favor,  but  the  utmost  severity 
of  the  law  upon  any  misdemeanor  by  them  committed  ;  and 
being  called  in,  his  Excellency  was  pleased  to  give  them  tlie 
following  reprimand : 

"It  is  the  unhappy  temper  of  you  and  all  your  tribe  to 
grow  insolent  upon  civility,  and  never  know  how  to  use  it, 
and  yet  of  all  people  you  have  the  least  reason  for  consider- 
ing that  if  the  necessary  laws  that  are  made  were  let  loose, 
they  are  sufficient  to  crush  you,  and  which  (if  your  arrogant 
])rinciple8  have  not  blinded  you)  you  must  need  to  dread. 

"  You  might,  methinks,  be  content  to  live  quietly  as  you 
may,  and  let  the  exercise  of  your  superstitious  vanities  ])o 
confined  to  yourselves,  without  proclaiming  them  at  public; 


FATHERS  HUNTER  AND  BROOKE. 


sm 


times  and  in  public  places,  unless  you  expect  by  your  gaudy 
sliows  and  serpentine  policy,  to  amuse  the  multitude,  and 
beguile  the  unthinking  weakest  part  of  them,  an  act  of  de- 
ceit well  known  to  be  amongst  you. 

"  But,  gentlemen,  be  not  deceived,  for  though  the  clem- 
ency of  her  Majesty's  government,  and  of  her  gracious  in- 
clinations leads  her  to  make  all  her  subjects  easy,  that  know 
how  to  be  so,  yet  her  Majesty  is  not  without  means  to  curb 
inijolenee,  but  more  especially  in  your  fraternity,  who  are 
more  eminently  than  others  abounding  with  it ;  and  I  assure 
you  the  next  occasion  you  give  me  you  shall  find  the  truth 
of  what  I  say,  which  you  should  now  do,  but  that  I  am  will- 
ing upon  the  earnest  solicitations  of  some  gentlemen  to  make 
one  trial  (and  it  shall  be  but  this  one)  of  your  temper. 

"  In  plain  and  few  words,  gentlemen,  if  you  intend  to  live 
lierc,  let  me  hear  no  more  of  these  things,  for  if  I  do  and 
they  are  made  good  against  you,  be  assured  I'll  chastise  you  ; 
and  least  you  should  flatter  yourselves  tliat  the  severities  of 
the  laws  will  be  the  means  to  move  the  pity  of  your  judges, 
I  assure  you  I  do  not  intend  to  deal  with  you  so.  I'll  remove 
the  evil  by  sending  you  where  you  will  be  dealt  with  as  you 
deserve. 

"  Therefore,  as  I  told  you,  I'll  make  but  this  one  trial,  and 
advise  you  to  be  civil  and  modest,  for  there  is  no  other  way 
for  you  to  live  quietly  here. 

"  You  are  the  first  that  have  given  any  disturbance  to  my 
government,  and  if  it  were  not  for  the  hopes  of  your  better 
demeanour  you  should  now  l)e  the  first  that  should  feel  the 
effects  of  so  doing.  Pray  take  notice  that  I  am  an  English 
Protestant  gentleman,  and  can  never  equivocate."  ' 

The  two  priests,  who  had  really  violated  no  law  of  the 


'  "  Proceedings  of  the  Council,"  cited  by  Scharf,  i.,  p.  368. 


mhh 


1 

¥1 

ii.f- 

i' 

*  .*  ^ 

* 

.  ^f 

<1  . 

i 

( 

V- 

,'f: 

356 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


province,  who  had  not  bec^n  indicted  or  tried,  were  then  dis- 
charged, but  the  matter  did  not  end  tliere.  The  House  of 
Delepites,  always  in  Maryland  more  violently  anti-CatlioIic 
than  the  Upper  House,  sent  an  address  to  Governor  Seymour 
on  the  19th  of  September,  1704,  to  express  their  satisfaction 
with  his  course  and  thank  him  for  it. 

The  Council  also  "  taking  under  their  consideration,  th;it 
such  use  of  the  Popish  chapel  of  the  City  of  Saint  MaryV, 
in  St.  Mary's  County,  where  there  is  a  Protestant  church, 
and  the  said  Cfiunty  Court  is  kept,  is  both  scandalous  and 
offensive  ro  the  government,  do  advise  and  desire  his  Excel- 
lency the  Governor,  to  give  immediate  orders  for  the  shut- 
ting up  of  the  said  Popish  chapel,  and  that  no  person  pre- 
sume to  make  use  thereof  under  any  pretence  whatever. 

"  Whereupon  it  was  ordered  by  his  Excellency  the  Gover 
nor,  that  present  the  Sheriff  of  St.  Mary's  County,  lock  up 
the  said  chapel  and  keep  the  key  thereof." ' 

Thus  was  the  first  Christian  place  of  worship  in  Maryland, 
founded  !)y  the  Catholics  in  1G34,  wrested  from  them  for- 
ever.    Of  its  subse(iuent  fate,  there  is  nothing  to  tell  us.'' 

Anti-Catholic  hgislation  and  action  were  not  confined  to 
Maryland,  though  elsewhere,  where  Catholics  wen-  few  and 
there  were  no  priests  or  chapels,  the  enactments  were  com- 
paratively harmless. 

In  1700  the  Earl  of  Bellomont,  Governor  of  New  York,  a 
fierce  anti-Catholic  zealot,  son  of  a  Colonel  Coote.  whose 
butcheries  of  (^atIiolic;4  in  Ireland  stand  out  horril)ly  even  on 
the  records  of  that  unhappy  island,  contrived  to  carry  thntugli 

'  Sclmrf,  I.,  p.  nnO;  "  Woodslonk  T,pttrrs,"  xiii.,  p.  27«.  Tlic  inrly 
records  of  St.  Mary's  County  down  to  1H27  Imvc  perished.  Lillcr  of 
.1.  Frank  Ford,  County  Clerk. 

»  Aceordinj.'  to  llie  tradition  of  tlin  CntholirB  of  St.  Mary's  County,  a 
barn  octMipies  liic  siu'  of  tho  lirst  cimpel  reared  for  the  worshi))  of  A! 
miirhty  God  in  Maryhind. 


NEW  YORK  PENAL  LAW. 


sm 


the  New  York  Legislature  the  iirst  penal  act  against  the 
Catholic  clergy,  and  Massachusetts,  of  which  he  was  also 
Governor,  almost  simultaneously  passed  a  similar  act. 

Conniion  as  misrepresentation  in  regard  to  Catholics  then 
was  and  later  too,  the  preamble  of  the  New  York  act  is  a 
remarkable  instance  of  disregard  of  truth  as  the  context  was 
of  humanity.  "  Whereas  divers  Jesuits,  Priests  and  Popish 
missionaries  have  of  late  come  and  for  some  time  have  had 
their  residence  in  the  remote  parts  of  this  Province,  and 
others  of  his  ^lajesty's  adjacent  colonies,  who,  Ity  their 
wicked  and  subtle  insinuations,  industriously  labour  to  de- 
bauch, seduce  and  withdraw  the  Indians  from  their  due  obe- 
dience to  His  most  sacred  Majesty,  and  to  excite  and  stir 
them  up  to  sedition,  rebellion,  and  open  hostility  against  his 
Majesty's  government,"  says  this  preamble,  although  the  ex- 
istence of  the  missionaries  and  their  residence  in  New  York 
would  be  very  difficult  to  prove,  and  the  acts  charged  are 
without  a  particle  of  testimony  in  fact  or  probability.  Yet 
the  law  enacted  that  every  priest  remaining  in  the  province 
after  the  passage  of  the  law,  or  coming  in  after  November  1, 
1700,  should  be  "  deemed  and  accounted  an  incendiary  aiid 
disturber  of  the  jmblic  peace  and  safety,  and  an  enemy  to  the 
true  Christian  religion,  and  shall  be  adjudged  to  sutler  ])er- 
petual  imprisonment"  Any  priest  impi'isoned  under  the 
act  who  escaped  from  his  dungeon  was  liable  to  the  penalty 
of  death  if  he  was  retaken.  Any  one  who  liarl»ored  a  Cath- 
olic i)riest  was  subject  to  a  line  of  two  hundred  and  fifty 
pounds,  and  was  to  stand  on  the  pillory  for  three  days.' 

The  next  year  a  law  passed  by  which  "  Paiiists  and  Pojjish 
recusants  were  prohibited  from  voting  for  members  of  as- 


«  "An  Act  n(?iiinRt  Jcsuita  and  PopiHli  Prksts,"  "Acts  passed 

July.  AuR..  Oct..  1700,"  lii  "The  Luws  of  Her  Majesties  Colony  of  New 


York."    New  York,  1710,  p.  :t7. 


iS'S 

ijjii 


I'     '  ^  "-I 


n^ 


';} 


858 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


seinbly,  or  any  office  whatever  from  thenceforth  and  for- 
ever." 

The  Massachusetts  law  passed  by  Bellomont's  influence 
was  almost  identical  in  language.' 

Not  to  be  behind  in  zeal  for  the  Protestant  supremacy,  the 
Maryland  Legislature,  stimulated  by  Governor  Seymour,  who 
was  incensed  against  the  Catholics  because  they  refused  to 
make  up  a  purse  for  him,  passed  an  act,  on  the  3d  of  Octo- 
ber, 170-1:,  "  to  prevent  the  growth  of  popery  within  this 
province."  '     Its  provisions  contrast  strangely  with  the  cliar- 
ity  and  liberality  of  the  laws  passed  while  Catholic  influence 
]irevailed.    This  law  enacted  that  "  whatsoever  popish  bishop, 
priest,  or  Jesuit,  should  baptize  any  child  or  children,  other 
than  such  who  have  popish  parents,  or  shall  say  mass,  or  ex- 
ercise the  funotion  of  a  poj>ish  bishop  or  priest  M'itliin  this 
Province,  or  should  endeavor  to  persuade  any  of  his  majes- 
ty's liege  people  to  embrace  and  be  reconciled  to  the  Church 
c»f  Rome,"  should,  upon  conviction,  pay  the  sum  of  £.50  and 
be  imprisoned  for  six  months.    And  if,  after  such  conviction, 
any  popish  bishop,  priest,  or  desuit,  should  say  mass  or  exer- 
cise any  function  of  a  priest  within  the  province,  or  if  anv 
persons  i)rofcssii)g  to  be  of  the  Churcli  of  Rome  should  keep 
school,  or  take  U])on  themselves  the  education,  government, 
or  boarding  of  youth,  at  any  place  in  the  province,  upon  con- 
viction such  olfenders  should  be  transported  to  England  to 
undergo  the  penalties  provided  there  by  Statutes  11  and  12, 
William   III.,  "for  the  further  preventing  the  growth  of 
Popery."     And  the  fourth   section    provided   that  if  am 


'  "An  Act  neninst  .IfsiiKs  and  Poplsli  Priests."  "Acts  un,!  |,,i\vs 
parsed  |)y  tiip  (Jrcut  !Ui<l  (Jciicral  ('(iiirl  or  As.wmbly,  bcRim  •Jiiili  (,' 
Miiy.  I7(M)."     London,  1724.  p.  180. 

'  ••  A  ('(mii)!^!!  Col  led  ion  of  f'l'  Laws  of  Maryland,"  Annapolis.  17l'7 
p.  aOI.     Acl.x  of  1704,  ell.  59. 


It       '  I  ) 


SEYMOURS  PENAL  LAW. 


859 


Popish  yoxith  shall  not,  within  six  months  after  he  attains 
his  majority,  take  the  oaths  prescribed,  he  shall  be  incapable 
of  taking  lands  by  descent,  and  his  next  of  kin  being  a  Prot- 
estant shall  succeed  to  them  ;  that  any  person  professing  the 
Catholic  faith  shall  be  incompetent  to  purchase  lands.  An- 
other section  provided  that  any  person  sending  his  child 
abroad  to  be  educated  in  the  Catholic  faith  should  forfeit 
'£100. 

Another  clause  providing  that "  Protestant  children  of  Pop- 
ish parents  might  not,  for  want  of  a  suitable  maintenance,  be 
ooinpelled  to  embrace  the  Popish  religion  contrary  to  their 
inclinations,"  enacted,  "  if  any  such  person  refused  a  proper 
support  to  his  Protestant  child  that  the  governor  or  keeper 
of  the  great  seal  should  have  power  to  make  such  order 
tlierein  as  suited  the  intent  of  the  act."  ' 

Of  this  fearful  law  of  persecution  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hawks, 
an  Episcopal  clergyman,  says :  "The  enactment  enforced  a 
gross  violation  of  the  best  feelings  of  human  nature  ;  it  for- 
bade a  parent  to  fulfil  the  first  duty  which  he  owed  to  his 
oiTspring,  that  of  instruction  ;  and  dissolving  filial  obliga- 
tion, offered  to  a  wayward  child  a  premium  for  youtliful 
hypocrisy.  lie  who  can  speak  of  such  a  law  in  any  terms 
but  those  of  indignant  reprobation,  deserves  himself  to  en- 
dure all  its  penalties." ' 

The  act  made  the  performance  of  any  duty  by  a  priest  or 
bishop  a  crime:  he  could  not  baptize,  oli'er  the  holy  sac- 
rifice, hear  confessions,  preach,  or  attend  the  dying.  No 
Catholic  could  teach,  no  Catholic  could  send  his  child  out  of 
the  province  to  receive  instructions  from  those  of  his  faith. 

'  "Acts  of  Assembly,"  piissod  in  tlic  province  of  Mnryliind,  fmni 
UilfJ  to  1715.     F.ondon,  172a,  p.  24. 

'  Hawks.  "ContrilKitions  to  the  Ecclcsiiisticnl  History  of  the  rnilcil 
Stutis,"  iil.,  pp.  125-127.  Bcharf.  "History  of  Maryland,"  i.,  pp.  300- 
a70. 


K». 


ii  Pi: 


WA 


Wi 


m 


\4 


I 


'mJ 


mi 


ill 


860 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


When  this  act  was  promulgated  Maryland  was  in  a  for- 
Tnent.  The  Catholics  complained  of  the  hardship,  i:)<rrati- 
tude,  and  injustice  of  such  a  penal  law,  for  which  they  had 
not  given  the  slightest  pretext  hy  any  action  on  their  part, 
Kuiid)ers  of  their  Protestant  neiglihors  sympathized  with 
them  60  that  the  Assemhlymen  declared  that  it  was  neither 
their  intention  nor  desire  to  forhid  Catholics  the  free  exor- 
cist; of  their  religion,  and  they  addressed  the  governor  asking 
that  the  Assembly  shouhl  be  reconvened.  As  soon  as  it 
met,  the  Legislature  on  the  9th  of  December  suspended  the 
operation  of  this  law  for  eighteen  months,  as  agiunst  ])riosts 
exercising  their  functions  oidy  in  the  house  of  a  Catholic 
family.' 

The  law  did  not  emanate  from  the  delegates,  it  would 
seem,  but  was  jirobably  sprung  upon  them  by  some  tactics 
of  the  governor,  Avhose  hatred  of  the  Catholics  was  intensi>. 

Another  act  of  this  year  imposed  a  fine  of  twenty  pounds 
on  any  one  who  brought  in  the  sturdy  arms  of  an  Irish  pa- 
pist to  till  the  soil  of  Maryland.* 

It  may  seem  somewhat  strange  to  find  the  Eiiglisli  sov- 
ereign and  government  interveno  to  protect  any  part  of  tlie 
])eople  from  the  intolerance  and  sectarian  tyranny  of  a  colo 
nial  assembly,  hut  such  was  now  actually  the  case.  The 
CommissioiuTs  of  Trade  and  Plantations  were  shocked  at  the 
injustice  of  (Jovernor  Seymour  and  his  pliant  Assenil)ly. 
After  consulting  with  the  Bishop  of  London,  who  was  ro- 
garutd  as  the  Diocesan  (»f  the  Anglican  Church  in  the  colo- 
nies, tliey  petitioned  Queen  Anne  to  extend  her  royal  j)ro- 
tection  to  her  menaced  Catholic  Bubjccts  in  America.     Anne 


'  Bnron'g  "  Laws,"  1704,  rh.  9. 

'  "  LilKTty  (ind  Propirty  ;  or,  tlic  Henuty  of  Marjiand  displayed," 
etc.     "  Hy  a  Lover  of  bin  (."ountry." 


QUEEN  ANNE  SAVES  CATHOLICITY.  361 

favored  tlie  Church  of  England,  and  personally  did  more 
fur  it  in  America  than  any  other  English  sovereign,  her 
name  being  gratefnlly  remembered  to  this  day ;  but  in  Mary- 
land and  Nova  Scotia  she  won  as  enduring  a  claim  to  the 
irratitude  of  Catholics,  and  in  both  provinces  for  many  a 
voar  the  faithful  a]ii)ealed  to  her  kindly  interposition  as  their 
protecting   a'gis.     The   Acts   of    the    Maryland   Assembly 
"  being  taken  into  her  Majesty's  Eoyal  Consideration,  out  of 
her  Gracious  Tenderness  to  all  her  Subjects,  behaving  them- 
selves peaceably  and  quietly  under  Her  Majesty's  Govern- 
ment she  has  been  Graciously  pleased  by  Iler  Order  to  ills 
Excellency  the  Governour  of  this  I'rovince,  bearing  date  at 
tlie  Council  Board  at  Whitehall,  the  Third  Day  of  January, 
1705,  to  direct  that  a  New  Law  or  Clause  of  a  Law  should 
l)e  Enacted  in  this  Province,  whereby  the  said  Act  of  Assem- 
bly, suspending  the  Execution  of  that  Part  of  the  said  First 
mentioned  Law  for  preventing  the  Growth  of  Popery,  viz., 
as  to  the  Prosecution  of  any  Priests  of  the  Connnunion  of 
the  Church  of  Eome,  incurring  the  Penalties  of  the  said 
Act,  by  exercising  their  Function  in  a  private  Family  of  the 
lionian  Communion,  but  in  tio  other  Case  whatsoever,  may 
bo  contimied,  without  any  other  Limitation  of  Time  than 
until  I  lor.  "Majesty's  further  Pleasure  be  declared  and  signi- 
fied therein."     And  in  obedience  to  this  order  of  Queen 
Anno,  the  Maryland  Assembly,  March  20— April  15,  1707, 
passed  the  required  law." 

The  now  act  stands  as  a  proof  that  the  Catholics  of  Mary- 
land had  behaved  themselves  iioaceably  and  (piiotly  under 
Her  :Nrajesty's  Government,  for  had  it  l)oon  possible  f(»r  Sey- 
mour and  his  followers  to  allege  the  contrary,  as  a  pretext 


'  "  A  Complcat  Collection  of  the  Laws  of  Maryland,"  Annapolis,  1727, 
p.  50. 


^1 


il. 


362 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


for  their  tyrannical  intolerance,  they  would  not  have  failed 
to  presant  charges  to  that  effect. 

They  had,  however,  already  sought  to  elude  the  effect  of 
the  temporary  suspension  of  the  Act  by  passing  a  law,  for 
extending  to  Maryland  a  certain  act  in  regard  to  niarriagos. 
to  which  was  added,  in  a  way  to  escape  notice,  a  clause  tliat 
all  the  Penal  acts  mentioned  in  a  law  of  I  William  111. 
"  shall  be  and  are  in  full  force  to  all  Intents  and  Purposes 
wthin  this  Province."  '  But  the  royal  sanction  to  this  law 
was  withheld  on  the  ground  that  it  embraced  matters  not 
clearly  expressed  in  the  title.' 

An  indication  of  the  feeling  prevailing  in  Maryland  at  tliis 
epoch  is  seen  in  a  little  work  printed  at  Boston,  in  1707,  prob- 
ably because  there  was  no  press  in  Maryland  to  issue  it.  It 
was  entitled,  "A  Catechism  against  Popery  for  Christians  in 
Mar''dand." ' 

The  next  year  the  Sheriffs  of  the  several  counties  were  re- 
quired to  report  the  number  of  Catholics  within  their  several 
counties,  and  in  a  population  exceeding  forty  thousand  only 
2.974  were  returned  by  the  officers,  nearly  one-half,  1,238, 
being  in  Saint  Mary's  County,  with  709  in  Charles,  and  24S 
in  Prince  George's  Ccunties.  In  the  rest  of  the  province 
the  number  was  small,  161  in  Anne  Arundoll,  i)3  in  Balti- 
more, 48  in  Calvert  Counties ;  while  on  the  eastern  shore  it 
was  even  less,  40  in  Cecil,  40  in  Kent,  179  in  Queen  Anne, 
89  in  Talbot,  79  in  Dorchester,  and  81  in  Somerset.     This 


'Laws,  p.  48.    The  Act  of  1704  wns  formally  repealed  in  1717     Ibid 
p.  201. 

'  Hev.  Georpe  Hunter,  fl.J.  "A  short  Account  of  y  State  and  Cmi 
dilion  of  y  Roman  Catholicksln  y  Provinceof  Maryland,  ((.llcrtcd  fn,:ii 
authentir-k  copys  of  y  Provincial  Records  and  otiicr  undoubted  Icsii 
monys." 

'  Thomas,  "History  of  Printine."  Second  Kditioii,  ad  ann.  1707. 


PRIEST  CHAPEL-HOUSES. 


36S 


little  flock  the  vanguard  of  the  phalanx  of  the  faith  in  the 
English-speaking  part  of  America,  were  guided  by  the  great 
leather  William  Hunter,  still  Superior ;  Father  Robert  Brooke, 
of  the  family  from  which  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton  was  a 
scion  ;  George  Thorold,  who  was  in  time  Superior  ;  Thomas 
Mansell,  and  William  Wood,  who  came  to  the  mission  in 
1 700,  Father  Mansell  in  1704,  founding  the  mission  at  Bohe- 
mia, in  Cecil  County,  near  the  more  Christian  and  less  intol- 
erant province  of  Pennsylvania,' 

The  exemption  granted  temporarily,  and  confirmed  per- 
petually by  Queen  Anne's  directions,  allowed  the  offices  of 
the  Church  to  be  performed  only  in  a  private  family. 
Henceforward  to  the  end  of  British  rule,  no  separate  Cath- 
olic church  or  chapel  was  allowed.  The  step  taken  by  the 
early  missionaries  in  securing  lands  was  now  to  show  its  fov- 
ideiitial  character.  The  houses  of  the  missionaries  were 
adapted  or  new  ones  erected  in  such  a  form  that  while  to  all 
intents  and  purposes  each  was  a  dwelling-house,  a  large  room 
within  was  a  chapel  for  the  Catholics  of  the  district.  The 
house  of  some  Catholic  planter  at  a  convenient  distance  would, 
by  the  zeal  and  piety  of  the  owner,  have  under  the  general 
roof  a  chapel-room  where  his  family  and  neighbors  could 
gather  to  join  in  the  awful  sacrifice  so  pleasing  in  the  eyes  of 
Cxod,  so  terrible  to  hell.  The  ancient  Carroll  mansion  at 
Doiighoregan  manor  is  a  type  of  one  of  these  private  chapels 
which  alone  for  generations  enabled  the  Catholics  in  that  dis- 

'  Rev.  W.  P.  Treacy,  "Catalogue  of  our  Missionary  Fatlicrs,"  1634- 
1805,  "Woodstoclc  Letters,"  X.,  p.  15;  xv.,  pp.  90-1.  Sclmrf,  "  History 
of  Maryland,"  i.,  p.  870,  and  authority  cited. 

Father  Robert  Brooke,  of  a  pious  Maryland  family,  one  of  the  earliest 
American  members  of  the  Society,  was  sent  back  to  his  native  province 
iilxuit  IGOO,  and  was  Superior  of  the  Mission  from  1710  to  his  death  at 
Ncwiown,  July  18,  1714.  Foley,  "  Records,"  vii.,  p.  01 ;  "Woodstock 
Letters,"  xv.,  p.  08. 


t^64 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


trict  to  enjoy  the  privilege  of  worshipping  God.  Of  tlie  priest 
chapel-houses  the  most  perfect  example  now  remaining  is 
the  Rock  Creek  or  Hickory  Mission  in  Harford  County,  ut' 
which  a  sketch  will  be  given  in  this  work,  as  well  as  the 
ground-plau  and  elevation  of  a  similar  structure  reared  in  the 
last  century  on  the  eastern  shore.' 

"  When  divine  service  was  performed  at  a  distance  from 
their  residence,  private  and  inconvenient  houses  were  used 
for  churches."  "  Catholics  contributed  nothing  to  the  siii> 
port  of  religion  or  its  ministers ;  the  whole  charge  of  their 
maintenance,  of  furnishing  the  altars,  of  all  travelling  ex- 
penses, fell  on  the  priests  themselves,  and  no  compens;ition 
was  ever  offered  for  any  services  performed  by  them,  nor  did 
they  require  any  so  long  as  the  produce  of  their  lands  was 
sufficient  to  answer  their  demand." ' 


'  Sec  "  Woodstock  Letters,"  vi.,  p.  13. 
'  "  Bishop  Carroll's  Account." 


CHAPTER  II. 
cATHOucnr  in  Pennsylvania  and  maetland,  1708-1741. 

While  religion  was  thus  oppressed  in  Maryland,  Penn, 
who  had  recovered  his  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  practiced, 
as  far  as  he  dared,  the  principles  of  religious  liberty  which 
he  shared  with  the  Calverts  and  James  II.'  But  with  the 
prudent  caution  which  marked  his  career,  he  avoided  coming 
to  any  issue  with  the  home  government,  fully  aware  that  any 
collision  on  that  point  would  imperil  his  power  to  do  good 
and  endanger  the  religious  freedom  of  his  own  community. 

In  the  first  clause  of  the  Charter  of  Liberties  and  Privi- 
leges, October  28,  1701,  which  reafiirmed  the  toleration  al- 
ready established,  it  was  provided  :  "And  that  all  persons 
who  also  profess  to  believe  in  Jesus  Christ,  the  Saviour  of 
the  world,  shall  be  capable  (notwithstanding  their  other  per- 
suasions and  practices  in  point  of  conscience  and  religion)  to 
serve  the  government  in  any  capacity,  both  legislatively  and 
executively,  he  or  they  solemnly  promising  when  lawfully 


'  In  New  Jersey  the  Liberty  of  Conscience  proclaimed  in  1702  ex- 
cepted Papists  and  Quakers.  In  Carolina,  members  of  Assembly  had  to 
receive  communion  in  the  Anglican  church  by  Act  of  1704.  "  Through- 
out the  Colonies  at  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  man  who 
did  not  conform  to  the  established  religion  of  the  colony  ....  if  ho 
were  a  Roman  Catholic  was  everywhere  wholly  disfranchised.  For  him 
there  was  not  even  the  legal  right  of  public  worship."  C.  J.  Stille, 
"Penn.  Mag.  of  Hist.,"  ix.,  p.  375.  All  colonial  officers  were,  by  a 
declaration  of  Queen  Anne  in  1702,  required  to  take  the  tc-^t  oath,  and 
thus  all  Catholics  were  excluded.  Ibid.,  p.  390.  See  "  Woodstock  Let- 
ters," vi..  p.  13. 

(866) 


366 


i-"3M 


II 


t 


If    !  I 


THE  CHURCH  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


required,  allegiance  to  the  king  as  sovereign,  and  fidelity  to 
the  Proprietor  and  Governor." 

Encouraged  by  the  liberality  of  Penn's  government,  many 
Catholics,  unable  to  settle  in  Maryland,  began  to  make  their 
homes  in  Pennsylvania.     Who  the  pioneer  Catholics  were, 
and  who  was  the  first  priest,  is  a  point  now  involved  in  ob^ 
scurity.     Evidence  from  several  sources  shows  that  mass  was 
openly  offered  in  Philadelphia  at  the  close  of  1707,  or  early 
in  the  ensuing  year,  and  Lionel  Brittain,  a  man  of  means  and 
position,  became  a  convert  to  the  Catholic  faith.     The  Rev. 
John  Talbot,  an  Anglican  clergyman  at  Burlington,  New 
Jersey,  and  a  nonjuring  bishop,  learned  these  facts  in  New 
York,  and  reported  them  January  10,  1708,  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Society  for  Propagating  the  Gospel,  and  the  next 
month,  in  a  letter  to  Keith,  mentions  tlie  conversion  of  sev- 
eral persons.' 

During  those  days  of  general  persecution,  Cathohcs  in 
iiK.sr  parts  of  the  British  Empire  acted  with  great  caution  so 
as  not  to  excite  hostility,  but  in  Philadelphia  they  showed 
less  prudence.  The  fact  that  mass  was  openly  said,  became 
known  in  England,  and  was  made  the  basis  of  acousation 
against  Penn,  who  wrote  to  Logan  :  "  Here  is  a  complaint 
against  your  government  that  you  suffer  publick  mass  in  a 
scandalous  manner." 

There  is,  however,  no  Catholic  record  or  tradition  as  to  the 

■  "Since  Mr.  Brooke.  Mr.lloore,  and  Mr.  Evans  wont  away  there's 
an  Independaney  set  up  again  at  Elizabeth  Town,  Ana  baptism  at  Bur- 
T^f.  ,";  ".",  L  '  ^<nmhMas.  at  Philadelphia. "-Letter  of  Rev.  John 
noS  mn.  'T'^  n  ""  ^"'-  ^'■'"'-  """P-  ^'"^  York.  .January  10, 
NewtorU  '  ,  ■"  «"^""S^°"'"  P-  '«•  "I  ««w  Mr.  Bradford  at 
INew  York  ;  he  telLs  me  mass  is  set  up  and  re.ul  publiely  in  Philadeli.hia 
and  several  people  are  turned  to  it.  amongst  whieh  Lionel  Brittain  .he 
ehureb  warden^  .s  one,  and  his  son  another. "-Letter  of  Rev.  .John  Tal- 
bot  to  Rev.  Mr.  Keith,  14th  Febnmry.  1707-8.  "Doc.  Uist  P  E 
l^hurch,  Connecticut,"  ii..  p.  a7,  New  York.  1863. 


M 


FIEST  MASS  IN  PHILADELPHIA. 


367 


CatlioHc  clergyman  whose  zeal  attracted  tliis  general  notice, 
nor  do  we  know  anything  of  his  flock. 

The  place  where  the  first  mass  was  offered  is  not  cleai'ly 
settled.  Watson,  the  annalist  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  author- 
ity of  Sanniel  Coates,  stated  that  it  was  the  house  at  the 
northwest  corner  of  Front  and  Walnut  Streets.  A  later  and 
careful  historian,  Thompson  Westcott,  raised  a  doubt  by 
showing  that  this  property  belonged  to  Griffith  Jones,  a 
jnember  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  one  of  the  early 
Mayors  of  Philadelphia.  But  Jones  or  his  grantee  was  the 
neighbor  of  the  Catholics,  Meade  and  Brown,  near  Nicetown, 
where  a  Catholic  chapel  is  traditionally  reported  to  have  ex- 
isted on  ground  once  possessed  by  him.  It  is  certainly  a 
curious  fact  that  his  name  is  thus  connected  with  two  spots 
where  Catholics  are  reported  to  have  gathered  to  worship 
God,'  Moreover,  as  early  as  1698,  Jones  was  suspected  of 
disaffection,  and  was  arrested  as  the  writer  of  a  petition  fa- 
voring the  Anglican  Church.' 

We  are  up  to  this  time  equally  in  the  dark  as  to  the  priest 
who  officiated  for  the  Catholics  of  Philadelphia  in  1708 ; 
no  evidence  has  yet  been  found.  None  of  those  who  have 
written  on  the  Jesuit  missions  in  Maryland  mention  any 
Father  of  the  Society  as  laboring  in  Pennsylvania  prior  to 
Father  Greaton,  whose  name  does  not  appear  on  the  Mary- 
land mission  before  1721.*  It  may  have  been  Father  Man- 
sell  from  Bohemia,  or  the  English  Franciscan  Father,  James 


'  "  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History,"  ii.,  p.  447  ;  iv.,  p.  423. 

'  Perry,  "  Papers  relating  to  the  History  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Clmrcli  in  Pennsylvania,"  p.  10.  A  stepdaughter  of  Jones  seems  to 
iiiive  married  into  the  Catholic  family  of  Willcox.  "  Penn.  Mag.  of 
Hist.,"x.,  p.  124. 

»F.  Treacy,  "Catalogue  of  our  Missionary  Fathers,"  1634-1805; 
"  Woodstock  Letters,"  xv.,  p.  98. 


I 


* 

¥ 

• 

■      ■■'? 

1 

?     1 

I 

•   13 

1 

L  1 

868 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


Haddock,  or  one  of  the  Scotch  Fathers  of  that  order,  Peter 
Gordon,  or  Clement  Ilyslop,  or  indeed  some  secular  priest.' 

Induced  probably  by  the  hostility  of  the  Maryland  au- 
thorities, the  Catholics  in  the  province  seem  to  have  moved 
towards  the  friendly  borders  of  the  territories  of  William 
jPenn,  taking  up  grounds  and  settling  in  the  northern  parts 
of  both  shores.  The  clergy  took  steps  to  extend  their  minis- 
jtry  to  this  new  flock.  As  already  stated.  Father  Thomas 
!  Mansell,  a  native  of  Oxfordshire,  who  had  entered  the  Soci- 
ety of  Jesus  in  1686,  and  after  his  ordination  had  been  sent 
to  Maryland  in  1700,*  is  said  to  have  taken  up  his  residence 
about  1704  in  Cecil  County,  near  the  manor  of  Augustine 
Herman.  Two  sisters  of  the  name  of  O'Daniel  had  obtained 
a  warrant  for  lands,  which  they  bequeathed  to  Father  Man 
sell  and  William  Douglass.  On  the  10th  July,  1706,  Father 
Mansell  obtained  a  patent  for  458  acres,  under  the  name  of 
Saint  Xaverius,  It  lay  a  few  miles  southeast  of  the  junction 
of  the  Great  and  Little  Bohemia  Rivers,  The  estate  was  sub- 
sequently enlarged  by  the  purchase  of  the  St.  Inigo  tract 
from  a  neighboring  Catholic  proprietor,  James  Heath.' 
Here  the  manor-house  became  at  once  a  residence  for  the 

'  Oliver,  "  Collections  illustrating  the  History  of  the  Catholic  Relig- 
ion," etc.,  London,  1857,  p.  541.  "  Cong.  Int.,"  Lond.,  January  30, 1009- 
1700,  p.  107. 

Watson's  traditional  account  was  accepted  by  Catholics  generally,  and 
no  one  seems  to  have  questioned  it.  Col.  Bernard  U.  Campbell,  Bishop 
O'Connor,  Archbishop  Kcnrick,  all  adopted  it,  and  Henry  de  Couroy 
do  La  Roche  Heron,  finding  it  accepted  by  men  of  such  standing 
in  the  Church,  gave  it  on  their  authority  in  his  Sketch  of  the  Church 
which  I  translated.  Dishonest  writers  attiick  this  last  gentleman  as  tliou,:,'h 
he  had  invented  the  story.  They  even  cite  Mr.  de  Courcy's  words 
as  mine  ;  I  had  written  nothing  on  the  history  of  the  Church  in  Penn- 
sylvania except  in  private  letters,  having  called  Mr.  Westcott's  attention 
to  Brittain'3  conversion  and  the  presence  of  Recollect  Fathers. 

•  Foley,  "  Records  of  the  English  Province,"  vii.,  p.  487. 

•Geo.  Johnston,  "  History  of  Cecil  County,  Maryland,"  pp.  195-199. 


THE  BOHEMIA  MISSION. 


369 


missionaries  and  a  cliapel  for  the  Catliolics  in  the  vicinity, 
^vllile  those  residing  at  other  points  on  the  peninsula  were 
visited  at  stated  periods  by  the  priests  stationed  at  Bohemia, 
wliich  was  known  as  "  St.  Xavier's  Residence  on  the  Eastern 
IShore."  '  The  stations  attended  from  Bohemia  were  not  as 
iiunierons  as  those  in  the  older  Cathohc  parts  and  the  duty 
more  laborious.  The  priests  of  St.  Xavier's  mission  laid  the 
foundation  of  Catholicity  in  Delaware  by  establishing  a  mis- 
nion  at  Apoquinimink,  where  mass  was  said  at  stated  times, 
perhaps  at  the  resirlraco  of  the  ilolohan  family,  who  had 
settled  on  Mount  Cuba." 

We  get  an  idea  of  the  labors  of  the  priests  at  Bohemia 
from  a  description  by  Father  Mosley  several  years  later, 
when  things  must  have  improved  somewhat. 

"  Ye  congr  ....  ns  are  fewer  but  y"  rides  much  longer. 
On  y^  1"'  Sunday  50  mile  where  I  pass  y*  whole  week  in  that 
Neighbourhood  in  close  Business  with  y'  Ignorant.  On  y" 
ii"''  I  go  down  y"  Chesapike  Bay  40  mile  farther,  which 
makes  me  90  mile  from  Home ;  y"  other  2  Sundays  are 
easier." 

When  Father  Mansell  began  his  establishment  at  Bohemia, 
"  it  is  highly  probable  that  he  brought  with  him  the  ancient 
cross,  which  has  been  at  Bohemia  ever  since,'  This  cross  is 
about  five  feet  high,  and  is  said  to  have  been  brought  to  St. 

'  Father  Mosley  speaks  of  Bohemia  as  a  fine  plantation  "  nigh  Phila- 
delphia, which  is  a  vast  advantage."  The  lands  at  Bc'iemia  were  be- 
queathed by  Father  Mansell  to  Thomas  Hodgson,  February  20,  1723. 
The  founder  of  the  Bohemia  mission  died  March  18,  1724,  aged  55, 
having  been  Superior  of  the  Mission  in  1714  and  for  several  years 
thereafter.  Foley,  "  Records,"  vii.,  p.  487 ;  "  Woodstock  Letters,"  xv., 
p.  93. 

'Perry,  "Papers  relating  to  the  Church  in  Pennsylvania,"  p.  813; 
■Voodstock  Tetters,"  xv,,  p.  228. 
liM.  Johnsiou,  "  History  of  Cecil  County,"  p.  109. 

24 


, 


it!    f 


iii  • 


:i7() 


Tin<:  cmmcu  in  Maryland. 


Marv'a  !>}'  tlic  first  settlors  wlio  catiio  tlierc  from  Englinul. 
It  is  iiiado  of"  wroiiglit-iron  iiiid  (rrdiinly  looks  aiu'iciit 
oiiough  to  liavo  bi'i'ii  l)nui<:;lit  ovi>r  hy  tlio  I'ilgriiiis  wlm 
caiiu'  ovor  in  the  '  Ark  '  and  '  Dovt'.'  "  ' 

Tlioro  scoius  to  have  boi'Ji  soiiio  ground  for  Iiojhi  of  Itcttir 

tinios  for  tlio  CI  lurch  in  1711, 

^  otv  of  .losus,  I'ctor  Attwond, 


KAC'-SIMII.K    OV   TItK    SION ATl'UK    OK 
FAI'inCU   rKTlCU   ATl'Wiion 


Francis    Hcauniont,    ("liai'li-; 

Hrockliolcs,  and  Tliumii-i 
Ilodu^soii,  were  sent  out  in  tliat  year.  Tlio  zealous  Katlieis 
Hunter  and  Mrooke,  the  latter  Superior  of  the  Mission,  wiili 
Munsell,  Wood,  and  'Pliorold, 
seem  to  have  cttniposed  the 
.lesuit  body.' 

Father  (Jeorge  Thorold  was 
sent  to  Maryland  in  1700,  anti 
labored    there   for  more  than 

forty  years,  after  having  done  service  in  England.  lie  was, 
with  slight  interruption,  Superior  of  the  Mission  from  172.") 
to  17.'?4.  Ill' was  of  a  Berkshire  fanuly,  oorn  February  II, 
H>70,  and  died  at  St.  Thomas  Manor,  November  15,  1742.' 


KAl-SIMII.K  UK  Till'    HIONATniK  til' 
KATHKIl  GKOHIUC  TIIOUOU). 


'  The  kitrlicii  at  noliciniii  is  liclicvcil  tn  be  FuMior  Mfinsell's  house  ami 
4'Iiapi'l.     A  liirncr  cliiipcl  house  wmh  soon  ereeleil, 

"  In  1705  llic  present  house  of  SI.  Ini);(\H  was  erected,  under  Kiilhir 
Aslit)ey,  witli  the  l>riclvs  of  llie  old  Churcli  of  St.  Miiry's,  whieh  hail 
been  t)rounlit  from  Knuiliind.  .Miout  the  simu- time  11  siuiill  church  was 
erected  in  the  chii]Hl  field  iind  it  ^'raveviird  nlliulu  il  to  it."  Hislioj)  I'lii 
wick,  "  Brief  Account  of  the  Settlement  of  Mar}  litn<l." 

*  Henry  Foley,  "  Recordn  of  the  Kn>tli«h  Province  of  the  Society  of 
Jesus,"  vli.,  pp.  ja,  ■»!<,  HT,  IM.  !MU.  iisri,  4H7,  T7t.  The  youni;  r'alhir 
llcnry  I'oullon  died  Sepleml)cr  »'7,  17l'J,  al  the  ajje  of  8!1.  Ihid.,  p.  11;':: . 
Trcncy,  'Catftlojiue  of  our  MisHionury  F^ilhers";  "  Wo(Ml8t(K'k  Leilers,  ' 
sv..  p.  03;  xiv.,  p.  37(< 

•  Foley,  "  Hecords,"  vii.,  p.  774  ;  "  \Voo<lstt)ck  Leltem,"  xv,,  p.  O'l. 


II  \  il4 


H  hdllSI'  Mini 


A  CALVKliT'S  APOSTASY. 


371 


Father  Peter  Attwood,  an  uctivo  and  zealous  iniHHionary  of 
this  period,  was  the  son  of  (Jeorge  Attwood,  Kwj.,  of  Hovorie, 
Mild  Winifred  Tetrc.  He  entered  the  Society  (»f  .Iohuh  wlien 
;ihciut  twenty-one,  and  coming  to  Maryland  in  1711  waH  on 
active  du.y,  whowing  ability  in  the  nianagenient  of  all'iiirs. 
lie  was  on  two  occanionH  SiiiKwior  of  tiu'  Mission,  and  dic^d 
whih-  still  in  olllcc^  on  Ohristinas  day,  17;{4.' 

Lord  Haltiniore  at  this  time,  and  perhaps  on  other  occa- 
sions, cniitrihnted  to  tlu-  support  of  the  missiotiaries  who 
were  exposed  to  the  persecution  of  governors  in  whose  ap- 
pointment he  had  no  voice.  In  his  "  Instructions,  power 
iind  authority  to  C*harles  Carroll,  dated  Septenihcr  12,  1712," 
lie  directs  that  gentleman  as  his  agent  to  pay  yearly  eight 
thonsatid  pounds  of  tohacc-o  to  "  Mr.  Rohert  Hrooke  and  the 
rest  of  his  hrethreii,  heing  in  all  eight  persons,"  and  he  or- 
ders the  payment  of  another  ihonsand  pounds  to  "  Mr.  .lames 
IIad<loclv."  the  Franciscan  missionary  already  mentioned.' 

In  ITI:!  the  cause  of  Catholit-ity  in  Maryland  recieived  a 
sad  blow.  Menedict  lieonard  Calvert,  heir  to  the  Harony,  in 
tlie  hope  of  recovering  in  time  the  control  of  the  Province 
of  Maryland,  for  which  the  English  (Jovernment  re(|uired 
iipostasy  from  the  tru(>  faith,  weakly  yielded,  and  on  the 
tliii'd  day  of  January  renounced  his  religion.  His  father  de- 
plored the  step  and  deprived  his  son  of  his  inconie,  till  the 
(ioveriiment  compelled  him  to  make  an  allowance.  The 
young  num's  apostasy  did  not  secure  the  boon  that  he  cov- 
eted ;  he  siu'vived  his  father  only  a  short  time,  and  died 
without  recovering  his  rights  in  Maryland.  His  infant  son, 
Charles  Calvert,  Lord  Maltimore,  was  brought  up  a  Protest- 
ant.    When  he  came  of  ago  he  was  aciknowledged  as  Lord 

'  Foley,  '•  llcconlH,"  viL.  p.  iill;  "  Woodstock  Lt'ttcra,"  xv  ,  p.  94. 
'  Kilty.  "  liiiiKl-lloiiliT'H  AsKJHtant,"  p.  l','ll.    Tlici'ljilitwciim  to  iiirliidi! 
only  I  hose  in  the  lower  coiiiities,  omilliiiK  .Miiiisell,  «lio  wiw  ut  Bohoinla. 


*  ^1 


1 


872 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


i  1^' 


Proprietor,  and  the  bouse  of  Calvert  till  it  ended  in  dishonor 
was  one  of  the  Protestant  powers  of  the  province. 

The  influence  of  this  desertion  was  naturally  great.  There 
were  in  Maryland  weak  Catholics  wlio  had  l)een  bo"iiu  un 
and  strengthened  hitherto  by  the  courageous  fidelity  of  tl,e 
Lords  Baltimore  and  their  families.  Some  of  these  be<i-au  t.) 
waver  ;  some  even  thought  it  no  shame  to  follow  the  sad  ex- 
ample of  the  late  Lord  Proprietary,  and  sacrifice  their  faith 
in  order  to  secure  iiiununity  from  dan  ';er8  which  seemed  to 
threaten  the  whole  Catholic  body,  or  obtain  civil  rights  and 
offices." 

The  alarm  amcnig  the  adherents  of  true  religion  was  in- 
creased by  the  course  of  the  Assembly  in  exacting  new 
oaths  from  all  who  held  any  office  in  the  province.  A  law 
of  April  20,  1715,  required  every  official  to  take  oaths  al> 
juring  all  allegiance  to  the  son  of  the  exiled  king,  James  IL, 
and  swearing  allegiance  to  George  I.  This  did  not  atYect 
Catholics,  as  such,  but  the  Act  of  July  17,  1710,  efTectually 
excluded  Catholics  from  any  even  the  humblest  office  in  the 
province  which  they  had  built  up  by  their  industry  and  en- 
nobled by  their  liberality.  To  hold  an  oflice  every  man  was 
rt'fjuired  to  take  an  oath  of  allegiance  to  King  George  ;  an 
o:it!i  of  abhorrence  of  the  Pope's  right  to  depose  sovereigns; 
an  oath  abjuring  James  IIL,  and  an  oath  that  he  did  not  be- 
lieve in  Transubstantiation. 

Even  after  taking  this  string  of  oaths  an  officer  in  Mary- 
land was  not  yet  sure  of  his  position.  For  if  he  should  at 
any  time  thereafter  "  be  present  at  any  Popish  Assembly, 
Conventicle,  or  Meeting,  and  joyn  with  them  in  their  Ser- 
vice at  Mass,  or  receive  the  Sacrament  in  that  Communion,'" 


'  Scharf,  "  History  of  Miiryland,"  I.,  p.  879. 

'  '■  A  Compleal  Collection  of  the  Laws  of  Maryland,"  Annapolis,  1727, 
pp.  74,  101-*. 


» 


CATHOLICS  DISFRANCHISED.  373 

lie  forfeited   his  office,   and   became  disqualified   for  any 
other. 

To  prevent  an  increase  of  the  Catholic  body  by  immigra- 
tion, a  tax  of  twenty  shillings  was  imposed  in  1716,  on  every 
"Irish  papist"  servant  introduced  into  the  province,  and 
this  tax  was  doubled  the  next  year.' 

Tin's  was  followed  by  the  complete  disfranchisement  of 
the  CathoHcs.  An  act  regulating  the  election  of  delegates 
begins,  "  And  whereas  notwithstanding  all  the  measures  that 
have  been  hitherto  taken  for  preventing  the  Growth  of 
I^ipery  within  this  Province,  It  is  very  obvious,  tliat  not 
only  ]u-ofcst  Papists  still  multiply  and  increase  in  Number, 
liiit  that  there  are  also  too  great  numbers  of  others  that  ad- 
here to  and  espouse  their  Interest  in  o])position  to  the  Prot- 
estant Establishment,"  and  after  reciting  the  dangers  to  be 
feared  from  C^atholics  electing  a  candidate  the  statute  enacted, 
"  That  all  jirofest  Papists  whatsoever,  be  (and  are  hereby  de- 
clared) uncapable  of  giving  their  vote  in  any  Election  of  a 
Delegate  or  Delegates,"  unless  they  took  the' oaths  re.juired 
of  office-holders.' 

Yet  the  Catholic  clergy  only  nerved  themselves  to  greater 
zeal,  and  that  their  labors  were  not  without  fruit  is  evident 
fi-om  a  letter  addressed  by  Governor  Hart  to  Risho]>  Kobin- 
son,  of  London,  where  speaking  of  the  Anglican  clergy  he 
wrote :  "  I  am  sorry  to  represent  to  your  lordship,  that  tliero 
are  some  whoso  education  and  morals  are  a  scandal  to  their 
profession,  and  I  am  amazed  how  such  illiterate  men  came 
to  be  in  holy  orders.  The  advantage  which  the  Jesuits  have 
from  their  negligence  is  but  too  evident  in  the  many  prose- 


'  "  A  Compleat  Collection  of  the  Laws  of  Maryland,"  Annapolis  1T"7 
p.  t02  I        •         . 

*  Ibid.,  p.  197. 


•  ii 

'    ' ' 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


lytes  they  make."  '  And  the  same  governor  addressing  the 
Anghean  clergy  in  1718,  expressed  his  regret  that  "  Jesuits 
and  otiier  Popish  emissaries  "   were  gaining  proselytes,  and 

-  the  assembled  ministers  admitted  the  fact  as  they  had  done 

1  two  years  before.' 

The  transportation  to  the  plantations  in  America  of  many 
Scotchmen  who  had  taken  ])art  in  the  rising  in  favor  of  the 
son  of  James  II.,  must  have  thrown  some  Catholics  into 
Iklaryland,  and  the  two  Scotch  Recollects  were  apparently 
still  in  the  country  and  may  have  ministered  to  them.' 

The  ol)servance  of  the  holidays  of  the  Church  by  Cath- 
olics in  the  midst  of  a  Protestant  population  has  always 
raised  difficulties.  The  Jesuit  Fathers  in  Maryland  in  17-*^, 
through  their  provincial  Father  Hill,  sought  the  decision  of 
Bishop  (iilTard.  Finding  that  many  Catholics  took  the  lil>- 
erty  of  working  on  holidays  of  obligation  in  a  most  discdify- 
ing  manner,  because  such  labor  was,  under  certain  contin- 
gencies, a  matter  of  neiiessity,  the  missionaries  submitted  to 
the  Vicar-Apostolic  regulations  which  they  had  adopted, 
aiming  to  earry  out  the  spirit  of  the  church  by  enforcing  the 
proper  observance  of  all  the  festivals  she  prescribed,  bnt 
authorizing  servile  labor  by  farm-hands  employed  in  getting 
in  the  crops,  on  any  holidays  that  occurred  between  the  be- 
ginning of  May  and  the  end  of  September,  excepting,  how- 
ever, Ascension,  Whitmonday,  Corpus  Christi,  and  Assunqv 
tion,  on  which  no  work  was  allowed.  On  all  holidiiys  with- 
out exception  Catholics  were  retpiired  to  hear  mass,  if  said 
at  a  chapel  within  their  reach,  and  when  there  was  no  muss 
Kiid    at   any  place  which    they  could  conveniently  attend, 


Miiryland  M8R.  In  Roconls  at  tlio  Rpistopai  Paluco,  Fulhuiu,  ( iud 
by  Or.  ilnwkH,  "  ("ontributioiis,"  ii.,  \\.  i;t9. 

'  lliiwko,  "  ContrilmtioiiR,"  ii.,  pp.  14l»,  161. 

»  Hclmrf,  "  History  of  Muryliiii<l,  "  i.,  p.  mTt. 


■  the 

suits 
and 
lone 

liuiy 

■  the 
into 
intly 

^atli- 
ivays 

m  of 
ilil)- 
ilify- 
titin- 
!dto 
ited, 
^tho 
hut 
ttiiiu; 
0  be- 
liow- 

,vitli- 

«iid 

mum 

'end, 

cilid 


inS'M.r 


BONAVL 


I  f-  FA  R  D  , 


r-tA.  f  VIC.  AP.    OF    bOW!        <t 


H:llll 

^^^■^HK  i  I     I;  if  I'Hi  1 

H    ifi 

BISHOJ 


1^    .iwiu"-    ';;•:    i'i.iji<>ru!     )!'.'i_'U-'Sii 


(JiUtiol 
,.    \  i.  I -U,; roll  n    ■ 
•  Giffanl,  D.l' 
I-,'   London    I 
■v.ki  ill  till'  wclfar. 

V  in  1012,  iUiu   . 
.'  fight.initi;  f.ir 

■   ■;^ree  fro!. 


■I  ■'.'•>  •  .- 


ill    ...:■>!  I 


m 


' 

H4  i\ 

Hr 

,  '  ' 

^■ri 

J  1 

in 

h 


BISHOP  OIFFARD'S  REGULATIONS. 


375 


parents  and  masters  were  to  have  public  prayers,  catechism, 
iiud  spiritual  reading. 

Bishop  Giffard  approved  the  regulations  as  equally  pru- 
dent and  pious,  "  because,"  he  writes,  "  there  is  a  due  regard 
to  religious  duties  and  corporal   necessities.     Wherefore  I 
a])prove  of  the  said  regulations  and  order  them  to  be  ob- 
,  served.     London,  December  21,  1722." 

These  regulations  remained  in  force  apparently  till  the 
number  of  holidays  for  the  Catholics  of  England  was  re- 
duced by  Pope  Pius  VI.  (March  0,  1777). 

Dr.  Bonaventura  Giffard,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Madaura  and 
Vicar-Apostolic  of  the  London  District,  who  thus  showed 
liis  zeal  arid  interest  in  the  welfare  of  his  transatlantic  flock, 
was  a  prelate  of  piety  and  learning  long  connected  with  the 
church  in  England.  He  was  born  at  Wolverhampton  of  an 
ancient  family  in  1G42,  and  at  an  early  age  lost  his  father, 
who  was  killed  fighting  for  the  king.  After  a  course  at 
I  )()uay  College  he  pursued  his  ecclesiastical  studies  at  Paris, 
and  took  his  degree  from  the  Sorbonne,  in  1G77.  He  was 
apjiointed  chaplain  to  James  IL,  and  on  the  12th  of  January, 
IfiSS,  was  elected  by  the  Propaganda  Vicar-Apostolic  of  the 
^lidland  District,  and  was  consecrated  April  22d,  apparently 
by  the  Pope's  Nuncio.  James  made  him  also  President  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford.  He  was  ejected  on  the  accession 
of  William  KL,  and  was  confined  for  nearly  two  years  in 
\ewgate  Prison,  and  then  in  Hertford  jail.  In  1 708  he  was 
transferred  to  the  London  District,  over  which  he  presided 
t(»  his  death,  on  the  12th  of  March,  1734,  governing  also 
from  1708  to  1713  the  Western  District. 

He  was  such  an  object  of  persecution  that  he  was  com- 
pelled to  change  his  dwelling-place  fourteen  times  in  a  sin 
gle  year,  large  rewards  tempting  the  priest- hunters  to  procure 
his  arrest. 


mi 


f 


876 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


In  17'30  Henry  Howard,  brother  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk, 
was  appointed  Bishop  of  Utica,  and  coadjutor  to  Jiishop  Gif- 
fard,  but  lie  did  not  live  to  receive  episcopal  consecration, 
dying  of  a  fever  contracted  in  visiting  tlic  sick  poor  oi  his 
Hock,  in  March,  1721.  The  Rt.  Kev.  Benjamin  I'etre  ai>i)uint- 
cd  coadjutor,  succeeded  Bisliop  Gillard,  in  the  London  Vica- 
riate and  the  cliarge  of  the  American  mission.  Bisliop  Gif- 
fard  was  interred  at  St.  Pancras'  Church,  London,  but  his 
heart  was  taken  to  Douay.' 

About  this  time  Catholics  and  Catholicity  seemed  to  have 
invaded  the  very  capital  of  the  Province  of  Maryland,  as  the 
(yarrolls  not  only  had  a  residence  at  Annapolis,  but  actually 
had  a  Catholic  chaplain,  Father  .lohn  Bennet.  The  Calvcris, 
though  they  had  conformed  to  the  State  Chiu'cli,  showed  a 
kindly  interest  in  those  who  had  sulTered  for  their  ii(li>lity  to 
the  house  of  Baltimore.  Though  an  intolerant  legislature 
could  disfranchise  Catholics  and  deprive  them  of  olKce,  it 
could  not  prevent  the  Lord  Proprietor  from  employing  Cath- 
olics in  his  private  business.  Charles  Carroll  as  agent  of 
Lord  Baltimore  enjoyed  a  kind  of  inmiunity  which  greatly 
incensed  the  foes  of  the  Catholics. 

In  172.3  there  were  twelve  Jesuit  Fathers  on  the  Mary- 
land mission,  and  as  a  Catalogue  notes,  "scattered  through 
this  immense  tract  of  country,  they  strenuously  labor  in  pro- 
tecting and  propagating  the  Catholic  faith.  F^Mir  tempoi\il 
coadjutors  attended  to  the  care  of  their  domestic  alTairs,  and 
the  cultivation  of  the  land,  the  produce  of  which  is  sullicitnt 
to  support  all  the  members.  Besides  the  land,  there  is  no 
other  source  of  support  belonging  to  the  mission." 

In   1725  we  obtain  another  gleam  of  the  zeal  of  the  Cath- 

'  Brady,  "Annals  of  the  Catholic  Hierarchy,"  Rome.  1883,  pp.  'iM. 
149.  Besides  the  rare  portrait  here  copied  there  is  said  to  be  one  'ny 
Du  Bosc. 


3! 


m\ 


CLOSE  OF  THE  FRANCISCAN  MISSION.        377 

olie  clergy  in  ]\Iaryland.  "  The  Jesuits  were  not  idle," 
writes  Dr.  Hawks.  "  Tiieir  number  had  increased,  and  they 
not  unfrequently  challenged  the  Protestant  clergy  to  public 
doctrinal  disputations,  such  as  have  often  occurred  in  the 
history  of  the  Church ;  and  of  no  one  of  which  can  it  be 
truly  recorded  (as  we  believe)  that  it  has  accomplished  any 
good  purpose."  .  .  .  .  "  The  clergy  of  the  establishment, 
however,  did  not  decline  the  challenge."  ' 

Of  the  time  and  ])articipantH  in  these  controversies  we  un- 
fortunately know  nothing  from  Catholic  sources.  The  little 
body  of  missionaries  lost  Father  William  Hunter  in  1723, 
jind  Father  ]\[anBell,  the  founder  of  Bohemia,  in  the  year 
following,  but  their  number  was  increased  in  1721  by  the 

arrival  of  Fathers 
John  Bennet, 

James  Whitgrave, 
Francis  Floyd, 
Henry  Whctenhall, 
Peter  Davis,  and 
J     I  James  Case. 


"^dc 


obuo 


FAC-SIMILE  OF  SKiNATURE  OF  FATUEIl  nADDOCK, 
ON  THK  FLY-LEAF  OK  A  BOOK  AT  WOOD 
STOCK. 


who  ajij^arcntly 
expired  in  1720, 
among  the  Jesuit 
Fathers  to  one  of 
whoso  houses  he  had  retired,  closed  the  Franciscan  Mission 
in  ^hu-yland,"*  and  the  whole  care  of  the  Catholics  in  the  Prit- 

'  Hawks,  "Contributions,"  ii.,  p.  180,  citing  Maryland  Manuscripta, 
Kulliuni. 

•'  Fatlicr  Haddock  slpfns  himself  in  one  place,  "Jacobus  Haddock,  O. 
Min.  Strict.  Ob.  Prov.  Anglia;  in  terra  Mariana  et  coeteris  parlibus  occi- 
dciitalibus  missionarius,"  which  seems  to  indicate  that  some  of  bis  work 


i 


Kl 


••m\ 


m 


-It  % 


,  1^ 


t.i 


HI 


378 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


isb  provinces  devolved  on  the  Jesuit  Fathers,  who  had  from  the 
outset  alone  constantly  and  persistently  adhered  to  this  field  of 
mission  labor.'  In  England  the  missions  confided  to  the  Soc> 
ety  were  at  times  in  charge  of  secular  priests  under  their  ap- 
pointment. It  is  not  impossible  that  secular  priests  may 
have  been  similarly  employed  by  them  on  the  Maryland  mis- 
sion, but  no  evidence  exists  to  justify  a  probable  suspicion  of 
any  actual  case. 

Upon  the  accession  of  George  II.  to  the  throne  of  England 
in  1Y27,  the  Catholics  of  Maiyland  sent  over  a  congratulatorv 
address  to  the  king,  in  testimony  of  their  fidelity  and  duty. 

This  document  is  worth  inserting,  as  one  of  the  few  docu- 
ments in  which  the  Catholics  of  the  province,  as  a  body,  ad- 
dressed the  throne. 

There  is  no  reason  to  dou])t  their  sincL'-ity,  as  the  Lords 
Ikltimore  and  the  Maryland  Catholics  had  not  been  especially 
fiivored  by  James  II.,  and  had  never  taken  any  active  part 
or  shown  any  open  sympathy  in  the  attempts  made  by  his 
son  to  regain  the  throne. 

"  To  THK  Kino's  Most  Excellent  Majesty. 

"  The  humble  address  of  the  Roman  Catholics  of  the 
Province  of  Maryland. 

"  Most  Gracious  Sovereign  : 

"We  your  Majesty's  most  dutiful  subjects  the  Roman 
Catholic  inhabitants  of  the  Province  of  Maryland,  under  the 
government  of  the  Lord  Baltimore,  Lord  and  Proprietary 
thereof,  out  of  our  true  aud  unfeigned  sense  of  Gratitude  for 
the  great  clemency  and  goodness  of  your  late  Royal  Father 

in  the  ministry  was  outside  of  Maryland.  Ho  was  in  that  proviuoe  in 
ie09-170O.  "  Arcliives  Prov.  Neo-Eb.  Murjliind  8.J." 

'  Treacy,  "  Catalogue  of  our  Missionary  Fatliers,"  Woodstock  Lettcxs, 
XV  ,  p.  91  ;  "  Resist.  F  F.  Min.  Prov.  Angliae,"  p.  210. 


-uai 


THE  FIRST  CENTENNIAL. 


379 


toward  us,  bumbly  beg  leave  to  express  to  your  Majesty  tbe 
share  we  bear  witb  the  rest  of  your  Majesty's  subjects  in  the 
(roneral  grief  of  the  Britisli  Empire  on  tlie  death  of  our  late 
most  gracious  sovereign,  and  as  we  have  the  same  happiness 
with  them  to  see  your  Majesty  peaceably  succeed  to  the 
crown  of  your  great  Father,  v/e  humbly  beseech  your  Maj- 
esty to  give  us  leave  to  join  with  them  in  our  hearty  con- 
niiitulations  and  in  all  humility  we  beg  your  Majesty's  gra- 
cious acceptance  of  our  constant  allegiance  and  duty  according 
to  our  utmost  capacity  in  this  remote  part  of  your  Majesty's 
Dominions  and  we  humbly  hope  by  our  Loyalty  and  a  steady 
;ind  constant  adherence  to  our  duty  to  deserve  some  share 
ill  that  tender  concern  your  Majesty  has  been  so  graciously 
pleased  to  express  for  all  your  subjects.  We  are 
"  May  it  Please  your  Majesty,  your  Majesty's  most  dutiful 

Subjects  and  Servants." 

This  address  was  presented  by  Lord  Baltimore,  who  at  the 
time  held  a  position  at  Court. 

The  centenary  of  the  settlement  of  Maryland  did  not  pass 

imnoticed.    A  "  Carmen  Seculare "  was  addressed  to  Lord 

Baltimore  by  a  Mr.  Lewis,  of  which,  however,  only  an  extract 

was  printed.     The  poet  thus  speaks  of  Cecilius,  the  second 

Lord: 

"  Matiirest  wisdom  did  his  act  inspire, 
Which  ages  iinist  with  gratitude  admire, 
By  whicli  the  Planters  of  his  land  were  freed 
From  feuds  that  made  their  native  country  bleed  I 
Religious  feuds  which  in  an  evil  hour, 
Were  sent  from  hell  poor  mortals  to  devour  ! 
Oh  !  be  that  rage  eternally  abhor'd 
Which  prompts  the  worshippers  of  one  mild  Lord, 
For  whose  salvation  one  Redeemer  died. 
By  wars  their  orthodoxy  to  decide  ! 
Falsely  religious  human  blood  to  spill 
And  for  God's  sake  their  fellow-creatures  kill  I 
Horrid  pretence  I 


fi 


raij 


! 


i^^liiiii 


MM 


is" 


380  THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 

Long  had  tins  impious  zeal  with  boundless  sway, 
Most  direful  urged  o'er  half  the  earth  its  sway, 
Tyrannic  on  tlie  souls  of  men  to  prey  ! 
'Til  great  Cecilius,  glorious  Hero,  broke 
Iler  l)onds,  and  cast  away  her  yoke  I 
What  praise,  oh  !  Patriot,  shall  be  paid  to  thee  I 
Within  tliy  province,  Conscience  first  was  free 
And  gained  in  JIaryland  its  native  Liberty."  ' 

This  laudation  of  the  spirit  of  religious  liberty  which  ani- 
mated Cecilins,  Lord  Baltimore,  would  not  have  been  ad- 
dressed to  his  successor  had  he  been  in  sympathy  with  the 
s])irit  of  persecution  then  dominant  in  IMarylaud. 

When,  in  1733,  Charles  I.,  Lord  Baltimore,  came  over  in 
person  to  assume  the  government  of  the  province  and  adjust 
the  border  disputes  which  had  long  existed  Avith  the  neigli- 
boring  colony  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Catholics  addressed  him 
antl  again  renewed  the  expression  of  their  loyalty  and  tide! ity 
to  the  ruling  dynasty. 

Though  he  had  abandoned  their  communion,  Lord  Balti- 
UKire  cduld  not  but  bear  testimony  to  their  loyalty.  "  I 
thaidi  yon,"  he  says  in  his  reply,  "for  your  l<ind  address  and 
cannot  but  be  in  a  particular  manner  pleased  with  that  duti- 
ful regard  which  you  express  for  his  Majesty  and  the  royal 
family,  the  continuance  of  which,  will  always  secure  to  you 
my  favour  and  protection." ' 

All  this  helped  the  Catholi<'s  in  darker  days  to  sliow  that 
when  men's  minds  were  not  heated  by  prejudice  and  passion. 
none  thought  of  ascrilting  to  them  any  conduct  incompatible 
with  their  (hities  as  subjects  and  colonists. 

The  forty   pounds  of  tobacco  per  poU  granted  to  each 

'  "Oentleman's  Magazine, "  DecenilMT,  17117.  A  note  refers  t>  llic 
famous  Act  allowing  LilK'rty  of  Conscience  and  puni-shing  the  use  of  op 
probrlouR  names. 

*  \\i'\.  George  Ilun'er,  "  .\  Short  Account,"  cto. 


IP' 


THE  MINISTERS'  TOBACCO  TAX. 


381 


clergj'man  of  the  Established  Church  from  every  one  in 
his  parish  proved  most  disastrous.     They  became  tobacco 
iloalers,  and  incurred  the  hatred  of  all  classes,  while  all  the 
ciTorts  of  their  superiors  failed  to  m^ke  the  Maryland  clergy 
of  the  Establishment  worthy  of  the  respect  of  their  own 
tlock.     A  historian  of  that  body  says,  under  date  of  1734  ; 
•'  The  papists  did  not  fail  to  take  advantage  of  the  trouble  in 
tlie  church  of  which  we  have  spoken.    The  number  of  their 
|)riest8,  most  of  whom  were  Jesuits,  greatly  nmltiplied,  and 
they  had  several  places  of  worship  in  different  parts  of  the 
province ;  indeed,  in  some  parts,  they  were  more  numerous 
tliaii  the  protestants.     They  flattered  themselves  that  they 
wore  about  to  acquire  the  ascendancy,  as  under  the  adminis- 
tration of  Governor  Calvert,  many  of  them  had  been  put 
into  offices  of  honor  and  profit  which  they  still  retained. 
Most  diligent  were  the  priests  also  in  distributing  pamphlets 
;nnong  the  people,  the  object  of  which  was  to  maintain  the 
( 'hurch  of  Rome ;  and  in  all  cases  when  a  female  of  the 
lloinish  conmmnion  intermarried  with  a  protestant,  it  was 
customary  to  make  a  previous  contract  that  all  the  daughters 
(if  the  marriage  should  be  educated  as  papists.     By  thus  se- 
curing the  future  mothers  of  the  country,  the  priests  felt 
that  they  had  very  (piietly  accomplished,  what  has  ever  been 
with  them  the  great  end,  of  directing  the  early  education  of 
the  country.     Their   prospects  were  certainly  never  more 
promising  than  at  this  time,  for  in  some  counties  they  were 
compared  with  the  protestants,  in  the  proportion  of  three  to 
(Pile  :  throughout  the  province,  however,  the  latter  were  the 
more  numerous  body." ' 

In  Pennsylvania  there  is  no  notice  of  any  priestly  service 
for  the  Catholics  from  1708  to  1729,  at  which  time,  accord- 


Hawks,  "  ContribuUons,"  il..  p.  221. 


^;!P  '«: 


•      ■  F 


"''T: 


it 


S82 


THE  CHURCH  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


ing  to  a  tradition  recorded  hy  Watson,  tlierc  was  a  Catholic 
eliapel  near  the  city  of  Pliiladelpliia.  "  At  that  time  Eliza- 
beth MeGawley,  an  Irish  lady  and  single,  brouglit  ove.-  a 
mnnber  of  tenantry  and  with  them  settled  on  tlie  land  (now 
Miss  Dickinson's)  on  the  road  leading  from  Nicetown  f.. 
Frankford.  Connected  with  her  lionse  (now  standing  oppo- 
site Ganl's  place)  she  had  the  said  chapel."  ' 

Beniard  U.  Campbell  records  in  the  following  words  a 
tradition  ascribed  to  Arclil)ishop  Nealc,  wlio,  while  servln-r 
in  Philadelphia,  had  opportunities  of  hearing  accounts  from 
aged  Catholics : 

"  Tlie  Superior  of  the  Jesuits  in  Maryland  having  heoii 
informed  that  there  were  many  Catliolics  in  the  cai)ital  of 
Penus;  Ivania,  resolved  to  endeavor  to  establish  a  niishi,,ii 
there.  The  priest  designed  for  this  duty  had  an  acquaint- 
ance in  Lancaster  of  the  name  of  Doyle,  wliom  ho  visited 
and  rcipiested  to  furnish  liim  the  name  of  some  respcctablo 
Catliolic  in  Philadelphia.  Heing  referred  to  a  wealthy  old 
lady  remarkable  for  her  attachment  to  the  ancient  faith,  he 
waiteil  on  her  in  the  garb  of  a  Quaker,  and  after  making  in- 
«iuiries  nbout  the  various  denoniinaticms  of  Christians  in  (ln> 
city,  jisked  first  if  there  were  any  Catholics,  and  finally,  if 
she  was  one  ;  to  which  she  answered  in  the  allirmative.  IK- 
informed  her  that  lie  also  was  of  the  same  communiun. 
Heing  informed  that  the  Catholics  had  no  place  of  worship, 
lie  desired  to  know,  if  they  would  wish  to  have  a  chinvli. 
To  which  the  lady  replied,  they  would  mosl  certainly,  but 
the  great  difJiculty  would  be  to  Hnd  a  clergyman  ;  for  al- 
though there  were  priests  in  Alaryland,  it  was  impossible  to 
procure  one  from  theiu'o.  He  then  informed  tlie  lady  that 
lie  was  a  priest  and  of  the  intention  of  his  visit.     ()verji.ye<l 


5*1  IE 


THE  NICETOWN  CHAPEL. 


883 


at  the  sight  of  a  priest  after  many  years'  privation  of  that 
(!onsolation,  she  communicated  the  intelligence  to  her  Cath- 
olic acquaintance  and  invited  them  to  meet  him  at  her  house. 
A  considerable  number  assendjled,  the  most  of  whom  were 
(icrmans.  The  priest  explained  to  them  the  object  of  his 
visit,  and  a  subscription  was  immediately  commenced  to  pro- 
cure the  means  to  purchase  ground  and  build  a  church. 
"With  the  money  raised  they  purchased  the  house  and  lot  be- 
longing to  the  lady,  who  also  acted  very  generously  in  pro- 
moting the  pious  undertaking." ' 

These  two  traditions  seem  to  refer  to  the  same  chapel ;  a 
i;idy  has  mass  at  her  house,  and  a  chapel  is  raised  by  sub- 
scription. Archbishop  Neale's  statement  cannot  apply  to  St. 
Joseph's,  which  was  begun  some  years  later,  on  another  plan, 
by  a  .Tesuit  Father  purchasing  land  and  rearing  a  house. 

Mr.  Thompson  Westcott  could  iind  no  documentary  evi- 
dence to  substantiate  Watson's  statement,  no  Miss  McGawley 
a]>pearing  as  a  holder  of  land  in  that  vicinity,  and  finding 
that  a  Catholic  gentleman  living  near  the  place  conveyed 
lands  to  Father  Greaton  in  1747,  he  says:  "If  there  ever 
was  any  Roman  Catholic  Chapel  near  Nicetown,  it  must  have 
been  built  on  this  ground  bought  by  Father  Greaton  and 
after  1747."'  But  this  is  very  illogical ;  a  purchase  of  land 
in  1747  is  perfectly  compatible  with  the  existence  of  a  chapel 
on  other  ground  in  1729. 


'  Campbell, 
Iv..  pp.  2.52-3. 


liifc  and  Times  of  Archbishop  Carroll,"  U.  S.  C.  M., 
lit-  (loPs  not  tell  how  or  where  this  was  first  recorded. 
It  is  presumed  to  ref<>r  to  Father  Greaton  and  St.  .losepli's,  hue,  seems 
iiKire  properly  to  refer  to  the  earlier  chapel  near  Nicetown,  whii'h  a  lady 
is  said  to  Imve  had  on  her  own  ground.  In  those  days  tliere  are  fre- 
quent allusions  to  Catholics  passing  as  Quakers,  with  how  much  founda- 
tion it  is  not  easy  to  say.  Ferry,  p.  202. 
•   '  History  of  Philadelphia." 


m  ?i 


■■H  ■ 

III 


r  .- 


4 


384 


THE  CHURCH  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


According  to  Townsend  Ward,"  the  Priests'  Cliupel  was  on 
Oruiiip's  land,  north  of  the  property  owned  by  Dr.  Brown. 
Watson  cites  the  authority  of  Deborah  Logan  and  Thoina< 
Bradford,  v/ho  remembered  to  have  seen  the  ruins  of  s'leli  a 
,'chapel,  and  there  is  not  the  slightest  documentary  evidence 
,or  tradition  to  sustain  the  theory  of  a  Catholic  chapel  on  the 
ground  conveyed  to  Father  Greaton  in  1747.' 

As  early  as  1744  Father  Schneider  visited  the  Catholics 
near  Frankford  and  Germantown,  and  was  at  the  house  of 
Doctor  Brown,  performing  a  baptism  there,  recording  it  in 
terms  that  show  that  his  host  was  regarded  as  a  person  of 
some  consequence.'  There  is  evidence,  therefore,  that  there 
were  Catholic  services  in  that  vicinity  before  the  deed  of 
1747. 

A  mystery  hangs  over  another  matter  connected  with  tlie 
early  missiou  in  Pennsylvania.  Sir  John  James,  apparently 
of  Ileston,  Middlesex,  who  was  knighted  September  12, 107<'. 
established  a  fund  of  £4,000,  which  was  held  by  the  Vicar- 
Apostolic  of  London,  and  by  his  direction  forty  pounds  a 


'  "  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History,"  iv.,  p.  423. 

■'  The  Htntemont  of  the  tradition  aa  to  tlie  chapel  given  by  Watson  was 
iH'cepted  by  Bishop  Kenrick,  who  wrote  to  B.  U.  t'anipl)ell  in  18-15  that 
it  was  "confommblo  to  loc*il  tradition,  although  the  inscri])tion  on  the 
tombstone  docs  not  determine  the  priestly  character  of  Brown.  The 
Natives  were  so  convinced  of  the  fact  that  they  mutilated  the  stone  in 
the  latt!  TioUi."  Campbell  on  this  guarantee,  and  Bishop  O'Connor  in  his 
Scnunary  Report,  accepted  it.  Henry  dc  Courcy  accepted  it  and  so  gave 
It ;  and  I  cannot  see  that  Mr.  Westcott  has  disproved  it,  though  he 
showed,  what  Father  Schneider's  Register  shows,  that  Dr.  Brown  was  a 
married  man.  Yet  Mr.  de  Courcy  has  been  assailed  in  his  honored  grave 
with  brutal  insul*.  In'cause  he  stated  what  Bishops  Kenrick  and  O'Coinmr 
and  Colonel  (  ampbell  had  endorsed. 

•  "  1744,  80  Apr.— in  domo  I>ni  Dris  Brown  Bapt.  est  Christiana  nigni 
adiilta,  s<Tva  ejusdem  Dris  Brown,  Putr.  eraut  idem  Dr.  Brown  ct  umr 
eju»,"    Hegist*;r  of  F.  Schneider. 


THE  ''SIR  JOHN  JAMES  FUND: 


385 


vear  were  to  be  applied  for  the  benefit  of  tbe  poor  Catbolics 
ot"  London,  and  tlie  residue  to  support  the  Catliolic  mission- 
era  in  Pennsylvania.  It  was  regarded  as  annexed  to  the 
cluirch  in  Lancaster,  and  for  many  years  gave  twenty  pounds 
uniiiially  to  four  missions  in  Pennsylvania.' 

The  creation  of  the  fund  seems  to  have  preceded  the 
Pomisylvania  missions  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  no  record  of 
its  commencement  or  founder  a|)poaring  in  any  of  the  docu- 
ments publislied  by  "Mr.  Ifein-y  Foley  or  preserved  in  the 
iircliivcs  of  the  order  in  America,  "  I  know  nothing  more 
of  the  generous  founder,"  wrote  Bishop  Kenrick  in  1845, 
"  but  this  is  certainly  an  evidence  of  zeal."* 

That  there  were  Catholics  in  the  province  in  1729  is  evi- 
dent from  the  fact  that  a  boy,  born  in  Pennsylvania  Septem- 
!)er  22  in  that  year.  John  Royall,  entered  the  Society  of 
,Iesus  abroad,  and  died  in  England  in  1770.  He  is  probably 
the  first  native  of  Pennsylvania  ordained  to  the  priestliood.' 

It  is  claimed,  too,  that  mass  was  said  al)out  17;)0  at  the 
residonce  of  Thomas  Willcox,  at  Ivy  Mills,  Delaware  County, 
the  ancestor  of  a  well-known  Catholic  family,  and  strangely 
enough  the  Willcoxes  seem  to  have  been  related  to  (iritlith 
.loiies. 

After  this  period  of  obscure  beginnings  of  Catholicity  in 
Pennsylvania,  on  which,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  some  ])atient  and 
tliorontrli  local  investittator  mav  in  time  throw  light,  we  come 
to  th(!  more  definite  fact  of  the  establishment  of  a  congrega- 
tion in  I'hiladelphia  which  persists  to  this  day. 

From  the  station  established  at  Hohemia,  the  Fathers  of 


'  Dorumciit  in  liundwritiiiir  of  FiitliiT  flcoriic  Hunter. 

'  Hinytli,  "  I'rtNciit  State  of  the  Catlidlir  MisKioii,"  j^'ives  un  absurd  m<'- 
count  of  tlie  origin  of  the  fund,  wliieli  lie  did  not  know  to  liave  been 
Treated  in  Knirland  and  lield  l)y  the  Vicar. \iiostolie. 

'  Foley,  "  Iteeords  of  the  En^jliisli  Froviuce,"  vii.,  p.  074. 
25 


■^1 

*  ^m 

^H|''»  1 

■"•  \i 

m 

■  :.     ''•  -i  \ 

|H 

A-m 

H 

.^^^1 
'^^1 

t  '  *i  ]| 

^1 

r      ^1  13 

^^1 

aki'li  m 

fl 

^*^1 


886 


THE  CHURCH  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


the  Society  of  Jesus  in  Maryland  in  time  extended  their 
missions  into  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania.  Unfortunately 
no  I'ontemporaneons  doeuiuents  are  known  which  record  tlie 
name  of  the  first  missionary  or  the  time  and  place  where  his 
services  began. 

When  the  Rev.  John  Carroll  was  appointed  J'i'efect-A]i(,>- 
tolic,  he  was  directed  by  the  Projiajranda  to  send  an  account 
of  the  Church  in  the  United  States.  He  drew  up  a  paiuT. 
as  he  himself  states,  "  from  very  imperfect  memoirs,"  and  it, 
of  course,  contained  many  inaccuracies,  for  as  most  of  his  !i|\. 
had  been  spent  in  Europe,  he  had  not  enjoyed  the  ojiportu- 
nity  of  conversing  with  the  (dder  missionaries  who  had  passed 
away  during  the  quarter  of  a  century  of  his  absence.  J  lis 
statement,  diffidently  ]iul  forward  by  the  illustrious  author, 
is,  however,  the  basis  of  nearly  all  that  has  since  been  written 
in  regard  to  the  Church  in  Philadeli)hia  : 

'*  About  the  year  1  ~m  or  rather  later,  F^  Greaton,  a  -lesuit, 
(for  none  but  Jesuits  had  yet  ventured  into  the  English  (-(.lo- 
nies)  went  from  Maryland  to  Philadelphia,  and  laid  the  foun- 
dations of  that  congregation,  now  so  fiourishing :  he  lived 
there  till  about  the  year  ITaO.  long  before  which  he  had  suc- 
ceeded in  building  l!  old  chapel,  which  is  still  contigiions 
to  the  presbytery  of  that  town.  6c  in  assembling  a  numerous 
congregation,  which  at  his  Hrst  going  thither,  did  not  consist 
of  more  than  ten  or  twelve  persons.  I  remember  to  Inivc 
seen  this  venerable  man  at  the  head  of  his  fioek  in  the  vc;ir 
174S.  He  was  succeeded  bv  the  Rev.  F^  llardiiu',  wIiom' 
memory  reuiains  in  great  veneration  ;  under  whose  patr(»nagc 
and  through  his  exertions  the  prest^nt  church  of  St.  Mary's 
was  built. 

"  In  the  year  1741  two  German  Jesuits  were  sent  to  Penii- 
Bylvania  for  the  iiistruction  and  conversion  of  (icrrnan  Kiiii 
grants  wljo  from  many  jnirts  of  (Jermany  had  come  into  tli;'t 


FATHER  THEODORE  SCHNEIDER. 


387 


province.  Under  f>;roat  hardships  and  poverty  they  began 
tliL'ir  laborious  undertaking,  which  has  since  been  followed 
by  great  benedictions.  Their  nanies  were  F'.  Schneider  from 
I5avaria  and  P  Wapeler,  from  the  lower  Rhine.  They  were 
both  men  of  much  learning  &  unbounded  zeal.  Mr.  Schnei- 
der, moreover,  was  a  person  of  great  dexterity  in  business, 
consuuiniate  prudence  and  undaunted  niagnaniniity.  Mr. 
Wapeler  having  remained  about  eight  years  in  America  «fe 
converted  or  reclaimed  many  to  the  faith  of  Christ,  was 
forced  by  bad  health  to  return  to  Europe.  He  was  the  per- 
son who  made  the  first  settlement  at  the  place  now  called 
(!onewago.  IVIr.  Schneider  formed  many  congregations  in 
Pfunsylvaiiia,  Iniilt  by  his  activity  and  exerticms  a  noble 
church  at  Coshenhopen  &  spread  the  faith  of  Christ  far  and 
near.  He  was  used  to  visit  Philadelj)hia  once  a  month  f<ir 
the  sake  of  the  Germans  residing  there,  till  it  was  at  length 
found  ])roper  to  establish  there  permanently  a  German  priest 
as  the  companion  of  F'.  Harding.  The  person  appointed 
was  the  venerable  F^  Farmer  who  had  come  from  Germany 
some  years  before  &  had  lived  an  apostolical  life  at  Lancas- 
ter, in  the  same  province  of  Pennsylvania.  This  event  took 
j)lace,  I  believe,  about  the  year  1700  or  rather  later.'" 

No  register,  record,  or  report  of  Father  Greaton  exists  to 
throw  light  on  his  ministry  or  fix  the  period  when  it  began. 
Soiue  piipers  are  said  to  have  existed  d(jwn  to  recent  times, 
hut  their  character,  auti(piity,  and  contents  are  known  only 
by  recollection  too  vague  to  serve  the  historian. 

That  some  priest  acquired  property  near  Walnut  Street 
about  17;U  is  attested  by  a  public  act. 

When  the  Provincial  Council  met  on  the  25th  of  July, 
17;<4,  Patrick  Gordon,  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  who  pre- 


«B 


Account  in  the  handwriting  of  Arclibishop  Carroll  still  preserved. 


;«l 


388 


THE  CHURCH  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


pided,  informed  the  Board  that  "  he  was  under  no  small  con- 
oorii  to  hear  that  a  house,  lately  built  on  Walnut  Street,  in 
this  city,  had  been  set  apart  for  the  exercise  of  the  liouiau 
Catholic  religion,  and  is  commonly  called  the  Romish  Clian- 
pel,  where  several  persons,  he  understands,  resort  on  Sundnys 
to  hear  mass  openly  celebrated  by  a  Popish  priest ;  that  lie 
conceives  the  tolerating  of  the  pnblick  exercise  of  that  rcli<r- 
ion  to  be  contrary  to  the  laws  (rf  England,  some  of  which 
(particularly  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  of  King  William  the 
Third)  are  extended  to  all  his  ^lajesty's  donn'nions.  Hut 
those  of  that  persuasion  here,  imagining  they  have  a  riyht  to 
it  from  some  general  exi)ressions  in  the  charter  of  privileges, 
granted  to  the  inhabitants  of  this  Government  by  (nn-  late 
honurable  Proprietor,  he  was  desirous  to  know  the  sentiments 
of  the  Board  on  the  subject." 

It  was  observed,  hereupon,  that  if  any  jiart  of  tlie  said 
charter  was  inconsistent  with  the  laws  of  England,  it  could 
be  of  no  force,  it  being  contrary  to  the  express  terms  of  the 
royal  charter  to  the  Proprietary.  Put  the  council  having  sat 
long,  the  consideration  thereof  was  adjourned  to  the  next 
meeting,  and  the  said  laws  and  charters  were  the!)  ordered  to 
bo  laid  before  the  Board. 

At  the  next  meeting  on  tlie  81st  of  .Inly,  "  it  was  ijikn- 
tioned  whether  the  said  statute  (11  <fe  12  William  III.,  eh.  4), 
notwithstanding  the  general  words  in  it,  'all  others  his  Maj- 
esty's dominions.'  did  extend  to  the  plantations  in  America, 
and  admitting  it  did,  whether  any  prosecution  could  be  car- 
ried on  here  liy  virtue  thereof,  while  the  aforesaid  law  uf 
this  |)r<>vince.  passed  so  long  since  as  the  fourth  year  of  her 
late  Majesty  Queen  Anne,  which  is  five  years  posterior  |.i 
the  said  statute,  stands  iinrepealed.  And  under  this  ditiiculty 
of  concluding  upon  anything  certain  in  the  present  case,  it  is 
left  to  the  Governor,  if  he  thinks  fit,  to  represent  the  matter 


ST.  JOSEPH'S  CHURCH. 


889 


to  our  superiors  at  home,  for  their  advice  and  directions 
in  it." 

The  Catholics,  however,  do  not  seem  to  have  been  mo- 
lested, as  no  law  or  proclamation  issued  against  them. 

Apparently  on  the  statement  of  Archbishop  Carroll,  it  is 
oeiu'rally  assumed  that  this  house  was  erected  by  Father 
,losoph  Greaton,  and  is  said  to  have  been  on  land  purchased 
by  him  of  John  Dixon,  south  of  Walnut  Street  and  east  of 
Fdurth,  May  15,  1733,  but  no  deed  is  known  to  be  in  exist- 
ence. 

It  is  certain  that  prior  to  1740  the  Jesuit  missionaries  in 
^faryland  had  learned  the  condition,  numbers,  and  residence 
of  scattered  Catholics  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey. 
Fiiuliiig  that  many  were  Germans,  application  was  evidently 
niiule  through  the  Provincial  in  England  to  the  Provincials 
of  tlie  Order  in  G(M-many  for  some  zealous  priests  able  to 
minister  to  their  countrymen  in  the  colony  founded  by  Will- 
iam Penn.  Several  zealous  and  worthy  priests  responded  to 
the  call,  and  came  over  evidently  with  faculties  from  the 
Vicar- Apostolic  of  London.  The  first  of  these  pioneers  of  the 
Gorman  priests  in  the  United  States  was  Father  Theodore 
8chneider,  who  arrived  in  1741.  lie  was  followed  the  next 
year  by  Father  William  Wapeler.  In  1740-1  Pennsylvania 
appears  in  the  records  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  as  a  distinct 
mission,  under  the  title  of  Saint  FVaucis  Borgia,  the  saint 
who  sent  the  first  members  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  to  Florida 
and  Virginia.  Father  Joseph  Greaton  appears  as  tlie  Supe- 
rior of  the  new  mission.  The  plan  adopted  in  Maryland  was 
pursued  also  in  Pennsylvania,  Lands  were  acquired  by  the 
missionaries  with  their  own  means,  and  held  almost  always 
in  the  name  of  Father  Greaton,  as  his  associates,  generally 
Germans,  being  aliens,  could  not  take  title  to  land,  and  as 


'rflPI 


\ik 

If '^H 

^W'if  ^  .^H 

'  m 

^'IH 

f: 

-'''^1 

m 

Wm% 

m 

1^1 

Ifl 

■ 

,.^^" 

1 

J-il 

IB 

!  • 

•Ml 

i 

isl 

I  *p  4 1    ':»* ) 


*1  ■ 


1  i  * :  ■ 


i 

V 


390 


THE  CHURCH  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


Catholics  were  excluded  from  naturalizatiou  as  British  sub- 
jects.' 

Father  .Ti)seph  Greaton,  according  to  the  most  probable 
accounts,  was  born  in  London,  P'ebruary  12,  1679,  and  en- 
tered the  Society  of  Jesus  on  the  5th  of  July,  1T08.  After 
making  his  solemn  ]>rofessiou  eleven  years  later,  he  was  as- 
signed to  the  Maryland  mission'  in  1721.'  lie  was  certainly 
for  many  years  pastor  of  Saint  Joseph's  Church,  Philadel- 
phia, and  Superior  of  the  Pennsylvania  missions.  It  is  to 
be  lamented  that  we  have  so  little  that  is  authentic  'u\  regnnl 
to  the  long  labors  of  this  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania mission. 

Of  ^'le  two  German  Jesuits  who  were  his  first  auxiliaries. 
Father  William  Wapeler  was  a  native  of  Neuen  Sigmariii- 
gen,  Westphalia,  and  was  bom  January  22,  1711.     lie  eii- 


'  Deeds  to  Fiitlier  Greaton,  therefore,  do  not  show  his  presenee.  1 
have  nu't  a  reeeijit  diited  May  4,  1753,  ackno\vledjrin!j  payment  in  full  liy 
Fa* her  Greaton  on  lands  at  Colebrookdale,  Gosslienhopen,  and  Hanover. 
If  the  letters  appealing  to  the  German  provinees  can  be  found  tliey  will 
nndoul)t('dly  contain  a  statement  of  the  condition  of  the  C'ntholits  in 
Pennsylvania. 

An  Act  of  Parliament  passed  in  17-(()  (liSlh  George  II.),  for  naturiiliz 
inj;  foreifrn  I'rotestants  and  others  tlierein  mentioned,  as  are  sctlUd  or 
shall  settle  in  any  of  his  Majesty's  colonies  in  America,  excluded  from 
naturalization  all,  exccjit  Qmikers  and  .Tews,  who  did  not  receive  coiir 
nuinion  in  some  Protestant  or  Heformed  Church  within  three  numllis 
before  taking  the  oath  and  making  the  dc<'laralion. 

'  Foley,  "  Records  of  the  P^nglish  Province,"  vii.,  p.  313. 

■  Treacy,  "  Woodstock  Letters,  "  .\v.,  pp.  03-4.  In  Mr.  Foley's  Tables, 
vii.,  p.  cxxiii.,  there  is  no  mention  of  Pennsylvania  till  "  174(t-l.  .Mis>ion 
of  Saint  Francis  Borgia,  F.  .Tosejih  Greaton,  Sui)erior  FF.  4,"  and  iii., 
p.  390,  he  says  :  "  We  had  opened  a  mission  here  about  this  year  (1741i, 
called  .Mi.ssio  S.  Fran.  Horgiie,  Pennsylvania'."  As  a  sign  of  ('allmlic 
progress  we  may  note  that  complaint  was  made  in  1741  that  "a  native 
Irish  bigotted  Papist  was  set  up  lus  schoolmaster  at  Chester"  by  the 
Quakers.     Perry,  pp.  21(1,  220. 


CONEWAGO  AND  LANCASTER. 


391 


tered  tlie  Society  of  Jesus  at  the  age  of  seventeen."  Arriv- 
i!i<?  in  Pennsylvania  in  1741,  lie  founded  the  mission  of  the 
Siicred  Heart  at  Conewago,  by  erecting  a  log-house.  Early 
in  1742  he  purchased  some  lots  in  Lancaster,'  and  Ijegan  to 
erect  a  chapel  there,  for  this  building  seems  to  have  been  rec- 
ognized as  a  church  from  the  very  outset,  and  was  dedica- 
ted to  Saint  John  Neponiucene.'  Of  Father  Wapeler's 
labors  we  have  scanty  notices.  After  a  few  years  the  severe 
work  of  the  mission,  the  constant  journeys,  extending  appar- 
ently beyond  the  Maryland  frontier  told  on  his  health.  His 
clmrch  at  Lancaster  perished  by  sacrilegious  hands,  Dec.  15, 
17<'>0,  but  the  Catholics  at  once  began  to  rebuild.'  The  au- 
thorities to  their  credit  offered  a  reward  for  the  incendiaries.' 
As  to  Conewago  we  have  less  precise  information.  Ac- 
cording to  a  statement  in  the  history  of  a  neighboring  Prot- 
estant church,  a  party  of  German  emigrants  in  1734-5 
passed  a  log  mass-house  near  Conewago,  but  the  statement 
seems  vague.  This  district  was  settled  under  a  j\Iaryland 
grant  of  ten  thousand  acres  by  John  Digges,  in  1727,  and 

'  Foley,  "Records,"  vii.,  p.  813. 

'  Tlie  beginning  of  the  Clmrch  in  Lancaster  is  fixed  by  a  letter  of  the 
Anglican  minister,  Rev.  Richard  Backhonsc,  .June  14,  1743.  "  In  Lan- 
caster Town  there  is  a  Priest  settled  where  they  have  bought  some  Lotto 
and  arc  building  a  Mass-House,  and  another  Itinerant  Priest  that  goes 
hack  in  y  country.  This  is  a  just  and  faithful  account,  which  I  re- 
ceived last  F'ebruary  in  Lancaster  Town  from  y"  Prothouotary  and  some 
of  the  principal  Justices  of  the  Peace  for  that  county." 

'The  church  is  said  to  have  been  completed  in  1763.  "Popery  has 
gained  considerable  ground  in  Pennsylvania  of  late  years.  The  profes- 
.sors  of  tliat  religion  here  are  chiefly  Germans,  who  are  constantly  sup- 
plied with  missionarys  from  the  Society  of  .lesus  as  they  are  pleased  to 
style  themselves.  One  of  that  order  resides  in  this  place,  and  had  inttu 
fiicc  enough  last  summer  to  get  a  very  elegant  chapel  of  hewn  stone 
erected  in  this  Town."  Thomas  Barton  to  the  Secretary,  Lancaster, 
Nov,  8,  1762.  Perry,  p.  343. 
'  8.  M.  Sener,  "An  Ancient  Parish,"  in  "  \ew  Era." 


i-1.  .t! 


h 


802 


THE  CHURCH  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


some  Catholics  may  have  come  in  with  the  earliest  coloiu'8t«. 
The  first  mass  is  said  to  have  heen  offered  in  the  house  of 
Kobert  Owings,  on  a  slight  elevation,  about  a  quartor  of  a 
mile  north  of  the  present  church  of  the  Sacred  Heart  which 
occupies  the  site  of  Father  Wapeler's  humble  chapel.  Hero 
l»v  his  zeal  he  converted  and  reclaimed  many  from  sin  and 
error.'  Father  Wapeler  returned  to  Europe  in  1748,  and 
was  apparently  succeeded  by  Father  Neale,  who  did  not  sur- 
vive long,  and  by  Father  Sittensperger  (Manners).  IMany 
of  the  English  and  Irish  settlers  above  Pipe  Creek,  and 
most  of  the  Germans,  were  Catholics  at  this  time.' 

Of  the  third  of  the  early  missioners  in  Pennsylvania, 
who  is  referred  to  (in  an  ancient  obituary  list  of  the  Province, 
and  in  a  manuscript  of  Father  Farmer)  as  the  founder  of  the 
missions  in  that  colony.  Father  Theodore  Schneider,  we  have 
more  satisfactory  knowledge.  He  was  a  native  of  the  Uni- 
versity city,  Heidelberg,  Germany,  where  he  was  born,  April 
7,  1703.  He  is  said  to  have  been  Kector  of  the  University, 
and  professor  of  philosophy  and  polemics  at  Liege.  His 
labors  in  Pennsylvania  Ijegan  in  1741,  so  that  he  renounced 
a  brilliant  future  in  the  learned  circles  of  his  native  land  to 
devote  the  beat  years  of  his  life  to  toilsome  work  among 
obscure  emigrants  in  America.'  His  precious  Register  pro- 
served  at  Goshenhopen  is  entitled,  "Book  of  those  Baptized, 
Married,  and  Buried,  at  Philadelphia,  in  Cushenhopen,  Mn\- 
etani,  Maguuschi,  Tulpehaken,  etc.     Begun  Anno  Doniiui 

1741." 

He  was  pastor  of  the  German  Catholics  in  Philadelphia 


'  Reily,  "  Conewago,  A  Collection  of  Catholic  Local  History,"  Miir 
tinsburg,  1885,  pp.  44,  45.  The  oldest  Hegister  in  Conewago  begins  liiilf 
a  century  after  the  foundation  of  the  mission. 

»  "  Affidavit  of  Henry  Cassclls  of  Frederic  County,"  May  80,  1751. 

*  Foley,  "  Records,"  vii,,  p.  691. 


FATHER  SCHNEIDER'S  REGISTER.  393 

for  many  years,  and  his  flock  formed  the  majority  of  the 
faithful  in  that  city ;  but  besides  this  he  visited  the  scattered 
Catholics  through  many  parts  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jer- 
sey extending  apparently  into  Delaware.  The  first  entry 
records  a  baptism  at  the  house  of  John  Utzman  in  Falkner's 


-€tA^ 


FAC-8IM1LE  OP  THE  TITLE  OF  FATHER  SCHNEmEB'S  REGISTER. 

Swamp,  now  called  Pottsgrove,  near  the  famous  Ringing 
Hill,  in  Berks  County.'  Then  follows  a  marriage  at  Phila- 
delphia "  in  sacello  nostro,"  being  undoubtedly  the  oldest 
ofiicial  record  of  any  ecclesiastical  act  in  Saint  Joseph's 


•  See  Schoepf's    "  Travels   through   Berks    County,   178S."    Penn. 
Mag.  of  Hist.,  V.  p.  81. 


I'l'iiiltK 


394  THE  CHURCH  IN  PENN8YL  VANIA. 

ri.iireh.     Then  we  trree  him  to  the  Swedish  settle.uei.tt. 
to   Bethlehem  County,  (fermantowu,  and  i„  tlie  spring  of 
1742  to  Cedar  Creek,  and  a  cheerless  district,  where  some 
(  atholics  had  settled,  so  utterly  unproductive  as  to  obtain  the 
title    of   "Allemangel"  or  "Lackall."'     Toward  the  clo>e 
of  the  year  he  returned  by  way  of  Lebanon   and    North 
Wales  to  Philadelphia  and  Germantown.     He  soon,  howovc,' 
was  in  the  Oley  Hills,  at  Cedar  Creek,  New  Furnace,  an. I 
Maxetani,  and  in  February,  174:5,  notes  his  coming  to  Ciish- 
enhopen,  where  he  in  time  reared  an  humble  house,  rather  a 
chapel  for  the  Catholics  of  that  district  than  a  home  for  him- 
self, though  he  never  gives  it  the  name  of  church  or  chapel. 
The  land  he  pureha^e.l  of   Reidler,  a  Mennonist,  who  lui.l 
fallen  out  with  the  brotherhood,  and  to  mortifv  them  s..|<| 
his  property  to  a  Catholic  priest.     At  the  last  "moment  hv 
demanded  security,   but    Father   Schneider  at  once  ban. led 
over  the  full  amount  ami  took  the  iV^vi\ '     Here  he  r^oon  ha.l 
a  scho(»l.      In  May  he  founded  the  nn'ssion  at   Havcock,  cele- 
brating the  feast  of  the  Holy  Trinity  in  th,"  house*  of  Thomas 
(iarden.     Then  we  lijid  him  at   I'rankfort  and   bis  regular 
stations.      I^>sses^ing  medical   skill,  he  travelled  about   as  a 
physician,  being  thus  enabled  to  avoid  suspicion  and  danger. 
Laboring  constantly  to  extend  the  l)enefit  of  his  ministry  to 
the  poor  miners  and  iron-workers,  he  cr<»ssed  into  New  JerPev, 
an<l  was  at  the  house  of  Maurice  [.oreiitz  in  August.  1743,  and 
in  October,  at  the  (Jlass  House  '  near  Salem.     The  next  vear 


'  Hupp,    ••  HiHtory  „f  the  Co.mUiH  of  Hcrks  .iiid  I,,lmn..M."  I.an.ns- 
tcr.  1844,  p.  Vi'i, 

■•  Tniditi.m  r.-c..r.l(Ml  i.i  m  l.ttcr  of  Falhrr  I,..kcu.  F.l.runrv   II     1^-1 
I)....,lH,.f  ririek  H,.i.ll,.r  to  Fn.n.is  N,..,),,  1747.  for  I-'  n.  n"..  ;  Tho,n„s 
an.l  Hi.liMnl  I',,,,,  to  .Fo.s,.pI,  (Jn-Mton.  I7W,  for  :I7:»  H,n.«  KM)  |H.r.l...K 

'  Cark.Hxe  to    Mill,    .|„ly  31.   1740.      ..  n,,,,.  .r,.r„,^.    Ar.hiv.M  "    ^i 
p.  98      Acton.   -A  nhort   Hi.iory  of  tL,-  (Jto  Mumif.utun-  .t.  Sul.i.i 


GEIGER'S  HOUSE,  NEW  JERSEY. 


395 


lie  repeated  his  visits  to  that  colony,  was  at  Branson's  Iron 
Works,  at  the  Glass  House,  and  in  June  records  a  baptism 
in  the  house  of  Matthew  Geiger,  which  in  his  time  and  his 
Hon  Adam's,  was  periodically  visited  by  Father  Schneider, 
and  later  by  Father  Farmer.'  Before  the  close  of  the  sum- 
mer Father  Schneider  began  a  mission  at  Bound  Brook. 


HOCBE  OP  MATTHEW    AND  ADAM   (IKIOKU,    BAI.KM  CO.,    N.    J.,  WUEHE 
MASH  WA8  CELKBUATED  FBOM    1744. 

The  Church  was,  however,  under  the  ban  in  New  Jersey, 
for  in  the   Instructions  to  Lewis  Morris,  Governor  of  that 


Co..  N.  J."    Penn.  MiiK- of  ntst.lx.,  p.  348.    It  was  uImmU  u  mile  from 
AUoway.    Hliourds,  "  History  of  Fcnwick's  Colony,"  p.  880. 

'This  house,  one  of  the  earliest  associated  with  Catholieity  in  New 
.Jersey,  is  still  sUuuliiif;,  and  I  Ki^'-  I'li  engraving  from  a  photofrrii|ih 
made  for  me.  The  old  Registers  of  Katlier  Helnieider  and  Father  Fir- 
mer enalile<i  me  to  deli:rmi:ie  its  proximity  to  Salem  and  Wister's  (ilass 
House.  Investigation  led  to  tlie  liouse  itself,  still  known  in  the  ncigh- 
Imrhood  as  (me  where  Catholies  held  serviee  in  the  olden  time.  A  Mr. 
.Vdam  Ki jar,  a  descendant  of  the  early  (Jeigers,  still  resides  in  Salem. 
I'lther  Farmer's  tlrst  visit  to  it  noted  in  his  register  is  June  27,  1768. 


]' 


w 


■.'m 


J- 


.r 


!'!-ll 


I' 


896 


THE  CHURCH  IN  NEW  YORK. 


• 


colony  in   1738,  we  read  :  "  You  are  to  permit  a  Liberty  of 
<  "onscieuce  to  all  Persons  (except  Pa])ists)."  ' 

In  the  next  colony,  New  York,  Catholicity  was  virtually 
extinct.  The  little  body  gathered  there  while  James  was  in 
authority  as  Duke  of  York  and  King,  had  been  scattered 
and  no  indications  are  found  of  any  Catholic  residents. 
Mo  priest  visited  the  colony  except  some  one  brought  in  as  a 
prisoner  on  a  prize  captured  by  a  privateer.  In  the  earliest 
New  York  newspapers,  an  examination  of  the  files  for  several 
years  gave  only  the  following  : 

"  Kan  away  the  18th  August,  1733,  from  Jacobus  Van 
Cortlandt  of  the  city  of  New  York,  a  negro  man  slave,  nuMii'd 
Andrew  Saxton— the  shirts  he  had  with  him  and  on  his 
back  are  marked  with  a  cross  on  the  left  breast.  He  jiro- 
fesseth  himself  to  be  a  Roman  Catholic,  speaks  very  gjod 
English."  • 

Some  years  after  IJaokhouse,  an  Ej)isco])al  clergvmnii, 
.speaking  of  the  colony,  wrote  :  "There  is  not  in  New  York 
the  least  face  of  Po])ery."  ' 

Somewhat  later  Leary,  who  kept  a  livery  stable  in  Cmvt- 
land  Street  and  imported  thie  horses  for  otticers  and  others, 
was  one  of  the  few  avowed  Catholics. 

In  the  Carolinas  and  (ieorgia  Catholicity  was  practically 
unknown,  for  though  a  statement  is  ])rinted  of  a  Catholic 
settlement  in  North  Carolina,  it  seems  evidently  tietitions, 
nothing  being  found  to  support  it.' 

New  England   was,  of  course,  closed  to  the  Churcli.     I  n 


«  "New  Jprs..y  Arohlvpt.."  I.,  pp.  H,  88.  Papists  and  Qimkom  Jind 
alrctidy  Iwrii  excluili'd  from  Liberty  of  ( 'onHoienct-  in  170^.  HUllc,  "  Hi- 
liKioiis  TcMts,"  Penn,  Mnjf.  of  HlHt.,  Ix.,  pp.  874-7. 

"  "  New  Yorlt  Gazcttp,"  17a3. 

»  "  Letter  from  (Uicutor,"  .Juno  26,  1748. 

♦  In  Brickni'lj,  "  Hintory  of  North  Carolinu." 


THE  CHURCH  IN  NEW  ENGLAND. 


397 


1(!31  Sir  Christopher  Gardner  on  suspicion  of  being  a 
Papist  was  seized  and  sent  out  of  Massachusetts ;  and  when 
a  minister  in  tliat  year  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  Church 
(.f  Rome  was  a  true  Church  of  Christ,  the  General  Court 
denouticed  the  opinion  in  a  formal  act.  In  1647  a  positive 
law  enacted  that  all  Jesuits  should  be  forbidden  to  enter 
their  jurisdiction.  They  were  to  be  banished  if  they  did, 
and  put  to  death  if  they  returned.' 

Even  in  the  days  of  James  II.,  when  the  city  of  Boston 
<fave  the  Catholic  governor  of  New  York  and  a  Jesuit  Fa- 
tlicr  an  escort  of  honor,  few  Catholics  entered  New  England. 
A  French  Protestant  Kefugee,  who  was  in  Boston  in  1687, 
wrote  :  "  As  for  Papists,  I  have  discovered  since  being  here 
eiirlit  or  ten,  three  of  whom  are  French,  and  came  to  our 
church,  and  the  others  are  Irish  ;  with  the  exception  of  the 
Surgeon  who  has  a  family,  the  others  are  here  only  in 
Passage."  ■' 

During  the  border  wars  with  Canada,  New  England  pris- 
oners taken  to  Canaila  in  some  cases  became  Catho.ics,  and 
not  unfrequently  remained  thore.  Those  who  returned  to 
New  Eiighind,  however,  almost  always  relapsed. 

Such  was  the  caw  of  Christine  Otis,  who  was  brought  up 
as  a  Catholic  in  Canada  by  her  convert  nu)tlicr  and  married 
there.  Left  a  widow  she  was  won  by  Captain  Tliomas 
Baker,  of  Massachusetts,  a  commissioner  sent  to  obtain  a  release 
of  jtrisoners  in  that  colony.  Returning  with  him  she  be- 
came his  wife,  leaving  her  mother  and  a  daughter  in  Canada. 
The  Rev.  Francis  Seguenot,  (me  of  the  Sulpltian  priests  at 


'  "Oem-ral  Laws  and  I.ilM'rtics  of  Mnssucliusftts  Colony,"  p.  67.  It 
expnwly,  liowcvcr,  exempted  from  impriHonment  uny  Josuitshipwcckcil 
on  the  coast. 

^  Fisher,  "  Report  of  a  French  Protestant  Refugee,"  Brooklyn,  1808, 
p.  80,    The  Surgeon  wus  apparently  Dr.  I.e  Haron. 


<':i 


398 


THE  CHURCH  IN  NEW  ENGLAND. 


1 


Montreal,  heariug  that  she  liad  renounced  tlie  faitli,  addressed 
11  long  letter  to  lier  in  June,  1727,  urging  her  to  repent  and 
return.  This  letter  seems  to  have  attracted  no  little  atten- 
tion, as  a  translation  was  printed  at  Boston  in  1720,  with  a 
reply  which  is  ascribed  to  Governor  Eurnett.  Seguenot'a 
letter  was  undoubtedly  the  first  argument  on  the  Catholic 
side  which  had  ever  issued  from  the  press  of  New  England.' 

The  Church  in  the  Enghsh  colonies  was  then  confined 
mainly  to  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  with  a  few  Catholics 
in  Virginia  and  New  -Icrscy. 

While  Catholicity  was  then  struggling  to  secure  a  perma- 
nent foothold  in  Pemisylvani;!,  the  foreign  relations  and  in- 
ternal troubles  of  England  had  their  effect  on  the  position  of 
Catholics  in  all  the  colonies.  War  broke  out  with  Spain  in 
17;^0,  and  Spanish  privateers  menaced  all  the  exposed  places 
on  the  coast,  and  levies  were  made  for  oxi)editi(Mis  against 
the  colonies  of  the  Cathohc  King  in  America.  At  the 
South,  Oglethorpe  aided  by  Carolina  was  actively  engaged 
with  the  Spaniards  in  Florida. 

A  revival  of  anti-Catholic  feeling  was  soon  apparent.  Iii 
1740  or  thercabonts  the  upper  Flouse  in  Maryland  took 
ground  against  the  Catholics,  but  in  this  instance  the  lower 
House  showed  a  friendly  disposition,  and  returned  for  an- 
swer, "  that  they  were  well  assured  that  the  few  of  those 
jwople  here  amongst  us  had  it  neither  in  their  power  or  in- 
clination to  disturb  the  peace  or  safety  of  the  Province." 

Yet  the  Catholics  had  done  nothing  to  give  offence  eitlicr 
to  the  (iovernment  or  their  Protestant  neighbors.     In  an 


'  "  Letter  from  a  Romish  Priest  in  Cnnada,  to  one  who  wns  tnkcii  ciiii 
live  ill  her  infoney,  and  inatriictcil  in  tlic  Uoniisii  fiiitli,  liiit  soiU"  time 
a^'o  returned  to  this  her  native  country  ;  willi  nn  answer  tliereto.  lly  u 
jM-rHon  to  wlioni  it  was  communieated,"  Boston,  1720.  Bee  Ameri'iui 
<;atholic  Quarterly  Review,  vi.,  pp.  210-228. 


THE  NEW  YORK  NEGRO  PLOT. 


899 


address  some  years  later  they  said :  "  From  the  year  1717  or 
1718,  to  the  year  1751,  we  were  undisturbed,  and  though 
deprived  of  our  riglits  and  privileges,  we  enjoyed  peace  and 
(luiet." 

Ill  New  York  the  mad  feeling  against  Catholics  in  1741 
caused  the  death  of  an  unfortunate  nonjuror  Protestant  cler- 
•fyinan.  The  misconduct  of  a  few  slaves  had  filled  the  minds 
of  the  people  with  the  idea  that  a  fire  which  destroyed  in 
part  tlio  chapel  in  the  fort  of  tliat  city,  was  the  result  of  a 
negro  plot  for  the  massacre  of  the  whites  and  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  city.  In  the  height  of  this  excitement  a  letter 
aiTi\'ed  from  General  Oglethorpe,  then  hotly  engaged  with 
the  Spaniards.  He  wrote  warning  the  northern  governments 
against  Spanish  spies,  chiefly  priests,  who  were  to  burn  the 
principal  towns  and  magazines.  Although  a  white  man 
named  Ilughson,  with  Ills  wii'e,  and  one  Peggy  Carey,  with 
many  negroes,  had  already  been  convicted  and  executed  for 
a  supposed  plot  of  which  Ilughson  had  been  sworn  to  be  the 
(originator,  Oglethorpe's  letter  set  the  authorities  to  find  a 
])ricst.  The  unfortunate  noiijuring  Episcopal  clergyman,  Ilov. 
John  Ury,  a  mild,  inoflciisive  man,  who  lived  by  teaching, 
was  arrested  and  brought  to  trial  as  the  chief  conspirator, 
and  also  for  being  a  Homan  Catholic  priest  remaining  in  the 
province  in  violation  of  Bellomont's  law.  The  second  charge 
was,  of  course,  unly  to  increase  odium  against  him.  Tlio 
witnesses  who  on  the  previous  trials  had  made  Ilughson  tlie 
arch  conspirator  and  never  alluded  to  Ury  at  all,  now  con- 
cocted an  entirely  new  tale.  Ury,  like  the  rest  of  the  ac- 
cused, was  not  permitted  to  have  any  counsel.  In  spite  of 
tlic  glaring  inconsistency  of  the  witnesses  and  the  weakness 
nf  the  evidence  against  him,  the  jury,  after  hearing  the  in- 
vectives of  the  prosecutor  and  the  violent  charge  of  Judge 
lloremanden,   deliberated   only  fifteen  minutes,   and   then 


V 


im 


400 


THE  CHURCH  IN  NEW  YORK. 


brought  in  a  verdict  of  guilty.  Ury  was  hanged  on  tlio 
15th  of  August,  1741.  Among  those  executed  were  several 
Spanish  negroes,  taken  prisoners  of  war,  wlio  claimed  to  l.c 
free,  but  were  sold  as  slaves.  While  the  negroes  brought  \\\> 
in  the  colony  died  without  any  sign  of  (Christianity,  the  liis- 
torian  of  the  Negro  Plot,  Ilorsnianden  himself,  tells  us  that 
Juan,  the  Spanish  negro,  was  "neatly  dressed,"  "  heliavcd 
decently,  prayed  in  Spanish,  kissed  a  crucifix,  and  died  in- 
sisting on  his  innocence  to  the  last." 

Of  his  Catholicity  there  is  no  doubt :  but  Ury  was  c!vi- 
dently  what  he  claimed  to  be,  a  nonjuror." 

rennsylvania  had  receded  soiiiewhat  from  the  broad  gnmnd 
of  religious  freedom  assumed  by  William  I'emi.  From  \W.\ 
to  I7t5  no  one  could  hold  even  the  most  petty  otlici"  in  tlif 
])rovince  without  taking  an  oath  denying  the  Real  Presence 
and  declaring  n\ass  idolatrous.  None  but  Protestants  were 
allowed  by  the  Act  of  17;^(»  to  hold  land  for  the  erection  ef 
clinrches,  schools,  or  hospitals,  and  lus  we  have  seen,  mnie  Imt 
Protestants  coukl  be  naturalized.  The  efforts  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania governors  and  a8send)lies  to  enlarge  the  religicms 
freedom  were  constantly  thwarted  by  the  home  government. 
The  Pennsylvania  authorities,  though  they  snlimitted,  seem 
to  have  made  the  laws  virtually  inoperative  in  many  cases. 
(Jerman  Catholics  certainly  held  lands  and  had  chmvhes. 
witlinut  any  attempt  to  dispossess  them.  In  174(!  Paniel 
Horsmanden  complained  that  many  of  Zinzendorfs  (Jernmn 
"countrymen  have  for  several  years  successively  been  im- 
ported into  and  settled  in  Pennsilvania,  lioinan  Catholics  as 


'  Florsmnmlcn,  "  Tlic  New  York  Conspirnry,  or  ii  History  of  tin-  Nc- 
pn)  Plot,"  Npw  York,  17M  ;  "The  New  York  N.'>;ro  I'lol  of  1711," 
N  Y  Common  Coun.il  Miiiiuiil,  1H70,  p.  7tt4  ;  CliMiiill.r,  '  Aiiu'iiiiin 
Crimiiml  Trials,"  Hostoti.  1«44.  i.,  p.  2'J2.  Ury's  laii-uuge  is  un.nislak 
ably  I'rotcstmif  in  tone. 


FATHER  MOLYNEUX. 


401 


well  as  Protestants,  without  Distinction,  where  it  seems  by 
the  Indulgence  of  the  Crown,  their  Constitution  granted  by 
( 'liarter,  all  Perswasions,  Roman  Catholicks  as  well  as  other.s, 
are  toUerated  the  free  Exercise  of  their  Religion." 

The  Pennsylvania  authorities  went  further.  On  their 
western  frontier  were  Indians,  more  or  less  under  French 
influence,  who  menaced  the  exposed  settlements.  They  knew 
that  tiie  French  influence  was  acquired  at  first  by  the  zealous 
labors  of  Catholic  priests,  and  they  prudently  resolved  to 
avail  themselves  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers  in  the  province  to  win 
tlie  favor  of  the  native  tribes, 

Tlie  Senecas  and  other  Western  Indians  were  always  well 
received  at  Philadelphia  and  encouraged  to  visit  the  Catholic 
missionaries.  "When  any  of  them  come  to  Philadelphia," 
wrote  Count  Zinzeiidorf  in  1743,  "  they  go  to  the  Popish 
chapel  to  Mass."  The  famous  Madame  Montour,  wife  of  an 
Oneida  chief,  and  on  many  occasions  interpreter  for  the 
English,  came  to  Philadelphia  in  her  own  carriage,  and  on 
one  of  the  visits  had  her  granddaughter  baptized  at  Saint 
Joseph's.' 

Jesuit  Fathers,  evidently  by  the  wish  and  in  the  interest 
of  the  Pennsylvania  government,  attended  conferences  with 
tiie  Indians.  Tlie  Superior  of  the  Maryland  mission,  Father 
iiiciiard  Molyncux,  was  with  the  Indians  at  Lancaster,  just 
before  the  treaty  made  there  in  June  and  July,  1744.  As 
the  Pcnnsylvanians  did  not  venture  to  avow  their  policy,  thia 
visit  subjected  Father  Molyneux  to  suspicion  in  ^laryland.' 


'  Ucielicl,  "  Aleinoriiils  of  the  Moravian  Church,"  i,,  pp.  120,  90. 

•'  "  It  is  (MTtuin  that  abmit  a  fortiiiii'iil  bcforo  our  tro;ity  with  V  Six 
N'alioiisof  Indians  at  Lancaster,  Father  Molyncux  y"  principal  of  our 
.k'suits  was  with  them  and  there  is  |j;ood  reason  to  suspect  tliat  Iiv  wen', 
as  an  ai!;ent  for  y  French,  and  that  his  husiness  was  no  other  than  to 
dissuade  y'  Indians  from  making  peace  w-'' ua."  "Maryland  Memorial 
to  thu  Earl  of  Halifax." 
20 


,'11 


402 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


In  that  province,  notwithstanding  the  general  hostility  of 
the  legislature  and  the  dominant  church,  Catholicity  held  its 
own,  and  succeeded  in  establishing  a  seat  of  learning,  the 
fame  of  which  is  still  preserved. 


Father  Richard  Molyneux  wi\a  born  iu  London  March  26,  1690,  and 
after  miwion  services  in  Enj^land  was  sent  to  Maryland  in  173i!.  llavinic 
been  Superior  of  tlie  Mission  in  1786  and  again  in  1743,  lie  returned  to 
EnKhuid  in  1749.  He  enjoys  the  honor  of  liaviug  been  arraigned  for  liis 
faith  before  a  civil  tribunal.  He  died  at  Bonhani,  England,  May  IS, 
1766.     "  Woodstock  Letters,"  xv.,  94-97  ;  Foley,  "  Uecords,"  vii.,  p.  rA4. 


'^^%yf^^n£^j 


'/ 


FAC-BIMII.K  OF  KIIIBT  EMTUY  IM  KAi'UEU  HCUNUIUUlt'S  UUUltiTUlt. 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE  OnURCn   IN  THE  COLONIKS,    1Y45-1755. 

The  war  between  Englaiid  and  France,  which  began  in 
1744,  however,  greatly  inflamed  the  minds  of  the  Protestant 
colonists  againrt  the  ( ■atholics.  The  French  in  Canada  men- 
•icod  the  English  colonies,  and  Indians  in  their  interest  lay 
on  their  frontiers  from  Lake  Ontario  to  the  Toml)igl)ee. 
Catholics  were  believed  by  the  prejndiced  colonists  to  be 
ready  to  join  the  French  against  their  countrymen,  although 
there  were  no  facts  or  examples  to  sustain  the  prevalent 
o])inion. 

When  ('harles  Edward  in  1745  raised  his  standard  in 
Scotland  and  endeavored  to  regain  for  his  father  the  throne 
of  England,  every  Catholic  in  the  colonies  was  believed  to  be 
a  Jacobite  and  ready  to  commit  any  atrocity  on  his  neighbors. 
The  Catholics  ctmld  only  show  by  their  conduct  that  the  sus- 
picious of  their  merciless  persecutors  were  groundless. 

The  mission  at  P>ohemia  prospered,  and  ollered  such  ad- 
vantages of  seclusion,  and  such  a  ready  means  of  removing 
beyond  the  reach  of  Maryland's  persecuting  laws,  should  any 
necessity  arise,  that  it  was  decided  to  remove  to  it  the  acad- 
emy which  the  Jesuit  Fathers  had  maintained  whenever  it 
was  j)ossil)le.' 


'  Youii^'  pt'()|)k'  wore  scnl  from  Maryluud  to  Cafholic  schools  In  Eng- 
ImikI.  :is  well  hm  to  thoHO  on  tin;  conliiieiit.  "  Present  State  of  Popery  in 
Kngliiiid,"  Lonikm,  ITiJiJ,  p.  It). 


Ifi 


M 


404 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


II 


i 


The  classical  school  at  Bohemia  was  opened  in  1745  or  tlie 
following  year,  under  the  supervision  of  Father  Tlioiniis 
Poulton,  who  joined  the  Mainland  mission  in  1738,  and 
from  1742  to  the  conmiencement  of  1749  was  in  charge  at 
Bohemia.  The  terms  for  education  at  this  early  aoadeinv 
were  £40  per  annum  for  those  who  studied  the  classics  and 
£30  for  those  who  did  not.  Peter  Lopez,  Daniel  Carroll. 
Edward  Nealo,  and  others  sent  their  sons  to  this  Catliolic 
seat  of  learning.  Aiuoiig  the  earliest  known  pupils  wore 
Benedict  and  Edward  Ncale,  James  Heath,  Robert  Brent, 
Archibald  Richard,  and  "  Jacky  Carroll,"  a  future  arch- 
bishop of  Baltimore.  The  highest  number  of  pupils  did  not 
apparently  exceed  forty.  "Bohemia  seems  to  have  been 
for  a  long  period  in  the  early  history  of  the  American 
Church  tho  Tuseulum  of  the  Society  of  Jesus." 

Father  John  Ivlngdon  and  Father  Joseph  Greaton  wore 
subsecjuently  at  Bohemia,  and  we  can  see  from  hostile  sources 
that  the  academy  was  accomplishing  a  good  work.  It  woulil 
be  consoling  to  state  that  this  early  seat  of  learning  had  sur- 
vived to  our  day  ;  but  every  vestige  of  it  has  disappcaro'l, 
although  it  i.s  well  known  that  it  stood  on  the  lawn,  a  few 
feet  south  of  the  manse,  and  that  the  bricks  that  composed 
its  walls  were  used  in  1825  in  erecting  the  dwelling-house." 

In  1700  a  Protestant  clergyman  in  Delaware  wrote  that 
"  tlicro  was  a  very  considerable  Popish  Seminary  in  the 
neighboring  Province  of  Maryland,"  and  that  "  this  Semi- 
nary is  under  the  direction  of  the  Jesuits."'' 

The  Protestant  rector  of  St.  Stephen's  parish,  near  the 
Jesuit  Academy,  was  a  Rev.  Hugh  Jones,  who  roganled  \\\> 
neighbors  with  no  favorable  eye.     In  17.'>9  he  wrote  to  the 

'  "  Bohemia"  in  "  Woodstock  Letters,"  vi,,  pp.  4-5,  xiv.,  p.  CJl;  B. 
U.  Canjpl)ell  in  "  U.  S.  Ciith.  Mag,"  1844,  p.  34. 
'  Perry,  p.  01 ;{ 


EEV.  HUGH  JONES. 


4()r) 


Secretary  of  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel 
for  books  :  "  Since  the  Jesuits  in  luy  parish  with  them  they 
favored  and  settled  in  Philadelphia  seem  to  combine  our  ruin 
by  propagation  of  schism,  popery  and  apostacy  in  this  neigh- 
borhood, to  prevent  the  danger  of  which  impending  tempest, 
'tis  hoped  you  will  be  so  good  as  to  contribute  your  extensive 
cliaritable  benevolence,  by  a  set  of  such  books  of  practical 
and  polemical  divinity  and  church  history  as  you  shall  judge 
most  suitable  for  the  purpose."  ' 

The  apparent  prosperity  of  the  Jesuits  at  Bohemia  did  not 
render  him  more  charitable.  In  1745  he  preached  a  sermon, 
whiclj  he  published  in  the  "  Maryland  Gazette  "  at  Annapolis, 
as  ''  A  Protest  against  Popery." 

The  Jesuit  Fathers  really  had  circulating  libraries  at  their 
missions  and  encouraged  the  reading  of  good  books.  Mem- 
oranda exist  as  to  loans  of  volumes,  and  Father  Attwood,  in  a 
letter  to  England,  ordered  a  list  of  standard  books  for  one  of 
his  flock.' 

Yet  bravely  as  the  clergy  were  straggling  to  meet  the 
wants  of  their  flock.  Catholics  were  liable  at  any  moment  to 
arrest.  Thus  in  the  "  Annapolis  Gazette  "  of  March  25, 1746, 
we  read : 

"Last  week  some  persons  of  the  Romish  Communion, 
were  apprehended,  and  upon  examination,  were  obliged  to 
give  security  for  their  appearance  at  the  Provincial  Court." 

The  temper  of  the  times  may  be  seen  in  the  following 
proclamation  of  the  Governor  of  Maryland : 


'  Letter  July  30,  1739. 

'  "  Woodstock  Letters,"  xiii..  p.  73.  The  order  of  Father  Attwood 
incUided  the  "  Rhcims  Testament,"  Parson's  "Three  Conversions," 
"Catholic  Scripturist,"  "Touchstone  of  the  Reformed  Gospell,"  the 
Whole  "  Manual,"  with  Mass  iu  Latin  and  English. 


.■;fc'ii 


til  I 


•/..***lt»U*mM  ■»ilj'fc»TiWR«> 


*■■>. 


h' 


406 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


"  A    PROCLAMATION. 

"  Whereas  I  have  received  certain  information,  that  sev- 
eral Jesuits  and  other  Popish  priests  and  their  emissaries 
have  presumed  of  hite,  especially  since  the  unnatural  reliel 
lion  broke  out  in  Scotland,  to  seduce  and  pervert  several  oi 
his  Majesty's  Protestant  subjects  from  their  religion,  ami  to 
alienate  their  affections  from  his  Majesty's  royal  i)ers(ni 
and  government,  altlio'  such  practises  are  high  treason,  imiI 
only  in  the  priests  or  their  emissaries  who  shall  seduce  and 
pervert,  but  also  in  those  who  shall  be  seduced  or  perverted. 
I  have  tliereforo  thought  fit,  with  the  advice  of  his  Lord- 
ship's Council  of  State  to  issue  this  my  Proclamation,  to 
charge  all  Jesuits  and  other  Popish  priests  and  their  eniif- 
saries  to  forbear  such  traitorous  practises,  and  to  assure  such 
f)f  them  as  shall  dare  hereafter  to  offend,  that  they  shall  be 
prosecuted  according  to  law.  And  all  magistrates  within 
this  province  are  hereby  strictly  re<iuired  and  charged,  when 
and  as  often  as  tliey  shall  be  informed,  or  have  reason  to  sus- 
pect, of  any  Jesuit  or  other  Popish  priests,  or  any  of  their 
emissaries,  offending  in  the  premises,  to  issue  a  warrant  (ir 
warrants  against  such  offender  or  offenders  to  take  his  di- 
their  examinations,  and  the  examinations  or  depositions  uf 
the  witnesses  against  them ;  and  if  need  be,  connnit  suili 
offender  or  offenders  to  prison,  until  he  or  they  shall  bo  de- 
livered by  due  course  of  law.  And  I  do  hereby  strictly 
charge  and  require  the  several  Sheriffs  of  this  province  to 
make  this  my  Proclamation  public  in  their  respective  coun- 
ties, in  the  usual  manner,  and  as  they  shall  answer  the  con- 
trary at  their  peril. 

"  Given  at  the  City  of  Annapolis,  this  3d  day  of  July. 
Aunoque  Domini,  1746.  T.  Bladen."  ' 

'  "Maryland  Gazette,"  July  22,  1746. 


REV.  HUGH  JONES. 


407 


It  is  interesting  to  know  who  were  the  terrible  Jesuits 
against  whom  Maryland  Protestantism  and  Maryland  brains 
were  so  ineffectual.  They  were  Fathers  Eichard  Molyueux, 
Thomas  Poulton  in  his  Bohemia  school,  Yincent  Phillips, 
Robert  Harding,  James  Farrar,  Arnold  Livers,  Thomas 
Oigges,  Benedict  Neale,  James  Ashbey,  and  James  Le  Motte. 
Jones'  "  Protest  against  Popery,"  and  Bladen's  Proclamation 
do  not  seem  to  have  alarmed  these  good  Fathers.  Some  one 
of  them  prepared  an  answer  to  Jones'  "  Protest  against 
Popery  "  ;  of  course  no  printer  would  have  dared  to  issue  it 
fi-om  his  press,  and  accordingly  it  was  circulated  in  manu- 
script. It  leaked  out  that  there  was  such  a  paper,  and  Jones 
was  unhappy.  He  relieved  his  mind  by  inserting  the  fol- 
lowing advertisement  in  a  newspaper  : 

"  To  the  Jesuits  established  in  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania. 

"  Learned  Sirs  : 

"Imagining  myself  principally  concerned  in  the  applauded 
answer  to  my  Protest  against  Popery,  that  has  been  handed 
about  by  some  of  you  in  these  parts,  I  have  used  all  means 
in  my  power  to  procure  one  ;  in  order  for  which  I  applied 
to  the  gentleman  on  whom  it  is  fathered,  but  he  having  in  a 
very  handsome  manner  disowned  it,  I  presume  I  may  be  ex- 
cused from  making  this  my  public  request,  that  some  one  of 
you  would  vouchsafe  to  transmit  me  one  of  the  books,  that 
I  may  rejoin  to  any  sophistical  fallacies  or  sarcastical  false- 
hoods (those  usual  tropes  of  St.  Omer)  that  I  hear  this  smart 
performance  (as  your  friends  call  it)  aboimds  with  ;  assuring 
you  that  any  assertions  of  mine  that  it  truly  demonstrates  to 
!)e  erroneous,  shall  readily  be  recanted.  Your  compliance 
with  my  request  will  confer  a  great  favor  on, 

"  Learned  Gentlemen,        Your  humble  servant, 

"Bohemia,  Sept,  15,  1746."  '  "  H.  JoNES. 


'  "  Maryland  Gazette,"  Dec.  2,  1746. 


408 


CATHOLICITY  IN  VIRGINIA. 


Among  those  arrested  about  this  time,  was  the  Superior  of 
the  Maryland  miosion,  lAither  Richard  Molyiieux,  a  native  of 
London,  who  had  been  in  America  from  1T33,  and  been 
twice  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Fathers  laboring  in  this  coun- 
try, lie  had  8ho\vn  his  zeal  for  the  public  good  by  usmr 
his  influence  with  the  Indians  at  Lancaster.  The  proceed- 
ings against  him  cannot  be  found  in  the  Maryland  archives, 
and  there  is  no  Catholic  record  known.  In  a  document  of 
the  time  strongly  opposing  the  Catholics  the  affair  is  referred 
to  in  these  terms : 

''  In  y'  time  of  y""  Rebellion  this  same  F""  Molyneux  was 
tiikeu  up  for  treasoual)le  jjractises,  being  carried  before 
y"  Provincial  Court.  He  was  so  conscious  of  his  guilt  that 
lie  begged  for  liberty  to  leave  the  I'rovincc  :  the  .ludgc, 
however,  resolving  to  make  an  exampJc  of  him,  in  order  to 
get  the  fittest  and  clearest  cvideJicc  of  y"  facts,  post])oned 
the  affair  for  a  few  days,  but  Mr.  Carroll,  a  Pcpish  Gent",  hav- 
ing bailed  him  out,  the  Council  called  Mr.  Moiyneux  before 
themselves,  and  having  examined  him  jirivately,  discharged 
lum  without  any  public  mark  of  resentment."' 

The  panic  spread  to  Virginia,  which  trembled,  as  its  colo- 
nists read  on  walls  and  fences  such  proclamations  as  this  : 

"  ViROINIA,  ss. : 

"  B;/  thf  Hon.  Winiam  Gooch,  Ksqr.,  ///.s-  Mojrsti/s  Lhiv- 
tenant  Governor,  and  Commander-in-Chief  of  this  Do- 
minion. 

"  A    PROCLAMATION. 

"  WliereiLS  it  has  been  represented  to  mo  in  Council,  that 
Bcveral  R<jman  Catholic  priests  are  lately  come  from  Mary- 

'  "  McTiorlal  to  thr  Earl  of  Iliilifnx."  Up  iindouhlpdly  conviiicod  tho 
Marvliiiid  ('(nincil  tliat  be  was  riially  carrying  out  the  wishes  of  the  IVtiii 
aylvanin  auUiorilics. 


PENAL  LAWS. 


409 


land  to  Fairfax  county  in  this  Colony,  and  are  endeavouring 
hy  crafty  Insinuations,  to  seduce  liis  Majesty's  good  subjects 
from  their  Fidelity  and  Loyalty  to  his  Majesty,  King  George, 
and  his  Eoyal  House  ;  I  have  therefore  thought  fit,  with  the 
advice  of  His  Majesty's  Council,  to  issue  this  Proclamation, 
iv([uiring  all  Magistrates,  Sheriffs,  Constables,  and  other  His 
Majesty's  Liege  People,  within  this  colony,  to  be  dihgent 
in  apprehending  and  bringing  to  Justice  tlie  said  Ilomish 
Priests,  or  any  of  them,  so  that  they  may  be  prosecuted  ac- 
cording to  law. 

"  Given  under  my  hand  in  the  Council  Chamber  in  Will- 
iamsburg, this  24th  day  of  April  in  the  Nineteenth  Year  of 

his  Majesty's  Keign. 

"  William  Gooch. 

"  God  Save  the  King." 

Some  Catholic  families  had  settled  on  the  southern  shore 
of  the  Potomac  at  Aquia  Creek  and  above  it,  and  priests 
ministering  to  this  remote  portion  of  their  flock  entered  Vir- 
ginia from  tune  to  time. 

Virginia  seemed  loth  to  be  outdone  by  her  sister  colony, 
and  had  also  placed  on  her  statute-books  a  series  of  penal 
laws  against  the  Catholics  which  are  unparalleled  in  history. 
They  began  in  January,  1»U1,  when  a  Popish  recusant  was 
f(.rbi(lden  to  hold  office  under  a  penalty  of  a  thousand  pounds 
of  tobacco.     The  next  year  an  act  rccjuired  every  priest  t(» 
leave  Virginia  on  live  days  notice.     Another  statute  of  1001 
recjuired  all  persons  to  attend  the  service  of  the  Established 
Church  under  a  penalty  of  £20.     In  WM)  Popish  recusants 
were  dei)rivod  of  the  right  to  vote,  and  when  the  act  was 
siibsetpiently  rc-t>nacted,  the  lino  for  voting  in  defiance  of 
law  was  five  hundred  \nnuvh  of  tobacco.     An  act  of  1705 
made  Catholics  incompetent  as  witnesses,  and  when  this  fear- 


410 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


.%:  1 


ful  act  was  renewed  in  1753,  it  was  extended  to  all  cases  what- 
ever.' Not  even  England  herself  sought  to  crush,  hunible 
and  degrade  the  Catholic  as  Virginia  did  ;  he  was  degraded 
below  the  negro  slave,  for  though  the  negro,  mulatto,  or 
Indian,  could  not  be  a  witness  against  a  white  person,  a 
Catholic  could  not  be  put  on  the  stand  as  a  witness  against 
white  man  or  black,  the  most  atrocious  crime  could  with  im- 
punity be  conuuitted  in  the  presence  of  a  Catholic  on  his 
wife  or  child,  whom  ho  was  made  powerless  to  defend,  and 
his  testimony  could  not  be  taken  against  the  nmrderer." 

In  the  year  1750  a  quarrel  between  two  private  gentlemen 
set  all  Maryland  atlanio,  and  enkindled  the  most  bitter  anti- 
Catholic  movement  known  in  the  annals  of  the  country. 

Charles  (\'irroll,  barrister  and  fatliov  of  the  future  signer. 
and  Dr.  Charles  Carroll,  who  had  abandoned  the  Catholic 
faith,  were  co-trustees  of  an  estate,  the  legatees  of  whinh 
were  priests.  The  Catholic  trustee  wished  to  close  up  the 
estate,  and  was  ready  to  account.  He  called  ujion  his  co-trns- 
tee  to  hand  in  his  acccmnts  and  pay  the  amount  in  his  hands. 
Dr.  Carroll  offered  a  small  sum  to  compromise  the  matter, 
but  the  Catholic  said  that  it  was  a  matter  of  accounting,  not  of 
compromise.  On  this  the  dishonest  trustee  intimated  that  he 
would  resort  to  the  penal  laws,  and  he  actually  endcavonMl 
to  have  the  Act  of  11-12  William  HI.  enforced  in  Maryland, 
so  as  to  prevent  the  legatees  from  compelling  him  to  account. 
How  lionorablo  Protestants  could  have  lent  their  aid  to  so 
disgracefid  a  [)lot  is  inexplicable,  but  they  took  the  matter 


'  Mcninff's  "8t(iful<'M  nt  I-nrpr,"l.,  p.  268;  li..  p.  4H ;  iil,,  p.  17'.>.  •,>;!«. 
200  ;  vi.,  p.  !WK.  In  UWi  the  ('(iiiimissiirifH  of  the  (•(uniiionwcallh  onlcidl 
"Irish  women  to  he  Hohl  to  nicr<lmnt.H  iind  shipped  to  Virffinin,'  Imi  I 
can  tind  no  IniccH  of  tlK-ni  In  tiiiit  c-olony. 

'  "  Acts  of  A»scnil)ly  now  in  Force  in  the  Colony  of  Virginia,"  Will 
iamshurjr.  1769,  pp.  8()(>-883. 


ATTEMPTED  LEGISLATION. 


411 


np  warmly,  and  an  act  passed  the  lower  House.  By  its 
provisions  every  priest  convicted  of  exercising  his  functions 
was  to  BufEer  perpetual  imprisonment ;  and  all  persons  edu- 
cated in  or  professing  the  Popish  religion,  who  did  not  within 
six  months  after  attaining  the  age  of  eighteen  take  the  oath 
of  Bupremacy  and  make  the  declaration  prescribed,  were  dis- 
al)led  from  taking  any  property  by  inheritance.' 

Though  this  bill  failed  to  pass  the  upper  House  and  reach 
the  governor  for  his  sanction,  the  House  of  Delegates,  ad- 
dressing Governor  Ogle,  said  :  "  We  see  Popery  too  assidu- 
ously imrtured  and  ]iropagated  within  this  Province  as  well 
bv  the  professors  thereof  as  their  teachers,  preventing  and 
withdrawing  many  of  his  Majesty's  Protestant  subjects  both 
from  our  holy  religion  and  their  faith  and  allegiance  to  hiA 
Majesty's  royal  person,  crown  and  family. 

"  That  y°  number  of  Jesuits  or  popish  priests  now  within 
tliis  province  and  yearly  coming  in  togetlier  with  the  estab- 
lislii'd  settlements  they  have  here  and  several  youths  sent 
horn  hence  to  St.  Omers  and  other  popish  foreign  seminaries 
out  of  his  Majesty's  obedience  to  be  trained  up  in  ways  de- 
structive to  the  Establishment  of  Church  and  State  in  his 
Majesty's  dominions,  some  of  whom  return  here  as  Popish 
priests  or  Jesuits  together  with  others  of  like  kind  who  \i\v 
in  societies  where  they  have  Publick  Mass  Houses  and  with 
great  industry  jirojiagate  tlieir  Doctrines,  will  if  not  timely 
prevented  endanger  y"  Fundamental  Constitution  of  our 
Church  as  well  as  the  peace  of  tliis  government." 

The  fanatics,  who  wished  to  keep  Catholics  in  ignorance, 
accordingly  introduced  a  bill,  which,  in  the  legal  verbiage  of 


'  Father  Georjre  Hunter,  "  A  filiort  A(TO!Uit  of  y'  State  and  Condition 
of  y'  Hoin.  ('nth.  in  y'  Prov'.  of  Maryliind  "  Tha*  Dr.  Clmrlew  was 
lirouL'ht  up  a  Catliolic  and  became  a  rrotcstuut  is  sUUed  iu  the  "  Mary- 
land (Jazetle."  ()('tol)er  2,  1750. 


412 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


the  day,  was  entitled,  "  An  Explanatory  Act  to  y"  act  enti- 
tled an  Act  to  repeal  a  certain  Act  of  Assembly  entitled  an 
Act  to  prevent  the  Growth  of  Popery."  It  passed  the  lower 
House,  but  was  laid  on  the  table  in  the  upper  House.  The 
lower  House  remonstrated,  but  the  upper  House  declined  to 
act  upon  the  bill  on  account  of  the  "  great  penalties  and  in- 
capacities "  it  contained. 

The  Catholics  then  addressed  the  upper  House  to  thank 
them,  and  in  their  petition  they  say  ;  "That  several  malicious 
Lies  and  Groundless  Clamours  continuing  still  to  be  spread 
against  us,  among  others,  that  persons  of  the  Koman  Catli- 
olick  persuasion  had  misbehaved  in  such  a  manner  in  some 
counties  as  to  give  his  ^Majesty's  loyal  subjects  just  cause  to 
fear  an  insurrection,  and  further  it  was  intimated  that  some 
Roman  Catholick  priests  of  this  Province  had  been  lately 
absent  from  their  tisual  Place  of  Kesidence  a  considerable 
time,"  and  they  proceed  to  state  that  "  orders  had  been  soiit 
out  to  bind  over  such  turbulent  Catholicks  and  to  arrest  any 
such  priests,  but  that  not  a  single  definite  charge  had  been 
made  against  any  Catholic  priest  or  layman." 

Most  of  the  (.\itholic8  in  Maryland  at  that  time  resided  in 
St.  Clary's  and  Cliarles  Countar,  and  the  magistrates  of  tlio 
former,  replying  to  the  governor  a  few  years  later,  not  only 
declared  the  charges  against  the  Catholics  unfounded,  hut 
added  :  "  We  are  not  yet  informed  who  have  been  the  Au- 
thors of  those  reports  mentioned  in  your  Excellency's  letter 
which  have  l)een  in  some  places  so  industriously  spread,  if 
we  shoidd  discover  them,  we  would  take  proper  measures  for 
their  lK>ing  brought  to  justice,  as  enemies  to  their  country'^ 
peace  and  friends  to  a  faction  who  lal)our  to  foment  animosi- 
ties among  us  to  the  endangering  our  common  security."  ' 

'  Petition  of  Rtindry  Rotnnn  (^nthoHcs. 


DEER  CREEK  MISSION. 


413 


And  the  governor  expressly  said  :  "  The  Magistrates  assure 
me  that  after  a  careful  inquiry  and  scrutiny  into  the  conduct 
of  the  people  of  the  Romish  faith^  who  reside  among  us,  they 
liave  not  found  that  any  of  them  have  misbehaved  or  given 
just  cause  of  offence," 

The  attack  on  the  Catholic  body  was  all  the  more  ungen- 
erous because  they  responded  generously  when  the  legislature 
failed  to  provide  for  the  protection  of  the  frontiers  against 
tlie  French,  and  a  subscription  for  that  purpose  was  set  on 
foot.  The  petition  says  boldly  :  "  The  Roman  Catholics  were 
not  the  men  who  opposed  this  subscription,  on  the  contrary 
thoy  countenanced  it,  they  promoted  it,  they  subscribed  gen- 
erously and  paid  their  subscriptions." 

It  was  apparently  while  the  future  of  Catholicity  looked 
80  dark  that  about  1747  the  mlssioners  in  Maryland  pur- 
chased a  tract  of  127  acres  on  Deer  Creek,  near  a  spot  still 
called  Priest's  Ford,  in  Harford  County.  Here  they  estab- 
lished the  mission  of  Saint  Joseph,  and  erected  a  house  such 
as  the  laws  then  permitted,  embracing  a  chapel  under  the 
roof  of  the  priest's  house.  The  first  missionary  stationed 
hero  of  whom  we  have  any  note  was  the  Rev.  Benedict 
Noale  in  1747,  and  he  waa  probably  the  one  who  erected 
the  building  which  is  still  st;mdiiig,  and  which  was  referred  to 
about  the  time  wo  mention  as  "  Priest  Neale's  Mass  House."  ' 
The  building  has  passed  out  of  Catliolic  hands,  hut  remains 
uiuiltered,  and  the  graveyard  where  the  faithful  wore  interred 
h;is  been  respected  by  the  present  owners. 

The  building  stands  on  an  eminence  and  is  a  long  one  of 
stone,  giving  room  for  a  chapel,  which  is  no^v  the  kitchen. 
The  walls  are  of  great  strength  and  soliJity,  nearly  three  feet 
thick,  and  the  roof  and  woodwork  seem  to  have  been  made 

'  Kxiiniination  of  Williiiin  Johnson,  1750.  "Woodstock  Letters," 
XV .  p.  55. 


»l      H 


Bf;-l  lO 


n  ■  ..h  i 


.     . 


414 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


of  most  durable  and  well-seasoned  wood.  A  room  below  at 
one  end  was  the  reception-room,  above  it  the  priest  slept 
most  of  the  interior  being  devoted  to  the  chapel.' 

Bnt  the  enemies  of  the  Maryland  Catholics  had  not  aban- 
doned their  hostile  measures.  They  passed  through  the  lower 
House  an  act  laying  a  double  tax  on  the  unfortunate  class. 
So  alarmed  were  the  Catholics  at  the  passage  by  the  lower 


vj&rft-vr-i^-^W?;',,^^,^^ 


I--:-.-.— 


v:*: 


BT.    JOSEPHS    CHAPEL    HOUSE,     d:.'  »i     CHEEK,     HAUKOHD     CO.,     M». 
FROM  A   SKETCH   BY   GEO.    A.    TOWN8END. 

House  of  this  act,  that  they  resolved  to  appeal  to  the  king 
himself,  and  the  following  petition  was  drawn  up : 

"To  the  King's  most  excellent  Majesty: 

"The  humlde  petition  of  the  niorehants  trading  in  I\rarv- 
land,  in  tlio  name  and  behalf  of  their  correspondents  wlio 
are  Tloman  Catholics. 

*'Hunil)]y  sheweth : 

"  That  the  jiroviiice  of  Maryland  was  granted  to  Cteeiliiis 
Calvert,  liord  Baltimore,  a  IJoman  (^athoHck  : 

"  That  the  propagation  of  the  Christian  religion  was  one 


'  In  the  parly  pnrt  of  tliis  century  tlio  pliuM-  was  sold,  and  8t.  Ignntiii-' 
{;hurcU  at  Hickory  erected  for  (lie  benetii  of  the  Catholics  in  those  parts. 


PROPOSED  EMIGRATION. 


415 


of  the  motives  for  granting  the  said  province  to  the  said 
Lord  Baltimore. 

"That  all  persons  professing  to  believe  in  Jesus  Christ 
were  invited  into  the  said  province. 

"  That  in  order  to  encourage  all  persons  believing  in  Jesus 
Christ  to  settle  in  the  said  Province  an  Act  of  Assembly  was 
passed  in  the  said  Province  in  the  year  1640,  entitled  an  Act 
concerning  Religion,  by  which  Act  amongst  other  things  it 
was  enacted  that  no  person  in  the  said  province  should  be 
disturbed  for  or  on  account  of  religion. 

"  That  an  Act  of  Assembly  hath  lately  passed  in  the  said 
Province  entitled  an  Act  for  granting  a  supply  of  £40,000  to 
your  Jilajesty,  etc.,  by  which  the  lands  of  all  Roman  Cath- 
olieks  are  double  taxed. 

"  We  therefore  humbly  beg  leave  to  represent  to  your 
Majesty  our  fears  that  this  and  other  hardships  laid  on  the 
Roman  Catholicks  in  the  said  Province  may  oblige  them  to 
remove  into  the  dominions  of  the  French  or  Spaniards  in 
America,  where  they  will  cultivate  Tobacco  and  rival  our 
Tobacco  Colonyn  in  that  valuable  branch  of  Trade  to  the 
great  detriment  of  the  Trade  of  your  Majesty's  Kingdoms. 

"  Wherefore  your  Petitioners  humbly  pray  that  taking  the 
IVemisses  into  considei-ation,  your  Majesty  will  be  graciously 
pleased  to  afford  such  Relief  as  to  your  Majesty  shall  seem 
fit." 

What  a  strange  fact  I  that  a  quarter  of  a  century  before 
the  Revolution,  the  Catholics  of  Maryland  were  com])elled 
to  ai)peal  to  the  English  tlirone  for  protection  against  the  in- 
tolerance and  tyranny  of  their  Protestant  fellow-subjects  in 
tliiit  Province. 

The  war  on  the  Catholics  in  Maryland  had  become  by  this 
tiim-  so  unrelenting,  tliat  a  general  desire  prevailed  to  aban- 
don the  j)rovince  whicli  tliey  had  planted.     Many  of  those 


♦.4 
"i 


i 


r  •: 


■n 

i 


■  IJ3 


410 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


who  owned  property,  seeing  it  daily  wnmg  from  tlicni  by 
double  taxes,  by  the  money  extorted  for  the  support  of  the 
state  clergy  and  under  other  pretexts,  determined  to  emigrate. 
Charles  Carroll,  the  father  of  the  future  signer  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence,  actually  proceeded  to  Europe  in 
1752,  as  the  representative  of  the  oppressed  Catholics  of 
Maryland  to  lay  their  sad  case  before  the  King  of  France. 
It  was  not  a  time  when  a  sense  of  faith  or  chivalry  prevailed 
in  tiiat  court.  Carroll  asked  the  French  minister  of  state  to 
assign  to  the  Maryland  Catholics  a  large  tract  of  land  on  tin; 
Arkansas  River,  as  unwise  a  selection  as  he  could  well  have 
made.  But  when  he  pointed  it  out  upon  the  map,  the  min- 
ister, startled  at  the  extent  of  the  proposed  cession,  threw 
difficulties  in  the  way,  and  Mr.  Carroll  left  France  without 
being  able  to  effect  anything  in  his  project  for  securing  a 
new  home  for  the  victims  of  Protestant  intolerance  and  op- 
pression.* 

The  excitement  against  the  followers  of  the  true  faith  and 
their  devoted  clergy  did  not  die  out  in  Maryland.  The 
House  of  Delegates  in  1754  addressed  Governor  81iar])o, 
asking  him  in  view  of  "  the  impending  dangers  from  the 
growth  of  Popery,  and  the  valuable  and  extensive  possessions 
of  Popish  priests  and  Jesuits,"  to  "  put  into  all  places  of 
trust  and  profit  none  but  tried  Protestant  subjects."  To  this 
the  governor  replied,  "  that  his  concurrence  should  not  be 
wanting  to  any  measures  looking  to  the  safely  of  his  Maj- 
esty's good  Protestant  subjects." ' 

It  was  even  discussed  in  the  papers  whether  all  the  prop- 
erty in  the  hands  of  the  Jesuits  ought  not  to  bo  seized  and 
applied  to  the  establishment  of  a  college,  and  laws  ena('tr<l 
to  prevent  Catholics  from  sending  their  children  abroad  L- 

'  B.  U.  Campbell,  "  U.  8.  C'atli.  Magazine,"  1844,  p.  40. 
*  "  Maryliiud  Guzctte,"  March  14.  1754. 


ANTI-CATHOLIC  EXCITEMENT. 


417 


obtain  an  education.'  A  bill  introduced  by  the  Committee 
on  Grievances  passed  the  lower  House.  Its  object  was  to 
create  a  commission  to  inquire  into  the  affairs  of  the  Jesuits 
in  the  Colony,  and  also  to  ascertain  by  what  tenure  they  held 
their  land.  They  were  also  enjoined  to  tender  the  oaths 
of  allegiance,  abhorrence,  and  abjuration  to  members  of  the 
Society.  The  bill  was,  however,  rejected  by  the  upper 
House. 

Catholics  were  next  charged  with  obstructing  the  raising  of 
his  Majesty's  levies,  and  Governor  Sharpe  issued  a  proclama- 
tion on  the  30th  of  May,  offering  a  reward  for  the  arrest  of 
two  persons  named.  The  Legislature  in  the  same  spirit 
passed  a  law  to  check  the  too  great  immigration  of  Irish  ser- 
vants, being  Papists." 

"With  all  the  offices,  all  the  legislative,  executive,  and  judic- 
ial power  in  their  hands,  with  a  State  church  supported  by 
taxes  levied  on  Catholics  and  plate  bought  with  money  aris- 
in<»'  from  the  sale  of  mulatto  infants  and  their  mothers,"  with 
a  virulent  newspaper  press,  and  vehement  pulpit  orators,  the 
Protestants  in  Maryland  could  not  hold  their  own.  One 
newspaper  writer  asks : 

"  Does  Popery  increase  in  this  Province  ?  The  great  num- 
ber of  popish  chapels,  and  the  crowds  that  resort  to  them,  as 
well  as  1he  great  number  of  their  youth  sent  this  year  to 
foreign  popish  seminaries  for  education,  prove  to  a  demon- 
stration that  it  does.  Moreover,  many  popish  priests  and 
Jesuits  hold  sundry  large  tracts  of  land,  manors,  and  other 


'  Richiird  Brooke  in  "  Maryland  Gazette."  May  IG,  1754. 

'  "Maryland  Gazette,"  May  80,  Aug.  5, 1754;  "Now  York  Gazette," 
June  24,  1754. 

'  Gambrall,   "  Church  Life  in  Colonial  Maryland,"  Baltimore,  1385, 
pp.  73,  125. 

27 


i 


418 


THE  CHURCH  IN  MARYLAND. 


tenements,  and   in   several  of  them  have  dwelling-houses 
where  they  live  in  a  collegiate  manner,  having  pubUc  Mass- 
Houses,  where  they  exercise  their  religious  functions,  etc. 
with  the  greatest  industry,  and  without  controul."  ' 

One  of  the  last  efforts  against  thr  Catholic  body  was  the  in- 
troduction of  an  act  in  the  lovi  t  li  r  .  at  the  session  of 
1755,  intended  to  prevent  tho  "  importation  of  Germans  and 
French  papists  and  Popish  jiriests  and  Jesuits,  and  Irisli 
papists  via  Pennsylvania,  or  the  Government  of  Newcastle, 
Kent,  and  Sussex  on  the  Delaware."  But  it  failed  to  find  a 
place  among  the  statutes  of  Maryland. 

Of  the  feeling  toward  Catholics  on  the  Potomac  at  this 
time,  and  especially  toward  their  clergy,  we  have  an  instance 
in  a  paper  by  the  famous  Daniel  Dnlany,  written  at  Annap- 
olis, December  9,  1755.  "  One  of  our  (Maryland)  priests 
had  like  to  have  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  army,  when  tlio 
troops  were  at  Alexandria,  .and  if  he  had,  I  believe  he  would 
have  been  hanged  as  a  spy.  The  man  had  been  saunteriiif 
about  in  the  camp,  and  some  one  from  Maryland  whispered 
that  he  was  a  priest.  This  was  soon  noised  about,  and  tlie 
priest  thinking  himself  not  very  safe  on  the  south  side  of  tho 
Potomack,  made  all  the  haste  he  could  to  a  boat  which  was 
waiting  for  him,  and  had  but  just  put  off  when  he  discovered 
a  party  of  soldiers  running  to  the  place  where  the  boat  liad 
waited  for  him.  The  officer  who  commanded  the  party 
called  to  the  boatsmen  to  return,  l)ut  the  priest  prevaikd 
upon  them  to  make  all  the  expedition  they  could  to  the 
opposite  shore.  Something  ought  to  be  done  in  regard  to 
these  priests,  but  the  present  heat  and  ferment  of  the  times 
are  such  that  nothing  short  of  a  total  extennination  of  them, 
and  an  absolute  confiscation  of  all  their  estates  will  be  heard 

'  "Maryland  Gazette,"  Oct.  17,  1754. 


CATHOLICITY  IN  PHILADELPHIA. 


419 


of  with  temper,  and  that  the  Romish  laity  might  be  laid 
niuler  some  restraints  in  the  education  of  their  children  is 
giTiitly  to  be  wished,  but  all  moderate  and  reasonable  propo- 
sitions for  this  end  would  now  be  at  once  rejected." ' 

In  Pennsylvania  the  decade  from  1745  to  1755  was 
marked  by  progress.  Beside  the  lot  on  Walnut  Street  on 
which  St.  Joseph's  church  had  been  erected,  a  lot  adjoining 
it,  and  facing  on  Willing's  alley,  was  obtained  by  Father 
Eobert  Harding  by  deed  of  June  5,  1752,  being  forty-eight 
on  the  alley  by  forty  feet  in  depth.  Kalm,  in  his  Travels, 
mentions  that  the  Catholics  had  a  great  house,  well  adorned 
with  an  organ,  so  that  the  original  structure  had  evidently 
been  enlarged. 

Father  Greaton  had  closed  his  laborious  pastorship  at  Saint 
Joseph's,  with  which  his  name  had  been  so  long  identified. 
His  associate,  Father  Henry  Neale,  who  had  been  at  Cone- 
wago  and  Philadelphia  for  several  years,  died  in  the  latter 
city  in  1748,  and  he  himself  retired  two  years  afterward  to 
Bohemia,  where  he  died  piously  August  19,  1753,  Father 
John  Lewis  officiating  at  his  requiem. 

Rev.  Robert  Harding,  S. J.,  was  born  in  Nottinghamshire, 
England,  October  6,  1701,  and  entering  the  Society  of  Jesus 
at  the  age  of  21,  was  sent  to  Maryland  in  1732.  Selected 
about  1750  to  succeed  Father  Greaton  in  Philadelphia,  he 
was  for  more  than  twenty  years  rector  of  St.  Joseph's.  He 
identified  himself  with  the  people,  devoted  himself  to  his 
own  flock,  and  in  his  large  heart  found  sympathy  for  every 
good  work.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  to  encourage  the 
American  painter,  Benjamin  West ;  by  his  love  of  the  poor 
acquired  the  highest  reputation  as  a  philanthropist ;  seconded 


'  Diilany,  "  Military  and  Political  Affairs  in  the  Middle  Colonies  in 
1755,"  Penn.  Mag.  of  Hist.,  iii.,  p.  27. 


ii 

1             r' 
'           1 

■wi  jH 

I'"     ■{■    - 


-420 


TH£:  CHURCH  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


the  claims  of  the  colonists  for  their  rights  under  Magna 
Charta,  and  gave  Philadelphia  a  second  Catholic  Church. 

Father  Schneider  from  Goshenhopen  attended  the  Geruian 
Catholics  in  Philadelphia,  and  continued  his  apostolical  jour- 
neys, visited  the  scattered  Catholics,  saying  mass,  hearin-r 
confessions,  baptizing,  instructing,  and  encouraging.  His 
Register  shows  such  constant  activity  as  to  excite  wonder. 

Father  Manners  was  in  charge  of  Conewago  from  about 
1753,  and  Fatlier  Steynmeyer,  known  on  the  mission  as 
Father  Ferdinand  Fanner,  soon  began  his  six  years'  pastor- 
ship at  Lanciuster.' 


'Foley,  "Records,"  vii.,  pp.  8S3,  701;  "Woodstock  Letters,"  xv., 
pp.  95-G;  v.,  pp.  202-213;  "Register  of  Goshenhopen";  Molyneux, 
"Funeral  Sermon  on  the  Death  of  the  Rev.  Ferdinand  Farmer,"  Phila- 
delphia, 1786,  p.  4 ;  Kalm,  "Travels  into  North  America,"  Warrington, 
1770. 


& 


CHAPTER  rV. 

THE   ACADIAN  CATHOLICS  IN  THE  COLONIES,    1755-1763. 

While  the  dominant  party  in  Maryland  was  thus  paving 
the  way  for  modern  communists  by  advocating  a  seizure  of 
property  in  disregard  of  vested  rights,  and  was  seeking  to 
prevent  the  entrance  of  Cathohcs,  and  expel  those  already  in 
the  province,  a  large  body  of  persons  of  that  faith,  ruthlessly 
torn  from  thei>"  happy  homes,  deprived  of  all  their  property, 
of  liberty,  and  home,  without  any  warrant  of  law,  or  form 
of  trial,  were  flung  as  paupers  upon  the  shores  of  Maryland, 
and  the  other  colonies  from  New  Hampshire  to  Georgia. 

Acadia,  our  modern  Nova  Scotia,  was  ceded  to  England 
by  France  at  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  May  22,  1713,  and  its 
population,  industrious,  thrifty,  and  peaceable,  passed  under 
a  foreign  flag ;  a  Catholic  population  passed  to  the  rule  of  a 
government  actuated  by  the  most  envenomed  hatred  of  their 
religion.  By  the  terms  of  the  treaty  the  settlers  were  per- 
mitted to  remove  from  the  province  within  a  year,  or  if  they 
chose  to  remain  and  submit  to  British  rule,  England  guaran- 
teed them  their  property,  and  the  free  exercise  of  their  relig- 
ion according  to  the  usage  of  the  Church  of  Rome,  "  as  far 
as  the  laws  of  England  do  allow  the  same."  If  this  clause 
referred  to  Great  Britain  it  was  a  fraud  and  a  treachery,  as 
there  the  laws  did  not  permit  it  at  all.  If  England  acted  in 
good  faith,  it  must  mean  as  far  as  England  permitted  it  in 
the  plantations  and  in  Catholic  districts  falling  into  her 
power  by  force  of  arms.     The  capitulation  of  Port  Royal 

(421) 


'i '  1 


& 


mi 


4->i> 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


ooiilirmed  by  Queca  Anne  was  oven  more  goneral  in  its 
c'hiU'iR'tei*. 

Duriiijj;  the  year  granted  Franco  ecnt  no  vesoelt*,  and  Eng- 
land refnsed  to  pennit  tlie  Aeadians  to  leave  the  province  on 
English  vessels.  By  no  fanlt  of  their  own  tiiey  were  forced 
to  stay.  Nor  could  they  sell  their  lauds  or  stock,  for  as  they 
were  the  sole  inhabitants  there  were  none  to  i)urchase  frdui 
them.'  In  vain  did  they  ask  to  he  removed  ;  the  English 
authorities,  loth  to  le".ve  so  line  a  province  a  desert  before 
they  could  plant  other  settlers  there,  deemed  it  had  policy  to 
let  them  depart,  and  to  the  very  end,  as  their  advocates  do 
now,  made  it  a  crime  in  French  ollicers  an<l  priests  who 
lU'ged  them  to  leave  all  they  posscshcd  so  as  to  i)reserve  (iicir 
nationality  and  religion.' 

Indeed,  C)ucen  .\nne  bv  a  letter  in  which  she  referred  as  a 
motive  for  her  act 'in  to  the  release  of  Protestants  by  the 
French  king,  allowed  the  Aeadians  to  retain  (heir  lands, 
without  tixing  any  limit  as  to  time,  or  to  sell  iheni  if  they 
chose  to  remove/ 

ladled  thus  into  a  fatal  security  tin-  Aeadians  matle  no 
further  elTort  to  depart,  but  lived  contentedly  till  about  ITl'O. 
wiien  they  wt  re  called  u]iou  to  take  an  absnhite  oath  of 
allegiance  to  the  Ih-ifish  crown.  As  is  evident  from  the 
seipiel  it  was  one  of  those  embodying  the  oath  of  supremacy 
and  abjuration  which  no  Catholic  could  take.  The  .\ca- 
dians,  s'lnpli-  peasuits  as  they  were,  saw  the  dillicnlty,  and 
upon  their  remonstrance  the  oath  was  m.Hlitied  by  (Governor 
Masearene  and  taken  by  the  pi-ople. 


'  Akin»,  "  Nova  Sootlft  Arrlilve8,"p.  IS  ,  MiinliHli,  "  lllt«l(iryof  N<nu 
Scotia,"  ii.,  p.  :HI. 

'  AkiiiN.  "Novu  Scotia  Arrliivcs,"  pp  4,  205;  0-ia ;  i(3-41.  Miir 
.t<K-li,  il.,  pp.  atO-'J. 

"  Akins,  "  Nova  Scotia  Archlvrs,"  p.  15. 


:fc 


THE  ACADIAN  SUFFERERS. 


423 


Tiiuo  ran  on,  another  generation  grew  up,  born  on  Eng- 
lisli  soil,  aiul  undoubtedly  entitled  to  all  the  rights  of  Brit- 
ish subjects;  but  they  were  held  hi  a  kind  of  vassalage,  gov- 
erned by  military  law,  dislVanehiscd  as  (^atholies,  and  with 
iu»  legislative  assembly  where  tliey  were  represented.  Each 
settlement  sent  delegates  from  time  to  time  to  the  governor 
to  receive  his  commands. 

In  their  religion  they  were  constantly  liampered.  Their 
province  was  jiart  of  the  tliocese  of  (Quebec,  and  they  were 
al feuded  by  priests  receiving  faculties  from  the  Eishop  of 
that  see.  But  these  priests  were  arbitrarily  imprisoned  or 
expolleu  by  the  Nova  Scotia  governors,  and  treated  with  tho 
utmost  contumely.'  The  governors  drew  uj)  a  most  extraor- 
.linary  "Collection  of  Orders,  Rules  and  llegnlations  in 
relation  to  the  Missionary  Romish  Priests  in  His  Hritanniek 
Majesty's  Province  of  Nova  Scotia,"  Under  these  regula- 
tions no  priest  could  say  mass  at  tho  chapels  of  one  who  had 
been  expelled,  and  as  in  some  cases  a  ])rieit  would  be  kept 
ii  j)risoner  in  or  out  of  Nova  Scotia,  the  peojile  were  for 
mouths  and  years  without  priest  or  sacrament,  befon>  a  priest 
could  reach  them  who  proved  acceptable  to  the  ruling  gover- 
nor.    No  wonder  Acadians  feared  that  they  would  be  treated 

'  Of  the  twenty  priests  allowed  to  attend  the  Cntlioliis  at  Anniipolis, 
MiiiiiM,  I'liiKnecto,  I'luUvnit,  from  1713  to  1755,  eljiiit  wen-  al  one  time  or 
atinllicr  liaiiislu'd  from  liic  province,  and  llircc  carried  olT  aw  priscaierM  at 
tlie  ;,'eneral  Mciziire.  Father  Justinian  Durand  "v.js  nearly  two  yearn  a 
prisoner  in  Boston,  1711-!t.  and  i-xix'lled  from  Nova  Scotia  in  1720. 
Father  ('harlema.i^nc  was  arrested  and  expelled  for  not  warninj,'  tho 
authorities  of  an  In<liiin  attack,  of  which  there  is  nothini;  to  show 
knowledi;e  hy  Hk'  (iriests.  He  \.as  cxpell.d  and  a  cliapel  destroyed. 
Tliou.nh  no  otl»er  cliaru'c  was  tlien  made.  eii;lit  years  after  they  were  ac- 
cused of  havinff  planned  a  massacre.  The  Merles  of  i)riests  and  llieir 
fortunes,  and  the  treatment  they  underwent,  can  be  traced  in  Murdocli. 
ii.,  i)|>.  -HMt-ISl  ;  .Vkins,  "  Nova  Hcotia  .Vrchivcs."  U  is  lamcnlahle  •(> 
tiiul  any  one  in  the  face  of  these  fiicls  write  :  "  I'ricsts  and  sacraments 
hud  never  been  denied  tiicm."     "  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,"  i  ,  p.  iJ'M. 


fe  ( 


Pi't'i'^i! 


I'    i 


424 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


like  the  Irish,  and  denied  their  priests  altogether  as  Governor 
Phillips  wrote  in  1720. 

"NVhen  war  broke  out  with  France,  the  Aeadians  refused 
to  furnish  Frencli  officers  on  the  frontiers  with  supplier: 
but  iu  1749,  Governor  Cornwallis  announced  that  his  ^Inj- 
esty  "  is  graciously  pleased  to  allow  that  the  said  inhabitants 
shall  continue  in  the  free  exercise  of  their  religion,  as  far  as 
the  laws  of  Great  Britain  doe  allow  the  same,  as  also  the 
peaceable  possession  of  such  lands  as  are  under  cultivation, 
Provided  that  the  sjiid  inhabitants  do  within  three  months 
take  the  oaths  of  allegiance  appointed  to  be  taken  by  tlio 
laws  of  Great  Britain,  j.nd  likewise  submit  to  such  rules  and 
orders  as  may  hereafter  l)e  thought  proper  to  be  made." 

In  the  face  of  such  vague  statements  they  asked  to  lie 
guaranteed  the  presence  of  priests,  inasmuch  as  they  were 
freciuently  deprived  of  their  clergy  in  a  most  arbitrary  man- 
ner, and  they  begged  not  to  be  recpiired  to  bear  arms  against 
the  French.  They  were  answered  harshly :  "  From  the 
year  1714,  you  became  subject  to  the  laws  of  Great  Britain, 
and  were  placed  precisely  ujx)!!  the  same  footing  as  the  other 
Catholic  subjects  of  his  ^Majesty."  '  They  earnestly  sought 
permission  and  means  to  emigrate.  Then  Cornwallis  ren- 
dered this  testimony  to  their  wortii :  "  Vv'e  irankly  confe.-s 
that  your  determination  to  leave  gives  us  pain.  We  are  well 
aware  of  your  indu'^try  and  your  temperance,  and  tliat  yon 
arc  not  aildicted  to  any  vice  or  debauchery.  This  province 
is  your  cotmtry,  yim  and  your  fathers  have  cultivated  it  : 
Tiaturallv  von  yourselves  ought  to  enjoy  the  fruits  of  your 
labor,"  and  again  he  endeavored  to  beguile  them  with  vagui' 
promises.* 

'  "  Novft  Pcotfa  Archivps."  p  174. 

•  Cornwallis,  .May  SO.  1750.  IhUi..  p.  189.  "  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,"  x  ,  |  p 
tS6,  104. 


!   W  'I     ! 


CONFISCATION  PLANNED. 


42Bt 


Yet  almost  at  that  time  the  Enghsh  authorities  were  dia- 
cussing  plans  for  a  wholesale  spoliation  of  the  entire  Acar 
dian  population,  determined  to  strip  them  of  everything,  and 
deport  them  without  process  of  law. 

The  fact  that  these  Acadians  of  French  origin  occupied  the 
host  lands,  was  consitlered  as  keeping  other  settlers  out.  The 
(|UOHtion  of  confiscating  their  land  was  discussed.  "But  the 
mischief  of  dispossessing  them,"  writes  one,  "is  that  it  would 
1)0  iin  unpopular  Transaction  and  against  the  Faith  of  Trea- 
ties." ' 

The  English  did  not  wish  any  of  tlio  Acadians  under  their 
authority  to  escape."  They  compl;iinod  that  French  officers 
and  clergymen  were  persuading  the  inhabitants  to  leave  tho 
province:  the  English  authorities  in  everyway  allured  those 
who  went  to  return,  and  to  this  day  the  Bishop  of  Quebec 
and  his  clergy  are  censured  for  having  advised  those  Aca- 
dians who  had  emigrated,  not  to  return  without  a  spccitic 
[)le<lge  of  religious  liberty.' 

There  were  three  classes  of  Acadians,  the  distinction  be- 
tween whom  should  be  borne  in  mind,  although  recent  writ- 
ers endeavor  to  confuse  the  minds  of  readers  by  stating  of 
one  class  what  referre<l  to  another.  There  were  Acadians 
who  had  all  along  remained  under  the  French  flag,  who  had 
uo  obligatidiis  wliatever  to  the  English  ;  then  there  was  a 
body  comparatively  snrall,  who  having  been  under  the  Eng- 
lish flag  in  JS'ova  Scotia,  had  gone  over  to  French  territory, 


if  I 


'  "  .\  Gpnuinc  Account  of  Nova  Scotia."  Dublin,  1750,  p.  12. 

'  Lords  of  Trade  to  linwfLnco,  Akinc,  p.  207. 

•  All)cni;irlc  t(.  Pnysiculx,  "  N.  Y.  Col  Dor,"  x.,  p.  '.MO.  Tn  "Mont- 
calm and  Wolfe,"  i.,  p.  SoO,  the  liiHliop's  letter  is  not  fuirly  cited.  Aca- 
dians were  lined  in  1750  for  attemptin,!,'  to  leave  the  province  with  their 
efTects.     "  New  York  Post  Hoy,"  Oct.  IT),  1750. 


■  fi« 


426 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


and  lastly,  those  who  remained  peaceably  under  tbe  English 
flag,  giving  no  just  cause  of  complaint. 

During  the  war  which  terminated  at  the  peace  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle  (1748)  the  British  Acadians  had  given  no  cause  of 
complaint  as  a  body.  Some  young  men  undoubtedly  wont 
across  the  line  and  fought  on  the  French  side,  bnt  no  arrests 
were  made  at  the  peace,  none  were  tried  for  having  given 
information  or  aid  to  the  enemy.  During  u  period  of  si.N 
years  no  charge  of  the  kind  was  made,  although  the  British 
bad  the  power  to  try  summarily  and  punish  any  offendois, 
or  make  examples  of  some  to  teri-ify  the  rest.  That  no  steps 
were  taken  during  that  period  shows  that  modern  writers 
who  make  the  charge  against  a  whole  comnmnity  are  merely 
framing  a  sjiecial  plea,  not  acting  as  the  impa:  A  judges 
whom  history  requires.' 

England  by  attacking  French  vessels  at  sea,  and  Fort  Beau- 
sc'jour  on  land  opened  the  way  for  a  new  war.  Then  slii- 
resolved  to  carry  out  a  i)lan  already  formed  for  the  seizure 
and  deportation  of  the  Acadians  who  had  remained  constantly 
or  been  born  on  English  soil.'  When  all  was  ready  for  the 
blow,  Lawrence,  Governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  issued  a  j)eremp- 
tory  order  recjuiring  the  Acadians  to  take  certain  oaths.  Some 
writers  without  citing  any  authority  declare  that  it  was  a 
simple  pledge  of  iidelity  and  alk\giauce  to  (ieorge  II.'  Sucli 
an  oath  had  been   frefpiently  taken  by  the  Acadians,  ami 


'  Till'  nulh  rivpiircd  iiftrr  tlii'  wnr,  in  1 7 19.  was  simply  diip  of  iillfiriiiiicc, 
tliiU  II  Catholic  ini^'lit  Uxkv.     "  Nfw  York  I'ost  Hoy,"  Oct.  l»,  17)!t. 

'  A  letter  from  Halifax,  dated  August  0,  I7r)5,  whicli  nppoarcd  in  tlic 
"New  York  Mazcttr."  Aiiir.  25.  and  in  the  "Pennsylvania  Ga/cttc.  ' 
Hej)!.  1,  17"i.">,  annniiiKM'cl  lli"  in.i'nded  removal.  The  Lords  of  Tr;i(|r 
however,  nolilled  [.iiwrenee  that  if  in  the  opinion  of  the  Chief  .lu-ilin 
they  Imtl  forfeiti'd  iheir  lands,  he  was  to  take  nienHurcs  to  carry  it  into  r.\( 
culum  III/  <<;/tif  pniritx.     Letter.  Oct.  2!(,  1754. 

•  Purknian,  "  Moutcahn  and  Wolfe."  1.,  p.  265 


PUNISHED  AS  CATHOLICS. 


427 


there  is  no  reason  for  supposing  that  it  wouM  have  been  re- 
fused at  this  time.'     Moreover,  the  refusal  to  take  a  pledge 
of  Udelity  and  allegiance  would  not  have  constituted  them 
I'opish  recusants.     When  the  delegates  from  the  Acadian 
settloments  came,  oaths  were  tendered  to  them,  but  no  record 
thereof  is  preserved  in  the  minutes  of  the  council.     From  Law- 
rence's subsequent  language  it  is  evident,  however,  that  they 
were  some  or  all  oaths  then  prescribed  by  the  penal  laws 
aijainst  Roman  Catholics,  and  which  no  Catholic  could  consci- 
entiously take.     The  delegates  of  the  Acadians  remonstrated, 
and  asked  assurances  on  their  side,  but  we:-o  dismissed,  and 
when  they  agreed  the  next  day   that  the  oaths   should  be 
taken,  the  reply  was  that  the  oiler  came  too  late.     The  oaths, 
wliutever  they  were,  were  never  tendered  to  the  Acadians  in- 
dividually nor  refused  by  them.     The  delegates  were  told, 
"  that  as  there  was  no  reason  to  hope  that  their  proposed 
Compliance  proceeded   from  an  honest  mind,  and  could  be 
esteemed  only  the  Elloct  of  Compulsion  and  Force,  and  is 
contrary  to  a  clause  in  an  Act  of  Parliament  of  1  George  II., 
c.  13,  whereby  Persons  who  have  once  refused  to  take  the 
( )ath8  cannot  be  afterwards  permitted  to  take  them,  but  are 
considered  Pojnsh  Ilccusant-i;°  Therefore  they  would  not  be 
iiidulgced  with  such.  Permission."  ' 

It  was  thus  distinctly  avowed  that  tlio  action  taken  against 
them  was  aa  Catholics,  and  under  the  English  penal  laws. 
This  is  corroborated  by  the  fact  that  instructions  were  sent 
to  take  special  care  to  seize  the  priests. 

'  Akins,  "Nova  Scotia  Archives,"  i..  pp.  84,  21,  01),  01,  KM,  167,  188, 
203-7,  :!0!),  ana- 4. 

'  These  words,  which  give  a  clue  to  the  nature  of  the  oath  tendered, 
mid  to  the  penalty  incurred,  if  any,  are  suppressed  in  Murdoeli.  "  His 
tiiry  of  Nova  Scotia,"  ii.,  p.  282;  Parkman,  "Montcalm  and  Wolfe," 
i.,  "p.  2(14. 

'  "  Nova  Scotia  Archives,"  pp.  230,  260,  261. 


If , 
7)  , 


i.ii 


•;!  I 


I 


428 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Haliburton,  more  lionest  thau  later  writers,  admits  that  the 
Acadians  wore  tried  by  their  accusers  as  judges,  without  any 
opportunity  to  put  iu  a  defence.     Seven  thousand  Brit.'i^h 
subjects  were  thus  tried  in  tlieir  absence  by  a  governor  and 
four  councillors,  without  any  indictment  framed,  on  a  cliaiiic 
of  refusing  to  take  oaths  never  tendered  to  thorn  individually, 
never  refused  except  by  deputy,  and  of  the  seven  thousand 
oases  not  a  single  record  was  drawn  up  from  which  tlicy 
could  frame  an  appeal.     Every  principle  of  English  law  was 
disregarded,  but  this  is  not  all.     Every  step  of  Lawrence  was 
illegal  and  a  crime.     Ko  such  law  as  that  of  "  1  Geo.  II.,  c. 
13,"  exists  on  the  Statute  Book  of  Great  Britain  which  can 
apply  to  the  case  of  the  Acadians.     No  severe  liiws  against 
the  Catholics  in  England  wore  enacted  at  that  tinio,  and  in 
Ireland  the  existing  \m\a\  statutes  were  actually  nutigatoil, 
The  law    was  a  pure   invention    of  Governor  Lawrence. 
Moreover,  the  penal  laws  against  the  Catholics  in  England 
did    not   extend   to   the   colonics,    unless    specially  enacted 
tliere.     AVo  have  seen  how  an  attempt  was  made  in  Maryland 
to  enact  them  by  surprise  in  a  bill  which  did  not  betray  the 
design,  and  how  sanction  to  that  law  was  refused  in  England. 
We  have  seen  how  at  this  very  time  the  lower  House  in 
^tarvland,  at  successive  sessions,  nnide  repeated  efforts  to  ex- 
tend the  penal  laws  of  William  II L  against  the  Roman  Catho- 
lics to  that  province. 

It  can  be  irrefragably  asserted  that  no  law  against  the  Cath- 
olics, 1  Geo.  IL,  c.  13/  existed ;  that  no  law  existed  making 


'  It  may  be  said  tlmt  tlio  net  rpfcrrwl  to  wns  renlly  t  Oco.  I ,  c.  13  ;  liut 
tliH  (Idi's  not  liclj)  the  nintlcr.  Tlmt  net  rufi-rs  to  Cafholioa  lioldiiiR 
(itllcc  ;  the  onlv  ponalty  for  refusinj;  the  oaths  is  tlic  loss  of  thr  ofluv, 
uiid  so  far  from  its  prcvpiitinj;  oiif  who  liiid  oikt  refused  the  oath  frota 
suhsefiuently  takiii),'  it,  this  stutiito  of  Oeorfjo  I.  expressly  exempts  u 
Culholie  who  laid  once  refused  from  all  the  eonseciueiH  c.^  of  reciiHuiiey 
on  his  Hubsecjucntly  tiikinj;  the  oath. 


^kP! 


THE  CRIME  ACCOMPLISHED. 


4Si» 


forfeiture  of  real  estate  aud  personal  property  absolute  on  re- 
fusal of  any  oath  ;  that  no  law  made  a  community  guilty  of 
refusing  oaths  tendered  merely  to  a  committee  ;  that  no  law 
made  married  women  and  infants  guilty  of  refusing ;  that 
under  no  law  was  real  property  confiscated  without  legal  pro- 
ceedings in  each  case.  And  that  cruel,  heartless,  and  inhu- 
man as  the  English  laws  against  the  Catholics  were,  it  was  a 
recognized  principle  that  they  had  no  force  in  America  until 
they  were  formally  adopted  there. 

The  means  to  execute  the  long-meditated  sentence  were 
ready  before  the  farce  of  tendering  the  oaths  under  a  pre- 
tended English  law,  which,  if  real,  would  have  had  no  force 
in  Nova  Scotia.  The  troops  to  carry  out  the  sentence  were 
at  hand,  with  a  fleet,  and  provisioned  transports.  The  whole 
number  of  these  doomed  Catholics  was  seven  thousand. 
From  "Minas,  Piziquid  and  Cobequid,  and  Tlivicire  du  Canard, 
five  hundred  were  to  be  sent  to  North  Carolina ;  one  thou- 
sand to  Virginia  ;  two  thousand  to  Maryland.  From  Annap- 
olis River  three  hundred  were  to  be  sent  to  Philadelphia, 
two  hundred  to  New  Yotk,  three  hundred  to  Connecticut, 
and  two  Imndred  to  Boston. 

The  nefarious  scheme  was  carried  out  promptly  and  se- 
cretly. The  Acadian  men  at  the  diilerent  points  were  sum- 
moned to  meet  the  English  oftioials,  and  were  at  once  sur- 
rounded and  disarmed,  only  five  hundred  escaping  to  the 
woods.  Their  cattle  were  slaughtered  or  divided  among 
English  settlers  ;  then  the  women  and  children  were  forced 
to  leave  their  liomca  and  march  to  the  shore,  seeing  behind 
them  their  houses,  barns,  and  churches  blazing  in  one  general 
coniltigration.'     The  unfortunate  people  were  then  marched 


'  After  burnintr  1S1  liousos  and  barns  thoy  proceeded  to  the  Mnas 
ITouso,  which,  wilii  wliat  wiis  therein  contiiined,  "  was  burnt  to  ashes." 
At  Pctcoudiack,  the  Acadians  who  had  escaped  and  a  party  of  Indians 


430 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


on  board  the  ships,  uo  regard  being  paid  to  tics  of  kindrod 
and  aifcction.  The  priests  in  Acadia,  though  Frcncli  sub 
jects,  and  there  under  the  faith  of  a  treaty,  were  seized,  ex- 
cept the  Abbe  Miniac,  who  for  a  time  ehidcd  capture ;  l)i;t 
the  Rev.  Messrs.  Chauvrculx,  Daudin,  and  Le  ]\Iaire  wore 
conveyed  to  Adniind  liusoawen's  Heet  as  prisoners  of  war. 
Then  after  being  detained  some  montlis  at  llahfax,  tluy 
were  taken  to  Portsmouth,  and  finally  sent  to  Saint  Malo.' 

A  large  body  of  Catholics,  nearly  one-thirfl  as  niai'y  as 
there  were  in  the  English  colonies,  were  thus  suddeidy  landed 
from  Massachusetts  to  Georgia.  All  the  vessels  rouehed  their 
destinations  exce])t  one,  on  which  the  Acadians  overpowered 
the  crew  and  escaped.  Two  thousand  apparently  of  these 
Catholics  were  landed  in  Massachusetts,  and  that  colony,  un- 
able at  once  to  provide  comfortably  for  so  large  a  ntuiibi'i-, 
appealed  on  grounds  of  humanity  to  Now  Hampshire  to  re- 
lieve her  of  a  portion,  but  that  province  declined  on  the  pre- 
text that  she  was  on  the  frontier  of  Canada.' 

Though  the  brutal  falsifier,  Lawrence,  wrote  to  Boston  to 
urge  the  people  to  proselytize  the  children  of  the  exiles,  tlio 
unhappy  Acadians  found  sympathy  in  Miissachu.^etts.     \av\\- 

saw  their  houses  fired,  but  when  the  English  advanced  to  the  ehiiicli  lo 
inehido  it  in  the  conllngrnlion,  tlicy  opened  fire,  liiilinj^  or  wounding  i'A. 
"  New  York  Gazette,"  October  0-1:5,  1755. 

'  "  Historical  Magazine,"  iv.,  p.  42  ;  "  Nova  Scotia  Archives,"  p.  2S2 ; 
Letter  of  Abbe  de  I'lsle  Dieu,  October  2.3,  1755  ;  Ferlai:d,  "  Cours  diiis- 
toire,"  ii.,  p.  521.  A  writer,  on  tiio  authority  of  Piihon,  wiio,  tliongh  a 
French  ofllcer,  carried  on  a  treacherous  correspondence  with  llie  Knirlisli, 
Boishebert  and  other  ofllcers,  who  had  constantly  urged  priests  in  French 
territory  to  attract  Acadians  from  Knglish  territory,  accuses  the  priests 
seized,  who  were  on  English  territory,  with  being  the  cause  of  the  woes 
of  tlie  Acadians.  This  is  confounding  two  sets  of  people,  and  is  far  lesji 
candid  tiinn  Murdoch,  who  acknowledges  that  Pichon,  Boishehert,  etc., 
were  freethinkers,  constantly  attacking  the  clergy, 

*  "  New  Hampshire  ProviuciaJ  Papers,"  vi.,  pp.  445,  452. 


I 


iii 


of  kindred 
rcnch  sub- 
6eizccl,  fx- 
pturc  ;  bi:t 
iluire  woro 
:r8  of  war. 
lifax,  tluv 
It  Male'  * 
s  nmiiy  as 
m]y  laiHled 
idicd  their 
ci'powei'cd 
\y  of  tliosc 
colony,  mi- 
.1  ntnnber, 
liirc  to  re- 
on  the  pro- 

)  Boston  to 

exiles,  tlio 

'tts.     Lieu- 


:lic  cliurrli  to 
louiiiliiig  'i'i. 

ivcs,"  p.  282 ; 
Cours  d'llis- 
iio,  th(uii;li  a 
illR'Kii;:lisli, 
.'sts  in  Fri'iuli 
;-.s  till'  prit'sts 
3  of  the  W()i'3 
iiul  is  far  loss 
ishebcrt,  olc, 


GOVERNOR  HUTCHINSON. 


431 


tenant-Governor  Hutchinson  was  so  affected  by  their  suffer- 
ings that  he  prepared  a  representation  proper  for  them  to 
malo  to  the  British  Government,  to  be  signed  by  the  chief 
men  in  the  name  of  the  rest,  praying  that  they  either  might 
have  leave  to  return  to  their  estates  or  might  receive  a  com- 
pensation, and  ho  offered  to  forward  it  to  England  to  a  per- 
son who  would  take  up  their  case.  The  unhappy  Acadians 
had  lost  all  faith  in  English  honor,  and  trusting  that  the 
French  monarch  would  exert  himself  for  them  declined 
Hutchinson's  offer,  little  dreaming  that  the  war  would  last 
seven  years  and  end  in  the  disappearance  of  French  authority 
in  America. 

Hutchinson  says  distinctly :  "  In  several  instances  the  hus- 
bands who  happened  to  be  at  a  distance,"  when  the  Acadians 
were  seized,  "  were  put  on  board  vessels  bound  to  one  of  the 
English  colonies,  and  tlieir  wives  and  children  on  board  other 
vessels  bound  to  other  colonies  remote  from  the  first." 
"  Five  or  six  families  were  brought  to  Boston,  the  wife  and 
children  only,  without  the  husbands  and  fathers,  who  by  ad- 
vertisements in  the  newspapers,  came  from  Philadelphia  to 
Boston,  being,  till  then,  utterly  uncertain  what  had  become  of 
their  families."  '  The  father  of  Monseigneur  Prince,  Bishop 
of  Saint  Hyacinthe  in  Canada,  was  landed  alone  at  Boston, 
where  a  kind  family  took  him,  and  he  did  not  discover  his 
parents  till  after  several  years'  search," 

Private  persons  at  Boston  provided  houses  where  the  aged 
and  infirm  who  were  in  danger  of  perishing  were  received. 
Hutchinson  himself  in  vain  endeavored  to  save  the  life  of 
one  poor  woman ;  but  his  care  came  too  late.  Then  a  law 
was  pa.s8cd  authorizing  justices  of  the  peace  and  other  ofl3- 


i.:i 


J 


'  Hutchinson,  "  History  of  Massnchusotts  Bay,"  iii.,  p.  40. 
'  Ferland,  "  Cours  d'Histoire,"  ii.,  p.  520. 


'■am 


"M 


4Sld 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


cers  to  employ  tlie  Acadians  at  labor,  and  bind  them,  in  fact 
treat  them  as  paupers.  Those  advanced  in  years,  and  some 
who  had  evidently  enjoyed  a  higlier  position  in  Acadia,  were 
allowed  support  without  labor.  Yet  if  an  Acadian  attemj^ted 
to  visit  his  countrymen  in  another  town  without  leave  of  the 
selectmen,  he  was  fined  or  whipped. 

Lands  were  offered  to  them  to  settle,  but  as  they  would 
be  deprived  of  the  consolations  of  religion,  these  sinoere 
Catholics  declined.  Hutchinson  says :  "  No  exception  was 
taken  to  their  prayers  in  their  families,  in  their  own  way, 
which  I  believe  they  practiced  in  general,  and  sometimes 
they  assembled  several  familios  together;  but  the  people 
would  upon  no  terms  have  consented  to  the  public  exercise 
of  religious  worship  by  Roman  Catholic  priests."  "  It  Avas 
suspected  that  some  such  were  among  them  in  disguise,  l)iit 
it  is  not  probable  that  any  ventured." 

"When  at  last  they  despaired  of  being  restored  to  their  own 
estates,  they  endeavored  to  reach  parts  where  they  could 
find  priests  of  their  own  faith,  and  if  possible  of  their  own 
language.  Many  went  from  New  England  to  Saint  Do- 
mino-o  and  Canada.'  Yet  in  iTriO  there  were  still  more  than 
a  thousand  in  "Massachusetts  and  the  District  of  Maine.  The 
prejudiced  Williamson  insults  them  as  "  ignorant  Catholics." ' 
conscious  that  their  religion  was  their  only  crime.  Even  in 
1702  French  Neutrals  were  shipped  from  Nova  Scotiii. 
"their  "Wives  and  Children  were  not  permitted  with  tluin. 
but  were  ship'd  on  board  other  vessels." '    When  the  Fromli 

'  Hutchinson,  "  History  of  Massachusetts  Bay,"  ill.,  pp.  41-2,  "  N.  K. 
Gen.  Kegister,"  xsx.,  p.  17.    P.  H.  Smith,  ibid.,  1880. 

^  "  History  of  Maine,"  ii.,  p.  811.  "  Collections,  Maine  Hist.  Soc'y," 
vi..  p.  379. 

^  "  N.  Y.  Mercury,"  Aug.  30,  1763.  Seven  hundred  arrived  at  Hostoii, 
Au3.  2.'5tli.  II).,  Sept.  0,  1702,  but  were  subsequently  .seiil  back.  lb., 
Oct.  11,  25. 


'X.  K. 


ACADIANS  IN  NEW  YORK. 


433 


came  as  our  allies  some  years  later  no  mention  is  made  of 
these  Acadians.  They  had  perished  or  emigrated,  leaving 
their  sufferings  as  a  part  of  the  history  of  the  future  Chureh 
of  Massachusetts. 

The  Acadians  landed  at  New  York  were  treated  no  better 
than  those  in  New  England ;  the  adults  were  put  to  labor, 
and  the  children  bound  out  '•  in  order  to  make  the  young 
people  useful,  good  subjects,"  that  is,  Protestants.  One 
liuudred  and  nine  children  were  thus  scattered  through 
Orange  and  Westchester  Counties.  In  1757  a  party  who  had 
been  in  Westchester  County  made  their  escape,  and  attempted 
to  reach  Crown  Point,  but  were  captured  near  Fort  Edward.' 
A  considerable  number  of  Acadians  were  at  one  time  quar- 
tered in  a  house  at  Brooklyn  near  the  ferry  ;  but  no  distinc- 
tion was  made  in  New  York  in  favor  of  those  who  had  occu- 
pied a  higher  position  in  their  own  country.  On  the  slightest 
pretext  they  were  arrested,  and  at  one  time  by  a  general  order 
all  througliout  the  colony  were  committed  to  the  county 
jails.-  Even  as  late  as  17C4,  when  Fenelon,  Governor  of 
Martinique,  sent  an  agent  to  bring  150  Acadians  to  the  West 
Indies,  Lieutenant-Governor  Golden  refused  to  permit  them 
to  go.° 

On  the  ISth  of  November,  1755,  three  vessels  ascended 
the  Delaware  bearing  454  of  those  persecuted  Catholics, 
most  of  them  with  insufficient  clothing,  many  of  them  sickly 
and  feeble,  some  actually  at  the  point  of  death.  The  crime 
of  Lawrence  had  in  the  eternal  counsels  been  punished  by  the 
overthrow  of  a  British  army  on  the  Monongahela,  and  Phila- 
delphia saw  in  these  wretched  Acadians,  men  who  with  the 

•  "  New  York  Mercury,"  July  11,  1757. 

'  "N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,"  viL,  p.  125;  "Calendar  N.  Y.  Hist.  MSS.," 
pp.  058-078. 
=  "  Coklen  P.ipers,"  ii.,  pp.  333,  etc. 
28 


'I 


m 


•i  M 


i; 


sf  ;">^','l 


I 


•If; 


'  ^; 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


144  |2|    l^ 

■^  1^    112.2 
1!^   1^ 


1^ 


2.0 


1.8 


1-4    IIIIII.6 


o 


m 


'/] 


^1 


e. 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


73  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTER.NY    t4SS0 

(7)6)  •72-4J03 


) 


Ux 


484 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Irish  and  Germans  were  to  slaughter  the  Protestants.'  But 
Jieiiezet  dispelled  the  fears  and  aroused  the  benevolence  nf 
the  people  of  Pennsylvania.  Best  of  all  they  saw  a  priest, 
the  Jesuit  Father  Harding,  come  to  minister  to  them.  More 
than  half  died  within  a  short  time  after  their  arrival,  Imt 
they  died  consoled  and  fortified  by  the  sacraments  of  tliv- 
Church."  Many  thus  charitably  received  remained  and  made 
new  homes,  and  soon  lost  their  identity  in  the  general  popu- 
lation. Others  made  tlu'ir  way  to  Canada  and  the  West 
Indies,  but  the  C'atholic  body  in  Pennsylvania  certainly  re- 
ceived some  additions  from  this  body  of  Acadian  Confessors 
of  the  Faith. 

Of  the  nine  hundred  who  reached  Maryland  rnanj  wore 
snffering  from  sickness  and  iiisutficnent  clothing,  and  tlieir 
wants  were  to  some  extent  relieved.  The  President  of  the 
Council  acting  as  (4overnor  retained  one  vessel  at  Annapo- 
lis, sent  one  to  Baltimore  and  to  the  Patuxont  Biver,  one 
to  Oxford,  and  one  to  Wicomico.  The  Council,  however, 
commanded  all  the  justices  to  prohibit  the  Koman  Catli- 
olic  inhabitants  to  lodge  these  poor  Acadians,  and  any  wiui 
were  of  necessity  placed  in  the  houses  of  Catholics  were 
promjitly  removed. 

One  gentleman,  l^fr.  II.  (^allistcr,  relying  on  the  honor  of 
government  to  reimburse  him,  incurred  considerable  expense 
in  relieving  their  wants,  but  ho  was  never  reimbursed.     ITe 


'  "  PcnnR.vlvanin  .Archives,"  il.,  p.  506.     W.  3.  Read  In  "Memoirs 
IVnn.  Hist.  Soc,"  vl.,  p.  292. 

'  Wnlnh,  "  Apprnl  from  tho  .Indfffnonts  of  Orcnt  nrltain,"pp.  H7-02, 
437.  Wettrott.  "  IIi'*tory  "f  I'liiliidclphia,"  rh.  193  ;  Smith  in  •  \.  F 
Hist.  Ocn.  Hoff,"  IHHfl.  WnNh  ffivcs  the  Petition  of  tho  Arniiiiiiia  in 
PcntiHylvania  to  tlie  ICinp  of  Kn^rland  ;  Jiiitthe  pathetic  appeal  pro<liu'i'il 
no  ('fTe<'t.  Yel  tlip  facts  Miow  tlint  in'ellipent  public  men  in  Miissnchii- 
sefts  and  Pennsvlvanirt  tlien  liclicved  that  the  Acadiars  had  a  Just  (liiini 
on  tlie  EDKliahUoverninent  for  compcnsatiua. 


FIEST  MASS  IN  BALTIMORE. 


435 


also  drew  up  a  petition  for  tliem  to  the  King  of  England, 
but  nothing  was  ever  heard  of  it. 

A  law  was  passed  in  1Y56  empowering  the  justices  in  each 
county  to  make  provision  for  these  Acadians,  but  the  peo- 
ple were  not  dis- 
posetl  to  bear  the 
burthen.  Talbot 
County  adth'essed 
the  Assembly,  in 
a  most  bigoted 
document,  urg- 
ing some  action 
for  their  removal 
from  the  province. 

Those  in  Balti- 
innrp  seem  to  have 
found    more    be- 
nevolent people.    Sonie  were  lodged  in  private  houses,  and  a 
number  were  sheltered  in  a  large  unfinished  structure,  the 
first  brick  house  in  Baltimore,  begun  by  Mr.  Edward  Fotteral, 


fotteral's  nonaE,  where  mass  was  first  said 

IN  BALTIMORE.      PROM  MOALE'S  DRAWING. 


FAC-BmiLE  OP  THE  SIONATDRE  OW  FATHF.R  JOHN   ASHTON. 

an  Irish  gentleman,  who  subsequently  returned  to  his  native 
country.  The  Acadians  occupied  all  that  was  habitable,  and 
hearing  that  there  was  a  priest  at  Doughoregan,  the  seat  of 


rn 


486 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Charles  Carroll,  the  Barrister,  they  sent  imploring  the  priest 
to  extend  his  care  to  them.' 

The  Jesuit  Father  Ashton  responded  to  their  appeal,  and 
mass  was  said  for  the  first  time,  and  was  maintained  for  ;i 
considerable  period  in  Baltimore  in  this  house,  where  a  rouiii 
was  prepared  for  use  as  a  chapel,  and  a  rude  altar  reared 
each  time  the  priest  arrived,  bringing  his  vestments  and 
sacred  vessels.  The  first  congregation  in  the  city  Which  be- 
fore the  lapse  of  two  score  years  was  to  be  the  see  of  a  bishop, 
and  in  little  more  than  a  century  to  be  presided  over  by  n 
Cardinal  of  Holy  Roman  Church,  was  a  little  body  not  mure 
than  forty  in  all,  chiefly  Acadians,  with  a  few  Irish  Catholics, 
among  the  latter  Messrs.  Patrick  Bennet,  Kobcrt  Walsh,  iiiid 
William  Stenson.' 

The  Acadians  who  reached  Maryland,  finding  tliat  they 
could  practice  their  religion,  and  obtain  the  services  of  priests, 
remained,  and  T)eing  accustomed  to  the  sea,  found  ein])l(>y- 
ment  as  coasters,  fisheruien,  etc. ;  but  their  faith  which  stood 
tlie  ]3ersecutions  of  Protestantism  was  much  weakened  by 
the  horde  of  freethinking  Frenchmen  who  came  during  and 
after  our  war  of  Independence.     Many  then  were  corru])ted 


'  8charf.  "  History  of  Miiryliind,"  i.,  pp.  474-9. 

•  A  rou,i;h  \m>\\  and  ink  skcU'h  of  Bullimore  in  1753,  by  Mnalr.  prosprv- 
«■(!  I)y  the  Marylanii  IliwiDiic.il  Society,  shows  this  hou>;p.  Cm  skctrli  is 
niado  runfiilly  from  it,  vkitliout  ivltcnition.  Tlic  liousc  where  iniiss  w!is 
m\i\  for  tlie  Ar.'uliiins  l)y  Fatlier  Ashton.  is  tlip  lursp  hoiisp  nt  the  left. 
Itwiis  near  tliu  nortiiwest  corner  of  Fayetlp  and  f'alvcrt  streets.  Sep 
ramplM'lI,  •' Desultory  Skelclies  of  tlie  Call)  ilic  Chnrch  in  Maryland." 
in  Heliijioiis  ('al)inet,  184?,  p.  310. 

Itohin.  "Nouveaii  Voynpe  dans  rAmeriqvic  Peptpntrionalp,"  Pliila- 
delpliia.  1782,  p.  90.  Bponks  of  the  Acadians'  nttnchmpnt  to  tlipir  faith,  and 
the  lovinjt  rpinpnd)rance  of  their  former  priests,  wentioninir  cspeeially 
a  Uev.  Mr.  le  Clerc  (?  I,p  Maire).  who  when  they  came  nwny  p.wo  Ihcni 
a  ehaliep  and  vestments.  This  seems  douhtful,  as  no  priest  of  that  m\w. 
was  in  .\cudiu  at  the  time. 


ACADIAIfS  IN  VIRGINIA,  ETC. 


437 


and  lost  the  faith  they  had  so  nobly  witnessed  unto.'  Yet 
there  was  some  emigration.  Captain  Ford,  of  Leonardtown, 
Maryland,  sailed  with  a  number  for  Louisiana,  and  was 
driven  on  the  coast  of  Texas,  where  they  were  seized  by  the 
Spaniards  and  carried  to  New  Mexico,  suffering  greatly  till 
a  priest  learned  their  history  and  obtained  their  release." 

Many,  however,  remained  at  Baltimore,  where  their  de- 
scendailts  are  to  be  found  to  tliis  day. 

Virginia,  considering  that  the  Governor  of  Nova  Scotia 
had  no  right  to  throw  the  great  mass  of  the  inhabitants  of 
his  colony  on  other  colonies  to  be  supported  as  paupers,  and 
knowing  that  it  would  be  useless  to  look  to  England  or  Nova 
Scotia  for  compensation,  refused  to  receive  the  deported  Acar 
dians.  She  remonstrated  so  firmly  with  the  Enghsh  Gov- 
ernment, that  336  were  transported  to  Liverpool,  where  they 
were  detained  for  seven  years  as  prisoners  of  war,  and  sub- 
jected to  many  temptations  to  abandon  their  faith.  At  the 
peace  they  were  claimed  by  France,  and  obtair:  <'  lands  in 
Poitoii  and  Berry,  still  occupied  by  their  descendants.' 

The  1,500  sent  to  South  Carolina  were  at  first  scattered 
through  the  parishes,  but  the  comj^assion  for  tlieir  misfor- 
tune was  such  that  vessels  weu  obtained  at  the  public  charge 
in  which  many  went  to  France.  A  few  remained  in  the 
colony ;  others  sought  to  reach  Louisiana,  or  endeavored  to 
return  to  their  former  homes.* 

Georgia  by  its  charter  positively  excluded  Catholics,  not 


'  Memoire 


'  Ijrttpf  of  Archbishop  CnrroU. 

'  Hmyfh,  "Tour  in  the  Unilal  Btntes,"  ii.,  p.  877. 

•Hrvmnor,  "Report  on  Canadian  Archives,  1888,"  p.  145; 
■ur  les  Acadiens,"  Niort,  1867. 

•  Cooper,  "Statutes,"  iv.,  p.  81.  Two  parties  attempted  to  e.sciipe 
early  in  1750,  but  were  retflken.  "  N.  Y.  Mercury,"  Mar.  1,  1750.  Yet 
ill  1700.  800  Acadians  are  reported  as  having  had  the  small-pox,  115 
dying  of  it  in  South  Carolina,     "  Maryland  Gazette,"  April  17. 


11 


■  'i 


mi 


438 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


one  of  whom  was  allowed  to  settle  witliiu  its  limits.  When 
Governor  Itejnolds,  who  was  attending  an  Indian  Council, 
heard  that  the  Governor  of  Kova  Scotia  had  thus  thrown 
four  hundred  Catholics  upon  his  colony  he  decided  that  they 
could  nt)t  reiniiin.  As  winter  had  set  in  he  gave  them  shel- 
ter till  spring.  Then  they  were  permitted  to  build  rude 
l)oats,  and  numbers  set  out  to  coast  along  to  Nova  Scotia, 
encouraged  by  the  help  and  approval  of  the  Christian  men 
of  the  South.'  Toiling  patiently  along,  a  party  of  seventy- 
eight  reached  Long  Island  in  August,  175(i,  but  tliougli  they 
l)ore  passjjorts  from  the  Governors  of  South  CuroHnu  and 
(Georgia,  they  were  seized  by  the  brutal  Sir  Charles  Hardy, 
who  distributed  them  in  the  most  remote  parts  of  the  colonv. 
jnitting  adults  to  labor,  and  binding  out  children,  so  that 
they  should  be  brought  up  Protestants.'  Ninety  who  reached 
the  southern  part  of  I\Ia.>^sachusetts  in  July,  were  similarly 
treated  by  Lieut.-(iov.  Phi])s. 

Though  the  fear  was  expressed  that,  exasperated  at  tiic 
cruel  and  inhuman  treatment  to  which  they  had  been  su!)- 
jected,  these  neople  might  take  some  terrible  revenge,  nctcase 
of  crime  is  charged  to  these  noble  confessors  of  the  faith  in 
any  of  the  colonies.     They  sufT(>red,  but  not  as  evil-doers." 

Gradually  during  the  war,  and  after  its  close  in  17<i;{, 
Acadians  made  their  way  from  Pennsylvania,  Carolina,  and 
Georgia,  as  well  as  fri>m  Halifax  to  the  French  West  Indies, 
where  many  sank  imder  the  climate.  Most  of  the  survivors 
removed  tlience  about  17<ir)  to  the  colony  of  Louisiana,  where 
they  settled  in  .\ttakai)as.  and  Opelousas.  Here  land  was 
allotted  to  them  :  six  hundred  and  iifty-six  being  tlius  ])r()- 


'  Ptovcns,  "THHtory  of  Ooorpin,"  \.,  pp.  413-417. 
•  "New  York  Colonial  Dorumcnts,"  vii.,  p  125. 
»  "  Nova  Bcolla  ArchlveH."  pp.  Hni-a04 


FEW  ACADIAUS  REMAINED. 


439 


vided  in  the  early  moiitlia  of  17G5.  This  body  with  others 
who  joined  them  from  time  to  time  constitute  the  source  of 
the  groiit  Acadian  body  in  Louisiana,  wliicli  retains  to  this 
(lay  the  peculiarities  of  speech  and  manners  that  character- 
ized their  ancestors.' 

Of  those  who  in  time  reached  Nova  Scotia  or  its  neighbor- 
liood,  or  who  escaped  from  the  hands  of  Lawrence,  some 
fearing  fresh  cruelties  struck  into  the  woods  on  the  uiiper 
Saint  John,  and  formed  the  Madawaska  settlement.  Strangely 
enough,  in  184:2  England  claimed  this  part  of  the  State  of 
Maine,  on  the  ground  that  it  had  been  settled  by  the  Neutral 
French,  who  were  British  subjects." 

The  largest  body  of  Catholics  that  in  one  year  reached  our 
shores  did  not  materially  alter  the  position  of  the  adherents 
of  the  true  faith  in  the  existing  British  colonies.  A  small 
body  remaining  at  Baltimore,  a  few  in  Philadelphia,  the 
Acadian  settlement  in  Louisiana,  which  did  not  come  into 
the  United  States  for  some  years  after  the  recognition  of  in- 
de])ondence,  and  the  little  JMadawaska  colony,  overhjoked  by 
tlie  authorities  for  years,  and  ministered  to  as  their  fathers 
had  been  by  priests  from  Canada,  alone  were  permanent. 

The  fact  that  such  an  act  could  have  been  perpetrated  by 
Governor  Lawrence  under  the  pretence  that  it  was  in  accord- 
ance with  the  ])enal  laws  against  the  Catholics,  shows  how 
hitter  the  feeling  of  the  time  was. 

'  "Nova  Scotift  Archives,"  pp.  347-350;  Gayarre,  "  Ilistoire  de  la 
Louisiane,"  ii.,  pp.  127-128. 

•'  8('e  "The  Acadian  Confessors  of  the  P'aith,  1755,"  by  me  in  "Am. 
('ath.  Quarterly,"  is.,  p.  593.  "  Acadia,  a  Lost  Chapter  in  American  His- 
tory," by  Philip  II.  Smith,  Pawling,  18S4 ;  and  a  paper  by  the  same 
author,  "  N.  E.  Hist.  Gen.  Register,"  1880.  U.  li.  t'aagraiu,  "  Un 
Pcleriuage  au  Pays  d'Evangelino." 


f 


ini'j 


-ijmt 


f 


CHAPTEE  V. 


CATHOUCUY   IN   THE   BRITISH   COLONIES,    1755-1763. 

The  war  against  the  French  was  one  against  Catholicity, 
and  as  after  a  few  years  hostilities  also  began  against  Spain, 
England  was  arrayed  against  the  two  Catholic  powers  in 
America,  and  every  hostile  movement  tended  to  inflame  the 
minds  of  the  people  of  the  colonies  against  all  who  professed 
the  faith.  The  conquest  of  Canada  was  especially  sought  in 
order  to  extirpate  Catholicity  utterly.  The  position  of  the 
faithful  in  the  English  colonies  was  one  of  constant  peril  and 
annoyance. 

The  newspapers  teemed  with  diatribes  against  the  Cath- 
olics, and  ministers  like  the  Rev.  Mr.  Brogden  preached 
series  of  sermons  against  Popery,  and  any  reply  or  protest 
only  made  their  tirades  more  virulent.' 

Stimulated  in  this  way  a  strong  public  feeling  grew  up 
against  the  Catholic  body,  and  it  would  seem  that  the  Prot- 
estants of  Sassafrax,  Middle  Neck,  and  Bohemia  IManor,  to 
whom  the  proximity  of  the  Jesuits  was  very  galling,  peti- 
tioned the  legislature  at  the  session  of  1756,  praying  that 
stringent  measures  might  be  taken  against  the  Jesuits.  At 
all  events  the  lower  House  at  this  session  was  about  to  pass  a 
very  stringent  bill  prohibiting  the  importation  of  Irish  Papists 
via  Delaware  under  a  penalty  of  £20  each,  and  denouncing 
any  Jesuit  or  Popish  priest  as  a  traitor  who  tampered  witli 

'  "  Maryland  Gazette,"  Annapolis.  Feb.  20,  1755,  May  16, 1754,  Marcli 
14,  1754. 

(440) 


MARYLAND  HOSTILE. 


441 


any  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  in  the  colony ;  but  the  bill  did 
not  pass,  the  governor  having  prorogued  the  legislature 
shortly  after  it  was  introduced.' 

Yet  for  all  this  hostile  legislation  there  was  no  pretext 
whatever.  A  writer  of  that  period  in  England  could  say 
boldly:  "In  Maryland  they  have  always  shown  a  fidelity 
and  remarkable  submission  to  the  English  Government,  and 
have  particularly  avoided  a  correspondence  \vith  the  enemies 
of  Great  Britain."' 

The  Catholics  in  Maryland  were  accused  of  sympathizing 
with  the  French,  but  in  proof  of  their  innocence,  and  as  a 
testimony  of  their  zeal  for  the  welfare  of  the  country,  they 
appealed  to  their  conduct  in  behalf  of  the  people  of  the  fron- 
tier, who  had  been  driven  from  their  homes  after  that  disaster. 
Addressing  the  upper  House  of  Assembly  in  1756  the  Cath- 
olics said :  "  The  Roman  Catholics  were  not  the  men  who 
opposed  the  subscription :  on  the  contrary  they  countenanced 
it,  they  promoted  it,  they  subscribed  generously,  and  paid  their 
subscriptions  honourably  :  and  if  our  numbers  are  compared 
with  the  numbers  of  our  Protestant  fellow-subjects,  and  the 
sum  paid  on  tliis  occasion  by  the  Eoman  Catholicks  be  com- 
pared with  the  sum  total  collected,  it  may  be  said  the  Koman 
Catholicks  contributed  prodigiously  beyond  their  proportion 
to  an  aid  so  seasonable  and  necessary." 

Yet  the  lower  House  in  1755  had  presented  Governor 
Sharpe  a  furious  address  against  the  Roman  Catholics,  and 
passed  a  resolution  that  all  the  Penal  laws  mentioned  in  the 
Toleration  Act  were  in  force  in  Maryland,  although  some  had 
actually  been  repealed.    The  Governor  writing  to  Charles 


'  Johnston,  "  llistory  of  Cecil  County,  Md.,"  p.  202. 
'  "  Considerations  on  the  Penal  Laws  against  Roman  Catholics  in  Eng- 
land, and  the  new  acquired  Colonies  in  America."    London,  1764,  p.  51. 


Ij:!  I 


ih 


4f- 


■1 


442 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Calvert  bore  testimony  to  the  good  conduct  of  the  Cathohcs. 
"  For  tny  part  I  have  not  heard  but  the  Papists  beliave  them- 
selves peaceably  and  as  good  subjects.  They  are,  I  imagine, 
about  one-twelfth  of  the  people,  and  many  of  them  are  men 
of  pretty  considerable  fortunes,  I  conceive  their  numbers 
do  not  increase,  though  I  have  reason  to  think  the  greater 
])art  of  the  Germans  which  are  imported  profess  that  re- 
ligion." ' 

In  the  session  ending  May  22,  175(5,  a  law  was  passed  for 
raisintr  an  amount  to  defend  the  frontiers,  which  the  Assem- 
bly  had  long  neglected  to  do.  They  seized  the  opportunity 
to  insert  a  clause  imposing  a  double  tax  on  all  Catholic 
property  owners  iu  Maryland.  The  Governor  and  upper 
House  made  no  effort  to  save  the  Catholics,  and  this  iiii(nii- 
tous  system  once  inaugurated  was  continued  during  the  cok)- 
nial  period.' 

A  law  was  even  introduced  to  make  it  high  treason  in  any 
priest  who  converted  a  Protestant  to  the  true  faith,  and  to 
(li'prive  of  all  right  of  inheriting  any  Catholic  educated  at 
a  foreign  popish  seminary  ;  ])ut  tliese  violent  measures  failed 
to  pass,  the  upper  House  in  1758  even  attempting,  though  in 
vain,  to  relieve  Catholics  from  the  double  tax  as  "not  to  he 
<lef ended  upon  a  principle  of  justice  or  policy."  The  lower 
Ilou-e  stimulated  by  the  Protestant  clergy,  whom  Catholics 
were  heavily  taxed  to  support,  adhered  to  the  spirit  of  per- 
secution," and  Governor  Sharpe,  himself  a  Protestant,  writ- 
ing to  the  Lord  Proprietor  indignantly  details  the  oppres- 
sions suffered  by  the  Maryland  Catholics  from  their  enemies, 


'  Scharf,  "History  of  Maryland,"  1.,  p.  461. 

♦  The  ratholics  in  vain  appealed  to  the  Governor  to  withhold  his  sanc- 
tion to  this  bill. 

■^  "Votes  and  Proceedings  of  the  lower  House  of  Assembly,  Apl., 
May,  1758." 


FATHER  BEADNALUS  ARREST. 


443 


•'  and  states  that  many  were  made  such  by  envy  or  tlie  hope 
of  reaping  some  advantage  from  a  persecution  of  the  Papists," 
and  he  bore  his  testimony  that  since  he  had  administered  the 
colony  the  conduct  of  the  Catholics  had  been  most  unexcep- 
tionable,' 

Besides  these  cruel  laws  a  new  method  of  persecution  had 
l)een  undertaken.  Complaint  was  made  before  a  magistrate 
ii'niinst  Father  James  Beadnall,  and  two  writs  were  issued  on 
which  he  was  arrested  by  the  Sheriff  of  Queen  Anne's  County, 
on  the  22d  of  September,  175C.  He  v  is  obliged  to  give  bail 
in  £1,500  for  his  appearance  before  the  Provincial  Court  to 
1)0  held  at  Annapolis  on  the  19th  of  October.  Two  indict- 
ments were  laid  before  the  Grand  Jury  against  him,  the  first 
for  celebrating  mass  in  a  private  family,  and  the  second  for 
endeavctring  to  bring  over  a  dissenter,  Quaker,  or  nonjuror  to 
"  the  Romish  persuasion."  The  Grand  Jury  did  not  act  on 
the  matter,  and  he  was  brought  before  the  Grand  Jury  of 
Tall)ot  County,  but  that  body  on  the  16th  of  April,  1757, 
refused  to  indict  him  ;  they  held  that  as  to  the  first  charge 
he  was  justified  by  the  order  issued  by  Queen  Anne,  at 
AVhitehall,  January  X  170f ;  and  as  to  the  second  charge  they 
found  the  evidence  insufficient.* 

This  good  priest  who  enjoys  the  privilege  of  having  been 
arrested  for  discharging  his  duty  was  a  native  of  Northum- 
berland, born  April  8, 1718,  and  entered  the  Society  of  Jesus 
at  Watten,  September  7.  1739.     His  name  appears  first  at 


'Gov.  Sharpe'8  Letter,  Dec.  16.  1758,  in  "  Ridgeley's  Annals  of  An- 
napolis," p.  95. 

•'  Father  George  Hunter,  "  A  Short  Account  of  y"  State  and  Condi- 
tion." "  A  Short  Account  of  y'  Proceedings  of  y'  Assembly  of  Mary- 
land." The  Maryland  Archives  have  no  record  of  this  prosecution  of 
F.  Beadnall. 


444 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


St.  Thomas'  Manor  in  1Y49,  and  after  many  years'  service  on 
the  mission,  he  died  at  Newtown,  September  1,  1772.' 

There  were  at  this 
i  4/       f7    *V    time    fourteen    Fa- 

"  land  and  Pennsylva- 

FAC-SIMILE    OP    THE    SIGNATURE    OF    FATHER        ...  "^ 

OEORQE  HUNTER.   8.J.  "^^     miSSlOn,     FatluT 

George  Hunter  be- 
ing the  Superior,  and  returning  to  England  for  a  time  this 
year. 

Father  Beadnall  was  not  the  only  one  of  the  Jesuit  Fa- 
thers molested  at  this  time.  A  man  was  arrested  at  Furt 
Cumberland  as  a  spy, 
and  admitted  that 
had     been     in     the 


J 


;he  / 


French     service     at  fac-simile  of  the  signature  op  fathsu 
Fort  Du  Quesne,  hav-  """^^^  beadnall. 

ing  been  carried  off  by  a  party  of  Indians.  The  man  swore 
that  a  certain  priest  had  maintained  correspondence  by  let- 
ter with  the  French ;  that  he  had  been  up  in  the  country 
among  them,  and  that  several  Catholic  laymen  whom  he 
named  had  with  the  priest  notified  the  French  that  they 
would  give  them  all  aid  in  their  attempts  against  the  prov- 
ince. The  accused  priest  was  taken  into  custody  to  be  tried 
at  the  Annapolis  Assizes  in  February,  1757.  The  case  l)roke 
down,  however.  When  the  man  was  put  on  the  stand,  lie 
was  asked  whether  he  knew  a  Catholic  layman  pointed  out 
to  him.  He  replied  that  ho  did,  that  he  was  the  priest,  and 
that  he  had  seen  him  say  mass  in  Baltimore  County,  and  luid 
often  carried  letters  from  him  to  the  French.     He  made 


'Foley,  "Records  of  the  English  P»rovince,"  vU.,  p.  42.    Treacy, 
'  Catalogue,"  p.  98,  thinks  ho  died  in  1775. 


PENNSYLVANIA  FEARS. 


445 


similar  answers  in  regard  to  other  laymen  introduced  into 
the  room.  When  the  priest  actually  came,  he  swore  that  he 
did  not  know  him,  and  had  never  seen  him  in  his  life.  The 
Governor  and  Council  before  whom  the  examination  took  place 
knew  the  priest  personally,  and  saw  the  knavery  of  the  wit- 
ness. The  priest  and  the  Catholic  laymen  were  acquitted, 
and  the  informer  was  sent  to  Lord  Loudon  as  a  deserter.' 

The  alarm  caused  by  the  French  operations  on  the  Ohio 
had  already  excited  suspicion  and  odium  against  the  Cath- 
olics of  Pennsylvania.  The  Justices  of  Berks  County,  Con- 
rad Weiser  being  one  of  them,  unfolded  their  foolish  fears 
in  an  address  to  Governor  Morris,  July  23,  1755.  "  "We 
know,"  say  these  sapient  magistrates,  "  that  the  people  of 
the  Eoman  Catholic  Church  are  bound  by  their  principles  to 
1)0  the  worst  subjects  and  worst  of  neighbours,  and  we  have 
reason  to  fear,  just  at  this  time,  that  the  Roman  Catholics  in 
Cussahopen — where  they  have  a  very  magnificent  chapel,  and 
lately  have  had  long  processions — have  bad  designs." — "  The 
priest  at  Reading  as  well  as  at  Cussahopen  last  Sunday  gave 
notice  to  tlie  people  that  they  could  not  come  to  them  again 
in  less  than  nine  weeks,  whereas  they  constantly  preach  once 
in  four  weeks  to  their  congregations :  whereupon  some  im- 
agine they  have  gone  to  consult  with  our  enemies  at  Du 
Quesne."  '  And  a  publication  of  the  time  says :  "  There  are 
near  one-fourth  of  the  Germans  supposed  to  be  Roman  Cath- 
olics who  camot  be  supposed  Friends  to  any  Design  for  de- 
fending the  Country  against  the  Frencli."  ' 


'  F.  George  Hunter,  "A  Short  Account  of  the  State  and  Condition." 
The  name  of  the  Father  is  not  given  ;  and  the  State  Archives  have  no 
papers  in  the  case.     It  was  probably  Father  Hunter  himself. 

'  "  Provincial  Records,  1755,"  p.  125  ;  Rupp,  "  History  of  the  Counties 
of  Berks  and  Lebanon,"  Lancaster,  1844,  p.  151. 

»  "  Brief  Slate  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,"  London,  1755,  p.  85. 


446 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


tiw',,'-     i 


An  inquiry  instituted  by  Lord  Loudon  gives  us  the  Catli- 
olic-  population  of  Pennsylvania  in  1757.  In  and  near 
Philadelphia  there  were  72  men,  78  women,  Irish  or  Eng- 
lish ;  and  in  Chester  County  18  men,  22  women  under  the 
care  of  Father  Robert  ILirding.  His  associate  Father  Tlieo 
dore  Schneider  residini;  at  (Toshenhopen.  had  under  his  ciirc 

1<)7  men  and    121  women,  all 

T^'rry/h^^e/j,j  (n'nnans,  in  and  al)out   Pliila- 

-X  y    delphia,  and  198  men  and    Kit) 

KAC-SIMII.K  OK  Tiuc  HKiNATi  UK  womcu  iu  Philadelphia,  lierks, 

JNorthami)ton,  IJucks,  an<l  (  hes- 

DEIl.  I  '  » 

ter  Counties;  while  Father  Fer- 
dinand Fanner,  then  ?»t  Limcaster,  had  208  Irish  and  (iei- 
man  men  and  180  women  in  Lanciuster,  Berks,  Chester,  and 
Cund)erland  Counties,  and  Father  Matthias  Manners,  the 
missionary  at  Conewago,  had  9i)  men  and  IdU  women,  in- 
cluding both  Irish  and  (termans,  in  York  County.' 

When  precisely  the  church  was  built  at  Goshenhopen  is 
not    determined.      The 

house  mentioned  by  Fa-    J^ t^  ^  j?^  ^ ^^ 
ther   Schneitlcr    in    his 

,       ,  .  1       ii         K.VC  SIMll.K    OK    TIIK     SUiNATtKK    OK    I  A 

register,   had   evidently  theu  keudinand  fahmeb. 

been     replaced     by     a 

church,  which  must  have  been  of  some  size*  and  beauty  to  hi' 
styled  even  in  prejudiced  exaggeration,  "a  very  niagniticeiit 
chapel."  With  a  respect  for  anti(piity  worthy  of  praise,  the 
walls  of  the  old  chapel  of  the  last  century  were  retained  as 
part  of  the  prest>nt  church. 

The  congregation  at  St.  Joseph's  Church,  Philadel])hia, 

'P.  IlHrdinir  to  PclcrM,  "  NiUioiml  Oazctte,"  Plilliidolphia.  June  14. 
1820.     "  WoodHtxKk  LctU'rs,"  xv..  p.  W. 

'  Fiiilicr  Enoch  Fcnwick,  in  hia  notes  on  Ooshcuhopen,  sa.ys  it  ww 
55  by  !tt. 


t-yVrr^eA/^ 


OOSHENHOPEN. 


447 


had  increased  bO  that  the  original  chapel  is  said  to  have  been 
enlarged  or  rebuilt  in  1757.'  Moreover  as  ground  was  re- 
quired for  a  cemetery,  and  also  to  make  provision  in  time 
for  the  erection  of  a  second  church,  a  lot  extending  from 
Fourth  to  Fifth  Street,  sixty -three  feet  in  front,  and  three 
hundred  and  ninety-six  feet  deep,  was  conveyed  May  I(», 


CHUnCI!  OH"  TIIK  MOST  lU.ESSED  SACUAMENT,  aOBHENlIOPEN,  NOW 
BAM.Y,  PA..  liKINd  IN  TAUT  ST.  PAUL'S  CHUUCII,  EUECTED  UY 
TATHBIt  TUEODOUE  BCHNEIDEB,    8.J. 

1759,  to  two  Konian  ('atliolics,  James  Reynolds  and  I3ryan 
O'llaru,  evidently  in  trust  for  the  desired  object.  It  was  re- 
conveyed  the  next  year  to  Daniel  Swan  and  others,  and  a 
declaration  of  truht  was  made  by  the  direction  and  appoint- 


m     > 


'1  m\ ,  ■  h 


(laHiii'H. 


>  ThlH  swnis  very  doubtful.    The  eulargement  more  probably  prw-cd- 
cd  Knhn's  visit. 


448 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


nient  of  the  iiieinbiTs  or  congregation  professing  the  Roman 
Catliolic  religion,  and  belonging  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
chapel  on  the  south  side  of  Walnut  Street,  in  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  designated  as  St.  Joseph's. 

The  purchase  money,  £328.  10.  0,  was  contributed  by 
Rev.  Robert  Harding  and  eighty-one  other  subscribers; 
and  the  ground  was  stated  to  be  for  the  benefit  of  the  chapel, 
especial  reference  being  made  to  its  use  as  a  burial  place,  as 
by  law  Catholics  could  hold  land  for  that  object.  A  second 
subscription  was  begun  in  1702,  and  was  so  successful  that  in 
the  f(»llowing  year  the  erection  of  a  church  was  begun  on 
this  property,  the  future  St.  Mary's.' 

F'athcr  Ferdinand  Farmer  after  six  years'  service  at  Lan- 
caster and  its  dependent  missions,  doing  his  j)art  in  complet- 
ing the  church  in  that  town,  was  transferred  to  Phiiadclplii;!. 
The  tir.>-t  entry  in  his  register  there  is  on  the  ITtli  of  Septem- 
ber, 1T.")S,  and  he  seems  to  have  entered  at  once  on  pai't  of 
the  labors  |)revionsly  borne  by  Father  Schneider,  as  the  next 
y(;ar  we  lind  him  at  Concord,  and  at  Geiger's  in  Salem 
County,  New  Jersey.  His  labors  at  IMiiladelphia  as  iissistaiit 
to  Father  Harding  were  evidently  onerous,  Init  down  to  the 
close  of  the  period  we  are  considering,  his  visits  to  (leigt-r's 
and  tlie  (ilass  House  in  Salem  County  were  constant.' 

Small  as  this  scattered  body  was,  the  militia  act  of  ITTiT 
re(piired  that  in  enrolling  the  people,  their  religion  ihould  be 


'  So  KtMtod  in  "A  I-HtiT  to  llic  Hoiiinn  Cntliolics  of  riiiladcliiliiii," 
l'liil;ttl<'lplii:i,  18"i2,  jip.  l!l-(!,  n  IInLCunilc  piiiiiplilcl  aiinini;  to  show  tli;it 
the  Horii'ty  of  Jesus  hml  not  contribiitL'd  larj^oly  to  the  erection  of  St. 
Mary's. 

'  Fiitlicr  Farmer's  Kejtistcr.  lie  visited  OeiRor's  .Tunc  27,  Aug.  3'J, 
Oct  I),  1750;  Jan.  1-2.  Mur.  12.  Juno  11,  Oct.  1.  17tM) ;  Mar.  M  ;  Oci- 
(jit's  and  Oluss  Ilou.sc.  May  14;  Ocigcr's,  June  17.  Aui;.  12.  Oct.  It, 
17(11 ;  June  34.  New  Jersey.  Aug.  24.  Geiger's  Nov.  23,  1702.  llif  oilier 
visits  were  to  Concord  and  Chester  Co, 


CATHOLIC  POPULATION. 


449 


taken  down  to  ascertain  tlie  Papists,  who  were  to  be  excluded 
from  the  militia ;  by  a  special  clause  every  Catholic  was  re- 
(juired  within  a  mouth  to  surrender  all  arms,  accoutrements, 
gunpowder,  or  anununition,  under  the  penalty  of  three 
uionths'  imprisomncnt ;  and  every  Catholic  who  would  have 
been  liable  to  inilitary  duty  was  compelled  to  pay  a  militia 
tax  of  twenty  shillings — a  heavy  amount  for  the  times — to  the 
captain  of  the  company  in  which,  no  nuitter  how  willing,  he 
was  not  allowed  to  serve." 

About  this  same  time  Father  George  Hunter,  the  Supe- 
rior of  the  Maryland  mission,  estimated  the  total  adult  Cath- 
olic population  of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  at  10,00(». 
"Wo  count  about  10,000  adult  customers  sivc  comm'%  & 
near  as  many  under  age  or  non  comm" .  Each  master  of  a 
residence  keeps  about  2  Sundays  in  y'  month  a  home,  y"  rest 
abroad  at  y"  distance  of  more  or  fewer  miles,  as  far  some- 
times as  20  or  oO  &  y"  other  Gentlemen  all  abroad  evci-y 
6uch  day."  '  "  Pennsilvany  has  about  3,000  adult  customers 
sive  comm"  near  as  many  under  age  or  uo"connn".  Tiie 
extent  of  their  excursions  is  about  130  miles  long  by  ;!5 
broad." 

"Our  journeys  are  very  long,  our  rides  constant  and  ex- 
tensive. We  have  many  to  •Mem]  and  few  to  attend  Vni. 
I  often  ritlo  aliout  T.OO  miles  n  week,  and  ne'er  a  week  but  I 
ride  150  or  20i>.  arid  in  our  way  of  living  we  ride  alnutst  as 
nnu'h  by  night  as  by  day  in  all  weathers,  in  heats,  colds,  rain, 
fro>t,  and  snow,"  writes  Fatiier  Joseph  Mo^liy  from  New- 
town, Si'i'ti'mlicr  I,  1  ~i>'.\ 

"  I  tind  lu  re  business  enough  upon  my  hands  in  my  way 
of  trade,"  wrote   this  siunc  Jesuit  priest  from   Newtown, 


'  Wostcott,  "History  uf  I'hiladt'lphiii,"  cli.  liKJ. 
»  F.  d.orjrc  Hiiuter,  "  Heiwrt,"  July  21$,  ITllo. 
cuuuuuiiicuiitM. 
90 


'  Cusiomcrs  "  meant 


!  "•*'!i!f:^i 


'Mi 


450 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


September  8,  ITHS.     "I've  care  of  above  fifteen  hundred 
souls."  ....  "I  am   daily  on  liorsohaek,  visiliii^^  y'  sick, 
fomfortiug  tlio  iniirm,  titron<i;tlioniiig  y"  piisillaiihuous,  etc." 
Tliia  Kime  Father  atteiulin{»  ISakia  and  JS'cwport  in  1TG3,  ri' 
ported  873  Easter  communions. 

The  nn'ssiim-stations  from  wliieli  the  priests  attended  tlic 
faitiiful  in  their  districts  wore,  the  Assumption  at  St.  liiij^ocs, 
wliere  «>ne  missionary  resided  ;  St.  Xavier's  at  IS'ewtowii, 
three  missionaries;  St.  Itifnatius  at  I'ort  Tobacco,  tliree;  St. 
Francis  Horfjjia  at  Whitenuirsh,  two;  St.  Josephs  at  Dici' 
Creek,  one;  St.  Stanislaus  at  Frederiektown,  one;  St.Mury's 
at  Queenstown,  or  Tiickaiio,  one;  St.  Xavier's  at  JJoluiiiia, 
one;  St.  Joseph's,  IMiiladelphia,  two;  St.  Taul  at  Cushenim 
pen,  one;  St.  John  Nepomnceno  at  Lancaster,  one;  St. 
Francis  lvejj;is  at  Concwa^o,  one. 

Of  mo.st  of  ihesfc  missions  we  have  spoken  at  some  leni;tli. 
Tiic  mission  of  St.  Francis  Borgia  at  Whitemarsh  is  said  to 
have  been  fnunded,  but  was  probably  revived,  in  lT<'i(\ 

Vv'hiteman-h  nussion  wa.s  fourteen  miles  from  Amiapolis, 
on  the  toj)  of  a  hiil  about  one  hundred  feet  hi}i;]i,  nearly  half 
n  mile  from  the  Patu.xent  lliver,  a  cultivatiHl  lield  c.\tcndin<^ 
fnmi  the  foot  of  the  hill  to  the  stream  which  was  crossed  hy 
*'  The  Priest's  Hridge."  The  circular  ])lateau  on  top  of  tlio 
hiil  was  neaily  five  hundred  feet  in  diameter  and  well  sluu)cd. 
Here  rose  the  mission  of  Saint  Francis  ]}orgia,  with  extensive 
plantations  in  tiie  plain  below. 

There  was  also  a  mission  of  St.  Mary's  at  Queenstown,  or 
Tuckaho,  before  ITOM.' 

Soon  after  ITaO  Charles  Carroll,  Esq.,  purchased  12,00i) 
acres  watered  by  the  Potomac  and  Monocacy,  and  let  it  out 
in  small  farms.     Many  of  those  who  beeuiuo  tenants  oauiu 


'  Mem.  of  F.  Geo.  Hunter.  July  2ii,  1765. 


CHUliCH  AT  FREDERICK. 


451 


from  St.  Mary's,  (yluirles,  and  Priucc  (icorgc  Counties,  as  the 
names  of  Dariiall,  Boone,  Abell,  Payne,  Brooks,  Jameson,  and 
.Jarhoo,  show.  These  (Jatholics  were  at  iirst  attended  from 
St.  Thomas'  Manor,  near  Port  Tohacco,  but  in  17<!!3  Father 
Jolm  Williams,  a  native  of  FUntsliiro,  in  Waits,  purcliascd 
a  lot  and  in  the  following  year  erected  a  house,  still  standing, 
and  forirnng  part  of  the  novitiate.  This  was  the  mission  of 
St.  Staiuslaiis.  "  It  was  a  two-story  building;  it  included  on 
the  iirst  lloor  three  rooms  and  a  i)assage,  thus  giving  a  front 
of  about  fifty  feet."  "The  second  lloor  was  used  as  a 
chapel." 

This  small  chapel  was  for  nearly  forty  years  the  only  ])lace 
of  worship  for  Catholics  in  Frederick  County.' 

The  .lesuit  estates  not  only  supported  the  missitmancs, 
and  paid  all  the  expense  of  maintaining  divine  worshi])  in 
the  chapels  at  their  residence  and  the  stations,  but  also  ena- 
bled them  to  send  over  to  England  £200  to  repay  previous 
advances,  and  the  passage  of  Fathers  coming  to  or  returning 
from  ^laryland.' 

The  project  of  seizing  the  property  held  by  the  mission- 
aries which  was  constantly  urged  at  this  time,  aimed  there- 
fore at  suppressing  at  a  single  blow  all  Catholic  worship  in 
Maryland,  depriving  the  faithful  of  their  principal  chapels 
and  the  clergy  of  their  only  sure  source  of  income.  Some 
advised  that  this  projierty  when  confiscated  should  be  applied 
to  found  a  college. 

Such  was  the  condition  of  the  Catholics  in  the  colonies  as 
the  Seven  Years'  War  drew  to  a  close.  The  faithful  op- 
pressed, ground  down  with  taxes  and  disabilities,  liable  at 

'  St.  .I:)hn's  Churcli  nnd  Residences,  Frederlrk,  Md.  "  Woodstock 
LfitcrH,"  vol.  v.,  j>p.  2)t-!tO.  The  deed  to  Rev.  Qeorgo  Hunter  was  not 
.xcoiited  till  Oct.  2.  17(15. 

'  v.  Rev.  Henry  Corbie,  "  O'-dinulious  uud  Regulations  for  M— y — d." 


H' 


j  ,     ,.. 


«      • 

no 


■S^  - 


4i)2 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


any  moment  to  have  all  their  property  wrested  from  them, 
had  lost  all  energy  and  hope. 

A  writer  of  the  time  says :  "  The  yearly  repeated  Bills  of 
late  for  putting  Penal  Laws  in  execution,  have  already  pro- 
duced this  tlffoct  in  some  measure,  one  (ientloman  of  an  af- 
fluent Fortiine  having  already  sold  part  of  his  lands  witli 
intention  to  quit  the  country,  and  many  others  judging  they 
shall  he  necessitated  to  follow  his  Example  unless  assured  of 
enjoying  their  |)ossessions  in  "greater  peace  and  quiet  than  for 
these  eight  years  past."  ' 

There  is  no  trace  of  any  mission  work  about  this  time  in 
Virginia  and  New  York.'  The  Catholics  in  Pennsylvania 
were  com]>arativcIy  free.  They  had  churches  openly  at 
Philadelphia,  Conewago,  Lancaster,  and  Goshenhopeu,  and 
proposed  to  erect  one  in  Easton.  They  were,  however,  com- 
paratively poor,  few  of  their  communion  being  possessed  of 
any  large  means,  but  they  contributed  money  to  erect  and 
maintain  churches  and  support  the  priests  who  attondid 
them.  New  Jersey  was  a  mission  field  without  a  churcli. 
and  the  pcM-quisites  of  the  priests  who  penetrated  into  it 
must  have  been  scniity  indeed. 

In  Maryland  the  Catholic  population  was  more  rural,  com- 
prising the  owners  of  plantations  with  their  slaves,  and  the 


'  "The  ('a.s(>  of  tlio  Roman  Catholics  in  Maryland,  1759." 
'  Accounts  of  visits  of  prii'sts  to  New  York  a!  this  period,  arc,  .so  far 
as  I  can  discover,  nlisolutdy  nnfoiaukd.  The  Virpnia  penal  act  of  IT.Vl 
was  very  comprehensive.  The  usual  oaths  were  to  l>e  rendered  to  all 
I'Mpisls  ;  no  ('Mlhdlie  eonld  have  arms  iiinler  pemdty  of  three  months' 
inipri>oninenl,  forfeiture  of  the  arni'<.  and  a  line  of  three  times  their 
Vidue.  Any  Protestant  who  ditl  not  rejjort  a  Catholic  nei','hl)or  for  kei'p- 
iiifr  arms  was  sulijeet  to  the  same  jx-naltics.  A  Catholic  ownimr  a  horse 
worth  more  than  £.">  was  li:d)le  to  three  months'  imprisonment  and  a  line 
of  three  times  the  value  of  the  horse,  lleninjrs'  "  Statutes  ut  Lar^re,"  vii,, 
p.  ;n.  The  few  Viriiiiua  (  aiholies  of  that  day  were,  it  is  said,  visited  at 
limes  by  the  holy  Father  George  Ituntcr. 


GENERAL  CONDITION. 


453 


tradesfolk  near  them.  The  wealthy  Mr.  Carroll  had  a  house 
in  Annapolis  with  a  private  chapel,  but  in  no  town  except 
Frederick  was  there  even  a  priest's  house  for  a  congregation. 
Private  chapels  on  plantations  of  Catholic  proprietors  or 
owned  by  the  missionaries,  were  the  stations  attended  frcmi 
each  central  point.  Beyond  the  few  cases  of  private  chapels, 
tlie  Catholics  did  nothing  to  erect  or  maintain  churches  or 
Hupport  the  clergy,  and  under  the  pressure  of  persecution 
were  becoming  inert,  and  losing  the  energy  of  faith  that 
shows  itself  in  self-sacrifice. 

In  both  provinces  the  services  of  the  Church  were  con- 
ducted apparently  in  the  plainest  manner,  wifhout  pomp, 
and  in  most  cases  without  nmsic.  Sermons  were  read  from 
manuscript  in  the  English  style.  Cemeteries  existed  on  the 
priests'  farms,  but  many  interments  were  made  in  private 
burial  plots  in  the  grounds  of  Catholics.  A  funeral  sermon 
was  generally  delivered. 

It  was  not  possible  for  all  to  hear  mass  every  Sunday  and 
holiday,  and  the  list  of  holidays  then  far  exceeded  those  now 
kept.  It  included  the  Circumcision,  Epiphany,  Purification, 
the  Finding  of  the  Holy  Cross,  the  Assumption,  Kativity 
of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  All  Saints  and  Christmas,  St.  Mathias, 
St.  Joseph,  St.  Philip  and  St.  James,  St.  John  the  Baptist,  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Paul,  St.  James,  St.  Anne,  St.  Lawrence,  St. 
Bartholomew,  St.  Matthew,  St,  Michael,  St.  Simon  and  St. 
Jude,  St.  Andrew,  St.  Thomas,  St.  Stephen,  St.  John  the 
Evangelist,  Holy  Innocents,  St.  Sylvester,  and  St.  George. 

The  missionaries  wore  certainly  zealous  and  devoted,  and 
so  far  as  we  can  glean,  communions  were  frequent,  many 
who  had  strayed  away  from  their  duties  were  reclaimed, 
conversicms  were  constantly  made ;  but  when  the  struggle  of 
England  and  her  colonics  against  France  closed,  the  little 
band  of  missiimarics  in  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  and  their 
docks,  sjiw  not  a  ray  of  cheering  hope  in  the  future. 


f'^i 


"m-'V 
'ii 


BOOK  IV. 


THE  CATHOLIC  CHURCH  IN  THE  SPANISH 
COLONIES. 


CHAPTER  I. 


THE  CnURCn  IN  FLORIDA,   1690-1763. 

Florida,  after  a  struggle  for  existence  of  a  century  and  a 
([uarter,  was  menaced  with  ruin.  The  English  colony  of 
Carolina  was  already  an  enemy  at  its  very  door;  the  llttk' 
Kettlement  at  St.  Augustine  was  menaced  by  the  sea,  whicli 
threatened  to  wash  away  its  fortifications,  and  by  the  Span- 
ish goverimient,  which  seeing  its  slow  progress,  proposed  to 
abandon  it,  and  transfer  the  inhabitants  to  Pensacola,  so  as  to 
prevent  any  encroachments  by  the  French  on  the  west.' 

In  its  parish  church  the  Rev.  Alonzo  do  Leturiondo,  who 
had  been  in  temporary  charge  for  some  years,  was  made  par- 
ish priest  and  proprietary  rector  in  July,  1691-,  and  he  dis- 
charged the  duties  in  person  or  by  deputy  till  early  in  1707." 

A  famous  native  of  Florida,  bai)tized  in  all  probal)i!ity  in 
the  parish  church  of  Saint  Augustine,  died  in  Mexico  about 
1695.  This  wa.s  the  Jesuit  Father  Francis  do  Florcncia,  born 
in  Florida  in  1620,  who  took  the  habit  of  the  Society  of  Je- 
sus at  the  age  of  twenty-three,  and  who,  after  being  i)rofossor 
of  philosophy  and  theology  in  the  College  of  Saint  Peter  and 
Saint  Paul,  and  having  rendered  great  services  to  the  Bishops 

'  Biircia,  "  Enwjyo  Cronologiw),"  pp.  209,  801. 
'  "  Noticiaa  relrttivos  &  la  Iglesiii  PiirrcMiuiul  de  3an  AguBtin." 
(4B4) 


CHURCH  AT  PENSACOLA. 


455 


whose  confidence  he  enjoyed,  was  sent  as  procurator  of  the 
Mexican  province  to  Madrid  and  then  to  Rome.  He  was 
subsequently  appointed  procurator  at  Seville  of  all  the  prov- 
inces of  his  order  in  the  Indies,  but  finally  returned  to  Mexi- 
co, where  he  died  at  the  age  of  75. 

He  acquired  a  high  reputation  as  an  author,  having  pub- 
lished a  Menology  of  the  illustrious  members  of  the  Society 
in  Kew  Spain,  a  work  on  the  Shrine  of  Our  Lady  de  los 
Remedies,  a  still  more  important  work  on  the  Apparition 
and  Shrine  of  Our  Lady  of  Guadalupe,  a  History  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Jesus  in  New  Spain,  and  other  works.' 

In  1693  Don  Andres  de  Pes  proceeded  to  Pensacola  in  a 
frigate,  accompanied  by  a  famous  priest,  Don  Carlos  de  Si- 
guenza  y  Gongora,  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  University 
of  Mexico.  The  frigate  and  a  smaller  vessel  entered  the  bay 
on  the  8th  of  April,  and  the  Spanish  commander  retaining 
its  ancient  title,  given  in  honor  of  Our  Lady,  named  the  har- 
bor Santa  Maria  do  Galve,  after  the  chaplain  had  chanted  a. 
Te  Deum  before  a  statue  of  Our  Lady.  Father  Siguenza 
made  a  careful  survey  of  the  bay,  and  a  site  having  been  de- 
termined upon  for  a  settlement,  he  said  the  first  mass  on  St. 
Mark's  day,  April  25th,  and  the  Spaniards  marched  in  pro- 
cession, chanting  the  Litany  of  Loretto,  to  the  spot  selected, 
where  a  cross  was  set  up.  This  was  the  beginning  of  Pensa- 
cola, the  second  Spanish  town  in  Florida.  The  settlement 
was  actually  made  in  1G9G  by  Don  Andres  de  Arriola,  who 
erected  Fort  San  Carlos  on  the  Barrancas  of  Santo  Tome. 
Quarters  for  the  men  and  a  frame  church  were  immediately 
erected.' 

At  the  instance  of  the  Bishop  of  Santiago  de  Cuba,  Don 

'  "  Diccionario  Universal  de  Ilistoria  y  Qeografla."     Mexico,   1853, 
vol.  iii. 
»  Barcia,  "  Ensayo  Cronologico,"  pp.  808-311,  816. 


456 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


\m 


'lU:,-.'    1  ill 


Diego  Evelino  de  Compostela,  a  band  of  twenty  Franciscan 
missionaries,  under  Father  Felician  Lopez,  were  sent  over  to 
found  new  Cliristian  communities  in  tribes  which  professed 
a  desire  of  embracing  the  Cliristian  faith.  Eight  were  sent 
to  tlie  new  conversions  of  Majaca,  Tororo,  Afiacapi,  San  An- 
tonio, and  St.  Joseph  ;  six  were  selected  for  the  province  of 
Carlos,  a  son  of  the  Cacique  having  visited  Saint  Augustine 
to  solicit  missionaries  for  his  people  :  the  rest  were  sent  to 
other  parts. 

The  Fathers  entered  on  their  work  with  zeal,  and  at  first 
success  seemed  to  encourage  them,  but  in  October,  1G90.  the 
heathen  Indians  of  Tororo  and  the  four  other  towns  of  that 
district  rose  against  the  Spaniards,  killed  one  of  the  religious, 
with  a  soldier  and  five  Indian  converts,  burned  the  churches 
and  mission  settlements,  and  retired  to  the  woods.  The  sur- 
viving missionaries,  left  without  shelter  or  a  flock,  returneil 
to  Saint  Augustine.  The  field  was  not  abandoned,  however. 
Five  religious,  with  an  experienced  Superior  versed  in  the 
language,  were  sent  to  reclaim  the  Indians,  and  apparently 
succeeded.* 

The  conversion  of  the  Carlos  Indians  was  undertaken  by 
Father  Felician  Lopez  himself.  He  sailed  from  Havana  on 
the  Ilth  of  September,  1G97,  with  five  other  religious  and 
supplies  of  all  kinds  for  the  projected  missions,  and  after 
touching  at  Key  West,  proceeded  to  the  town  of  Cayucos. 
The  old  Cacique,  who  was  very  ill,  earnestly  solicited  baj)- 
tism,  and  after  instriiction  the  sacrament  of  regeneration  was 
conferred  upon  him,  as  death  seemed  imminent.  Meanwhile 
a  house  was  erected  for  the  residence  and  chapel  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan Fathers.     But  no  attention  was  paid  to  their  instnic- 


'  Letter  of  F.  Martin  de  Alcnno,  Provincial,  and  others  to  the  king, 
July  18,  1697.     Report,  August  15,  1698. 


£ii«()Mte 


FLORIDA  IN   EARLY  SPANISH  DAYS. 


ti( 

th 


an 


Ci 


ro 


(!£ 


ro 
til 

vc 


an 


hit 


II 

21 


til 


iia 


IK 

ot 


re 


tei 


of 


FLORIDA  MISSIONS. 


457 


tions ;  a  hut  used  for  idolatrous  coremoiiies  was  thronged,  aiid 
the  Indians  even  called  upon  the  missionaries  to  give  food 
and  clothing  for  their  gods.  When  the  Franciscans  refused, 
and  urged  the  Indians  to  abandon  their  idolatry,  the  young 
Cacique  told  them  that  his  gods  were  offended  at  them,  and 
HHiuired  them  to  leave  the  country.  The  missionaries  en- 
deavored to  hold  their  ground,  but  they  were  seized  and 
robbed  of  their  provisions;  vestments,  and  chapel  service,  and 
taken  from  Key  to  Key,  till  at  last  they  were  left  naked  at 
MatiKtuiabe.  There  the  vessel  which  had  brought  these  en- 
voyp  of  Christianity  over,  found  them  on  a  return  voyage, 
and  rescued  them.  Processions  of  the  religious  at  night  are 
i-tid  to  have  alarmed  the  Indians  at  lirst,  and  were  then  made 
a  pretext  for  their  expulsion.  The  missionaries  who  left 
Havana  in  September,  1697,  reached  that  port  again  on  the 
2l8t  of  February.' 

We  get  some  glimpses  of  the  Church  and  her  missions  in 
Florida  in  1G!)9,  from  an  unexpected  source.  The  barken- 
tine  "Reformation"  was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Florida  in 
September,  1C9G,  and  Jonathan  Dickenson  drew  up  a  jour- 
nal of  their  adventures  till  they  were  rescued  on  the  coast  by 
a  Spanish  party,  conveyed  to  Saint  Augustine,  and  then  sent 
northward  along  the  coast,  from  one  Indian  mission  to  an- 
other. 

Near  where  they  were  wrecked  a  zealous  Franciscan  Father 
had  converted  a  chief,  but  his  tribe  demanded  that  he  should 
renounce  it  and  put  the  Friar»  to  death.    On  liis  refusal  they 


;]J. 


'  A  despondent  letter  of  F.  Felician  from  Florida,  Sept.  21,  1697.  Let- 
ters of  F.  Francis  dc  Contreras,  Oct.  10,  1697;  Mar.  5,  1698.  Report, 
August  ITi,  1698.  "Extractoa  de  Varias  Relaciones."  Tlie  companions 
of  F.  Felician  were  FF.  Ferdinand  Snnios,  Michael  Carrillo,  Francis  of 
JesuB,  and  Francis  of  San  Diego,  lay  brother. 


468 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


■*  -m 


ts 


killed  hira  and  oue  of  the  Franciscans,  two  others  who  were 
there  escaping. 

The  shipwrecked  men  received  very  kind  treatment  at 
Saint  Augustine,  and  in  September  set  out  with  an  escort. 
At  Santa  Cruz  mission,  two  or  three  leagues  from  Saint 
Augustine,  they  found  a  large  chapel  with  three  bells,  and  a 
Franciscan  in  charge.  The  Indians  went  as  constantly  t(» 
their  devotions  at  all  times  and  seasons  as  any  of  the  Span- 
iards. The  party  were  lodged  in  a  large  house,  kept  as  a 
warehouse  and  general  place  of  mooting.  San  iluai::,  on  iin 
island  thirteen  leagues  further,  had  its  cha])ul  and  priests. 
St.  Mary's  was  next  reached,  where  they  fuuiid  a  Franciscan 
with  his  church,  and  his  school  of  Indian  boys.  Near  it  was 
another  mission,  St.  Philip's,  which  was  soon  reached,  and  so 
they  made  their  way  to  St.  Catharine's  Island — "a  place 
called  St.  Catalina,  where  hath  be^n  a  great  settlement  of 
Indians,  for  the  land  hath  been  cleared  for  j)lantiiig  for  scpmic 
miles  distant."  It  was  in  fact  the  old  mission  station  where 
church  and  convent  had  been  destroyed  by  the  Carolina  In- 
dians.' Yet  Dickenson's  narritive  shows  that  these  mission 
stations  along  the  coast  not  only  civilized  the  Itidians  and 
reformed  their  savage  character,  but  were  a  life-saving  organ- 
ization on  the  coast  where  the  shi]>wrecked  found  Christian 
welconic  and  aid ;  yet  the  neighboring  English  colonics 
destroyed  them. 

The  Apalache  Indians  had  been  forced  to  como  and  labor 
f>n  the  fortifications  and  sea  wall  at  Saint  Augustine,  and  a 
letter  signed  by  Patricio,  chief  of  Ybitaciicho,  ini])Ior<'s  Don 
.Itnn  do  Ayala  to  represent  their  case  to  the  king.  P>nt  the 
fortilications  saved    Florida,  for  though  the  English    from 

'  Dlokonson,  "flrwrfl  Prntrctinp  Providonro,  Mim's  Stirot  Help  and 
Defence."  I'liiladfliihiii,  1009.  It  ran  throu;^!!  many  cilitiouH  iu  Eiiglanii 
and  Aim-rica. 


I 


FLORIDA  MISSIONS  DESTROYED. 


459 


Carolina  in  1702  took  and  fired  the  city,  the  fort  resisted 
their  efforts.' 

The  war  of  the  Spanish  succession  gave  South  CaroUna  a 
pretext  for  hostility  against  its  CathoUc  neighbor,  Florida, 
and  Governor  Moore  was  eager  for  the  plunder  of  a  Spanish 
town,  and  for  Indian  converts  to  enslave.  He  instigated  the 
Apalachicolas  to  invade  the  Apalache  country,  where,  after 
professing  friendship,  they  attacked  Santa  Fe,  one  of  the 
chief  towns  of  the  province  of  Tiniuqua,  on  the  20th  of  May, 
1702,  just  before  dav/n.  The  Apalachicolas  burned  the 
church,  but  the  Indian  Catholics  succeeded  in  saving  the  vest- 
ments and  pictures.  A  Spanish  force  pursuing  the  enemy 
was  defeated  and  the  commander  slain.  Governor  Moore 
then  induced  his  colony  to  fit  out  an  expedition.  A  land 
force  of  militia  and  Indians  under  Colonel  Daniel  attacked 
St.  Augustine  in  the  rear  by  way  of  Pilatka,  while  Governor 
Moore  operated  against  it  with  vessels.  Daniel  occupied  the 
town,  the  inhabitants  retiring  to  the  fort.  Governor  Mooro 
coming  in  his  vessels  by  sea,  spread  devastation  along  the 
coast.  Tlie  Christian  Indians  on  the  islands,  from  Saint 
Catharine's  to  AmeHa,  had  in  conse(]uenco  of  previous  hos- 
tilities, withdrawn  to  St.  Mark's  Island,  where  they  formed 
three  towns.  These  wore  now  committed  to  the  fiames  with 
their  churches  and  convents,  three  devoted  Franciscan  Fa- 
thers falling  as  prisoners  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  while 
the  Indian  converts  fled  from  their  savage  foe  to  St.  Augus- 
tine." Moore  having  reached  the  Spanish  city  with  fourteen 
or  fifteen  vessels,  and  effected  a  junction  with  Colonel 
Daniel,  endeavored  on  the  22d  of  October,  1702,  to  capture 
the  fort.  Hut  the  brave  Governor,  Joseph  de  Zufiigii,  who  had 


!• 


H    .  ii^ 


■'  <J 


'  Biirciu,  "  Kiisayo  Cronologico,"  p.  320. 
•  iH'tlor  of  Governor  ZuHiga,  Sept.  80,  1702. 


I.i 


460 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


^■r  .ill 

'i  >^\' 


received  a  few  soldiers  to  reinforce  his  little  garrison,  held 
out  bravely,  the  fort  resisting  all  the  efforts  of  the  English. 
Moore  sent  to  tiie  West  Indies  for  heavier  artillery  ;  but  be- 
fore it  arrived  Spanish  ships  appeared  in  the  harbor  with  re- 
inforcements  under   Captain    Stephen  de  Berroa.      Moore 
raised  the  siege,  wiiich  had  lasted  more  than  fifty  days,  and 
tindiii"  escape  by  sea  impossible,  set  tiro  to  his  vessels  and  re- 
tivatod  overland.'     "  Be  for     withdrawin;^,"  says  a  modern 
writer,  "  he  committed  the  barbarity  of  burning  the  town." 
The  parish  church,  the  church  and  convent  of  the  Franciscan 
Fathers,  and  other  shrines  perished  in  the  general  conflagra- 
tion ; '  but  the  plate  to  the  value  of  a  thousand  dollars  was 
carried  olT.  A  Protestant  clergyman  writing  at  the  time  records 
one  act  of  vandalism  which  we  cannot  omit  to  state.     "  To 
flliow  what  friends  some  of  them  are  to  learning  and  hooks, 
when  they  were  at  Saint  Augustine,  they  burned  a  library  of 
books  worth  about  £000,  wlierein  were  a  collection  of  the 
(ireek  and  Latin  Fathers,  and  the  Holy  Bible  itself  did  not 
escape,  because  it  was  in  Latin.     This  outrage  w:i8  done  sis 
Boon  as  they  arrived,  by  the  (jrder  of  C(»lonel  Daniel."  ' 

This  was  evidently  the  tine  library  in  the  Franciscan  con- 
vent at  Saint  Augustine,  and  it  is  most  creditable  that  a  little 
place  like  the  capital  of  Florida,  then  possessed  a  liljrary  of 
ecclesiastical  works  that  could  win  for  its  extent  and  vahio 
such  encomium  from  an  enemy ;  Father  Martin  de  Aleano, 
guaniian  of  the  convent,  proceeded  to  Spain  to  portray  to 
the  king  the  ruin  of  the  ancient  place.* 


'  licltor  of  Don  .loscpli  do  Zuniga,  8an  Marcos,  Jan.  6,  1708. 

♦Fairbanks,  "  History  of  Florida,"  p.  171. 

•HfV.  Edward  Mamton  to  \U'v.  Dr.  Bray,  Cliarlrstown,  Feb.  2,  170]. 
"  Dociimcntary  History  V.  K.  Cliunli,  i.,  pp.  11,  12. 

'  Harria,  "  Eiiwiyo  Croiioloffico,"  p.  If.M.  Hoyal  Decrees  of  April  SI, 
1714,  and  Nov.  7,  1730. 


APALACHE  MISSIONS  DESTROYED. 


461 


That  the  wanton  destruction  of  a  defenceless  town  was  re- 
garded by  the  Spanish  monarcli  as  a  mark  of  English  pro- 
vincial hatred  against  the  Church  of  God  is  evidenced  by  a 
public  act.     The  antipathy  to  the  true  faith  with  which 
unprincipled  rulers  in  England  had   imbued  the  ignorant 
settlers  of  Carolina  prompted  them  to  the  work  of  devasta- 
tion.    The  Spanish  monarch  at  once  ordered  the  income  of 
vacant  bishoprics,  the  revenues  that  the  episcopate  of  Spain 
would  have  enjoyed  had  every  see  been  filled,  to  be  api)licd 
to  rebuild  the  church  and  convent,  the  hallowed  shrine  and 
the  domestic  hearth  that  Carolinian  bigotry  liad  laid  in  ashes. 
The  greed  of  Governor  Moore  prompted  another  expedi- 
tion.    If  ho  could  not  take  a  Sjianish  fort  he  could  carry 
off  the  Indian  converts  of  Spanish  priests  to  sell  as  slaves. 
He  raised  a  force  of  English  and  Indians,  and  made  a  sudden 
inroad  into  the  territory  of  the  Apalaches.     Lieutenant  John 
Kuiz  Mexia,  who  cfjuimaiided  (he  little  Sjianish  garrison,  pre- 
pared with  the  Ajialaches  to  meet  the  enemy.     Father  ,Iohn 
do  I'arga,  the  missionary  at  Patali,  addressed   the  Indians, 
urging  them  to  tight  bravely,  for  God's  holy  law,  as  no  death 
could  1)0  more  glorious  than  to  perish  for  the  faith  and  truth. 
Wlieii  he  had  given  all  absolution,  Mexia  a(lvan('e<l  on  the 
enemy  with   thirty  Spanish   sohh'er.s  and  four  hundred  Apa- 
laches.    They  wished   Father   Parga  to  remain  behind,  but 
lie  would  not  desert  his  Hock.     Mexia  twice  repulsed  the  as- 
sailants nciir  Aynbiilc.  January  25,  17<'4,  but  his  ammuuiti(»n 
failing,  m(l^-t  of  his  f(irce  were  killed  or  taken.     He  himself 
was  woundi'il  and  taken  with  FatliiT  John  do  Parga  and  Fa- 
ther Angel    Miranda.     Many  of  the  prisoners  were  at  once 
tied  to  stakes,  t.>rtured  and  burned  to  death.     Father  Miranda 
ap]>eale(l   in  vain  to  (iovernor  Moore  to  jirevcnt  such  horri- 
ble cruelties  on  jirisoners  before  his  very  eyes ;  but  to  no 
purpose.     Father  Parga  was  burned  at  the  stake,  beheaded, 


'I 

i"f 


HI 


432 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


,'.  Jt 


t  ■  *  .i 


and  his  leg  backed  off.  Another  religious,  Marcos  Dclgado, 
endeavoring  to  bave  Father  Parga,  was  slain. 

A  party  of  the  enemy  then  approached  Patali,  and  an 
apostate  Indian  called  to  Fatiier  Manuel  de  Mendoza,  who 
opened  a  window  in  the  palisade,  but  was  at  once  sliot 
through  the  head.     The  town  was  then  iired. 

Consternation  prevailed  throughout  the  Apalache  towns ; 
those  which  had  not  been  taken,  to  escape  the  cniclties  they 
Riw  i)erpetrated  on  their  countrymen,  submitted  to  the  Eng- 
liph  and  their  allies,  and  of  the  eleven  towns,  Ybitacuclio 
alone  escaped.  Moore  sent  to  Perez,  who  still  held  the 
block-house  at  San  Luis,'  oficring  to  give  up  Mexia,  Father 
Miranda,  and  four  soldiers;  but  as  the  Spanish  officer  could 
not  furnish  the  ransom  demanded,  they  were  all  burned  at 
tlie  stake.  Several  of  the  Indians  while  undergoing  the  tor- 
ture showed  in  prayer  and  exhortation  the  heroism  of  Chris- 
tian martyrs,  especially  Anthony  Enixn,  of  the  town  of  San 
Luis,  and  Amador  Culpa  Feliciano,  of  the  same  town. 

Moore  retired  at  last,  carrying  off  nearly  a  thousand  Apn- 
lachcs  to  sell  as  slaves,  besides  the  numbers  he  had  put  to 
death  in  and  after  the  battle  near  7\yui)ale. 

When  he  had  retired.  Father  John  de  Villalba  went  with 
others  to  the  ruined  towns.  A  scene  of  un])aralleled  horror 
met  them  on  every  side,  bodies  half  burned  liangijig  frou)  the 
stakes  or  pierced  by  them,  men  and  women  scalped,  mutila- 
ted, and  burned.  Father  Parga's  mangled  body  was  foun<l 
and  carried  to  Ybitacuclio ;  that  of  Father  Mendoza  was  found 
amid  the  ruins  of  Patali,  half  burned  away,  bis  beads  and 
pnrtly-melted  crucifix  sunk  into  the  very  flesh.  Of  Father 
Miranda  and  Marcos  Delgado  no  trace  seems  to  have  been 
found.* 


'  Two  miles  west  of  the  Tnllaliapscc  (FairlmnkHi. 
*  Letter  of  Governor  ZuQiga,   March  UO,  1704. 


Extractos  de  iinn 


A  VISITATION. 


463 


The  martyrdom  of  Ayubale  has  no  parallel  in  onr  annak 
except  in  the  deaths  of  Fathers  Brebeuf,  Lalemant,  Daniel, 
and  Gamier,  in  the  Huron  country,  which  has  been  so  often 
and  so  pathetically  described ;  but  the  butcheries  perpetrated 
there  were  not  enacted  before  the  eyes  and  by  the  order  of 
tl'.e  Governor  of  a  Christian  colony. 

Tlie  mission  of  Ybitacucho  was  maintained  for  a  while, 
but  the  Indians  feeling  that  Spain  could  not  protect  them, 
lied  westward,  and  sought  refuge  under  the  cannon  of  the 
new  French  fort  at  Mobile. 

The  missions  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  from  St.  John's  to  the 
Savannah,  had  been  already  broken  up,  the  Apalache  country 
was  a  desert,  and  others  nearer  to  Saint  Augustine  had  been 
already  invaded.' 

In  the  Apalache  country  alone  there  had  been  thirteen 
considerable  towns,  each  with  a  very  good  church  and  a  con- 
vent for  the  missionary  ;  but  all  were  now  destroyed.'  and  it 
is  asserted,  and  is  probable,  that  the  churches  were  plundered 
by  the  invaders  of  all  their  plate  and  vestments,  of  every- 
thing indeed  that  could  tempt  cupidity.' 

In  January,  1704,*  Bishop  Compostela  sent  the  Licentiate 
Antonio  Ponce  de  Leon  to  make  a  visitation  of  the  afflicted 
Florida  portion  of  his  diocese,  and  the  report  of  that  dele- 
gate seems  to  have  led  to  what  had  long  been  desired,  the 

informacion  fecha  en  San  Augustin  dc  la  Florida  en  9  diaa  do  Jiinio  dfl 
aPu)  170."),  i)or  orduu  dc  fr.  Lucas  Alvarez  de  Toledo,"  including  testi- 
mony of  several  eye-witnesses. 

'  San  Joseph  do  Ocuia,  rilitiriba,  and  San  Francisco. 

'  Don  Juan  de  la  Valle.  1729. 

■■•Fairbanks,  "History  of  Florida,"  says,  that  "the  remains  of  these 
mission  stations  may  be  traced  at  several  localities  in  Florida,"  and  the 
outlines  of  tlic  earthworks  around  them  can  be  distinctly  seen  at  Lake 
City  and  elsewhere. 

*  Auto  de  14  do  Enero  dc  1704. 


^11 


^'1 


f        .: 


464 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


appointment  of  a  bishop  to  reside  in  Florida.  The  first  one 
selected  for  this  position  was  Don  Dionisio  Rezino,  a  native 
of  Havana,  who  was  preconized  Bishop  of  Adramitum,  and 
auxiliar  to  the  Bishop  of  Santiago  de  Cuba.  He  was  conse- 
crated at  Merida  in  Yucatan,  in  1709.'  Bishop  Keziuo  pro- 
ceeded at  once  to  Florida,  and  conferred  confirmation  in  the 
parish  church  at  Saint  Augustine,  on  the  2Gth  of  June, 
1709,  to  a  multitude  of  persons  of  every  rank.  On  the  10th 
of  the  following  month  he  made  his  formal  visitation  of  that 
church,  of  which  Rev.  Peter  Lawrence  de  Aeevedo  was  the 
proj)rietary  parish  priest.'  Of  the  length  of  the  Bishop's 
stay  in  Florida  at  this  time  documents  have  not  yet  been 
found  to  give  any  definite  account. 

In  1720,  Bishop  Vaklez,  of  Santiago  de  Cuba,  sent  one  of 
his  priests,  John  Stephen  Romero  y  Montanez,  to  make  a 
visitation,  which  he  did  strictly,  Nov.  7,  1720,  censuring 
somewhat  severely  the  manner  in  which  the  Registers  had 
been  kept  by  the  Proprietary  parish  priest,  Aeevedo.  The 
chaplain  of  the  fort  had  occasionally  acted  for  the  pastor, 
and  now  by  the  visitor's  permission  the  Sacristan  ]\layor, 
Francisco  Gabriel  del  Pueyo,  who  was  also  notary  of  the  vis- 
itor, acted  temporarily,  and  at  a  later  period  Rev.  John  do 
Parcdcs,  and  Jolin  Joseph  Solana.  The  h»ng  pastorship  of 
liev.  Mr.  Acovodo  ended  August  1.3,  17or». 

The  vcMKTa])le  shrino  of  Xiiostra  Scfiora  dc  la  Locho  erected 
in  the  Indian  town  at  Xombre  de  Dios,  where  the  liiht  mafs 
was  {'clebrated  on  the  8th  of  September,  1505,  was  now  to 
feel  tlie  results  of  the  proximity  of  a  nation  of  hostile  faith. 

'  D.  Hosaiii,  "Necropolis  dc  la  Ilabann,"  lS7r>,  p.  18.1  np,  Ifczino 
tiled  ill  llaviina,  Sept.  Vi,  ITll.and  wu8  interred  under  the  !-aii(tii:uy 
of  tlie  Clinrcli  i)f  St.  (\itliiirine. 

'  Haroia,  •'  Kiijiayo  Cronologlco."  p.  86.1.  places  tlie  visitation  of  Uinliop 
Heziiii)  ill  I7J1,  but  the  entry  of  visitution  and  eonlirniatious  iu  llic  l{eg- 
\s'iit  of  Saint  Augubiiuc  uLow  that  it  was  in  ITOtf. 


s. 

The  first  one 
ino,  a  native 
amituin,  and 
e  was  eonse- 
Itezino  pro- 
latiou  in  the 
h  of  June, 
On  the  10th 
ition  of  that 
'•edo  was  the 
he  Bisliop's 
lot  yet  been 

sent  one  of 
to  make  a 
),  censuring 
agisters  had 
;vedo.  The 
the  pastor, 
tan  i^fayor, 
y  of  the  vis- 
ev.  John  de 
aetorship  of 

hA\o  erected 
1!  tii.-it  niiu-i* 

WilS   Uo'.V  to 

ostilo  faitli. 

Up.  UvT.ino 

tliu  !-aii(lii;iiv 


lion  of  Bishop 
us  iu  the  Hc'g- 


-  ?;  ii 


-RANoISde  l-AN  BUENAVENTURA  TEJADA.ibf 

BISHOP  OF  TRICALI  .  YUCATAN.  tVJAOALA.JAKA 


NUESTHA  SEJf^OR.> 


FnlnicT,  t' 


10  it,  bu 


'%," 


''■'\ 

■  T  '^I^^^BI 

V  V-  i- 

i  /ii  - 

i    It 

.1. 

''4'b. 

NUESTRA  SERORA  DE  LA  LECHE. 


465 


According  to  a  statement  of  a  modern  historian,  Colonel 
Palmer  with  a  party  of  Georgians  made  a  raid  into  Florida, 
and  approached  St.  Augustine.  His  men  plundered  the 
chapel,  carrying  off  the  church  plate,  votive  offerings,  and 
everything  of  value.  One  of  the  soldiers  took  the  tigui'e  of 
tiie  Infant  Saviour  from  the  arms  of  the  statue  of  Our  Lady, 
and  carried  it  to  Colonel  Palmer,  then  at  Fort  Mosa,  who  re- 
l)uked  his  men  for  their  sacrilegiinis  act,  telling  them  that 
they  would  in  time  atone  it,  but  he  took  the  figure  and  threw 
it  from  him  on  the  ground. 

The  next  year  as  the  city  was  again  menaced,  the  Governor 
of  Florida,  to  prevent  Nombre  de  Dios  from  being  again  oi-- 
cupied  by  the  Georgians,  commanded  the  town  and  chapel  to 
be  ilemolished  on  the  20th  of  March,  1728,  and  a  new  <'liai)ol 
was  erected  in  a  safer  spot. 

The  account  proceeds  to  state  that  in  17'55  Colonel  Palmer 
was  slain  on  the  very  spot  where  he  threw  tlio  Holy  ('hild.' 

In  the  war  with  Carolina  the  Christian  Indians  were  nearly 
exterminated,  only  three  hundred  survivors  gathered  under 
the  guns  of  the  fort  at  Saint  Augustine,  remaining  to  repre- 
sent the  once  numerous  happy  towns  of  native  converts. 

The  missionaries  turned  their  attention  to  tribes  which  had 
hitherto  shown  little  disposition  for  the  faith.°  In  1720  they 
had  made  such  progress  that  there  were  three  Yamassee  mis- 
sions, two  dedicated  to  St.  Anthony,  and  one  to  St.  Diego, 
each  with  a  convent  and  church  of  palmetto ;  three  towns  of 


'  This  nccount  is  given  by  Williaius,  "Territory  of  Florida,"  New 
York,  1807,  pp.  182-4,  citing  "  Spanisli  Historians,"  but  to  wlioni  lie 
refers  I  do  not  know.  lie  gives  the  date  of  the  profanation  of  the  shrine 
as  17:.'"),  but  see  Stevens'  "  History  of  Georgia,"  New  York,  1847,  pp.  145, 
171!,  where  it  is  given  as  1727  ;  the  site  of  the  lirst  eiiapcl,  place  of  the 
firs!  mass,  uud  of  the  second  chapel  of  Our  Lady  of  the  Milk  are  given 
on  page  137  of  this  work. 

'  Letter  of  F.  Anthony  Florencla  to  the  King,  1724. 
30 


4fiO 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


the  Yguasa  nation,  Santa  Catalina,  Our  Lady  of  Guadalupe, 
and  St.  Joseph,  chiefly  of  old  converts,  Guadalupe  havini,'  a 
church  of  boards,  Nonibro  do  Dioa,  a  Chiluca  town  of  old 
Chri.stians,  had  its  clnirch  of  stone;  Santa  lY',  a  TiiiiU(|ii;iii 
town  ;  San  Luis,  an  Apalache  town  ;  and  San  Antonio,  a 
Casapulla  town ;  another  San  Antonio  anionic  the  ('()>t;is. 
and  a  third  in  the  Ajiahiehe  country.  Besides,  tliere  were 
a  mission  anionij;  the  i\Iaea|>iras,  and  one  in  the  Praya  nation, 
and  San  Juan  mission  in  the  province  of  Apalache,  estah- 
lished  for  all  wlio  joined  it  from  the  Apalache  nation,  and 
the  Yamassees.  Tlie  cliureh  in  Florida  could  Btiil  report 
more  than  a  thousand  Christians.'  These  Indians  had  no 
arms  to  defend  themselves,  and  the  heathen  Lidians  all  sided 
with  the  Eiijflish.     Each  of  six  new  towns  had  its  missionarv. 

A  complaint  was  made  at  this  time  that  natives  of  Florida, 
who  were  ordained  under  the  title  of  nussions,  went  to  otiicr 
places  to  receive  holy  orders,  and  did  not  return  to  the  penin- 
sula.' 

St.  Mark  was  fortified  in  March,  1718,  to  protect  the  .In- 
dian converts  in  that  district,  and  stops  taken  to  restore  Peii- 
sacola,  wdiere  clnireli,  houses,  and  fort  were  all  insecuiv. 
The  Confraternity  of  Our  Lady  of  Soledad  maintainetl  thi; 
services  of  the  church  and  funeral  expenses.' 

Stejjs  were  taken  to  found  a  new  Ai)alache  mission  of  La 
Soledad,  near  St.  Mark,  and  two  Franciscan  Fathers  were 
placed  in  i-harire  of  it.  On  Santa  Rosu  Island  a  fortitictition 
was  thrcAvn  up,  and  a  elia[)el  erected,  which  Father  Manuel 
de  lloaliso  attended.  AVlien  in  171!)  Pensacola  was  invested 
hy  the  French  under  Bienville,  and  captured.  Father  Jose] 


)ii 


'  Visita,  Doc,  1726. 

•  Letlor,  May  15,  1729,  of  Don  .luan  dc  la  Balle. 

•  Burcia,  "  Kiisayo  Cronologico,"  pp.  336-7,  340. 


^M 


(   ^. 


h: 


• 

*   t 

'5 

1 

'■ 

'  <■ 

^  ^^^1 

I    . 

1 

■H 

^^H 
^^^1 

, , 

■ 

\m 

•■   1 

jm 

i  '1 

^^^H 

v{ 

^^^^1 

t 

H 

^ 

i     1 

I 

i 

'  1 

^1 

■i! 

■  9 

WRH 

468 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Usadie.  and  Father  Joseph  del  Castillo,  of  the  order  of  St. 
Francis,  the  chaplains,  were  taken  to  Havana.'  The  Span- 
iards recovered  the  place  soon  after,  only  to  lose  it  a  second 
time,  Sept.  18, 1719,  when  Pensacola  was  taken  by  the  Connt 
de  Champnieslin  with  a  powerful  squadron.  Finding,  how- 
ever, that  he  could  not  easily  hold  the  place,  ho  set  fire  to  the 
fort  and  town,  laying  i\'nsacolu  completely  in  ashes,  not  even 

sparing  the  (ihurch,  and 
carrying  otf  the  sacred  vest- 
ments and  plate.  When 
the  site  was  restoi-ed  to 
Spain,  Pensacola  was  re- 
built in  a  new  position  near 

■■ '•*<  the   western   extremity  of 

Santa  Rosa  Island.  A  snl)- 
stantial  fort  with  palisades 
stood  near,  and  the  church 
and  government  liunse 
were  suitable  buildings. 
A  view  of  the  city  taken 
Ity  Dom.  Scrres  in  IT+^i, 
shows  that  the  second  Pen- 
sacola church  was  a  pecul- 
iarly shaped,  octagon  struc- 
ture.' 

SoiiK!  years  later  tlie 
city  was  transferred  to  its  present  position,  and  Santa  Rusi 
Island  was  abandoned,  no  trace  now  remaining  of  the  town 
or  church. 


AN(  rr.XT      HII.VKK      CIllTIKIX     IN     TIIK 
riM  UCII    AT   I'KNSACIII.A. 


'  Uarri.i,  "  FnHdyo  Oonnlojjicn,"  p.  8(tl  ;  Morfl,  "  Memorias  parii  In 
llistoria  ilc  Texas,"  p.  84, 

'  Hiirria,  "  Kimnyo  Oonnloifico,"  p.  J161  ;  Holx-rln,  "An  Arcoinil  i)f 
tlip  first  DlwoviTy  unii  Natural  llintory  of  Florida,"  London,  ITOii,  jip. 
It,  91. 


A'    '' 


BISHOP  TEJADA. 


469 


Of  the  earlier  cburclies  of  Pensacola,  dedicated  it  would 
seeiri  to  Saint  Michael,  a  relic  was  preserved  to  our  times. 
It  was  an  elegant  silver  cruciiix  of  ancient  work,  probably 
the  gift  of  some  benefactor  of  the  Church  in  the  last 
century. 

A  most  important  event  for  Florida  was  the  appointment 
as  P>ishop  of  Tricali,  and  auxiliar  to  the  Bishop  of  Santiago 
de  Cuba,  of  Father  Francis  of  Saint  Ponaventure  Martinez 
de  Texada  Dicz  de  Velasco,  a  native  of  Seville,  a  member  of 
the  Recollect  reform  of  the  Franciscan  order.  He  had  been 
professor  of  philosophy  and  theology,  and  guardian  of  the 
convent  at  Seville.  After  his  consecration  he  crossed  over 
to  Florida  in  1735,  making  a  visitation  of  the  whole  prov- 
ince, as  there  are  evidences  of  his  having  done  in  1742  and 
1745.  He  resided  for  ten  years  at  Saint  Augustine,  in  a 
house  occupying  the  site  which  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment, in  disregjird  of  its  being  property  of  the  Catholic 
Church,  bestowed  on  the  Protestant  Episcopal  body. 

On  his  arrival  he  found  the  population  of  Saint  Augus- 
tine to  be  1,509  souls,  attended  by  the  parish  priest,  Peter 
Lawrence  de  Acevedo,  then  more  than  eighty  year^^  of  age 
—too  old  to  officiate ;  the  Sacristan  Mayor,  Francis  Gabriel 
del  Pueyo;  John  Joseph  Solana  as  assistant,  and  a  chaj)- 
lain  in  the  fort.  Before  the  close  of  April,  1736,  the 
Hishop  had  continued  (VM)  Spaniards  and  143  slaves  and  free 
negroes. 

From  the  time  of  the  Carolinian  invasion  the  Hermitage— 
the  Shrine  of  La  Solcdad,  which  had  too  been  used  as  an  hos- 
pital—had served  as  a  parish  church.  This  seemed  unl)ec(.m- 
iiig  to  the  good  bishop,  and  knowing  that  the  English  colonists 
inocke<l  at  the  Spaniards  on  account  of  the  ])overty  to  which 
Governor  Moore  had  reduced  them,  he  restored  this  chapol, 
strengthening  the  walls,  and  adding  u  Btouo  sucristy  bo  as  to 


470 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


serve  more  worthily  till  the  real  parish  church  was  erected. 
He  also  obtained  suitable  vestments.  The  classical  school 
which  he  opened  soon  gave  him  young  clerics  whom  he 
trained  to  assist  in  the  sanctuary,  and  to  whom  he  gave  the 
li;.l)it.' 

The  occupatioia  of  Georgia  by  Oglctliorpe  completed  the 
ruin  of  the  Indian  missions,  the  natives  abandoning  their  vil- 
lages from  fear  or  interest. 

The  bishop  in  his  letters  makes  no  allusion  to  the  Indian 
missions  of  which  the  Governor,  Manuel  Joseph  de  Justiz, 
draws  a  deplorable  picture.  The  scanty  remnant  of  the  once 
flourishing  missions  was  in  the  hands  of  young,  inexperi- 
enced, and  inditlerent  religious,  so  that  the  Indians  showed 
little  piety  or  knowledge  of  their  faith.  The  governor  bears 
testimony  to  the  zeal  and  exertions  of  Bishop  Tejada,  who 
had  aroused  piety  among  the  Sj)anish  settlers,  having  proces- 
sions of  the  Rosiu'y  on  holidays,  reviving  the  frequentatioii 
of  the  sacraments,  and  omitting  no  means  to  draw  all  to  the 
f'jar  of  God.  His  school  was  the  oidy  one  in  Florida,  all  the 
rest  having  been  closed  since  the  English  invasion.' 

Although  the  king  had  appropriated  forty  thousand  dol- 
lars to  rebuild  the  parish  church,  there  was  nothing  to  show 
for  it  but  four  bare  walls,'  and  thaugh  Bishop  Tejada  and 
others  exerted  themselves  to  have  the  ohurch  completed,  it 
was  never  done,  and  remained  in  an  unfinished  condition  till 
Florida  passed  out  of  the  hands  of  the  Catholic  king. 


'  liCtters  of  nishop  Tpjndu  to  the  kiiiff.  April  20,  Ahr.  HI.  17Hn.  Tim 
»nlary  of  the  pnrisli  priest  was  %m9 ;  the  Kncrintiin  mayor,  #2(K) ;  the 
rliiipliiin  of  tlic  Inwps,  who  woh  vicar  of  the  parish  priest.  flVJO  ;  an  or- 
ganist, fi?."!.  Letter  of  Gov.  Moriteaiif).  The  lillle  chapel  w  is  nlnmt 
tlfty  fcH't  by  thirlyaix.     Most  of  the  conjjrepitioii  remained  in  the  Hlre.n. 

'  Letter  of  «ov.  .IiiMiz,  Nov    14.  1737. 

'  Ii»'tter  of  Gov.  Montcano,  jNov.  81,  I7iW. 


THE  RIGHT  OF  SANCTUARY. 


471 


A  question  of  the  riglit  of  sanctuary  occurred  at  Saint 
Augustine  soon  after  the  coining  of  the  Bishop.  Francis  del 
Moral  had  been  superseded  as  governor  by  Manuel  Joseph 
de  Justiz  in  1737,  yet  he  not  only  refused  to  recognize  his 
successor,  but  even  to  allow  him  to  land.  As  not  unfreqiiently 
liapjiens.  Moral  contrived  to  form  a  party  ^  ho  regarded  him 
as  an  injured  man,  the  ^'ictim  of  a  conspiracy,  and  he  gath- 
ered his  adherents  in  the  fort.  The  temperate  course  of  the 
new  governor,  however,  caused  the  band  of  malcontents  to 
decrease  rapidly,  and  Moral  finding  himself  deserted,  lied  to 
the  convent  of  the  Franciscan  Fathers,  where  he  claimed  the 
right  of  sanctuary.  Not  to  violate  the  prerogatives  of  holy 
Mother  Church,  Governor  Justiz  apjiealed  to  the  Bishop  to 
suspend  the  right  of  sanctuary  so  as  to  enable  him  to  arrest 
the  offender  and  send  him  to  Spain  for  such  trial  as  the  king 
might  appoint.  Having  obtained  it  he  proceeded  to  the  con- 
vent, when  Moral  surrendered  himself  a  prisoner.' 

As  we  have  seen,  money  had  been  sent  from  Spain  to  re- 
bnild  the  Franciscan  convent;  but  official  dishonesty  j)re- 
vailed,  the  money  was  misai)plied.  Indeed,  up  to  this  time 
nothing  had  been  done  except  to  run  up  a  wretched  chapel 
with  four  stone  walls  and  a  palmetto  roof,  while  near  by  stood 
huts  like  those  of  the  Indians,  to  serve  for  a  convent.  The 
eig!it  Indian  towns  near  the  city'  were  as  badly  olT,  each  mis- 
sionary living  in  a  hut  like  his  Hock,  with  a  chapel  but  little 
better. 

At  St.  Mark's  on  the  Apalaclie  River,  there  was  a  small 
gjirrison  in  charge  of  a  Franciscan  Father,  who  attended  also 


'  Leftor  of  Govi-rnor  .liistiz,  Mar.  82,  1787. 

'  Nonibrr  dc  Dios  at  MiK'nriz,  4!I  souls  ;  Sun  Antonio  dc  In  Costa.  2!3 ; 
N*.S\  (Ic  (Jiimiiilupf  ul  Tolotnato,  21) ;  N'.S'.  dc  lit  .Vsiincion  at  I'alicia, 
48;  N'.W".  dc  In  ("onri'pcion  at  I'ocolalaca, -14  ;  N  ".S"  del  Hosario  at  la 
I'uiitH,  51  ;  Hnnto  DoiniiiKo  tic  Cl>i(iuito,  55  ;  Suu  Niiolasde  Casapullas, 
71.     Letter  ot  (}()v.  Monteuno,  Mar.  8,  1788. 


>i;/| 


473 


THR  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


eight  Ladian  families  at  Tamasle.  Tlie  Fathers  here  had  a 
well-built  convent.' 

St.  Joseph's,  near  Point  Escoudido,  had  also  a  handsome 
church. 

The  province  of  the  Franciscans,  known  as  "  Santa  Eioii;i 
de  la  Florida,"  was  disturbed  from  about  thiii  time  by  na- 
tional rivalries,  the  religious  born  in  Spain  and  those  born  in 
America  forming  two  parties.  The  elections  held  at  the 
<'hapters  brought  out  these  rivalries.  That  held  in  1745  was 
declared  by  the  higher  authorities  to  be  mill,  and  a  Provincial 
was  named  by  the  Commissary  General  t)f  the  Indies.^ 

In  174;{  the  .Jesuit  Fathers,  Joseph  Mary  Monaco  and 
Joseph  Xavier  de  Alana,  s;iiled  frc»m  Havana  to  attenij)t  a 
nn'ssion  in  Southern  Florida,  and  landed  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  de  Ilatones,  near  Oa|>e  Florida,  on  the  UUh  of  July. 
The  Indians  there,  at  the  Keys  and  of  Carlos,  an<l  Santa 
Lucia  and  Mayaca  at  the  north  were  to  be  the  field  ft)r  their 
zeal.  With  the  help  of  the  sailors  the  mission  [)riests  reared 
a  hut  for  a  <iwelling  and  chapel,  and  began  their  ministry. 
A  fish  painted  on  a  board  was  worshipped  in  a  hut  by  these 
Indians,  the  chief  medicine-man  calling  himself  bishop.  Sac- 
rifices (»f  children  on  important  occasidiis  were  common,  and 
the  Indians  were  cruel,  lewd,  aiid  rapacious.  They  showed 
no  inclination  to  listen  to  the  missionaries,  whom  they  toler- 
ated only  from  fear  of  the  Governor  of  Havana.  His  favor 
they  wished  to  conciliate  in  order  to  be  able  to  sell  fish  at 
that  port.   Discouraging  as  the  first  attempts  were,  the  .lesuit 


'  Till  HtjitoiiuMit  that  thero  wiis  u  .lesuit  house  biTP,  made  by  C'lipt. 
Iloliiiison  (Kolierts'  "  Florida,"  p  07),  is  cerluiidy  wrotifj-  Hut.  wlicre 
soIht  liistoriiins  can  taiii  "f  an  adventurer  liko  PrllxT  as  beiiiK  a  .Icsiiil 
(Slevenn' "detirgia").  we  may  ux(M'('I  any  al)surdily.  There  may  li.ive 
ttwn  at  St.  Murk's,  llie  tiouse  of  a  (tceular  parish  priest, 

'  FoRuenis,  "  Satisfaeeion  (pie  i«>  da  sohre  el  dereeho  fundado  a  lu 
di'vnlucion  (pie  decluni  di)  liw  ulecciuneti  ilel  eupilulu,"  vie.  Mexico,  1747 


OGLETHORPE'S  SIEGE. 


473 


missionaries  persevered,  and  a  community  of  Catholic  Indiana 
was  formed  there  in  time,  and  retained  the  faitli  till  tiie 
period  of  the  Seminole  War,  when  they  were  transported  to 
Indian  Territory,  although  these  Spanish  Indians  had  taken 
uo  part  in  the  hostilities  against  the  whites." 

Fugitive  slaves  from  Georgia  and  Carolina  reached  Florida, 
and  Bishop  Tejada  extended  his  care  to  them  at  Fort  Mose, 
where  thoy  were  placed,  assigning  a  young  ecclesiastic  to  in- 
struct and  prepare  thein  for  baptism. 

In  1740  General  Oglethorpe  with  2,000  regulars,  provin- 
cials, and  Indians,  and  a  tloet  of  five  ships  and  two  sloops, 
laid  siege  to  Saint  Augnstine,  but  the  stout  Governor  Mon- 
teano,  who  refused  to  surrender,  hekl  out  bravely  till  ]my- 
visioJis  came  to  save  the  garrison  and  citizens  from  starvation, 
when  the  founder  of  Georgia  raised  the  siege.'  During  these 
days  of  trial  Bishop  Tejada  roused  the  zeal  and  i)iety  of  tlie 
people,  and  offered  constant  prayers  for  the  deliverance  of 
tiie  city.  When  the  enemy  retired,  and  the  citizens  could 
loplace  their  prayers  for  Divine  aid  by  a  joyous  "  Te  Deum," 
he  wrote  a  Relation  of  the  Siege  which  was  printed  at  Seville. 
It  opens  with  tli"  words,  "  Ave  Maria ! " ' 

After  his  visitation  in  1745,  Bishop  Tejada,  who  had  done 
so  much  for  religion  in  Florida,  was  presented  for  the  see  of 
Yucatan,  and  departed  from  the  scene  of  his  first  episcopal 
labors.' 


'  r.etUT  of  FF.  Joseph  Mary  Monaco,  8. J.,  etc.,  to  Oovcrnor-Qeu.  of 
Cuba. 

•Stevens,  "  History  of  Georgia,"  New  Yoric,  1847,  i.,  pp.  170-171). 

« "  Ave  Maria  !  Ilelacion  (lue  liace  el  Hu».  Scflor  1).  Fray  Francisco  tie 
Gan  Buena Ventura,  Ilecolleeto  de  la  onlen  (ie  N.  1'.  H.  Francisco, 
Obispo,  etc."    Seville,  1740.     M.  do  (Uvezza,  p.  534. 

Mle  t(K)k  possession  of  the  see  of  Yucatan,  .lune  15,  174(1,  and  made 
tw.>  visitations  of  the  diocese,  not  onnltinc  the  smallest  ranches.  He 
erectod  a  diocesan  sendnary,  rebuilt  several  parish  churches  from  h'B 


h; 


lyi 


,  * 


I. 


474 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Saint  Augustine  wns  saved,  but  the  country  had  been  rav- 
aged on  all  sides ;  the  little  Indian  missions  had  been  a'niiii 
and  again  decimated,  till  in  1753  there  were  only  four,  Tolo- 
mato,  PocatalaiJa,  Palica,  and  La  Punta,  the  whole  contain- 
ing only  13G  souls.' 

The  parochial  charge  of  the  ancient  church  had  devolved 
in  Febrnary,  1743,  on  Rev,  Francis  Xavier  Arturo,  a  parish 
priest  who  administered  for  eight  years  assisted  by  the  lie  v. 
J  olm  Joseph  Solana,  and  the  Deputy  J  ohn  C.  Paredes,  after 
whope  services  in  December,  1752,  Fathers  belonging  to  the 
Franciscan  mission,  llriza,  Ortiz,  and  the  Commissary  Visitor 
Francis  llabelo  and  Father  John  Anthony  Hernandez,  alone 
ministered  to  the  Catholic  body  till  June,  1754,  when  Kov. 
Mr.  Solana  resumed  his  duties  and  discharged  them  with  oc- 
casional aid  for  the  next  nine  years. 

Reduced  as  Saint  Augustine  was,  and  almost  stripped  of 
the  great  circle  of  Indian  missions,  which  had  been  the  dia- 
<lem  of  the  Florida  church,  it  had  not  been  deprived  of  epis- 

own  inronie  ;  iidoriiod  others.  His  charity  extended  to  Spain,  where  lie 
i-rerted  and  endowed  ft  refuge  for  female  penitents.  In  1753  he  was 
Iranslaled  to  tlio  see  of  Guadalajara,  and  on  taking  possession  huTii:  his 
jeweled  cross  on  the  statue  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  wearing  a  wooden  one 
instead.  There,  as  in  Florida  and  Yucatan,  he  wasdiligent  in  visitations, 
zealous  for  the  worship  of  Ood,  building  and  adorning  churches,  and  to 
facilitate  pilgrimages  to  the  Slirinc  of  Our  I.ady  of  Tzapopan,  erected 
three  fine  bridges  on  roads  leading  to  it.  He  also  spent  large  sums 
toeidargo  and  beautify  Die  church.  Always  deeply  pious,  mortitied. 
content  with  the  poorest  food  and  raiment,  this  most  apostolic  bishop 
<licd  Dec.  20,  17(10,  after  tlie  second  visitation  of  liis  diocese,  from  di.seii.se 
idtitractcd  in  riding  on  horseback  to  all  the  mi.ssions  of  Texas,  then  era 
brace<i  in  (he  diocese  of  Guadalajara.  He  is  to  this  day  regarded  as  one  of 
the  holiest  men  who  have  adorned  the  Mexican  hierarchy.  lie  began  and 
<'losed  his  episcopal  career  in  parts  now  in  the  United  States.  1  owe  tin 
portrait  here  engraved  to  the  extreme  kindness  of  Father  Macias,  who 
had  the  photograph  taken  from  the  original  painting  still  preserved.  "  Con 
<ilios  Provinciales  de  Mexico,"  II.,  p|).  ;i4H-9,  3(14. 
'  From  Manuel  dc  Ban  Antonio,  17.5!!. 


'ijiii«ff»8«'r . 


f . 


BISHOP  MORELL  IN  FLORIDA. 


475. 


copal  care  and  vigilance.  As  successor  to  the  venerated  Bifebop 
Tejada  of  Tricali,  came  the  Rt.  Rev.  Peter  Ponce  y  Car- 
i-iisco,  Bisliop  of  Adramitum,  and  auxiliar  of  Cuba,  wbo  re- 
sided in  tbe  province  from  1751  to  1755,  and  witb  his  Secre- 
tary Justo  Lorenzo  Lopez  Barroso  began  a  formal  visita- 
tion of  that  part  of  the  diocese,  June  8,  1754. 

But  the  grasp  of  Catholic  Spain  on  her  ancient  province 
became  daily  more  precarious,  and  seemed  paralyzed  when 
the  city  of  Havana  fell  into  the  hands  of  England  in  1762. 
That  event  led  indirectly  to  an  episcopal  visitation  of  Florida, 
the  last  it  was  to  enjoy  for  many  years.     When  Havana  was 
captured  by   the  English,  the  Rt.   Rev.  Peter  Augustine 
Morell  de  Santa  Cruz,  a  learned  and  zealous  prelate,  occupied 
the  see  of  Santiago  de  Cuba,  and  as  he  resided  at  the  time  in 
Havana,  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.     The  dignitary 
of  the  Catholic  Church  was  treated  with  the  usual  insolence 
by  the  Earl  of  Albemarle,  the  British  commander.     When 
he  declined  to  aid  that  nobleman  in  extorting  forced  levies 
from  the  clergy  of  his  diocese.  Bishop  Morell  was  accused  of 
consjiiracy,  and  summoned  to  appear  before  the  representa- 
tive of  the  British  crown.     Declining  to  acknowledge  such 
arbitrary  measures,  he  was  seized  by  a  file  of  soldiers,  Nov. 
4,  1702,  and  carried  in  his  chair  amid  the  tears  of  his  flock 
to  a  man-of-war  which  sailed  off  with  him  as  a  prisoner  to 
Clharleston,  South  Carolina.     He  was  thus  the  first  Catholic 
bishop  to  enter  the  limits  of  the  British  colonies.' 

After  being  kept  on  the  vessel  in  that  port  for  two  weeks, 
Bishop  Morell  was   sent   to   Saint   Augustine,   which  was 


'  The  arrest  of  Bishop  Morell  was  the  subject  of  an  oil  painting  in  the 
Ciithcdrnl  at  Havana:  he  was  represented  as  seated  in  his  chair  in  hiaepis- 
c.pal  robes  and  carried  by  four  British  soldiers.  This  painting  with  the 
|X)rtrait8  of  the  previous  bishops  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  was  destroyed  by 
order  of  Bishop  E-pada.    The  arrest  is  the  subject  of  a  very  curious 


t> 


i,  i,r 


476 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


still  under  the  flag  of  Spain.'  Feeling  that  this  stay  might 
be  but  a  brief  one,  the  zealous  prelate  made  the  teriti 
of  his  unexpected  residence  in  Florida  a  season  of  revived 
devotion  and  discipline  in  that  part  of  his  diocese.  He  be- 
gan a  formal  visitation  at  Saint  Augustine,  January  30, 17(53, 
recording  his  approval  of  the  regularity  of  the  parochial 
service  and  records.  Between  the  2iHh  of  December,  1702, 
and  the  11th  of  April,  of  the  following  year,  he  conferred 
the  sacrament  of  confirmation  on  039  persons.'  In  fact,  his 
zeal  and  eloquence  rendered  his  sojourn  a  mission  for  the 
faitiiful. 

In  order  to  recover  the  city  of  Havana,  Spain  ceded  Flor- 
ida to  England,  on  the  lOtli  of  February,  1763.  After  a 
time  the  clergy  in  Cuba  obtained  a  vessel  which  was  sent  to 
convey  the  Bishop  back  to  nis  see." 

pot'm  by  Don  Diego  de  Cnmpc- ,  printed  at  the  prcas  of  the  Coniputo 
Eeiesiastico,  Havana,  8vo,  23  pp.,  with  an  illustration  by  Baez.  This 
poem  in  the  dialect  of  the  Cuban  peasantry  has  been  reprinted  in  the 
"  Parnaso  Cubano,"by  the  elegant  scholar  Don  Antonio  Lopez  Prieto. 
I  am  indebted  for  a  copy  and  information  to  Senor  Hnchiller  y  IMorales, 
and  Seizor  Guiteras  of  Philadelphia.  As  an  illustration  of  an  event  con- 
nected with  the  church  in  this  country  the  poem  is  extremely  curious--. 

'  He  arrived  in  Fl(,rida  the  7th  or  8th  of  December. 

'  "  Noticiiis  relativas  a  la  Iglesia  Parroquial  de  San  Agustin  de  la 
Florida." 

•'  Ht.  Rev.  Peter  Jlorell  de  Santa  Cruz  was  born  in  1694  in  Santiago  de 
los  Caballeros,  in  the  island  of  Santo  Domingo,  of  which  his  aneL-.-,;,>rH 
were  early  colonists.  He  was  ordained  April  24,  1718,  was  Canon  of  the 
Cathedral  of  Santo  Domingo,  Dean  of  the  Chapter  of  Santiago  de  Cuba. 
wa.s  nominated  in  174r)  to  the  See  of  Nicaragua,  and  became  Bishop  of 
Santiago  de  Cuba  in  1753,  receiving  episcopal  consecration,  SejU.  8,  1755. 
He  founded  an  hospital  at  Guanabacoa,  and  began  a  similar  insliiutiim 
at  Guines.  He  distributed  |800  a  month  to  the  poor,  and  |«0  every 
Saturday.  For  the  negroes  he  showed  great  charity,  taking  measures  to 
secure  their  religious  instruction.  He  died  at  Havana,  Dee.  30,  17(!8. 
his  la.st  hours  being  disturbed  by  a  fearful  hurricane  in  which  he  tluii.glil 
only  of  hiB  poor,  liosain,  "  Necropolis  de  la  Habaua,"  Habana,  1875,  pp. 
15»-7. 


ENGLISH  IN  FLORIDA. 


477 


At  the  time  of  the  cession  most  of  the  Spanish  inhabitants 
remained,  but  the  arbitrary  and  rapacious  conduct  of  the  first 
Knglish  commander  led  to  a  general  emigration.  The  un- 
linished  walls  ci  the  parisli  church,  the  church  at  Tolemato, 
sole  remnant  of  the  Indian  towns  near  the  city,  the  Francis- 
can convent  and  the  temporary  parish  church,  both  in  a 
ruinous  state,  and  a  steeple  of  a  church  west  of  the  town 
alone  remained  to  betoken  the  long  Catholic  occupation.  It 
was  at  this  time  probably  that  the  ornamentation  around  the 
entrance  to  the  chapel  in  the  fort,  as  too  Catholic  to  suit  tlie 
temper  of  the  new  occupants,  was  defaced  and  mutilated ; 
reduced  to  the  condition  in  which  it  has  long  been.' 

The  accompanying  plan  of  the  city  of  St.  Augustine  in 
1 763,  will  enable  the  reader  to  see  the  position  of  the  spots 
connected  with  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  that  ancient  place." 

'  Romans,  "Florida,"  p.  263. 

'  (M.)  The  unfinished  Parish  Clmrch,  0  varas  high,  35x40,  to  replace 
that  (li'stroyed  by  Gov.  Moore.  (G.)  Temporary  stone  Parish  Churcli 
fitted  up  and  enlarged  by  Bisliop  Tejada  ;  47  x  CO  varas.  (2.)  Cluireh  of 
Tolemato,  Indian  town.  (C.)  Franciscan  Convent  and  Chapel,  wrested 
from  tiic  (.'utholic  Church  by  the  United  States  Government,  and  still  re- 
tained. (II.)  Ihwpital,  44x51  varas.  (Q.)  Gate  leading  to  chapel  of 
Nuestra  Seuora  do  la  Leclie.  (I.)  House  of  the  Auxiliary  Bishop,  35  xHl 
varas,  wrested  from  the  Catholic  Church  by  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment and  given  to  the  Episcopalians,  House  of  the  Confraternity 
of  the  Bles-sed  Sacrament.  37  x  31  varas,  third  block  from  hospital  on  0]>- 
posite  side  of  street. 


tf  I 


CHAPTEli  II. 


THE    CUUKCII    IN    TEXAS,    1690-1763. 


Though  the  first  religious  ministrations  in  Texas,  of  which 
we  liave  any  definite  historical  information,  were  those  of 
tlie  Froncli  secular  and  regular  priests,  who  accompanied  the 
wild  and  unfortunate  expedition  of  La  Salle  to  conquer  the 
Spanish  mining  country,  the  church  which  grew  up  in  that 
province,  and  has  left  the  names  drawn  from  the  calendar 
to  town,  and  headland,  and  river,  was  connected  with  that  of 
Mexico. 

The  pioneer  Spanish  priest  was  the  Franciscan  Father 
Daniian  Mazanct,  who  accompanied  the  expedition  of  Alonso 
de  Leon  in  1GS9.  So  promising  a  field  for  the  Gospel  labor- 
ers opened  there  before  this  son  of  Saint  Francis,  that  he 
bent  all  his  energies  to  effect  the  establishment  of  permanent 
missions  beyond  the  Rio  Grande.' 

He  depicted  the  success  of  missions  among  the  Asinais  in 
such  sanguine  colors,  that  he  obtained  the  needed  civil  and 
ecclesiastical  authority  for  his  undertaking.  The  Apostolic 
College  of  Querctaro,  founded  by  Father  Anthony  Linaz, 
had  at  this  time  formed  a  new  corps  of  missionaries  replete 
with  energy,  and  inspired  by  all  the  fervor  of  the  earliest 
period  of  the  Franciscan  order.  It  was  from  these  exem- 
plary religious  that  the  little  body  was  selected  to  evangelize 


'  Arricivita,  "  Croiiica  Seraflcay  Apostolica  del  Colegio  de  Santa  Cruz 

de  Queretaro,"  p.  213. 

(479) 


rl 


480 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


the  province  of  Tcxiis.     Father  Daiuian  Mazauet's  auxilia- 
ries were  Fathers  Mieliael  Fonteubierta,  Fraucis  Casafias  of 
Jesus  ]\Iary,  re<j:arcled  in  life  and   death  as  eminent  in  sanc- 
tity, vVntliony  Bordoy  and   Anthony  Perera.     The  mission- 
aries left  Monclova  on  the  27th  of  March,  1090,  and  o-os^iii" 
the  Rio  Grande,  proceeded  to  the  country  of  the  Asinais, 
which  they  reached  about  the  middle  of  May.     The  friendly 
Indians  received  them  with  joy,  and  the   mission  of  San 
Francisco  de  los  Texas  was  estal)lished.     A  tcni})orary  cliai)el 
was  reared  on   tlie  24th,  and  the  next  day,  tlic  feast  of  Cor- 
]iii8  niristi  was  celebi-ated  with  great  solemnity.     A  site  was 
pclected  for  a  church  and  convent,  which  were  erected  within 
a  month.     Fither  Damian  then  returned  to  Mexico,  leaviufv 
Father  Fontcubierta  as  Superior  of  the  Texas  mission.     The 
docility  of  the   Indians  in  receiving  instruction  in  the  tnitlis 
of  Christianity  enconraged  the  missionaries  so  nuicli,  that 
Father  Casafias  founded  a  second  station  under  the  invoca- 
tion of  Jesus,   IShu-y,  and   Joseph,  building  his   house  and 
chape!   with  his  own  haiuls,  and  studying  tlie  language  with 
such  .zeal  that  lie  was  soon  able  to  preach  to  his  Hock  in  their 
native  tongue.     AfHietiou  soon  caTue.     Small-pox  l)roke  out 
and  ravaged  the  villages.     The  sick  became  the  csi)ecial  care 
of  the  Franciscans,  who  were  unremitting  in  their  devotion 
to  the  aiHicted,  most  of  whom  received  baptism  before  death. 
I-'ather  Fontcul)ierta,  the  Superior,  sparing  liiniself  in  noth- 
ing, was  stricken   down   by  the  disease,  and  expired  in  the 
arms  of  \n<  weeping  companions,  February  5,  ll!'.)!.' 

Meanwhile  Domingo  Teran  de   los    Rios   was  appointed 
Governor  of  Coalmila  and  Texa.s,  and  as  preparations  were 


'  fiifo  of  Father  Fontcubierta  in  Espinosa,  "  Chronicii  Apostolini  y 
Scraphica,"  p  258  ;  Life  of  Fatlier  Ciisanas,  p.  278  ;  I-ifo  of  Fatiicr 
PiTira,  p.  309;  Morfl,  "iMeinorias  para  la  Ilistoria  de  la  provinciado 
Texas,"  pp.  54-83. 


^     ;i ! ' 


FAC-STMIIiE     OP     THE     SIGNATUUE 
FATUEK  FRANCIS  HIDALGO. 


THE  TEXAN  MISSIONS. 

made  to  found  eight  new  missions,  Father  Mazanet  set  out 
with  Father  Hidalgo,  two  other  Fathers  from  the  college  at 
Queretaro,  two  Observantine,  and  two  Discalced  Franciscans, 
These  Fathers  reached  the  mission  of  San  Francisco  on  the 
2d  of  August,  and  chanted  a  Te  Deum  in  thanksgiving.' 
The  next  Superior,  Father  Francis  Hidalgo,  set  to  work  to 
establish  new  missions,  but  Tcran  acted  with  little  judgment. 
He  took  no  proper  steps 
to  maintain  communication 
with  Spanish  posts,  so  as 
to  secure  supplies  for  the 
missioiuu'ies.      AVorse   still 
lie  left  a  party  of  dissolute 
soldiers,  who,  instead  of  be- 
ing a  protection  to  the  mis- 
sionaries, excited  the  Indians  against  thom.     Several  of  the 
Fathers  retired,  but  the  more  zealous  remained,  and  encour- 
aged by  their  success,  deputed  Father  Casafias  to  proceed 
to  ]\[exico,  in  order  to  obtain  a  regular  establishment  of  the 
mission  by  royal  order,  which  was  in  fact  done,  though  too 
late,  Dec.  30,  1G92.' 

The  second  winter  proved  especially  severe,  and  in  the 
spring  of  1003  the  soldiers  abandoned  their  posts.  Father 
Francis  Hidalgo  and  his  associate-^  had  visited  the  Caddoda- 
chos  and  the  Gliomas,  the  tribe  called  Junianas  in  New  Mex- 
ico. But  as  winter  approached,  the  Franciscans  finding 
themselves  isolated,  exposed  to  attack  from  the  French  and 
their  allies,  and  hearing  no  tidings  of  Father  Casafias,  re- 

'  liCttcr  of  Father  Diimian  Maziinet,  Mision  ile  S.  Fco.  de  los  Tcjas, 
Aug.  20, 1091  in  "  Documcntos  para  la  Ilistoria  Ecloaiastica  y  Civil  di'la 
Proviticia  dv.  Ti-jas,"  vol.  I.  "  Parocer  del  P'Comisario,  F.  Damian  Maza- 
net," ibid.,  p.  173  ;  "  Diario  del  Viaje,"  p.  177. 

'  Altamiro,  "  Testiinonio  "  in  Yoakum,  "  History  of  Texas,"  i.,  p.  390. 
31 


jli  * 


482 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


' 


A 


solved  to  retire  to  the  missions  south  of  the  Rio  Grande  till 
the  autliorlties  in  church  and  state  phiced  the  Texas  mission 
on  a  solid  basis.  To  this  the  Indians  made  every  opposition, 
asking  whether  they  had  not  done  all  that  the  Fathers  re- 
quired, and  shown  docility  to  their  instructions.  The  Fran- 
ciscans consoled  them  by  promises  that  they  should  not  be 
forsaken,  and  burying  the  bells  and  heavier  ol)jects  of  their 
chapels  and  houses,  the  Fathers  set  out  in  Octol)er,  lOO.'S,  for 
the  nearest  j>ost  or  mission  amid  tlieir  own  tears  and  those  of 
their  ncdphytes.' 

Fatlier  Hidalgo  did  not  abandon  the  project  of  converting 
the  Texas  Indians.  He  drew  up  a  statement  of  the  import- 
ance of  the  work,  ajid  forwarded  it  to  the  King  of  Spain. 
AVar  delayed  a  reply,  l)ut  a  royal  decree,  August  18,  17(»S, 
autliorized  him  to  proceed  in  its  establishment.' 

Meanwhile  the  Franciscans  of  the  Apostolic  Colleg(>  of 
Zacatecas  were  at  work.     Tliey  founded  a  mission  of  San 

Juan  IJautista  on 
the  Sabinas,  and 
pushing  on  open- 
ed a  new  mission 
on  tlie  first  day  of 
January,  ITOO,  on 
the  banks  «»f  the 
Kio  (Jrande,  to 
which  that  on  the 
Sabinas  was  transferred,  retaining  its  name.  The  Franciscan 
Father  who  ellected  this  was  anxious  to  curry  tiie  mission 

'  Esplnnsn,  "riironUii  ,\p<istnli(u  y  Scnijiliicn,"  pp.  2'ir»-r,n,  271), 
.S(Mt,  1(17;  .\rririvilu,  "  Cninica  N  r,tflcii  y  ApMsiclicii,"  pp.  214,  '„'llt. 
Till'  KiiIImtm  who  wi-nt  to  Texas  in  HUM  wiih  F.illicr  IIiil:iIi,'o  wi  ri'  Nicn 
Ins  Urvd,  MichiK'l  Kslri'llfs,  I'.'icr  Forliiiii,  Pclcr  (Jurciii,  Ildcplidiisus 
MoiiK*.  Josfpli  Suldufut,  Anlliony  .Minnidii,  und  .lolin  dc  Uariiycoiclnu. 

•Arridviu,   p.  'i'il. 


cA 


FACSIMII.K     OK     rni';     HKI.NATUUE     ok     KATIIEn 
OI.IVAUKS. 


m. 


'  ^mf^  ■ 


THE  RIO  GRANDE  MISSIONS. 


483 


work  still  fur*^hcr,  and  leaving  his  two  companions  at  San 
Juan  Bautifeta,  Father  Antliony  do  San  IJuenaventura  y 
Olivares,  with  Father  Isidro  Felis  de  Espinosa,  crossed  the 
Rio  (irande,  and  with  a  small  escort,  advanced  to  the  Rio 
Frio,  where  he  found  the  Indians  docile  and  ready  to  listen 
to  instructions,  lie  remained  some  time  among  thoni,  teach- 
ing them  the  ])rayer8  which  they  recited  with  him.  lie- 
turninir  to  the  Kio  Grande  he  informed  his  associates  of  the 
favorable  aspect  of  the  country,  and  proceeded  to  Coahuila, 
where  Philip  Charles  Galindo,  Bishop  of  Guadalajara,  was  then 
on  a  visitation,  to  ]>ropose  a  mission  beyond  the  Rio  Grande. 

The  Risho])  extended  the  visitation  of  his  diocese  at  this 
time  to  tlie  mission  of  Dolores,  where  he  held  a  meeting  of 
the  missionaries  and  civil  officers.  By  general  consent  steps 
were  taken  to  establish  four  missions  on  the  Itio  Grande. 
These  were  maintained  till  1718,  when  the  chief  mission  was 
transferred  to  the  San  Antonio.' 

The  royal  officers  and  soldiers,  however,  in  the  time  of  the 
former  mission  had  not  oidy  under  one  pretext  and  another 
misappropriated  the  funds  and  stores  inteiuled  for  the  work 
of  Christianizing  the  Indians,  but  had  continued  to  make  so 
many  claims  against  the  Fathers,  that  the  missionaries,  who 
had  suffered  every  ])rivation,  were  reluctant  to  expose  them- 
selves to  a  similar  experieiu-e.  For  some  years  Father  Ili- 
daliro  found  his  elTorts  to  re-establish  the  mission  fruitless. 
Still  with  Father  Salazar  in  1»»08  lie  was  instrumental  in 
establishing  churches  for  converting  the  Indians  at  I,a  Pniita 
and  on  the  Sabinas,  which  bore  the  names  of  Dolores  an<l 
San  . I  nan  IJautista.  These  missions,  though  south  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  were  tinallv  transferred  to  San  ,\iittinio,  in  Texas." 


'  Kspinofa,  '■  Chronicii  Apostolica  y  Bcnipliicii,"  i.,  jip.  110,  t(il-0. 
•Arridvita,  pp.  015.  21«. 


484 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


In  1715  it  was  at  last  determined  to  revive  the  mission 
among  tlie  Texas  or  Asinaia  Indians.  The  Venerable  An- 
thony Margil  had  fonnded  the  Apostolic  College  of  Our 
Lady  of  Guadalupe  at  Zaeatecas,  and  that  institution  with  the 
college  at  Queretaro  undertook  the  spiritual  conquest.' 

The  missionaries  from  Our  Lady  of  Guadalupe  had  as 
Superior  the  Venerable  and  holy  Father  Anthony  Margil, 
"  President  of  the  Conversions  of  Zaeatecas,"  while  those 


^^  ^^ru^.  ,^t**/\'€4/^4/^'^ 


'^— ^ 


FAC-SIMII.K  OF  TIIK  BIONATURE  OP  THF,  V.   FATHER  ANTHONY  MAROrL. 

from  the  College  of  the  Holy  Cross  were  directed  by  Father 
Isidro  Felis  ile  Espinosa,  his  future  biographer. 

The  two  bodies  met  at  the  Mission  of  San  Juan  Hautista 
which  had  been  already  transferred  to  the  banks  of  the  Kio 
(trandc.' and  aftiT  mass  on  the '2r>tli  of  A]iril  all  assembled 
to  give  the  viaticum  to  the  Venerable  Anthony  Nfargil,  who 
lay  at  the  point  of  death  with  fever.  His  fellow  missiona- 
ries deeming  it  impossible  for  him  to  recover  or  take  part  in 
the  new  effort  to  win  the  Texas  Indians  to  the  faith,  sorrow- 
fully b;ide  hitn  farewell  and  ])roccedcd  on  their  way.  It  was 
not  till  the  'JSfh  of  June  that  tluy  reached  the  Texas  Indians, 
who  chanted  the  calumet  of  welcotne  to  thciii.  The  inission 
of  San  IVatu'isco  was  restored,  and  a  wtx)den  ehurclj  erected 


'  Tlie  liitU'r  institution  sent  flvn  rrllfrlmis.  Fiithrrs  rrnncls  Ilidulffo,  Qa- 
liricl  (Ic  Vir^riiri,  Hcncdirt  SimrJic/,  Miitmcl  rii«<tcllaftos,  Peter  Perez  dc 
MeH4|iim  ;  tlie  new  eolleire  at  /iirateeaH,  Fathers  Matliia*  Sanz  de  San 
Antiinid,  Peter  (le  Meiidoza.  aii'l  Anuii'*<ii"'  Patron.  Morll,  "  Memoriiw 
para  la  Ilistoria  ili'  TexiiH,"  p.  1(11. 

'Margil,  "Informc"  Presidio  Real,  Feb.  20,  1716.  "  Documcnto* 
pani  la  Hidtoria  Kclcsliistiray  Civil,"  I.,  pp.  278.  888. 


THE  ASINAIS. 


485 


with  a  thatched  roof.  Then  Father  Espinosa  selected  a  site 
some  twenty  miles  distant  among  the  friendly  Ainai,  where 
he  planted  the  mission  cross  of  "  La  Purisima  Concepcion." 
Each  mission  had  its  banner  with  its  name  emblazoned  on  it, 
and  each  had  all  requisites  for  divine  service  in  the  chapel. 

The  next  step  was  to  erect  a  temporary  structure  for  that 
purpose.  The  missionary  and  a  single  companion  at  once 
set  to  work  to  erect  a  temporary  structure  of  puncheons,  with 
a  thatched  roof  for  church  and  house.  The  rainy  season 
compelled  the  Fathers  ere  long  to  select  more  suitable  sites 
and  put  up  more  solid  structures. 

The  Asiuais  worshijiped  Caddi  or  Ayi,  the  great  Captain, 
aud  had  a  kind  of  temple  in  which  a  sacred  lire  was  kept. 
The  medicine-men  exercised  great  influence,  and  were  soon 
arrayed  against  the  missionaries,  accusing  them  of  killing 
children  by  baptism.  The  Franciscan  Fathers,  though  aban- 
doned by  most  of  the  soldiers,  sent  especially  to  succor  them 
in  danger,  and  deprived  of  most  of  the  provisions  intended 
for  their  maintenance,  began  their  labors  zealously.  They 
niiide  HslS  of  the  inmates  of  every  ranch  and  house,  and  gave 
instructions  not  only  in  the  chapel,  but  at  each  dwelling. 
The  women  showed  more  docility  than  the  men,  who  were 
more  influenced  by  the  chcnesi  or  medicine-men.  Disease 
was  frcfpient,  and  after  mass  the  missionary  would  ascertnln 
tlie  name  of  the  sick  in  order  to  visit  them.  The  lirst  year 
the  great  chief  of  the  Texas  Indians  fell  sick,  and  listened  to 
the  instructions  of  I'^atlier  Espinosa,  from  whom  he  finally 
solicited  baptism.  "I  gave  It,"  says  the  missionary,  "  in- 
creasing with  my  tears,  the  water  in  the  vessel  I  us(h1." 
The  converted  chief  Francis  survived  several  days,  exhort- 
ing his  ki'idred  and  tribe  to  listen  to  the  missionaries.  Fa- 
ther Vergara  converted  Sata  Yaexa,  a  great  mcdiclne-man, 
the  keeper  of  the  sjicred  fire,  who  beconn'ng  a  Christian 


I'  1 


t  ,Ui 


486 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


made  open  acknowledgment  of  the  im])Ostures  he  had  prac- 
tised. Here,  as  elsewhere,  the  dying  infants  constitnted  the 
greater  part  of  those  baptized,  and  then  the  mothers,  won  by 
the  interest  the  missionaries  showed  in  their  Httle  ones,  lis- 
tened to  the  w^oi'ds  of  the  Gospel.' 

Father  ]\[argil  had  been  left  by  his  dejected  companions 
apparently  in  his  agony  on  the  banks  of  the  IJio  Grande, 
but  it  was  not  in  the  designs  of  God  that  Texas  was  to  be 
deprived  of  the  labors,  the  example,  and  the  merits  of  that 
illustrious  and  holy  disciple  of  the  seraphic  Saint  Francis  of 
Assisium. 

The  illustrious  servant  of  (rod,  the  Venerable  Father 
Anthony  Miirgil  of  Jesus,  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  men 
in  the  history  of  the  Church  in  America,  whether  we  regard 
his  personal  siinctity,  the  gifts  with  which  he  was  endowed, 
or  the  extent  and  importance  of  his  labors  for  the  salvation 
of  souls.  His  life  in  all  its  details  has  been  subjected  to  tiie 
rigid  scrutiny  and  discussion  of  a  process  of  canonization  at 
Uomc,  so  that  no  national  or  local  exaggeration  can  be  sus- 
jwcted. 

He  was  born  at  Valencia,  August  IS,  10,55,  of  pious  pa- 
rents, John  Margil  and  ^]spcranza  I\os,  receiving  in  ba])tisni 
tlie  name  Agapitus  Louis  I'aulinus  Anthony.  His  liomc 
was  a  sciiool  of  virtue,  where  he  learned  piety,  devotion, 
mortitieation,  ami  a  love  for  the  poor.  As  a  chihl  he  de- 
prive<l  himself  of  food  to  give  to  the  needy  :  his  recreations 
evinced  his  piety.  From  tlic  age  of  reason  he  jdaced  him- 
self in  the  an:;s  of  his  Crucified  Lord,  and  showed  such  a 
comprehension  of  religious  truths,  tliat  at  the  age  of  niii;>  be 
was  allowed  to  make  his  iirst  coiiimimion.     From  that  iiio- 


'  Esfjlnosn,  "  Chronica  Aiwutolicny  Seriiphini,"  Mcxito,  1740,  pp.  410- 
413,  44<)-','. 


VEN.  ANTHONY  MARGIL. 


487 


nieiit  the  Church  became  a  home.  He  served  all  the  masses 
he  could,  and  the  hours  not  spent  in  school  or  study,  or  in 
services  required  by  his  parents  were  passed  before  the  altar. 
At  the  age  of  sixteen,  with  the  approval  of  his  parents,  he 
sought  admission  into  the  strict  Franciscan  convent,  known 
as  the  "  Crown  of  Christ."  As  a  novice  he  wished  to  do  the 
humblest  and  most  laborious  duties  in  the  house,  was  obe- 
dient, mortified,  full  of  prayer,  strict  in  fulfilling  all  points 
of  the  rule,  but  always  cheerful  and  aft'able.  When  sent  to 
Denia  to  study,  he  pursued  the  same  course,  giving  his  lei- 
sure to  the  service  of  others,  his  nights  to  prayer.  Though 
he  appeared  to  give  to  study  oidy  occasional  moments,  when 
he  might  be  seen  reading  by  the  sanctuary  lamp,  he  never 
showed  any  want  of  knowledge  of  the  studies  pursued  in  his 
class.  AVnile  ])ursuing  liis  tlieological  course  his  life  was  the 
same,  his  gentle  piety  winning  him  the  nickname  of  the 
"  Xim  "  among  his  fellow-students.  When  tlie  time  for  his 
ordination  apiiroachcd.  lie  prepared  for  it  with  extreme  rec- 
ollection and  the  deepest  reverence.  So  high  was  the  esti- 
mate of  his  learning,  piety,  and  prudence,  that  at  the  next 
provincial  chapter,  the  young  priest  was  empowered  to 
preach  and  hear  confessions.  On  receiving  his  faculties  he 
began  his  missionary  career  at  Onda  aiul  Denia,  where  his 
elo(]ueiu'e  in  the  pulpit,  and  his  wisdom  in  the  confessional 
pnx'iuced  great  fruit. 

When  Father  Anthony  Linaz  appealed  for  twenty-four 
Fathers  for  the  American  mission,  Father  Anthony  Margil 
offered  his  services,  and  with  the  consent  of  his  superiors, 
pre])are<l  to  embark.  1  lis  mother  felt  his  going  deeply,  but 
he  comforted  her,  promising  to  assist  her  at  death,  lie 
joined  Father  Linaz  in  Cadi/,  and  after  a  long  voyage,  which 
he  made  a  constant  mission,  he  reached  Vera  Cruz,  to  find  it 
a   mass   of   smoking  ruins,  the   city  having   been  fired  by 


i| 


■>  s 


'Pi 


i:^  I 


488 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


French  pirates.  lie  proceeded  on  foot,  trusting  to  charity, 
and  reached  the  Convent  of  the  Holy  Cross  in  Queretaro,  in 
August,  1683.  Though  young  he  was  at  once  associated 
•with  older  and  experienced  Fathers  in  giving  missions  at 
Queretaro  and  Mexico,  edifying  all  by  his  zeal  and  mortifi- 
cation. Having  been  selected  to  labor  in  Yucatan,  he  jour- 
neyed on  foot  to  Vera  Cruz,  where  he  embarked,  and  reach- 
ing his  destination,  began  with  Father  Mclchior  of  Jesus,  his 
mission  life  among  the  Indians,  till  the  two  apostles  sank  un- 
der their  labors  and  mortifications  near  Chiapa,  and  received 
extreme  unction.  Recovering  by  what  seemed  a  miracle, 
they  traversed  Central  America,  giving  constant  missions  in 
•what  are  now  the  Republics  of  that  part  of  the  Continent. 

He  converted  the  Talamancas,  Terrabas,  and  other  tribes, 
and  was  preparing  to  confirm  his  labors  by  establishing  solid 
missions,  when  he  and  his  associate  were  summoned  back  to 
the  college.  The  two  Franciscans,  full  of  obedience  at  once 
set  out,  resigning  the  Indian  missions  into  the  hands  of  the 
Bishop  of  Nicaragua.  Their  superior,  learning  tlio  import- 
ant work  on  which  they  were  engaged,  revoked  his  order, 
and  the  Bishop  of  Nicaragua  assigned  to  them  the  district  of 
Yera  Paz,  where  they  labored  among  the  Choles  and  Lacan- 
dones,  though  their  lives  were  in  constant  danger.  Such 
was  the  ability  of  Father  Margil  in  actpiiring  languages, 
in  comprehending  the  pagan  ideas  and  refuting  them,  in 
giving  solid  instruction,  and  in  guiding  neophytes  in  the 
path  of  Christian  life,  that  bishops  placed  bodies  of  mission- 
aries even  of  other  orders  under  his  direction,  though  the 
humble  religious  in  vain  endeavored  to  avoid  such  a  position. 
He  crowned  his  lal)or8  by  establishing  a  Missionary  ('<»lloge 
de  Propaganda  Fide  in  the  city  of  (luatemala,  of  which  he 
was  elected  Guardian.  His  labors  and  his  knowledge  seemed 
supernatural:  in  nuuiy  cases  he  appeared  to  be  laboring  in 


'J 

«'■ 

i 

^fl 

'iH 

'i 

1  ^la^H 

* 

T^i^n^^i 

^ 

D 

1 

ifl 

i,. 

1 

1 

:l<] 


if 


;M 


i*'; 


1^ 


•  ..;i 


II        I      ■  W  ■,    IWI» . 


^-|•:x.  A 


i';h\,  .1. 


.  n'nvi''< 


Isro  cf 


mm  (xii. 


.„  1 


L'oilc 

I    Hgrr 

lis    «'. 


■go 


'    1      .uurgii  - 

IL  as  thoillfli  hJs  ti:: 

by  order  of  the  ki 
)'U\  !oni;(]i;fip<l  nil  ■ 


ittiw      1)M 


a  iJVi- 


vva,-=  til. 


m 


•X  on  tlioir 


th 


'4  ' 


I'fti  h 


m  '<■ 


<  1j'    u- 


BTyppninijwi 


VEN.  ANTHONY  MARGIL. 


489 


two  places  at  once,  and  the  secret  idolatries  of  the  Indians  which 
escaped  the  knowledge  of  others  he  exposed  and  suppressed. 
P'rom  Guatemala  he  was  summoned  to  Zacatecas  to  organ- 
ize an  Apostolic  College  in  that  city,  and  in  this  new  field  of 
labor  he  seemed  again  to  nmltiply  himself,  directing  the  in- 
stitution under  his  care,  preaching,  giving  missions,  visiting 
and  reclaiming  neglected   hamlets,  as  well  as   discharging 
many  special  duties  assigned  to  him  by  the  Commissary  Gen- 
eral of  the  Indies,  for  with  all  his  ])rodigious  activity  in  the 
ministry,  Father  Margil's  accuracy  in  all  theological  points 
was  as  greut  as  though  his  days  were  sj  ent  in  constant  study, 
lie  next  by  order  of  the  king  established  missions  in  Naya- 
rit,  which  had  long  defied  all  efforts  to  convert  the  tribe.   Such 
had  been  the  labors  of  this  great  man  when  he  went  with 
his  little   band   of   Fathers  to   found    missions   in   Texas,' 
Though  loft  in  a  dying  state  he  recovered,  and  following  the 
other   missionaries,   founded   the   mission  of  Our  Lady  of 
Guadalupe  among  the  Nacogdoches,  eight  leagues  from  Con- 
copcion,  from  which   he   wrote,   July   20,    171(),     Here  a 
wretched  hut  was  the  convent  of  the  four  Zacatecas  Fathers, 
but  as  happy  as  in  a  palace,  they  recited  the  ofiice  in  com- 
mon, had  their  hours  of  meditation,  hours  for  the  study  of 
the  Indian  language,  and  time  for  cultivating  the  ground  for 
their  own  support,  and  time  for  working  on  their  church 
and  convent," 


'  P:8pinosft,  "  El  Peresrino  Septentrional  Atlnnte,"  Mexico,  1737  ;  Va- 
lenciii,  1743;  "  Nuevus  Eiripressas,"  Mexico,  1747:  Villapliina,  "  Vida 
Poitentosii  del  Americano  Septentrional  Apostol,  El.  V.  P.  F.  Anto.  Mar- 
iiW,"  Madrid,  1775  ;  V'elasco,  "  Tierno  Hecuerdo,"  Mexico,  1720  ;  fiuerra, 
"Se.u'iinda  Niibc,"  Mexico.  1726;  Ajruado,  "Voces  (|ue  bicicron  Eco," 
Mexico,  172(i;  (Jti/nian,  "  Notizie  della  Vita  del  Ven.  Servo  di  Dio 
Fr.  Antonio  Mar^nl  de  .Tcsiis,"  Rome,  18i?0  ;  Arricivita,  "  Cronica  Sera- 
(icay  Apostoliea,"  Mexico,  1792,  ii..  pp.  1-08. 

'  Carta  del  Min  Rev.  y  Ven.  Padre  Antonio  Marffil,  Mision  de  N.  8. 
de  Guadalupe  de  los  Texius,  "  Docuinento,s,"  i.,  p.  337. 


*  ■ 


490 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Soon  after  the  mission  of  Sun  Joso,  seven  leagues  northeast 
of  Concepeion,  was  founded  among  tlie  Niissonis.' 

In  January,  1717,  the  Venerable  Father  Anthony  IVfargil, 
suffering  from  cold  an<l  hardship,  founded  the  Mission  of 
Is'uestra  Sefiora  do  ios  Dolores — Our  Lady  of  Dolors — among 
the  Ays  Indians  west  of  tlie  Sabine ;  but  the  Hoods  of  spi-iiig 
prevented  his  reaching  the  Yatasees,  where  ho  had  projoetid 
another  mission.  In  March,  however,  he  reached  the  Adayes 
Indians  on  the  Arroyo  Honda,  fifty  leagues  from  Dolores. 
Here  within  the  limits  of  the  ])rescnt  State  of  Louisiana,  and 
near  the  sheet  of  water  still  called  Spanish  Lake,  this  vener- 
able servant  of  God  founded  the  mission  of  San  Miguel  de 
Linares,  stationing  as  missionary  at  that  most  advanced  post 
of  his  Christian  concpiest  Father  Augustine  Patron  de  (iii/,- 
man  with  a  lay  brother.  Returning  to  Dolores  ho  was 
dejjrived  by  (h*ath  of  the  services  of  his  Inunble  com- 
panion. Brother  Francis  of  San  Diego.  A  mission  among 
the  Caddodacbos  was  concerted  by  him  and  Father  Fran- 
cis Hidalgo,  but  the  guides  on  whouj  they  depended  failed 
them.' 

Laboring  among  his  Indians  at  Adayes,  good  Father 
Margil  hi-ard  that  the  French  at  Natchitoches  hail  never 
had  a  priest  there.  His  cliaritalile  zeal  impelled  him  to 
journey  iifty  milcK  on  foot  in  order  to  say  mass  for  tlic 
French,  preach  to  them,  and  hear  their  confessions  so  as 
to  enable  them  to  receive  holy  connnunion.  So  fruitful 
were  the  labors  of  the  Spanish  priest  at  the  neglected 
post,  that  the  Vicar-General  at  Mobile  wrote  to  thank  liim 


'  "Rpproscntacion."  .Tuly  22,  171<>,  in  noriiint'iitos,  i.,  p.  278. 

•'  Kcitrcsciitacioii  hcclia  por  v\  niuy  Hvv.  Padre  .Viilonio  Miirdl, 
Dolores,  Feb.  13,  1718.  "  Docuineiitos,"  p.  :U10.  dxrUx  del  Padre  lli- 
dulgo.     lb.,  Espinosa,  "  Clinmica  .Viiostoiiea  y  Sernithiea,"  p.  413. 


i 


MISSIONS  ON  THE  SAN  ANTONIO.  491 

wiirnily  for  his  CliriBtiaii  charity  to  the  French  at  Natchi- 
toches,' 

Tlie  missionaries  endured  great  privations.  As  the  corn 
crop  in  Texan  liad  failed,  they  lived  on  herbs  and  nuts  which 
they  gathered,  eked  out  by  an  occasional  largess  of  a  bit  of 
nunit  from  their  Indians.  Supplies  had  indeed  been  sent  by 
the  Viceroy  of  Mexico,  and  the  caravan  set  out  accompanied 
by  a  new  band  of  nuBsionaries ;  but  when  the  slow  moving 
expedition  reached  Trinity  River  in  December,  1717,  they 
found  it  so  swollen  that  they  were  unable  to  cross  it.  The 
carriers  of  the  supplies  made  a  cache  at  liio  de  las  Cargas, 
and  the  missionaries  before  returning  dispatched  letters  by 
Indian  hunters  to  inform  the  Fathers  among  the  Asinais  of 
what  had  befallen  them,  with  information  as  to  the  place  of 
the  cache.  It  was  not,  however,  till  the  following  July  that 
tidings  of  the  proximity  of  the  needed  provisions  reached  the 
furnishing  missionaries.' 

Soon  after  the  Viceroy  of  New  Spain  ordered  the  forma- 
tion of  two  Spanish  settlements  in  Texas.  One  of  these  was 
to  be  on  the  Itio  San  Antonio:  but  as  usually  happened, 
there  were  interminable  delays.  The  missionaries  at  last 
took  the  initiative.  Father  Anthony  de  San  Bucnaveiitura 
v  Olivares  transferred  his  Xarame  Indian  IMis.-^ion  of  San 
Francisco  Solano  from  the  banks  of  the  Rio  Grande  to  the 
San  Antonio  on  the  1st  of  May,  1718,  by  order  of  the  :N;  cpiis 
of  Valero,  then  Viceroy.  He  at  once  attracted  the  Payayas, 
who  spoke  the  same  language  as  the  Xarames.  Here  this  mis- 
sionary remained  for  a  year  laboring  to  gain  the  neighboring 
Indians,  and  preparing  the  foundation  of  the  future  town. 
Unfortunately,  while  one  day  crossing  a  rude  bridge,  his  horse 

'  Arrioivitn,  "  Cronica  Seraflca  y  Apostolica,"  p.  98  ;  La  Ilarpc,  p. 
139.    The  Vicar-General  nuist,  have  been  the  AbbC-  de  la  Vente. 
■'Morfl,  "  Memoriiis,"  p.  108. 


Ill 

T  ' 

-.rr, 

;|(  ■ 

.  -J  >' 

lit 
1 

■I 
■(  1 

M-; 


,♦•  'in 


^'r 


T ' 

«A«^HH 

I: 

1: 
;  it 

J' 

^m 

41)2 


THE  CHUliCH  IN  THE  COIA)NIKS. 


.11 


..J 


broke  through  aiul  threw  tho  iiiiHsioimry,  ciumiiig  a  fraptuni 
of  liis  leg.  FiitluT  IV'tiT  MuAoz  hoarin^'  of  his  iiiiHliap,  liat4- 
teiUHl  from  tlie  Kio(Jraii(li'  to  support  his  place  and  f^ivc'  him 
till'  luvTssary  attoiitioii.  WiuMi  Katlu-r  Olivart-s  recoverod  he 
transferred  his  mission  from  its  original  site  to  one  on  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  river  which  it  maintained  for  years.' 

The  multiplicity  of  small  tribes  in  Texas  almost  surpasses 
belief,  and  to  this  day  ethnologists  have  made  no  attempt  to 
dassifv  them.     At  the  San  Antonio  mission  alone  tliere  nere 


Indians  of  nearly  thirty  trihc! 
erbipiamos,  was  so  numerous 
cisco  Xavier  was  unt 


One  of  these  tribes,  the  lly- 
thiit  the  mission  of  San  Kran- 


lertaken  for  then>  about  1 720. 


Though  no  formal  settlement  was  begun,  Spaniards  begun 
to  gather  ar.»iind  the   presidios.     Nacogd.»ches,  even  at  ibi 


carlv  <lav  began  i 


ts  i<xisti'nce.   Father  Margil  had  been  elcclcd 


(luardian  of   the  College  o 


f  Zacatecas  in  IT1<»,  l)ut  when   in 


was  no 


titled  of  the  appointment  two  years  afterwards,  he  n- 


ul-l 


nouneed  the  olHce,'  and  spent  four  years  in  his  Indian  w 
To  this  day  the  jieople  of  Nacogd..ches  of  Spanish  origin 
point  to  a  spring  of  pure  water  which  their  ancestors  namc.l  tiic 
"  Fountain  ..f  Father  Margil."  asserting  that  it  was.bicl..  the 

a  season  when  all  springs  Ii;id 


avers  o 


pt 
faileilJ 


f  that  holv  man  in 


'  KHpinosii.  "Cljmnicu  .\i>o«ti)1ira  .V  S(Ti»|>lilc«,"  pp.  ItO-tr.O,  4tl(l  T\w 
missioin-f  S:.n  Kn.ncU.H  Solano  was  fouiHlr,!  in  ITOK  ;  wmm  In.n^rmd 
to  San  ll.lq.honso.  Ih.n  lia.'k  lo  111.'  Uio(}ran.lc  ul  San  Jos,.,,!,,  ih.n  to 
IhcSiui  .\iitnni(.,  tnkinjftlml  nimic,  wliii  Ih.-  a.i.liiion  dc  Val.n..  The 
Hru'l-lcr  Htill  pnsrrv.Ml,  l..-i;in«  Oct.  ft.  lT(t!l,  will,  u  Laplinni  l.y  I'all.-r 
KhIcv.v,  ;  the  lli-«l  l.aplisni  at  Sun  ,\iit.>nio  l"'inK'  l».v  FiitluT  Mu'liml 
Niii\.'/..  On  111.'  nil  .'I  K''!'  .  tT'iO.  Hi'T-  i'*  ii  liiijUismal  i-nlry  Mipicd  l.y 
the  V*n.  F.  Anthony  Marj;;! 

•Arridvitn,  p.  Wl 

'I.rtliTsnf  Hisliop  of  San  Antonio,  formerly  piirinh  pricHl  of  Niifoj; 
<lm'hi"«,  ami  of  tin:  present  rector. 


MISSION  AT  A  DAVES  liliOKKN  UP. 


4i)a 


When  a  (Jovoriior  wuh  appointed  for  Texas,  he  did  not  iu\- 
vance  beyond  San  Antonio,  ho  that  the  way  wan  not  opened  to 
the  remote  nuHHioim.  The  hIx  Fatliern  Keeing  thiw,  aKHend>ied 
luid  deputed  Fatliers  EwpinoHa  and  Sanz  to  lay  the  whole 
litter  before  the  Vieeroy.  They  net  out,  bnt  ICspinoHa  nit^et- 
ijr  at  San  Antonio  Don  Martin  de  Alar(!on  on  his  way  to 
Kwpiritu  Santo  Bay,  let  Father  Sanz  i>ro«'(!ed,  and  rcitnrned 
to  liiw  niiHHion  with  Alareon;  bnt  that  oilicer's  visit  gave  lit- 
tlt!  relief  to  tlus  miHsionarieH.  TIkmi  again  in  171H  Father 
Mathiart  was  sent  to  Mexico  to  nrg(!  the  neeeKsity  of  active 
steps  by  the  govc 


ni 


ni 


■rtnnent,  as  the  Indians  wiin;  constantly  ob- 
tainin"'  arms  from  the  French,  who  wonld  soon  be  mast(!rs  of 
the  whole  territory.  Nothing  wasdone,  and  war  having  been 
declared  between  France  and  Spain,  the  mission  nt  Adayes 
was  invaded  by  St.  Denis  from  Natchitoches,  who  rapti  i^d  a 
Holdierandalaybn.thcrthere,  the  Vcneriibh!  Fiitlu^r  Anthony 
Margil  being  absent  at  the  time.  The  French  oiliccr  jihinth  red 
the  mission,  <'arryingotT  even  tlu;  vestments  and  altar  service. 
Tlu!  lay  brother  managed  to  escape,  and,  reaching  FatluT 
Margil,  annonnced  that  the  FrerKih  intended  to  break  nj)  all 
the  other  missions.  Father  Margil  accordingly  with  his  re- 
liirions  retired  from  the  stations  they  con<lncte(l,  currying  all 
thev  could  and  burying  what  was  too  heavy  to  transpoi 
missionaric 


f  tjneretiiro,  on  learning  from 


■s  of  th('  College  o 
Father  Martril  the  dangerous  condition  of  the  frontier,  adopted 
the  same  course.  A  statement  of  their  reasons  for  abamlon- 
ing  their  stations  wiw  drawn  up  and  trannmitted  to  the  Vice- 


roy, 


The  Indians  were  very  reluctant  to  allow  the  Franciscans 


to  depart   from  the  mission 


»f  San   Francisco,  and  to  meet 


their    WIS 


lies   Fathers   Margil  and   Kspinosa  rctnrnc 


loth 


mission  of  the  ('oncejjtion,  allowing  the  rest  of  the  jtarty  to 
pnwecil.      After  a  time  they  followed,  and  with  Fathers  Jo- 


m 


m 


I  ill'  . . 

MI'l!', 


,1    - 


f  i 


i 


If 


494 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


eeph  Kodriguez,  Josepli  All)a(le8ii,  and  Josej)li  Pita  touk  up 
their  abode  iu  teiuporury  huts  near  San  Antonio. 

It  was  not  till  March,  1721,  that  in  consequence  of  further 
representations  to  tlie  Court,  the  Marquis  San  JMiguel  do 
A(hn'o  arrived  to  settle  the  country  and  restore  the  missions. 
Fathers  Margil  and  Espinosa  set  out  with  him  to  renew  their 
apostolic  work.  The  mission  of  San  Francisco  was  re-estab- 
lished on  the  5th  of  August,  witii  great  solemnity,  antl  Fa- 
ther Joseph  (xuei-ra  was  placed  iu  charge.  Three  days  after, 
that  of  La  Purisima  Conception  was  restored. 

The  Yen.  Fatiier  Margil  proceeded  in  person  to  rebuild 
the  church  of  (xuadalupe  which  had  been  destroyed.  He 
erected  the  new  shrine  of  Our  Lady  in  a  beautiful  plain 
Burronnded  by  tree-clad  mountains,  near  the  point  where  the 
Jianita  flows  into  the  Nana.  Placing  Father  .Joseph  Kodri- 
guez here  as  missionary,  and  Fatiier  IJcnedict  Sanchez  at 
San  Jose  de  los  Nazonis,  he  went  on  the  lJ>tIi  to  rebuild  the 
mission  of  Nuestra  Sefwtra  de  los  Dolores.  As  no  vesfij-c  of 
the  former  structure  remained,  he  erected  a  new  cliapel  on 
an  emiiuMice  by  the  bank  of  a  stream,  and  after  dedicatiiiL'  it 
oontided  the  mission  to  Father  .Foseph  Abadejo. 

On  the  L'tith  the  expedition  crossed  tiie  Sabine,  and  cut- 
ting their  way  with  axes  through  the  woods  reached  ivm 
Miguel  de  los  Adayes.  The  Indians  who  had  retired  to  a 
dense  forest  to  escape  the  French  and  their  Indian  allies 
were  recalled,  and  a  fort  or  |)resi(lio  was  laid  ont.  .About 
II  mile  fri>m  it  the  mission  of  San  Miguel  de  Ciiellar  was 
restored.  The  church  in  the  fort  at  Adayes  was  dcdicafcd 
to  Our  Lady  del  Filar,  tin'  patroness  of  tlu^  ex])edition,  on 
September  I'Jth  by  the  Hev.  Dr.  .loseph  Cadallos,  the  eha|)- 
liin,  who  olTered  the  holy  saeritice,  tin-  Ven.  Father  Anthony 
Margil  preaching.  To  enable  the  Indians  to  revive  the  mis- 
sion, they  were  supplied  with  provisions  till  they  could  gather 


DEATH  OF  FRIAR  JOSEPH  PITA. 


495 


in  the  next  year's  crop,  and  many  cattle  and  sheep  were  left 
with  them. 

This  was  not  done  at  the  other  missions,  and  no  effectual 
means  wore  adoi)ted  to  keep  open  coinnmnioation  between 
the  old  Spanish  settlements  and  the  missions,  so  as  to  ensure 
them  supplies  from  time  to  time,  or  jiecessary  aid  in  case  of 
invasion. 

The  missionaries,  however,  began  their  labors  hopefully, 
many  soon  to  sink  imdor  the  hardsliips  of  their  life,  victims 
to  the  climate  or  to  the  savage  Indians  of  the  ])lains,  espe- 
cially the  Apaches,  who  made  constant  raids.  Brother  Joseph 
I'ita  thinking  that  the  presence  of  troops  in  the  country  had 
made  travel  safe,  in  the  ardor  of  his  zeal  overlooked  the  dan- 
ger, and  undertook  without  an  escort  to  reach  the  missions 
for  which  he  had  volunteered.  At  a  place  which  lias  since 
borne  the  name  of  Carniceria,  about  sixty  miles  from  San 
Xavier  River,  and  on  a  site  where  a  mission  was  subsequently 
erected,  he  fell  into  an  andniscade  of  Lij)an  Apaches.  He 
might  have  escaped,  but  to  deliver  a  soldier,  he  begged  tlie 
Indians  to  turn  on  him,  as  they  did,  kilHng  him  and  all  his 
com|)anious.  He  was  the  tirst  Spanish  religious  who  died 
by  the  hands  of  Indians  in  that  province,' 

As  the  Indians  of  Texas  lived  in  scattered  ranches  or  ham- 
lets, often  changing  their  place  of  abode,  their  agriculture, 
hciug  without  irrigation,  was  pre<'arious.  The  great  object  of 
the  missionaries  was  to  form  reductions  where  large  liodies 
of  Indians  could  be  drawn  together,  and  formed  to  persistent 

'  Morfl,  "  ^Icniorius  jiiira  l.i  Histoiiii  dc  la  proviiicia  do  Toxiis,"  iii., 
pp.  li!'J-7.  r.xpiiiDsa,  •' Cliiiiiiica  Ajiostolica  y  Siniphica,"  pp  41-1- 
■\',H.  A  111(111!.' lilt'  earliest  t<i  die  were  Hroliicr  Ddiiiiiiic  ilc  rridslc,  iIk; 
lay  iirotiicr  Fraiii'iH  dc  San  Dii's.'!),  and  in  171H,  Fatlurs  I'ctcrdi'  Mi'ii- 
diiza,  Manuel  Castelluiios,  .loliii  Siiarez,  I.oren/.i)  (iareia  Hotello,  Kallier 
.lo'iepii  (Joiiiralcs.  of  San  Antonic,  and  nmllMr  l.duis  de  Montesdoea, 
will)  periMlied  in  a  prairie  lire. 


'1  '  i  V-  -1 


:1} 


400 


THE  VHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


agriculture  and  mct'hauical  arts  as  well  as  bo  educated  in 
Christian  (loctrine,  morals,  and  life.  This  required  a  cer- 
tain do<jree  of  restraint,  for  wliicli  a  military  force  was  esf'on- 
tial  in  order  to  keej)  them  on  the  reservation,  a  system  now 
maintained  by  our  govermnent. 

The  Spanish  authorities  in  Mexico  gave  each  mission  a  few 
soldiers,  to  protect  the  Fathers  from  sudden  raids  of  hostile 
Indians,  but  would  not  establish  the  reduction  or  reservation 
svstem.  To  this  the  missionaries  ascribed  the  comi)arativciv 
slow  progress  of  Christianity  aiiKtiig  the  Indians.  The  niis- 
siouaries  of  the  College  of  Holy  Cross  at  Queretaro  finding 
their  efforts  not  only  not  sustained  but  actually  hampered  by 
the  nulitary  authorities,  at  last  asked  that  three  missions 
which  they  had  for  fourteen  years  maintained  among  the 
Asinais  or  Texas  Indians  should  be  transferred  to  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  San  Antonio  River,  where  there  were  num- 
bers of  unconverted  Indians  who  could  easily  be  reached, 
especiallv  the  Pacaos,  Paalat,  and  Pitalaipie.  The  Viceroy, 
Manpiis  of  Casa  Fuerte,  approved  the  plan,  and  sites  of  the 
three  missi(ms  were  selected  by  Father  Ciabriel  do  Vergara 
on  tiie  baidvs  of  the  San  Antoiuo  ' 

When  the  College  of  ( >nr  Lady  of  (iuadalupe  at  (Jueretaro 
removed  its  missions  to  the  San  Antonio,  those  which  had 
been  founded  by  the  Venerable  Father  Anthony  ^targil 
were  maintained.  These  were  the  mission  of  Our  Lady  of 
(Juadalupe  near  the  pnjsent  city  of  Nacogdoches,  the  mis- 
sion among  the  Ays,  not  far  from  the  jiresent  town  of  San 
Augustin,  and  the  miision  of  San  Miguel  de  los  Adayes. 
Xear  this  was  the  Spanish  frontier  presidio  or  military  post, 
whicli  the  missionaries  attended  ;uh  chaplains,'  as  they  did 
alm>  Nacogdoches  when  it  was  made  a  ])ariHli. 

'  KspiiioKii,  "  Chrnnicik  Apontolicu  y  HcrapUlcii,"  pp.  458-9. 
'  Ibid.,  pp.  4:»9-400. 


\i>.A 


NEW  MISSIONS. 


497 


The  venerable  founder  was  not  content  with  these  mis- 
sions ;  he  selected  Father  Michael  Nuflez  to  found  another 
in  honor  of  St.  Joseph,  and  that  priest  proceeding  to 
the  San  Antonio  selected  a  populous  rancheria,  and  estab- 
lished the  mission  of  San  Josc'  with  great  care  and  judgment. 
He  erected  a  church  and  house,  and  began  to  instruct  the 
Indians,  inducing  them  to  dig  acequias  or  trenches  to  irri- 
gate their  fields.  The  site  was  subsequently  transferred  to 
the  other  side  of  the  river,  but  the  mission  prospered  so  that 
it  became  the  finest  one  belonging  to  the  Zacatecas  College. 

When  the  Manpiis  of  Valero  in  1722  established  a  post  at 
Bahia  del  Espiritu  Santo,  on  the  site  of  La  Salle's  fort,  this 
same  missionary  college,  by  direction  of  the  Venerable  Father 
Margil,  who  had  become  Prefect  of  the  missions  de  Prona- 
giinda  Fide,  sent  Father  Augustine  Patron  to  rear  a  ch't])C'l 
and  convent  there  for  the  service  of  the  Spaniards  and  In- 
dians. This  mission  of  Guadalupe  remained  tliere  till  1727, 
when  it  was  transferred  to  the  llio  Guadalupe,'  but  not  be- 
fore two  Fathers,  Diego  Zapata  and  Ignatius  Hahcna,  had 
<lled  in  their  apostolical  labors  victims  to  the  malarious  dis- 
trict. 

'  Kspinosn,  "  Cliroiiicii  Apostolica  y  Scriipliica,"  p.  4(i7;  ArririvitM, 
"C'ronii'ii  SiTiilicii  y  Aixtstolicii,"  ii.,  p.  102;  Morii,  "  Meiuorias."  The 
Vcncrnltlc  Father  Miiru:!!  re-clet'ted  Guiiniiaii  of  tJie  CollPijo  of  Ouadalupi! 
at  ZacatccaH  coinplclcd  lii^  term,  iind  tlivn  rcsiimod  Ids  iidssioiH  in  Ilio 
Siwnish  cilicM  and  towns  of  Mexico.  There  he  continued  till  he  wan 
Htrickcn  down  by  illness,  lie  was  conveyed  to  Mexico,  iind  reaching 
the  frreal  Convent,  insisted  on  entering  the  church  to  adore  our  Lord  iu 
the  Saeranicnl  of  his  Love.  Then  he  entered  his  cell,  and  making  u 
general  confession  of  his  innocent  lifi-  with  gre;it  compunction,  he  re- 
ceived lliily  (.'onununion  and  Kxtrenic  ruction,  and  expired,  Aiiirnst 
(1,  1720.  The  fame  of  his  virtues  and  miracles  led  the  <'ity  of  Mexico 
to  petition  for  his  canonization.  The  cause  was  introduced,  and  in  1778 
his  remains  were  enshrined  liy  the  Art'hhishop  of  Mexico  (Arriciviln,  ii., 
|i.  l.">7).  His  viriues  were  declared  heroic  liy  Pope  (Jri'u'ory  XVI.,  in 
1836  ;  utid  on  proof  of  two  miracles  he  may  be  Holcmnly  beatified. 

:j2 


1  A 


•:   H<; 


m 


!*fii 


& 

mm 

'?■ 

'-  ■  m 

ilt"! 

- «  '  '^'.iS 

V 

'  ?!« 

■|. 

■ 

498 


rfTJS  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Bahia  became  second  only  to  San  Antonio  in  importance, 
liiving  a  secular  parish  priest ;  Nacogdoches,  though  a  parish, 
j'cnKiiiiing  under  tlie  care  of  the  Franciscan  Fathers,' 

While  the  Franciscans  were  endeavoring  to  convert  the 
Indian  tribes  of  Texas,  thwarted  too  often  by  the  Spanish 
otiicials,  who  were  a  greater  obstacle  than  the  heathenism  and 
inconstancy  of  the  Indians  or  the  raids  of  enemies  like  the 
Apaches,  little  was  done  to  colonize  the  territory,  important 
as  it  was  to  the  Spanisli  frontier.  On  the  14th  of  February, 
1720,  the  King  of  Spain  ordered  four  hundred  families  to  be 
transferred  from  the  Canary  Islands  to  San  Antonio.  Foui'- 
teen  families  arrived  the  tiext  year,  and  the  city  of  San  Fer- 
nando was  founded.'  Near  it  was  the  presidio  or  garrison  i)f 
San  Antonio,  which  in  time  gave  its  name  to  the  city  also. 
Its  ecclesiastical  records  date  almost  to  its  origin,  tliough  un- 
fortunately son)o  pages  are  lacking  in  the  venerable  parisii 
register.  A  chapui  was  at  once  raised  as  a  place  of  worsiiip 
till  a  proper  parish  church  could  be  built.  The  records  of 
the  church  now  date  back  to  August  31,  1731,  when  Bach- 

KAC-SIMILE  OF  THE  SIONATrnr,  Or   IlEV.    .lOSEPII  DE   I,A  OARZA. 

flor  Jose])!!  do  la  Garza  was  parish  priest,  and  by  his  leave 
Father  Ignatius  Augustine  (Cyprian  baptized  a  child  of  Span- 
ish parentage. 

The  next  year  the  church  itself  must  have  been  opened,  for 
for  the  first  time  a  baptism  is  recorded  as  performed  within  its 
-walls  on  the  17th  of  July,  1732. 


'  Arispo,  "  Momoriu,"  Cmliz.  1^13,  pp.  13-n 

'AlUniim,  "Parcccr"  in  Yoakum,  upp.  Morll,  "  Mcinoria,"  p.  178. 


m 


PARISH  CHURCH  OF  SAN  FERNANDO.       499 

But  the  life  of  the  city  of  San  Fernando  was  feeble.  The 
j)opulation  fell  away  instead  of  gaining.  There  were  twenty- 
two  baptisms  in  1733 ;  fifteen  the  next  year ;  tlien  twelve ; 
and  for  1736  only  eleven  are  recorded.  Evidently  some  of 
the  original  settlers  moved  away,  harassed,  it  is  said,  by  the 
Apaches,  and  none  came  to  replace  them.  The  last  entry 
of  the  lirst  known  parish  priest  of  the  first  city  of  Texas  is 
dated  .1  line  7,  1 730  ;  and  then  there  is  a  gap  of  more  than 
seven  years.  The  few  Spaniards  who  remained  were  proba- 
bly attended  from  the  neighboring  missions. 

The  new  town  was  strengthened  in  1731  by  the  removal 
to  its  vicinity  by  order  of  the  Viceroy  of  the  Asinais  mis- 
•sions  of  San  Francisco,  Purisima  Concepcion,  and  San  Josu,  • 
the  last  often  called  San  Juan  Capistrano.  Yet  so  little  care 
had  been  taken  for  the  subsistence  of  the  Indians  that  the 
missionaries  maintained  the  transferred  Indians  only  by  pro- 
visions tlioy  solicited  in  Coaliuila. 

The  mishion  of  San  Antonio  was  founded  on  the  San  IV 
drfi.  but  was  subsequently  transferred  to  the  Alamo,  and  its 
imnie  has  prevailed  over  that  of  the  city  subsequently  founded. 

Under  the  violent  and  oppressive  rule  of  Governor  Fran- 
qni  the  missions  suifered.  Yet  in  1734  the  three  missions 
on  the  liio  Grande  and  four  on  the  San  Antonio  reported 
2,170  Ix.ptisms.  They  took  new  life  again  about  1740,  when 
many  of  the  Tacanes  were  gained  to  the  missions  at  San  An- 
tonio.' 

In  1741  another  effort  was  made  to  revive  the  city  of  the 
holy  king  Saint  Ferdinand.  By  this  time  fifty  families  of 
Islanders,  as  the  emigrants  from  the  Canaries  were  called, 


'  EspinoHji,  "  Clironica  Apostolica,"  p.  400.  The  king nllowcd  the  par- 
isli  priest  $100  u  year  ;  llic  tithes  won-  iippli(>(l  to  tlic  clnireh. 

Tiip  mission  of  Lu  Furisiiim  ("oiicT|K'ion  was  founded  JIarch  5,  1731. 
Father  Vergara'a  llrst  marriage  entry  is  July  0,  1733. 


■llii! 


m\\ 


.'i, 


ih    k 


(  1 


M  .\  I 


600 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


and  some  Tbscalan  Indians  had  arrived,  and  we  find  Bachelor 
.lolin  Francis  do  E8i)ronzeda  beginning  the  year  as  parish 
priest  (cura  vicario)  and  ecclesiastical  judge  of  the  city  of  8aii 
Fernando  and  the  garrison  of  San  Antonio.  His  baptisms  in 
that  year  were  twenty -two. 

On  the  ;3d  of  December,  1746,  Bachelor  Francis  Manuel 
Polanco  makes  an  entry  that  he  began  on  that  day  "to  ad- 
minister the  holy  sacraments  in  this  lioyal  Garrison,"  and 
with  occasional  aid  from  neighboring  Franciscan  friars,  Bar- 
tholomew and  Diogo  Martin  Garcia,  he  continued  till  August 
5,  1753.  Tlien  Rev.  Ignatius  Martinez  seems  to  have  conic 
in  as  actin.'j  parish  jn-iest. 

On  the  l;5th  of  November,  1754,  Bachelor  John  Ignatius 
de  (\irdcnas,  Binilla  y  Ramos,  became  parish  priest  "in  com- 
mendam,"  and  replaced  for  a  time  by  the  Licentiate  Manuel 
de  Caro  y  Seixas,  co'itinued  till  tlie  visitation  of  Bishop  Te- 
jada. 

An  Edict  of  Rt.  Rev.  Jolm  Gomez  de  Parada,  Bishop  of 
Guadalajara,  issued  on  the  24th  of  March,  1740,  lixed  the 
holidays  of  obligation  as  follows :  All  the  Sundays  of  the 
year,  Easter  Sunday  and  Monday,  Whitsunday,  Ascension, 
Corpus  Christi;  Circumcision,  Epiphany,  Purification,  An- 
nunciation, Nativity  of  St.  Jolm  the  Baptist,  St.  Peter  and 
St.  Paul,  St.  James,  Assumption,  Nativity  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin,  .\11  Saints,  Conception,  Christmas,  and  St.  Stei)lien.' 

Meanwhile  Father  !\raria  Ano  Francis  de  los  Dolores  had 
penetrated  to  a  valley  between  the  San  Xavier  and  Animus. 
where  he  found  a  large  town  made  up  of  Bidays  and  otiier 
tribes,  to  whom  he  announced  the  Gospel.  Tiiey  heard  it 
willingly,  and  sent  subsequently  to  San  Antonio  to  solicit 
mis.sionaries.     The  authorities  spent  a  year  in  discussing  the 


'  no.!,nat(r  of  the  Church  of  Ht.  Fcrnautlo,  San  Antonio. 


DEATH  OF  FATHER  GANZABAL. 


601 


(question  of  the  uew  foundation ;  but  meanwhile  Father 
Maria  Ano  began  his  labors.  At  last,  on  the  1st  of  February, 
1747,  the  Viceroy  Kevillagigedo  ordered  the  establishment  of 
tlie  missions  of  San  Francisco  Xavier  de  Orcasitas,  Nuestra 
Senora  de  Candelaria,  and  San  Ildefonso.  When  the  legal 
authorization  came,  the  President  of  the  Mission,  Father  Ben- 
edict Fernandez  do  Santa  Aim,  went  up  and  founded  the 
mission  of  San  Ildefonso,  and  laid  plans  for  that  of  Cande- 
laria, which  was  soon  begun.     These  missions  prospered  for  a 


FACSIMILE  OF  THE   SIGNATURE  OF  FATHEU  OANZABAIi. 

time  and  gave  great  hopes ;  but  the  arbitrary  and  cruel  con- 
duct of  the  officer  stationed  at  the  neighboring  presidio  or 
military  ])Ost  drove  tlie  Indians  from  the  missions.  That  of 
San  Ildefonso  was  completely  deserted  by  the  Cocos  in  1749. 
Fatlier  Benedict  Fernandez  de  Santa  Ana  followed  the  tribe 
and  induced  them  to  settle  at  Candelaria.  Fatlier  Mariano 
Anda  and  Joseph  Pinella  continued  their  labors  at  San  Xavier 
amid  constant  oppression,  but  they  with  Fatlier  Manuel 
Mariano  wore  at  last  compelled  to  leave.  Father  Parrilla  re- 
maining alone  at  that,   mission.      In   1752  Father  Joseph 


W 


i 

i    "ii 

"         '5-1 


im 


i 


(.1.  I 


11 

■ 

vt-syj^^^H 

• 
\  . 

B 

502 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


P'rancis  Ganzubal,  missionary  of  San  Ildcfonso,  wont  on  Aa- 
c'onsion  Day,  JSfay  11,  to  pass  tlie  festival  with  his  follow  re- 
ligious at  (^andolaria.  At  i\ip;htfall  throo  Fatliors  wero  in 
the  littlo  room  at  tlio  mis;;io':  an<i  ,.  Spaniard  standing  at  the 
door,  wlion  some  Cocos  lirevl  aiiu  killed  the  Spaniard,  who 
foil  at  the  feet  of  one  of  the  Fathers.  The  missionary  has- 
tened to  aid  him,  but  when  Father  Ganzahal  ealled  out  to 
learn  who  they  were,  he  received  an  arrow  through  his  heart. 
The  third  religious  being  unseen,  escaped. 

From  that  time  the  missions  in  the  \ alley  of  the  San  Xav- 
ier  declined,  the  Indians  scattered,  and  finally  the  government 
ordered  the  military  post  and  the  missions  to  bo  transferred 
to  San  Saba.' 

The  Franciscans,  besides  gaining  sonu;  of  the  coast  Indians 
among  whom  the  Rosario  mission  was  established,  had  made 
strenuous  efforts  to  gain  Apaches.  Ainong  the  earnest  1 1- 
borers  in  this  field  was  Father  Cajctan  Aponte  y  Lis.'  At 
last  some  prospect  of  the  conversion  of  the  tribe  appeared. 
The  V^iceroy  agreed  to  maintain  a  mission  at  Sim  Saba  fur 
fln-ee  years.  It  was  to  be  established  by  Father  Alonso  Gi- 
raldo  tie  Torreros  of  the  College  of  CJueretaro  with  missiona- 
ries from  that  college  and  that  of  San  Fernando  of  Mexico. 
In  December.  175(1,  Father  Terreros  with  Fathers  Joseph 
Santiesteban  and  Mieh  lel  Molina  wero  joined  by  Fathers 
.loachim  Hafios  and  Diego  Ximene?:  from  (^ueretaro  and 
reached  San  Antonio. 

The  mission  of  San  Saba  was  founded  in  March,  and  on 
the  I7th  of  April,  1757,  that  of  San  Luis  de  Amarillas  was 
established  ;  but  the  Apaches  would  not  settle  at  the  mission, 

'  Arricivita,  "  Cronica  Scraftoa,"  :i.,  p.  334 :  Morfl,  "  MemoriuH." 
■'.\rrieivita,    "  Cronica  SiTaflca,"  p.    308;  Monl,    "Mcinorias."     Kii- 
ther  Cajctan  Aponte  y  Lis,  a  native  of  Pontpvcdra,  ranie  to  Aniciica  iii 
1730,  waH  t«n  yeara  in  tlie  Texan  mission,  and  iliuil  May  25,  1791. 


DEATH  OF  FATHER  TERREROS. 


503 


and  in  July  Father  Turruros  wrote  very  (lesiiondingly,  Fa- 
ther Benedict  Vai-elu,  sent  to  the  Apaches,  having  failed  in 
hin  mission,  and  subsequent  negotiations  proving  ineirectual. 

The  friendly  intercourse  with  the  Apadies  seems  to  have 
aroused  hostile  feelings  in  the  Texan  tribes,  who  regarded 
tliein  as  their  natural  (Mieniios.  Father  Silva  was  killed  near 
the  Rio  Grande  by  a  party  of  Indians  who  were  recognized 
as  belonging  to  tribes  under  the  care  of  missionaries.' 

On  the  10th  of  March,  1758,  Father  Alonso  Terrcros  had  of- 
fered tlie  holy  sacrifice  at  daybreak,  and  Father  Santicsteban 
had  just  put  on  his  vestments,  when  their  ears  were  saluted  by 
the  yells  of  a  large  Indian  force,  with  occasional  gunshots. 


FACSIMILE  OF  THE  HIQNATUUE  OF  FA'iaEU  TKHHEUOa. 

When  the  Indians  reached  the  mission  many  were  recognized 
as  Texas  and  Bidais.     They  professed  friendship,  and  asked 

I  In  1759  there  wns  received  in  Texas  and  promulgated  tlirouRh  tiie 
jiurislies  and  missions  tlic  edict  of  Ht.  Ucv.  Friar  Franeln  De  San  Hueiia- 
ventura  Alarlinez  do  Tejada  Die/,  dc  Velasoo,  Bishop  of  Guadalajara, 
the  new  Kinj^doni  of  Galicia,  and  Leon,  tlie  Provinces  of  Nayarit,  Cali- 
fornia, Coahuila,  and  Texas,  making  a  holiday  of  obligation  of  De- 
cember 12th,  the  feast  of  Our  Lady  of  Guadalupe.  Poi)e  Benedict  XIV. 
at  the  petition  of  the  Archbishop  of  Mexico  and  Bishop  of  Michoacan 
had  made  the  Blessed  Virgin  under  tliat  title  Patroness  of  all  the  prov- 
inires  of  Mexico.  Register  of  Church  of  8an  Fernando,  San  Antonio, 
Dec.  12,  1759. 


ti 


m 


':M 


■4   1 


•i 


•■[i 


f«l 


■  ^ 


.■'li 


xu 


604 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


a  letter  to  tiie  conunaiulunt  of  the  garrison  a  few  miles  off. 
This  Father  Terreros  gave,  but  they  insisted  on  his  aceoui- 
panving  tlieiii.  lie  inoiinteil  a  horse,  hut  had  ridden  only  a 
few  t'ect  from  the  gate  when  he  was  shot,  and  with  a  groan 
fell  (lead  from  his  horse.  Then  the  Indians  made  a  general 
attack,  killing  the  soldiers  stationed  at  the  nnssion.  The 
other  Fathers  at  once  sought  refuge.  Father  Santiestehan 
tied  to  the  store-room,  but  that  was  the  first  place  the  assail- 
ants visited.  lie  perished,  undoubtedly,  under  the  blows  of 
their  weapons,  as  they  carried  ttlf  his  habit,  and  his  dying 
vv\Q»  were  heard.  Father  Michael  Molina  with  the  mission 
attendants  took  refuge  in  the  room  which  leather  Terreros 
had  occupied,  and  here  the  Spaniards  held  out,  escaping  with 
their  lives,  although  Father  Molina  and  t.onie  others  were  se- 
verely woiuided.  At  night  with  the  room  on  lire  they  escajicd 
through  the  blazing  church,  and  each  for  himself  made  tlii'ir 
way  to  the  presidio.' 

This  was  a  great  blow  to  the  projected  Apache  mission, 
but  it  did  not  defeat  it.  The  (Commissary-General,  lest  the 
Indians  at  San  Saba  should  disperse,  sent  Father  FraiuMs 
Ajiarieio  and  Father  Peter  Farras,  with  Fathers  Juni])er  Ser- 
ra  and  Francis  Palou  to  continue  the  work.  Hut  as  the  tribe 
objected  to  San  Saba,  a  new  site  was  selected  in  the  valley  of 
San  Jose,  and  there  on  the  9th  of  January,  1701,  Father  Jo- 
achim Hafios  and  Diego  Ximenes  founded  the  mission  of 
Han  Lorenzo,  and  soon  after  that  of  Candelaria ;  but  they 
were  planned  and  arranged  by  the  civil  authorities  with  little 
regard  to  the  views  or  system  of  the  missionaries.     The  mis- 


'Arricivita,  "Cronica  8omfica,"  ii.,  pp.  875-8 ;  Morfl.  "Meniorias," 
Father  Morti  says  that  F.  Santicstcbaii's  lioadless  body  was  found  by  F. 
Molina  in  the  rliurch,  and  that  tho  Ixxlics  of  the  two  inissionnries  were 
interred  tourether  in  tlie  eenietery.  Father  Arrieivita  writing  a  few  yi-nrs 
hiter  Hays  the  body  of  Satiticsteban  was  never  found,  so  that  some  thouglit 
he  wa.s  carried  off  alive. 


VISITATION  BY  BISHOP  TEJADA. 


605 


sions  were  maintained,  however,  for  eight  years  till  the  in- 
vasion of  the  Coniaiiches  broke  them  up.' 

In  these  Texan  missions  the  Franciscans  and  the  Spanisli 
authorities  had  always  entertained  different  views.  The 
Franciscans  wished  the  Indians  placed  on  reservations,  and 
kept  by  inilitary  force  from  wandering  oil.  The  officials 
wished  the  missionaries  to  instruct  the  Indians  when  and 
v;hero  they  could.  The  latter  plan  kept  the  missionaries 
completely  in  the  hands  of  the  officials  for  their  maintenance 
and  the  supi)lies  needed  by  the  mission,  and  from  official 
<'orrui)tion  missionaries  often  suffered  greatly. 

All  these  missions  enjoyed  in  1759  the  presence  of  a 
liishop,  the  lit.  Rev.   Francis  de  San  Buenaventura  Tejada 


FACSIMILE  OP  THE  BIGNATUUE  OP  BISHOP  TEJADA. 

of  Guadalajara  in  his  visitation  of  his  diocese,  having  trav- 
ersed the  whole  of  Texas.  The  report  of  his  official  examin- 
ation would  give  a  most  authentic  picture  of  the  state  of 
religion  at  that  time,  but  unfortunately  it  is  not  accessible. 

On  the  19th  of  November,  1759,  Bishop  Francis  de  San 
Buenaventura  Tejada  made  his  visitation  of  the  Church  of  San 
Fernando  in  the  city  now  known  as  San  Antonio.     He  was 


'  "  Informe  of  F.  Xiracnez,"  Arricivita,  p.  386.  "  Relacion  que  hizo 
el  R.  P.  Prcdiciidor  Fr.  jyiauuel  :Moliiia  sobre  las  niuertes  de  los  PP.  Fray 
Alonso  Giraldo  de  Terreros  y  Fr.  Jose  de  Santiesteban  en  San  Saba. 
Mexico,  Abril  de  1758." 


! 


i. 


?i 


(  - 


i* 


;.? 


H.. 


l\ 


hi ! 

s 


606 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


duly  received  according  to  the  prescribed  forms  by  the  parish 
l)riest,  Bacliclor  Cardenas.  All  was  done  in  due  form.  His 
secretary,  Dr.  Mathias  Joseph  de  Artea<jfa,  while  he  sat  in 
the  sanctuary,  read  the  edict  for  the  general  visitation  of  the 
diocese,  and  against  public  sins.  Then  the  good  bishop,  in  a 
sermon  explained  the  object  of  the  visitation,  and  the  nature 
and  graces  of  the  sacrament  of  coniirmation,  and  the  neces- 
sity of  proper  preparation  for  it. 

The  visitation  of  the  church  showed  a  condition  of  great 
neglect.  There  was  no  taberiuicle  for  the  preservation  of  tiie 
Blessed  Sacrament ;  the  baptistery  lacked  door  and  window, 
as  well  a  proper  vessel  ft)r  pouring  the  holy  water,  and  he 
ordered  one  to  be  obtained  of  silver;  it  also  lacked  an  ainbr\' 
with  lock  and  key  for  the  holy  oils.  He  ilirected  also  that 
a  painting  of  Saint  John  Baptizing  our  Lord  in  th?  Jordan 
to  b'  placed  there.  Then  the  Bishop  in  a  i)lack  cope  \\vm\v  a 
commcuioration  of  the  faithful  departed. 

The  church  had  i)ut  one  altar,  with  a  picture  of  Saint 
Ferdinand,  but  no  other  adornment.  The  sacristy  showed 
a  lack  of  vestments,  of  proper  church  plate,  procession 
(•r(»s  ,  candlesticks,  missal,  censer  and  boat,  in  fact  of  every- 
thing. There  was  not  even  a  rituid  or  a  repository  for  IIolv 
Tiuirsday. 

This  destitution  in  a  church  with  five  hundred  and  eighty- 
two  parishioners  pained  the  good  Bishop  deeply. 

The  faculties  of  the  incumbent  were  regular.  \m\  the  P>isl!()p 
cniitiiiued  then;  merely  till  the  next  conference  of  the  clergy, 
wiien  he  was  to  appear  personally,  .'videm'y  regarding  him 
as  one  ignorant  or  careless  of  his  duties.  The  liev.  Mr.  Car- 
<leniw  thereupon  resigned  the  pHrisli,  and  tin;  Bishop  aj.- 
pointed  Bachelor  Ciisimir  Lopez  de  Lmi,  who  produced 
his  faculties,  including  power  to  preach  iu  Spanish  and 
Mexican. 


i;  * ' ' 


STATE  OF  THE  CHURCH. 


C07 


Don  Toribio  de  Urrutia  then  solicited  and  obtained  tbe 
privilege  of  erecting  an  altar  of  the  Immaculate  Conception 
in  one  of  the  transepts  with  the  privilege  of  making  it  a  bur- 
ial-place for  his  family  on  payment  of  four  dollars  at  each  in- 
terment, and  making  an  otfering  of  wax,  bread,  and  wine  on 
All  Souls'  Day. 

The  JJishop  also  forbade  the  people  of  the  city  to  receive 
the  Biicraments  at  the  churches  of  the  Indian  missions,  gave 
orders  for  the  maintenance  of  a  proper  school  and  school- 
jnaster,  and  of  cateclietical  instructions  to  the  yoimg  on  Sun- 
days and  holidays  by  the  parish  priest. 

Such  was  the  visitation  of  a  Catholic  Bishop  in  Texas  in 
1759.  He  then  examined  the  candidates  for  coulirma'iijn, 
and  conferred  that  sacrament  on  644,  devoting  the  19th  of 
November  and  the  ensuing  days  to  the  25th  to  this  duty. 
The  long  list  of  names  preserved  includes  several  Indians, 
some  of  them  Apaches.' 

The  Bishop  made  the  visitation  of  the  missions  of  San  An- 
tonio de  Valero  and  La  Purisima  Cou(!epcion  on  the  21st  of 
November,  and  entered  on  the  Register  of  each  his  approval 
of  the  management  by  the  Franciscan  Fathers  in  charge, 
.Foscph  Lopez  and  Francis  Aparicio.' 

The  Spanish  population  of  Texas  at  this  time  consisted  of 
about  3,()0()  souls,  at  San  Antonio,  the  presidios  and  ranches. 
Besides  the  parish  at  San  Antonio  with  its  priest,  there  were 
seeidar  priests  also  at  Sacranidto  and  Nacogdoches,  and  gen- 
erally a  chaplain  for  the  troops.     There  was  also  a  priest  at 

'  "  Auto  Ocncral  de  Visila,"  siiinrd  by  Up.  Ti'judii  in  llii'  H('i;iMti;r.  On 
Miinii  i;i,  1703,  the  Unv.  Mr.  Ciisiinir  Lope/,  ih'  l.iini  traiLslorrcd  iLo 
Hpgistcrs,  etc.,  to  Ba<'h.  Josepli  ll<l('|)li()iisiis  do  la  IVna. 

'Tlic  Indian  missions  wcri'  visited  not  only  l>y  the  Bisliop.  but  by  Vis- 
itors of  tlic  Frunciscan  order.  Tliere  wer(>  such  in  Texas  in  .Funo,  174"i, 
Juno,  1750,  April,  nHQ.  Rci;istt'ra  of  the  missions  of  Suu  A.ntonio  Vu 
lero  and  Im  I'urisiina  Concepeion. 


1 

b\    .ft:' 


'  it 


»  'i 


«- 


U'  -5 


ms 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


liiihiii.  Adayes  was  a  place  of  some  iniportimcc  with  forty 
liouses,  and  a  cliiuvli  attended  by  tbe  Franeiscan  Father  at- 
tiiehed  to  the  Indian  mission.  It  was  maintained  a«ii  fronUer 
post  and  town,  hut  deeliiied  after  Spain  a('i|uired  Louisiaim, 
:uid  was  suppresswl  in  1 772.' 

In  ilanuary,  17(11,  Fathers  Diej^o  Ximenez  and  .loacliim 
Hafios  renewed  tiie  almost  hopeless  attempt  to  eonvert  the 
Apaehes.  On  the  hanks  of  the  liio  San  .lose  they  fouiidcd 
the  mission  of  San  Lorenzo,  wliieh  they  maintained  for 
i'iijht  years,  ha|)tiziii;j;  in  dan<>;er  of  death  eijjjhty  pirsoiis  as 
the  residt  of  ail  tlu'ir  toil.  It  was  found  almost  impo>sii)li' 
to  induce  these  I.ipan  Ajiaehes  to  remain  at  the  mission, 
iiud  settle  down  to  eultivate  the  soil  or  learn  trades.  Tlic 
missionaries  indeed  gained  their  good-will,  so  that  San  Lo 
rcnzo  was  regarded  as  their  reserve  by  about  three  thousand, 

four    hnndri'd    re 


mainin;;  aetuallv  at 


"  ^"iZi^     j]„,    nii(^^i,,ii    with 

some     degree     of 

VKV  SlMIl.I-;     OK     TlIK     HKlNATrnK     OF     KATirKU     i)i>fi|ijii|,.|j(.i.  |{nt 

nililO    XIMl.NKZ.  '  .  '         . 

from  tune  to  time 
they  would  insist  on  going  to  tbe  bison  plains,  or  forming  war 
parties  against  tbe  ('<imanebes.  In  I7ti;5  Father  Diego 
Ximeni'z,  President  of  the  Texas  missions,  writing  from  San 
liOrenzo,  ri'portiMl  that  they  were  begimdng  to  listen  to  the 
instructions,  brought  their  children  to  be  baptized,  notified 


'  Morfl,  "  Nft'tnoriii  jiiira  In  lli-itdriu  do  Toxns"  :  Onys.  "  Mrmnriii  m 
t)r(' Ins  NcjjDciiirioncs,"  Mexico,  IH^tl.  p.  5'J.  'riic  prcsidin  of  Ornuisiu  n 
nf'nr  Dolori'H  wan  also  HupprcsMfd,  As  noini' jinidc  to  the  work  of  tli. 
T«'Xiw  miHHions,  tlic  nuinliiTs  of  t):ipllsmH  to  17111  nrc  driven,  t'iw  An 
t'info,  l,7T'J;  Purixiiim  ('(Hircpcimi,  TH'J;  Siiii.Icisr,  1.0.')|  ;  Sun  .luan  <'ii|'' 
Mtniiio.  H47  ;  Haii  Francisco  dc  In  F^piuia,  N15  ;  itosariu,  2(>0 ;  Eflpiritu 
Sauto,  028. 


FATHER  GARCIA  AND  HIS  WORK. 


50» 


the  missioniiry  when  any  adults  were  sick,  and  on  setting 
off  to  hunt,  l)rouglit  tlieir  wives  and  children  to  the  niis- 
Bionaries  for 
protection.'  Z^^::^^^^^^  /'^^       ^ 


Father  Bar- 
tholomew CJar- 


ciaand  iloscph 
G  u  a  (1  a  1  u  p  o 
Pratlo  were 
veteran      niis- 


FAC-8IM1LE  OF  TUE  SIONATUUE   OK  FATIIEK   OAIUJIA. 


sionarics  in  Texas  ahout  this  time.  The  former  puhlished 
a  manual  to  aid  his  feUow-missioiiarieH  of  the  college  of 
Queretaro  in  a(hniiiisterinf>:  the  sacraments  to  tlie  Indians  on 
tlie  San  Antonio  and  Rio  (iriiiuk'.  It  gives  some  idea  of  the 
number  of  tribes  which  even  then  were  attended  by  tiie 
missionaries.' 

The  mission  of  San  .lose  Wiis  the  centre  of  the  Texas  mis- 
Bions  and  residence  oi"  the  IVesident  or  Superior,  and  in  time 
a  fine  duuvh  was  erected  here,  and  nearly  as  elc-^ant  btrue- 
tures  at  San  Francisw)  de  hi  Espada  and  La  I'urisima  ( 'on- 
ce pcion. 

Soon  after  the  year  17('.:?  the  college  of  Queretaro  with- 
drew from  Texas,  leaving  that  held  to  the  colli  gis  of  Zaca- 
tecas  and  (hridalajara.* 

I  Letter  nf  V.  Xiineiiez,  Sun  T,ni-en/,c),  .Tiimiiiry  2t,  tTf.:!,  in  Arrieivila, 
••(■r..nie;i  Sen.liea  y  Ai-osluli.^u,"  pi..  :iH(l-',)  ;  also  :!!)();!.  The  inUsi.ni 
ami  prenidio  were  H\ippresH(;il  in  1707. 

'  lli'iiuine^  the  Paliliitet,  ()r<'.|ones  I'aeiios.  I'^icoas,  Telijiiyas,  Alasa- 
pas,  I»ausMii(N,  I'Meimclies,  I'aniin'.ims,  TaeanieM,  CI.Myoptues,  Venadon, 
l»amu<pieH.  Pilini.iiic«.  Horrados.  Sanipoas,  and  M.moM  de  I'erro.  <!.ir 
elii.  "Mainial  para  Mdndnistrnr  los  Sanl.m  Saerauieiitos,"  etc.,  l.'.o. 
There  1«  a  eiM'.v  ii«  Harvard  loilege.     Bee  Pilllug.  p.  281. 

»  Arrlclvita,  p.  437. 


vn 


m 


'  ,, 


>^'  11 


i 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE  CnUKCn   IX  NEW  MEXICO,    1(592-1703. 

I'oit  a  period  in  the  liitfcr  i)art  of  the  scvoiitociith  contuvv 
all  evidence  of  Catholicity  had  been  swept  from  the  soil  of 
New  Mexico,  and  the  expeditions  undertaken  by  S^jaiu  U) 
recover  that  province,  had  been  merely  incurftions.     To  sucii 
an  extent,  however,  had  the  revolted  tribes  by  civil  war,  and 
the  hostility  of  the  Ai)aches,  been       .need  in  nniiibers  and 
f^pirit  that  every  one  of  the  pueblo  nations  snbiiiitted  at  last 
without  strikinnr  a  blow  to  Vargas  and  a  handfnl  of  Sjxiniards. 
Diojro  do  Var-ijas  Zapata  Lnxan  Ponce  do  Leon  was  ap- 
pointed (iovernor  of  New   Mexico  in   ^^\'^2,  mid   prepand 
to  take  possession  of  the  jirovince.     The  whole  force  he  had 
l-cen  able  to  jjather  auK.unted  to  lifty-four  Spaniards  and  one 
hundred  friendly  Indians.     On  the  Uith  of  AniriiKt  the  van 
left  EI   Paso,  and  Vargas  after  awaiting  in  vain  for  a  dc- 
tachineiit  of  fifty  men  promised  from  Parral  joined  InV  vaii 
and  entercil   New   Mexico,  his  little  force  being  attended  as 
«'iaplains  by  Father  Francis  {\)rvera,  President  of  the  Mi.s- 
^ion,  Fathers    Michael    .Mnfiiz   and  ("hristoplu.r    Alplionsus 
Marroso.     Establishing  a  camp  for  his  sni'.plics,  at  a  mined 
estate,  where  he  left  fourteen  Spaniards  and  llfty  Indians, 
he  pushi-d  on  through  an  utterly  denerted  country  by  way  of 
the  ruined  tt.wns  c.f  Cochiti  and  Santo  Domingo  to  Santa 
Fe.     ram})ing  at  night  by  a   mined  chapel,  the  little  force 
the  next  morning  (.Mpt.  l.'Uh)  heard  mass,  and  r ivcl  abso- 
lution bt'fore  moving  upon  the  city.     There  the  Tanos  of 
(MO) 


.*■>*# 


NEW  MEXICO  MISSIONS  RESTORED. 


611 


Galisteo  bad  planted  a  new  town.  Vargas  cut  off  the  water 
supply,  and  prepared  to  besiege  Santa  Fe.  Trooj^s  of  In- 
dians appeared  on  the  hills  to  relieve  the  town,  but  Vargas 
drove  these  off,  and  before  night  the  city  surrendered. 

On  the  14th,  the  feast  of  the  Exaltation  of  the  Holy  Cross, 
Vargas  with  Father  Corvera  and  six  soldiers  entered.  The 
Indians,  who  bad  been  told  that  the  main  object  of  the  exi)e 
dition  was  to  restore  them  to  the  Catholic  faith,  had  already 
erected  a  largo  cross  In  the  plaza.  There  Vargas  announced 
that  King  Charles  II.  had  sent  him  to  pardon  the  Tn(;w 
Mtixico  Indians  for  their  apostasy,  the  sacrilcgit)us  numler 
of  the  missionaries,  the  profanation  of  the  churches  and  sa- 
cred things,  and  the  massacre  of  the  Spaniards,  if  they  would 
return  to  tlie  bosom  of  holy  Mother  Clmrch,  which  like  a 
fond  mother  implored  them  to  return,  and  then  renew  their 
allegiance  to  the  Spanish  crown. 

T\>  this  tlie  Tanos  agreed,  the  standard  of  Spain  was  Hung 
to  tho  breeze,  amid  the  vivas  of  the  assembly,  and  while  all 
knelt  around  tho  cross  Father  Corvera  intoned  the  Te 
Deum.  The  next  day  mass  was  solcnuily  offered  in  tho 
plaza,  the  President  of  the  mission  inadtCthe  Indians  a  touch- 
in;;  exliort ition,  and  absolved  them  from  llieir  apostasv. 
Then  tho  children  born  during  the  revolt  were  brought  lo 
the  mir^ionaries  and  baptized,  to  the  munber  of  009.  Sodu 
after  this  the  detachment  from  I'arral  arrived,  a?ul  Luis 
Tupatn,  wlio  upon  the  death  of  Popi'  and  Catiti  had  been 
recognized  as  chief  by  one  jnu'^ion  of  the  insurgents,  came  in 
and  submitted.  lie  was  rca<ly  to  aid  in  reduciTig  to  the 
Spanish  authority  the  Pecos,  (^ueres,  Taos,  and  Jemes,  who 
had  refused  to  acknowledge  him.  Hefore  setting  out  to  tho 
other  towns  Vargas  forwarded  to  IVfexico  an  account  of  his 
sticr-ess.  The  tidings,  utterly  unexpected,  tilled  that  cajiital 
with  the  utmost  joy.     The  (\)unt  of  (Jalve,  Viceroy  of  Mew 


i  ^ 


i  II' 


rp 


l! 


;  'H 


p 


ill '  ti  ■"i  J 

I.L    'I       ' 


r. 
I 


I 


hif 


612 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


I' 


. ..  i   t 

115   * 


Spain,  proceeded  with  all  the  high  officials  to  the  Cathedral 
to  return  thanks  to  God  and  to  the  lilessed  Virgin  for  this 
peaceful  recovery  of  the  j)rovince. 

Meanwhile  Varu-as  with  Fathers  Corvera  and  Barroso  ad- 
vanccd  to  Pocos,  where  some  reluctance  was  shown  hy  tluit 
tribe,  but  they  liiially  subnutted.  They  were  then  absolved, 
i'ud  21S  children  baptized.  In  the  tribes  which  acknowl- 
edged Tujiatu  the  reception  of  Vargas  was  more  cordial. 
Near  the  Cailada  of  Cochiti  were  the  people  of  San  INIarco, 
Cochiti,  and  San  Felipe  gathered  in  one  town;  here  lO.'J 
children  were  baptized  ;  the  remnant  of  the  jieople  of  the 
pueblos  of  Cia  and  Santa  Ana  also  lived  together  in  one 
town;  there  and  at  Santo  Domingo,  the  people  after  l)eing 
received  again  into  the  (Church  brought  128  children  to  be 
baptized. 

On  a  high  tnesa  a  band  of  Queres,  Jeines,  and  Apaches 
at  first  doiied  the  Spaniards,  but  they  too  finally  yielded, 
were  absolved,  and  brought  to  the  sacred  font  1 17  children. 

In  this  tour  through  the  province,  completed  by  the  close 
of  October,  Vargas  without  liring  a  shot  had  restored  tl it- 
Spanish  authority  and  (Miristianity,  Forty-throe  Spaniards, 
cliicllv  women  and  their  children  born  in  captivity,  were  rcs- 
CU('<1.  with  some  half-breeds. 

Early  in  November  ho  reached  Acoma,  a  town  never 
friendly  to  the  Spaniards.  In  spite  of  a  dctiaiit  attitude,  it 
soon  yielded,  when  the  Governor  with  two  I'riars  and  oidy 
fifteen  men  fearlessly  clambered  to  the  pueblo.  The  new 
Zufd  pueblo  on  the  l};disteo  eliiT  was  ne.\t  gained,  the  pen- 
j)le  absolved  and  2lH  children  christened  as  ST  had  been  at 
Aconia.  At  Zufli  the  first  and  only  sign  of  resjK'ct  for  re- 
ligion was  foun<l.  Here  Vargas  was  taken  to  a  room  witli 
a  very  dimiimtivo  door.  Within  on  a  table  two  tallow  can 
dies  were  burning  on  a  kind  of  altar  covered  with  pieces  of 


THE  NEW  MISSIONARIES. 


ni3 


vestments.  Beneatli  tlietii  were  two  crucifixes,  an  oil  paint- 
ing of  the  Orucilixion,  and  one  of  Saint  Joliu  the  Baptist,  a 
niunstraiice  witli  its  hnia,  four  silver  chalices,  and  throe 
patens,  a  missal  and  other  hooks  with  two  hells.  Some  of 
the  ZuTiis  who  had  chiiifi;  to  the  faith  amid  the  general  apos- 
tasy had  secured  these  liallowed  ohjects,  and  kept  them  with 
all  due  honor  in  ahsolnte  secrecy,  waiting  till  religion  reas- 
serted her  authority.  With  deep  emotion  the  missionaries 
nreived  these  relics  of  their  martyred  brethren.  V^argas 
then  pn»ceeded  to  the  A[o<iui  towns,  which  all  submitted  ex- 
cept Oraybi,  a  town  he  was  induced  not  to  visit  on  account 
of  its  pretended  distance.     The  baptisms  wei-e  iiT-'>. 

Before  the  close  of  December,  N'argas  re-ciitc  reil  El  Paso, 
having  restored  the  Spanish  influence  in  the  province,  by  a 
singular  dis[)!ay  of  i)rndi'nci',  judgment,  and  courage.' 

With  all  this  aj)parent  success  the  (Jovernor  of  New 
Mexico  felt  that  the  moral  influence  nccpiircd  would  s(jou  be 
lust  iiidcNS  the  proviiu-e  was  actually  reoccupied.  The  Vice- 
roy professed  great  earnestness  in  the  matter,  but  the  year 
I»!!);{  was  ra[>idly  ])assing,  and  no  eflVctual  stc|)s  were  taken. 
Vargas  then  collcc  ted  all  the  old  inhabitants  of  New  Mexico, 
and  other  settlers  whom  he  could  influence,  and  set  out  from 
El  Paso  on  the  l;!th  of  October,  with  seventy  families,  and 
many  single  persons,  in  all  S(H»  souls.  TIkw  were  accnm- 
panied  by  Father  Salvad(»r  of  San  Antonio  as  Custos,  who 
went  to  restore  the  nussions  with  Fathers  .John  de  Zavaleta, 
Francis  ('asanas  de  Jesus  "Maria,  .lohii  de  Alpueute,  .lohii 
Muui"/.  de  ("astro,  John   Da/.a,  Joseph   Diez,  .\nthony  Car- 


'  [.cliris  iif  V'lirfrus  to  the  Viceroy,  Oct.  in,  lW)'i.  Niirniiivi' of  Kx- 
Iiidiliim,  "  Ddcumciitos  pnrii  la  lli^lori.i  de  Mexico,"  III.,  i..  pp.  P.M»-l:fT; 
Si<_'<H'ii/it  y  (Jonjrora,  "  .Mcrcurio  V'nliinlc  con  1ms  Ndticin.H  (|(>  |;i  Kccii- 
pcrMtiiifi  (Ic  las  |)roviiiciiiH  dd  Niirvo  Mexico,"  Kiltl!  ■(.  I.elter  of  F.  Sil- 
veHlrc  V'ele/.  tic  Ivscaliintc  lo  V.  .Morll,  Suiila  Fe,  Apl.  'J,  1778. 


'it     \; 


I, ' 


n 


MiM 


•     I-    » 


r)i4 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


l)()nel,  Francis  Corvora,  Jei'oine  Prioto,  Joliii  Anthony  del 
Corral.  Antliony  Valionionde,  Antlionv  do  Obroj^on,  Dom- 
inic of  Jcsns  ^fary,  Iioiiavcnture  do  C'ontreras,  Joseph  Nar- 
vaez  JJalvi'nIc,  and  Diogo  Zcirios.  Escorted  by  soldiers  from 
El  Pas((  and  other  posts,  Vargas  advanced  lo  the  vicinity  of 
Socorro,  where  leaving  his  heavier  baggage  and  slower-mov- 
ing settlers  lie  pnslied  on.  The  (^iiei'es  at  San  Felipe,  Santa 
Ana,  and  Cia,  renewed  their  snlimission  to  him,  bnt  other 
tribes  at  (^)nce  began  to  plot  against  the  S2)aniards,  though 
they  professc<l  snbnnssion  and  a  desire  for  missionaries.  On 
the  l(Uh  of  I)ecend)er,  A'argas  entered  Santa  Fe,  and  bear- 
in<;  the  banner  which  Ofiate  bore  when  he  made  the  tirst 
con(|nest,  he  followed  the  religious,  who  in  procession  moved 
to  the  cross  chanting  psalms.  There  the  Te  Deum  and  the 
I.itanyof  T.oreto  were  sung  with  the  thrice  repi'at<'d  "  Praised 
forever  be  the  most  Holy  Sacrament  of  the  Altar."  Vargas 
then  officially  reinstated  the  Cnstos  in  i)Ossesslon  of  the  niis- 
sioii>  of  Xew  i^fexico. 

As  the  city  and  government  buildings  were  still  cccu])ied 
by  the  Tanos,  Vargas  i'ncam|)ed  on  the  side  of  Mount  Te- 
zuijue.  He  had  been  warned  of  a  conspiracy  of  tribes  to 
attack  him  on  the  way,  or  in  Santa  Fe.  Ilis  movements 
hitherto  had  diMMiiicerted  their  plans.  Tli(>  parish  church  in 
Santa  l'\'  had  disaj/peared,  the  walls  of  thiit  of  San  Miguel  de 
los  Tla-^caltecus  were  still  standing,  ami  the  church  was  ca])a- 
ble  of  restoration.  After  examining  it  witli  .\iithony  IJolsas, 
chief  of  tlie  Taiios  in  Santa  Fe.  N'aigas  orderiMl  the  Indians 
to  ])rocee(l  to  repair  ami  restore  it.  to  serve  as  the  church  for 
white  ami  Indian  till  spring,  promising  that  his  people  should 
join  ill  the  Mork.  I!<^lsas  evaded  the  order  iimU-r  the  pretext 
that  the  snows  uere  too  lieavy  in  the  mountains  to  cut  tim- 
bers for  rooting  the  church,  but  he  olTered  for  use  a- a  ch:i|iel 
one  of   the   Indian  estiifas  erected  and  used  for  their  idola- 


If- 


fi 


DANGERS  DISREGARDED. 


515 


trous  rites.  This  tlio  missionaries  declined,  believing,  and 
not  without  some  ground,  tliat  the  Indians  made  the  offer 
only  in  ho[)o  of  secretly  carrying  on  their  heathen  worship 
in  the  estufa  while  pi'etendiiip;  to  take  ])art  in  the  Catholic 
service.' 

Several  of  the  i)uel)los  began  to  ask  for  resident  mis- 
sionaries, and  Yargas  seeing  that  the  towns  readily  fur- 
nished Indian  corn  for  his  use,  was  inclined  to  accede  to 
their  request,  and  Fathers  were  actually  named  for  Santa 
Fe,  Tezuque,  Nambc,  San  Ildefonso,  San  .luan,  San  La;;aro, 
Ficurlos,  Taos,  Jemes,  Cia,  Pecos,  and  Cochiti.  Tli(>  mis- 
sionaries, however,  who  had  all  been  mingling  with  the  In- 
dians, and  ende..  oiing  to  win  their  contideiice.  had  learned 
that  the  object  of  the  Indians  was  to  get  the  missionaries  into 
their  power  so  as  to  nuissacre  tlKMn  when  they  rose  on  the 
Spaniards.  Ye,  governor  of  Pecos,  whose  timely  warning 
had  saved  mary  in  I  (ISO,  had  now  given  them  distinct  infor- 
mation of  the  ])lot.  Vargas  had  ])romi.H'd  Bishop  Montene- 
gi'o  not  to  e.\])ose  the  lives  of  the  missionaries  rashlv,  and  on 
the  ISth  of  December,  the  Franciscan  Fathers  in  a  formal  act 
laid  the  matter  before  him  representing  the  danger  of  attempt- 
ing missions  at  once.'  Vargas  replied,  accusing  them  of 
"feigned   obedience  and   envy,"  and   tauntingly  offered   to 


'  This  secret  idiilalry,  <'Mllrfi  hy  Si):iMisli  writers  Nnu:iiMlisiii,  \vi\-  cdii- 
(liicteil  with  the  iitiiiosi  (•iiiiiiiiiir.  The  i<hils  or  fetishes  of  the  inediciiie- 
nieii  were  coiKe.ilid  iiiider  the  iilturs,  in  tlie  altiir-liiiiips,  hehilid  iiieluns 
!iiid  in  orii;imeiil,il  wori<  of  tlie  (•liurehcs,  and  the  Iiidi.iiis  were  renlly 
w-rshiiipiiiL;  these. wliile  ;i|(|iareiitly  heariiiir  mass.  Tlie  adherents  ol  the 
old  idolatry  formed  a  secret  society,  and  some  liy  .irreat  iMofessimis  of 
piety  inaiiaucd  to  iraiii  thecoiiliih'tiee  of  missionaries,  and  so  .aid  in  main- 
laininv  the  ohl  lieathen  ideas.  Tlie  Ven.  .Vntliony  Mariril  a|tparently  liy 
supernatural  liitht  often  detected  the  presence  of  these  idols,  ami  un- 
masked the  hypocrites. 

'  Hcprcsentatioii  of  the  missionaries. 


1! 


f ' 


>li   .( 


A" 
,  1 


<  ij 


■i." 


M  ,5 


.i , 


nio 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


i: 


1 

1 

1- 

[ 

1 

M| 

M 

P 

m 

i 

1 

lUk^s^B 

^^iT 

\s 

BI~-£h 

i 

I^Ksi-BW] 

K  'i '. 

• 

i 

1 

1 

1 

escort  them  in  safety  to  the  central  mission  stations  assigned 
to  each.' 

Meanwliile  tlie  Tanos  fallowed  no  disposition  to  return  to 
their  old  puohio  at  Galisteo,  and  the  settlers  in  the  Spanisli 
camp  were  sutferiiig  severely,  mniiy  children  dying.  On  the 
28th  the  Tanos  openly  declared  war,  closed  the  gate  of  the 
town,  defying  the  Spaniards  from  the  walls,  shouting  out 
that  tlie  Devil  was  more  powerful  than  God  and  Mary,  "  All 
our  friends  are  coming,  and  Ave  will  kill  all  the  Spaniards 
and  not  let  one  es<'ape.  The  Fathers  shall  he  our  servants 
for  a  time.  We  will  make  them  carry  wood,  and  hring  it 
down  from  the  mountain ;  and  when  they  have  served  us  we 
will  kill  them  all,  as  wo  did  when  we  drove  the  Spaniards  out 
hefore.'' 

Vargas  saw  that  his  confidence  had  heen  overweening  and 
that  prompt  action  was  required,  lie  prepared  to  storm  the 
town.  Father  Zeinos  said  mass  and  exhorted  the  troojts. 
Then  I)earing  aloft  the  hanner  of  Onr  Lady  of  Refuge,  and 
chanting  the  Praise  of  the  Hlessed  Sacrament,  the  Spam'sh 
soldiers  rushed  to  the  assault,  lender  a  shower  of  stones  and 
arrows  they  carried  a  tower  hy  scaling  it,  and  set  fire  to  the 
great  door  of  the  town.  An  I'titrance  to  some  Iwtuses  was 
gaine<l,  loopholes  woiv  made  in  the  walls,  and  a  fire  kei)t  up 
on  the  Indians.  Auxiliaries  of  the  hesieged  approaching  the 
town  were  twice  driven.  ofT.  liy  this  time  the  Tanos  were 
completely  henimed  in,  so  that  at  dayhreak  they  gave  up  the 
strnggle,  and  hegan  to  excuse  their  conduct;  hut  they  had 
shown  their  hatred  of  religion  when  they  demolished  the 
cross  and  heat  to  a  sh!ij)eless  mass  a  statue  of  Our  Lady.  Var- 
gas felt  at  last  that  he  must  strike  terror  into  tlie  Indians  or 
prepare  for  consta!it  outhreaks.     Dolsa  an<l  the  men  taken  in 

'  "  Dorunicntos  para  la  Ilistiiria  dc  Mcxiro,"  IIT.,  i.,  pp.  142-3. 


mt^'mrm-m*'^^ 


FATHER  JOHN  OF  JESUS. 


617 


arms  were  condemned  to  ])e  shot,  and  after  Father  Alpuente 
had  prepared  them  for  death,  the  sentence  was  executed. 
The  rest  of  the  Tanos  were  distributed  as  slaves  amon<r  the 
settlers,  each  captive  being  allowed  to  select  his  own  master. 
Eegulations  required  that  none  should  be  sold  or  taken  out  of 
the  city,  or  be  ill-treated,  and  all  were  to  be  sent  daily  to  the 
missionaries  for  instruction,  Santa  Fe  was  once  more  in  full 
])()ssession  of  the  Spaniards,  and  then  apparently  the  Church 
of  San  Miguel  was  restored,  to  be  rebuilt  in  the  last  century 
and  remain  to  our  day. 

The  severity  of  Vargas  did  not  crush  -the  spirit  of  insur- 
rection. The  early  part  of  1091  was  taken  uj)  in  o])erations 
against  the  Indians,  in  which  he  was  not  always  successful. 
But  he  was  cheered  by  the  intelligence  that  Father  Francis 
Farfan  was  at  J^l  Paso  with  seventy-six  families  of  settlers. 
As  he  durst  not  detach  any  portion  of  his  force,  he  was  un- 
able to  furnish  them  an  escort,  but  he  sent  them  provisions 
and  they  readied  Santa  Fe  in  June.  The  military  operations 
continued  <lin-ing  the  summer,  but  amid  them  he  captured 
two  -lemes,  who  wei-e  jjardoned  on  their  offer  to  show  where 
Father  .loll  11  of  Jesus  was  buried  and  the  church  plate  hid- 
den. With  the  lianner  of  Our  Lady  of  Pefuge,  and  his 
principal  officers,  Vargas  ])roceeded  to  the  spot  to  which 
they  guided  him.  Tlien,  after  chiinting  the  Salva  Eegina, 
he  ordered  the  ground  to  be  o])cnod.  The  bones  of  a  person 
of  small  stature  were  found,  an  arrow  fixed  in  the  spine,  the 
skull  recognized  by  some  present  as  resembling  tlie  mission- 
ary. Deeming  them  sutHciently  identified,  Fathers  Alpu- 
ente,Obregoii,  and  C'arbonel  collected  the  ])rccious  remains 
of  their  mortified  and  apostolicjd  ]>redecessor,  and  carried 
them  reverently  to  Santa  Fr,  where  they  were  placed  in  a 
box  of  cedar,  covered  with  damask  and  fine  linen,  and  on 
the  11th  of  August,  after  a  solemn  service  in  presence  of  all 


1  ' 


1, 


■'iN| 


K 


h 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V 


/. 


{./ 


O 


^j 


%  ij.^ 


LO 

itt  9^       22 
S   1^    1  2.0 

•- 

I.I 

1.8 
1.6 

1.25 

1.4 

Lll _ 

^ 

^- 

w 

%;^ 


(5^ 


/a 


A 


j» 


/I 


c? 


/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STREfT 

WIBSTER.NY    USBO 

(7>6)  t72-4J03 


4is 


.rf" 


^- 


618 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


h 


the  people,  tliey  wore  deposited  on  tlie  gospel  side  of  the 
chapel  which  served  temporarily  as  the  i)ari8h  elunrh.' 

The  Jeines  at  this  time  asi<ed  peace,  and  Vargas  agreed 
on  t'oiiditioii  that  they  returned  to  their  old  pnehio,  wJiere 
they  were  to  erect  a  chapel  and  lionse  for  the  missionary  as- 
signed to  them.  Father  Francis  Casafias.  That  holy  mission- 
ary, whom  we  have  seen  already  laboring  in  the  nnfrin'tful 
soil  of  Texas,  appealed  to  Vargas  for  the  release  of  the 
Jeincs  held  by  him  as  ]>risoner8,  and  these,  after  the  tribo 
had  shown  \U  good-will  by  co-ojjeration  iii  the  field,  were  re- 
leased by  the  (Governor. 

Then  the  Tehnas  and  Tanos  who  ha<l  restored  their  old 
pueblos,  solicited  missiojiaries.  On  the  5th  of  October,  l»!!li, 
Fatlier  .lohn  Mnfioz  de  Castro,  the  vice-cnstos,  set  (mt  to  in- 
stal  the  missionaries  in  their  towns.  Father  Francis  Cor- 
vera  remained  at  Sau  Ildefonso,  from  which  lie  was  to  attend 
Jacona,  Father  deronie  I'rieto  in  charge  of  Santa  Clara,  Fa- 
ther Anthony  ()breg(tn  to  reside  in  San  Cristobal  and  take 
charge  of  San  Lorenzo.  No  chapel  or  house  had  been  as  yet 
erected  in  any  of  the  towns,  and  the  missionaries  took  up 
their  abode  in  hastily  constructi'd  huts.  In  each  pueblo  Var- 
gas explained  to  the  ])eoi»Ie  the  veneration  and  olu'dii'ncc  due 
the  missionaries,  and  urged  the  Indians  to  erect  churches  and 
liouses  for  them  at  onc(>.  He  undoul)te(lly  believed  the 
])resence  of  the  Franciscan  I''athers  the  best  means  of  n'akiiiir 
the  submission  of  the  Indians  sincere  and  la.-ting.  The  mis- 
sionaries were  less  sanguine;  vet  tliev  remained  cheerfullv 
to  exercise  the  ministry,  though  conscious  that  the  Indians 
had  not  laid  aside  their  hostile  feelings,  an<I  regarded  them 
with  no  friendly  eye. 

Shoitly  after    Fatlier  Diego  Zeinos  wns  installed  in   f!ie 


I)(x;umt>ntux  parii  In  Illotorln  do  Mexico,"  III.,  t.,  pp.  14U-1«1. 


PROGRESS  OF  MISSIONS. 


519 


mission  of  Our  Lady  of  Portiuncula  lit  Pecos,  where  tlio  peo 
pie  had  already  built  him  a  house,  and  were  roofing  a  tem- 
porary chapel.  Father  Anthony  Carbonel  was  placed  at  San 
Felipe  and  Father  .John  Alpuente  at  Cia.  The  Queres  of 
Santo  Domingo  submitted,  and  were  absolved  by  their  mis- 
sionary, Father  Francis  of  Jesus,  for  whom  they  had  i)re- 
pared  a  convenient  residence. 

Having  thus  restored  the  missionaries  to  the  most  import- 
ant points  in  the  territory.  Father  Salvador  proceeded  to  El 
Paso,  wliere  he  resigned  his  office  and  was  succeeded  as  cus- 
tos  of  the  mission  l)y  Fatlier  Francis  A'argas,  who  had  arrived 
with  four  other  prie><ts.  The  work  of  re-establishing  the 
missions  went  on,  the  Indians  returning  with  apparent  readi- 
ness to  the  old  Catholic  practices,  Fatliers  John  Munoz  do 
Castro  and  Anthony  ^Nforeno  remained  in  Santa  Fe  ;  Father 
Joseph  Diaz,  who  liad  completely  gained  the  good-will  of  the 
peoi)le  of  Tezucpie  by  his  devoted  ailection,  remiuiied  with 
the  Indians  of  that  pueblo;  Fatlier  Joseph  (iarcia  Marin  be- 
gan his  labors  at  Santa  Clara;  Father  Cai'I)onel,  at  tho  V(»ice 
of  his  superior,  left  San  Felipe  for  Cochiti.  wjiore  the  Indians 
had  reared  a  chapel  and  house,  more  fortunate  than  Fitlu'r 
Michael  Tirso,  who  found  at  Santo  Domingo  no  ohapel  or 
house,  and  a  miserable  Imt  as  his  only  refuire. 

In  nil).")  a  new  city  styled  Villa  Nueva  de  Santa  Cruz  was 
founded  at  La  Cana<Ia  with  sixty  families  from  Mexico,  and 
Father  Anthony  Moreno  became  the  first  rector.  Durinsr 
the  same  year  Father  Anthony  Azevedo  was  stationed  at 
Xambe,  and  missionaries  at  last  rest(tred  Catholic  service  at 
Picuries  and  Taos. 

All  seemed  so  quiet  that  Spaniards  scattered  unsuspect- 
ingly throngh  the  country:  bnt  the  missionaries  being  in 
tho  very  heart  of  the  ])uebIos,  discerTu>d  and  reported  that  a 
new  revolt  was  brewing.     Viugas  charged  them  with  pnsil- 


,^    H 


"i 


630 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


lauimity,  and  the  Franciscans  silently  submitted.  Yet  in 
March,  1G90,  Father  Vargas,  the  custos,  represented  to  the 
Governor  the  evident  danger  of  the  missionaries,  who  were 
alone  and  unj^roteeted,  and  who  would  certainly  be  the  first 
victims,  as  the  Governor  could  not  in  case  of  outbreak  send 
a  force  to  rescue  them  all.  lie  asked  a  small  body  of  soldiers 
at  each  mission,  but  the  Governor  professed  his  inability  to 
send  them.  When  further  representations  of  danger  were 
made  to  him,  Vargas  said  that  any  missionary  who  felt  ho 
was  in  danger  might  come  to  Santa  Fe,  if  he  chose.  A  few 
did  so,  but  as  Vargas  in  writing  to  the  Governor  and  Bishoj) 
accused  them  of  cowardice,  and  said  that  their  withdrawal 
and  removal  of  vestments  and  church  plate  would  excite  sus- 
])icion  and  cause  the  very  danger  they  feared,  the  missionaries 
returned  to  their  posts,  offering  their  lives  a  sacrifice  to  God. 

The  result  was  not  long  delayed.  On  th  4^th  of  .Tune, 
1*11>0,  the  Picuries,  Taos,  Tehuas,  Tanos,  Queres,  and  Jemes 
rose  in  rebellion.  Their  first  act  was  to  profane  the  churches 
and  sacred  vessels  and  ol)jects,  their  next  to  butcher  the  mis- 
sidiiaries.  At  San  Cristobal  the  Tanos  killed  Father  Joseph 
de  Arliizn  and  Father  Anthony  Carbonol,  missionaries  of 
Taos.  Father  Francis  Corvera  and  Father  Anthony  Moi-eno, 
missionaries  at  Nand)e,  were  shut  up  in  a  cell  in  San  Ilde- 
fonso  by  the  Tehuas,  who  closed  every  window  and  opening, 
then  set  fire  to  the  convent  and  church,  leaving  the  religious 
to  die,  suffocated  I ty  the  heat  and  smoke.  The  holy  Father 
Casafias  was  lured  out  of  Jemes,  under  the  ])retext  that  a 
dying  man  wislied  a  priest  to  hear  his  confession.  Then  the 
M-ar-chief  of  the  pueblo  and  the  inter])reter  killed  him  with 
their  macaiias  or  clubs,  the  holy  niissit)nary  repeating  the 
names  of  Jesus  and  Mary  till  he  expired. 

IJesides  the  missionaries,  isolated  Spaniards  were  every- 
where cut  down. 


-ni  .! 


MISSIONARIES  PUT  TO  DEATH. 


521 


Yargas  at  last  saw  that  the  conspiracy  had  long  been 
formed,  and  embraced  all  but  four  or  live  jDueblos.  Ouce 
more  he  took  the  field,  and  a  long  war  was  maintained  by 
him  and  his  successor  Cubero.  During  this  period  all  the 
peaceful  efforts  of  the  missionaries  were  paralyzed.' 

After  the  reduction  of  the  revolted  pueblos,  the  missions 
were  restored,  and  for  some  years  the  Franciscans  contiimed 
their  laliors  undisturbed,  the  increasing  number  of  Spanish 
settlers  giving  them  an  overpowering  strength  which  held 
the  Indians  in  check. 

In  1700  Father  John  de  Garaicoechea  won  the  Zunis, 
and  induced  them  to  leave  the  rocky  fortress  and  return  to 
their  old  pueblo  in  the  fertile  plain,  and  the  same  year  Fa- 
ther Anthcffiy  Miranda,  a  religious  of  singular  virtue  and 
zeal,  obtained  similar  success  at  Acoma,  and  established  a 
chapel  at  Laguna,  which  he  visited  regularly.  To  protect 
these  apostolic  men  the  Governor  sent  a  small  detachment 
of  soldiers,  but  as  frequently  happened  these  men  were  moi-e 
a  detriment  than  a  benefit  to  the  missions,  creating  ill-will 
and  setting  an  example  of  vice.  Fiitlier  John  in  vain  solic- 
ited thrir  removal,  but  on  Sun  iiiy,  IVbirch  4,  1703,  while  he 
was  chanting  the  versicle  in  praise  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament 
after  mass,  the  Indians  killed  one  Spaniard  in  the  choir,  and 
two  more  at  *he  door  of  the  church  in  Zuni.  The  interpre- 
ter and  some  others  saved  the  missionary,  and  an  Indian 
woman  hurried  him  to  her  house,  where  she  concealed  him 
for  three  days  in  a  chest.  When  all  had  become  (|uiet  in  the 
pueblo  he  reap])eared,  and  was  received  with  joy  by  his  flock, 
the  great  part  of  which  were  ignorant  of  the  plot  wliicli  was 
the  work  of  seven  men.  (rovernor  (^ubero  sent  troojis  to 
Znni,  who  conveyed  Father  Garaicoechea  most  unwillingly 

'  "Documentos  para  la  Ilistoria  de  Mexico,"  III.,  i.,  pp.  101-177. 


il 


'  ■  *-  ^ 

■iti  1 
1 1     'i 


9. 

'    Hi 


^1 


4   m  - 


C)22 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


to  Santa  Fe',  for  lie  deeiued  his  proseiice  more  et^sential  than 
ever  at  Zuui  to  niaintaiu  the  faithful  in  their  religion.  He 
was  not  able  to  return  till  1705,  when  he  was  well  received, 
and  resumed  his  missionary  duties ;  but  Zuni  was  soon  added 
to  the  already  onerous  duties  of  Father  Miranda.' 

In  1  TOG  the  city  of  San  Francisco  de  Albunperque  was 
founded,  the  name  being  subsequently  changed  to  San 
Felipe.  It  began  with  thirty-Uve  Spanish  fanulies,  and 
steps  were  taken  at  the  outset  to  meet  their  religious  wants, 
a  chiu'ch  being  erected,  which  the  king  supplied  with  the 
re(]uisite  vestments,  plate,  and  other  articles  required  in  the 
services  of  the  altar. 

The  temporary  chapel  erected  by  Governor  Vargas  on  re- 
capturing Santa  Fc,  had  served  as  a  parish  church  till  this 
time,  but  was  in  a  wretched  condition,  and  far  too  small  for 
tlie  increasing  number  of  the  people  and  the  garrison.  The 
Manpiis  de  la  Penuela  y  Almirante,  who  was  Governor  of 
Xew  Mexico  in  1708.  proposed  to  the  \''iceroy  of  Xew  Spain 
to  erect  a  suital)le  pirish  church  at  his  own  expense,  if  he 
was  permitted  to  employ  the  Indians  of  the  neighboring 
towns.  This  was  permitted,  but  the  Viceroy  made  it  a  con- 
dition that  the  workmen  were  to  be  i)aid,  and  that  they 
should  not  be  re<piired  to  work  en  the  church  at  the  tinu^ 
their  services  were  reijuired  to  gather  in  their  crops.  The 
]\[aripiis  then  began  the  new  church. 

In  1700  the  pueblo  of  Jenies  was  sacked  by  the  Xavajos. 
who  carried  off  all  the  vestments  and  church  plate.  The 
same  year  the  energetic  ('ustos.  Father  John  de  la  Pena,  col- 


'  "  T)()o<impnto«  pftni  In  Historia  rlo  M.vlco,"  HI.,  i,,  pp.  ITr-IHfl,  100, 
1!U.  Letter  of  Father  ({nniieneelien,  Zuni,  Miireli  7.  iTni!  ;  of  Fntlier 
Miranda,  I.auMiiiM,  Mareli  !'.>.  irn;t.  In  iro;  Fattier  Fnineis  de  Ini/.dmi 
appears  as  iiiissinmiry  at  Alona  or  Ztini ;  and  in  ITIJt  Father  Curios  Del- 
gado,  a  young  uiid  zealous  niissionary,  at  Acorna  and  Lajruiia. 


EPISCOPAL  VISITATIONS. 


523 


lec'ted  the  Tebuas,  wlio  were  scattered  in  difSerent  pueblos, 
aud  even  among  the  Apaches,  and  revived  their  old  nn'ssiou 
at  Isleta,  obtiining  all  needed  vestments  and  plate  for  the 
chapel,  lie  also  made  a  careful  visitation  of  all  the  missions, 
accompanied  by  a  secular  priest.  lie  supj)ressed  many  abuses, 
superstitions,  and  heathen  observances  among  the  converted 
Indians,  especially  scalp-dan.ces  and  the  estufas.' 

The  civil  authorities  took  up  the  matter,  and  rigorous 
means  were  taken  to  suppress  the  estufas,  which  were  oi-igin- 
ally  vapor  baths,  but  became  the  secret  scene  of  heathen 
rites,  and  plots  against  the  Christian  religion  and  the  whites, 
fomented  by  the  medicine-men,  From  tune  to  time  active 
governors  aided  by  the  missionaries  would  make  the  attempt 
to  eradicate  this  secret  idolatry,  but  after  a  while  vigilance 
would  relax,  and  the  old  heathenism  would  revive. 

Xew  Mexico  upon  its  settlement  was  for  a  brief  term  in- 
cluded in  the  diocese  of  Guadalajara,  but  when  the  see  of 
Durango,  or  Guadiana,  was  erected  1)y  Po])e  Paul  V.,  on  the 
11th  of  October,  1020,  it  was  included  in  the  limits  of  the 
new  diocese.  The  Kt,  Rev.  Benedict  Crespo  took  posses- 
sion of  the  see  on  tlie  22d  of  ;March.  172.'3.  A  bislio])  of 
energy  and  devotion  to  dutyjie  made  three  visitations  of  liis 
extensive  diocese  during  the  eleven  years  that  he  filled  the 
fise,  and  during  the  second  visitation  he  penetrated  to  Xew 
Mexico,  and  Avas  the  first  bishop  who  had  strength  and 
courage  to  overcome  all  the  difficulties  in  his  way.  llis 
]iresencc  encouraged  the  missionaries  and  strengthened  the 
faith  of  all, 

Ilis  successor,  Rt.  "Rev.  iVfartin  de  Elizacochca,  who  be- 
came Bishop  of  Durango  in  173('..  followed  the  example  of 
Bishop  Crespo.     He  made  a  visitation  of  Xew  Mexico,  and 


"Documcntos  pnni  In  Historia  de  Mexico,"  III.,  i.,  pp.  102,  196-7. 


i 


524 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


a  record  of  his  visit  is  graven  on  Inscription  Rock  near  the 
Rio  Zufii.  "  On  the  28th  clay  of  September,  1Y37,  the  most 
Illustrious  Dr.  Don  Martin  de  Elizaeochea,  Bishop  of  Du- 
rango,  arrived  here,  and  the  29th  he  proceeded  to  Zuni." ' 

In  1T33  missions  were  begun  among  the  Jicarilla  Apaches 
near  Taos,  by  the  Father  Gustos  John  Ortes  de  Velasco,  Imt 
the  Governor  broke  them  up,  as  the  mission  diminished  the 
fur  trade.  In  1742  Father  John  Menchero  attempted  to  re- 
store religion  among  the  Moquis  and  Navajos.  The  next 
year  Fathers  Delgado  and  Pino  settled  four  hundred  and 
forty-one  souls  from  Moqui,  in  the  mission  of  San  Agus- 
tin  de  la  Isleta,  although  the  Governor  refused  to  encourage 
the  Franciscans.  Attempts  Avere  also  made  to  win  the 
Navajos.' 

Then  the  notices  of  the  state  of  religion  in  New  Mexico 
became  few  and  vague.  In  1748  the  churches  are  reported 
as  in  good  condition,  and  comparing  favorably  with  those  of 
Euroi)e.  Missionaries  officiated  in  suitable  churches  at  Santa 
Cruz,  Pecos,  Galistco,  El  Paso,  San  Lorenzo,  Socorro,  Zia,  Caii- 
deleras,  Taos,  Santa  Ana,  San  Agustin  de  Isleta,  Tezuque, 
Nambe,  San  Ildefonso,  Santa  Clara,  San  Juan  do  los  Cahal- 
leros,  Picuries,  Cochiti,  Jemes,  Laguna,  Acoma,  and  Guada- 
lupe.' 


'  "  Coiicilios  Provincialps  Primcro  y  Segmulo  ceU-hnulos  en  la  .  .  . 
ciiidiKl  (le  Mexico,"  Mexico,  17(i9,  pp.  873-4.  Gains,  "Series  Eiiiscopo- 
rum."  \\  149.  lU.  Hev.  T'eter  Tiininron,  Hisliop  of  Dnriuifro.  1Tr-T-lT<iH, 
who  addressed  to  tlie  l<in,!i  a  full  description  of  iiis  diocese,  and  wiio  died 
in  Sinaloa,  durinp  iv  visitation,  also  apiiarently  readied  New  Mexico,  lint 
Ww  acts  of  the.sc  visitations  are  not  in  the  arcliivcs  of  tiii^  Diocese,  wlii(  h 
were  examined  for  me  by  the  iiresent  Ht.  Hev.  liisiiop  ;  and  Bishop 
Tamaron's  report,  though  recently  seen,  could  net  now  be  found  for  me 
in  Spain. 

'  Morfl,  "  Dcscripcion  Ocograflca  del  Nuevo  Mexico,"  1782. 

"  Villusenor,  "  Teatro  Americano,"  pp.  411-422. 


NEW  MEXICO  TOWNS. 


525 


The  Spanish  settlements  were  Santa  Fe,  San  Miguel  del 
Pado,  Alameda,  Alburquerque,  Tome,  Belen,  Sabinal,  So- 
corro, Abiquiu,  with  several  smaller  places.  Santa  Fe  had 
its  secular  parish  priest,  as  El  Paso  also  had ;  all  other 
churches  whether  of  Spanish  or  Indians  were  attended  by 
the  Franciscan  Fathers,  numbering  about  twenty-two. 


. -'^ :,..,.  ■■^■/.i*^S^ 


I 


.),;;! 


■^ 


P^^Vv 


V- 


iiru 


BECORD  OB'  IJISFIOP  ELIZACOCIIKA's  VISITATION  ON   INSCIill'TION  ROCK. 


t    ^'\' 


.   1 


li: 


ftJ 


5  ; 


I" 


il 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE   CHURCH    IN   AKIZONA,    1690-1763, 

The  Fraiicisoan  misrions  in  New  Mexico  had  never  ex- 
tended sTiccessfullj  to  the  tribes  beyond  the  hniits  of  that 
province,  aUhough  efforts  were  made  at  times  from  Texas  a. id 
Is'ew  iVfexico  to  win  tlie  tierce  Apaches.  Tlie  Society  of  Je- 
sus, after  relinqnisliing  Florida,  founded  a  province  in  [Mexi- 
co wliich  has  a  glorious  history.  At  an  early  day  the  Church 
began  to  evangelize  Sinahxi,'  then  pushed  northward  and  es- 
tablished her  great  Sonora  mission  in  1500,  winning  many 
tribes  to  the  Church. 

The  reiiiarkal)le  missionary,  Father  Eusebius  Francis 
Kidm,  called  in  Spanish  Kino,  was  the  apostle  of  Pimeria 
Alta,  the  Upper  Pima  country,  embracing  nnich  of  diir 
present  territory  of  Arizona.  He  was  a  native  of  Trent,  and 
entered  the  Society  of  Jesus  in  liavaria.  After  being  Su- 
perior of  the  Fathers  whu  served  as  chaplains  in  the  Heet  of 
Admiral  Obando,  he  was  appointed  to  found  the  I'ima  niis- 
fiions. 

He  entered  Upper  Pimeria  March  13,1687,  and  established 
his  first  mission  at  Xuestra  Senora  de  los  Dolores,  having 
gaiucd  a  chief  named  Coxi  as  his  first  convert.  From  this 
point  he  extended  his  iiiUuence  in  all  directions,  evincing 
wonderful  ability  in  gaining  the  Indians,  and  in  presenting 
the  truths  of  Christianity  in  a  way  to  meet  their  comprehen- 
sion and  reach  their  hearts. 

'  It  was  founded  in  l.TOO  bj-  Saint  Friiuris  Horgia,  a  saint  identified  also 
^dtli  the  introduction  of  (,'liristianity  into  Florida. 
(520) 


FATHER  KUHN'S  LABORS. 


627 


No  life  has  been  written  of  this  Father,  who  stands  with 
the  Venerable  Anthony  Margil  as  the  greatest  missionaries 
who  lal^ored  in  this  country,  exti-aordinary  as  were  the  ser- 
vices of  Fathers  White,  Freniin,  Bruyas,  Allouez,  and  Druil- 
lettes.     Of  Father  Kiihn,  the  historian  of  California  says : 

"  Tie  labored  with  apostolic  zeal  in  converting  and  civiliz- 
ing the  heathen  Indians.  lie  made  constant  excursions  into 
their  territory  with  intrepid  valor  and  unattended.  lie  as- 
sembled many  in  towns,  forming  them  to  agriculture  and  the 
keeping  of  herds ;  because  this  was  a  step  towards  maintain- 
ing missionaries  for  their  conversion  and  spiritual  good,  and 
for  their  civilization.  Overcoming  the  tedious  ditiiculties, 
he  learned  their  different  languages,  translated  the  catechism 
and  prayers,  which  he  tlicn  taught  them  (ji'ally,  undeterred 
by  their  boorishness  and  indocility.  lie  formed  vocabularies 
and  instructions  icr  his  fellow-laborers  and  successors;  at- 
tracted the  Indians  by  his  wonderful  gentleness  and  alfal)ility, 
till  they  all  confided  in  him,  as  though  he  were  the  father  of 
each  one  individually.  He  Iniilt  houses  and  chapels;  formed 
missions  and  towns;  conciliated  hostile  nations;  and  if  he 
could  have  obtained  the  auxiliary  missioners  whom  he  repeated- 
ly solicited,  and  not  been  ham])ered  by  constant  impediments, 
calumjiies,  and  false  reports,"  "he  would  then  easily  have  con- 
verted all  the  tribes  lying  between  Sonora  and  the  rivers  Gila 
and  Colorado."' '  Clavigero  affirms  all  this,  and  states,  more- 
over, that  he  travelled  more  than  twenty  thousand  miles,  and 
ba]itized  more  than  48,000  infants  and  adults.  "  On  his  long 
and  toilsome  journeys  he  carried  no  provision  but  some 
])ai'ched  corn  ;  ho  never  omitted  to  say  mass,  and  never 
slept  in  a  bed.  He  journeyed  on,  conununing  with  God  in 
prayer,  or  chanting  psalms  and  hymns."' 

'  Vencgas,  "  Noticia  de  la  California,"  Madrid,  1757,  ii.,  p.  88. 
'  Clavigero,  "Storia  delta  California,"  Venice,  1789,  i.,  pj).  203-4. 


!■:'!! 


N't  '  1 

It"      % 


I 


528 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


lie  was  a  man  of  constant  prayer,  visiting  our  Lord  in  the 
Blessed  Sacnuiient  a  hundred  times  in  the  day,  gifted  witli 
tears,  and  spending  bis  nights  in  contemplation  or  austei-e 
exercises,  yet  finding  time  for  mission  work,  such  as  fo\v- 
would  have  attempted  and  no  other  man  could  have  sustained. 

An  Indian  outbreak,  in  which  Father  Saota  was  cruelly 
put  to  death,  convulsed  all  Sonora,  and  for  a  time  checked 
the  progress  of  the  missions  in  Upper  Pimeria,  but  when 
quiet  was  restored  at  the  close  of  1C90,  Father  Kiihn  obtained 
fellow-lal)orers,  founding  missions  at  Guevavi,  Cocospera,  San 
Cayetano,  and  San  Xavier  del  13ac.  The  last  was  the  largest 
raiicheria  in  Upper  Pimeria,  with  17G  houses  and  803  souls. 
IIe;u-ing  of  the  Casas  Grandes  near  the  Gila,  Father  KiUm 
visited  those  remarkable  ruins,  and  in  1G08  descended  the 
Gila  to  the  mouth  of  tlio  Colorado,  announcing  the  Gospel 
to  Pima,  Papago,  Coconuu'icopa,  and  Yuma.  Yet  the  lives 
of  missionaries  were  in  constant  peril,  for  in  January  of  that 
ye;ir  Cocospera,  where  Father  Peter  Kuiz  do  Contreras  was 
stationed,  was  sacked  and  burned  by  the  Apaches  and  ^'u- 
nias. 

His  appeals  for  aid  were  traversed;  the  converts  he  col- 
lected were  driven  away  to  the  mines  by  Sj)anish  oiHciais, 
till  by  his  complaints  to  the  king  a  check  wiis  put  to  the  un- 
christian course.  Four  Fathers  are  said  to  have  come  in 
ITOl,  two  of  whom  were  sent  to  Guevavi  and  San  Xavier 
del  Bac,  but  it  was  probably  only  an  iiitention  never  carried  out. 
His  only  permanent  fellow-laborer  wns  Father  Augustine  do 
Campos,  who  joined  him  in  1*>!).'?,  Though  something  was 
done  in  1T0-1-,  and  some  churches  were  rebuilt  in  Sonora,  the 
movement  does  not  appear  to  have  reached  Arizonn. 

Undeterred  by  his  reverses.  Father  Kiihn  founded  the 
mission  of  Santa  Maria  Soamca,  or  St.  ^lary  Immacnlate, 
and  restored  those  at  Guevavi  and  San  Xavier  del  Bac.     He 


DEATH  OF  FATHER  KUHN. 


629 


induced  the  Indians  to  settle  around  missions  and  stations 
whore  he  erected  adobe  chnrchos  and  houses,  lie  encoura<red 
them  to  Ijuihl  regular  houses,  dig  irrigating  trenches,  and 
cultivate  the  soil/ 

Early  in  1711  his  devoted  fellow-laborer,  Father  Campos, 
who  had  completed  the  church  of  Saint  Francis  Xavier  at 
Magdalena,  invited  Father  Kiihii  to  its  dedication.  Praying 
before  the  altar  over  which  hung  the  picture  of  his  patron 
and  model,  the  Apostle  of  the  Indies,  Father  Kiihn  felt  that 
his  lifework  was  ended,  and  ])re])ared  for  a  death  which  was 
the  holy  crown  of  his  devoted  life. 

After  his  death  in  ITU  his  work  was  maintained  by  Father 
de  Campos,  but  when  he,  too,  was  called  away,  none  came  t<> 
continue  their  labors  till  1720.  Nnie  missionaries  sent  in 
that  year  found  mu  3h  to  be  done.  Churches  had  fallen  to 
decay ;  little  trace  of  former  teaching  could  be  discerned  in 
the  Indians,  who  had  relapsed  into  their  old  pagan  ways. 

In  1727  the  Rt.  Rev.  Benedict  Crespo,  Bishop  of  Durango, 
visited  this  portion  of  his  dioc"se.  He  was  pained  to  see  that 
the  missions  had  not  been  sustained,  and  that  so  many  In- 
dians were  left  without  instruction.  He  resolved  to  make  an 
appeal  to  the  King  of  Spain.  Philip  V.  ordered  three  cen- 
tral missions  to  l)e  established  at  the  royal  expense.  In  1731, 
to  the  joy  of  the  Bishop,  three  Jesuit  Fathers  were  sent — Fa- 
ther Ignatius  Xavier  Keler,  Father  John  Baptist  GrasholTer, 
who  took  up  his  residence  at  Guevavi,  and  Father  Philip 
Segesser,  who  revived  the  mission  at  San  Xavier  del  Bac.  Of 
the  last  two,  one  soon  died,  and  another  was  prostrated  by 
sickness,  but  Father  Ignatius  Keler  became  the  leader  of  the 
new  missions  in  that  district,  taking  possession  of  Santa  Maria 
Soamca  April  20,  1732.     The  pious  Marquis  of  Villapuente, 

'  Letter  of  FF.  Bernal,  Kino,  etc.,  Dec.  4,  1697.  "Documentos  para  la 
Historia  de  Mexico,"  III.,  i.,  pp.  804-7. 
34 


;^  h 


I 


ri3o 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


wlio  died  in  February,  1739,  left  funds  to  found  two  otliei' 
missions  ' 

San  Xavierdel  Bae  was  the  largest  mission,  surrounded  l>y 
Soliaipuris,  Papagos,  and  Pimas,  with  tlie  ])residio  of  Tucson 
not  far  oil,  which  the  Jesuits  also  attended,  no  secular  priest 
accepting  the  dangerous  ministry. 

(iuevavi  had  as  stations  Sonoitac,  Calabazas,  Tuniacacori, 
and  Aribaca,  with  a  presidio  or  military  station  at  Tubac. 

These  central  missions  and  many  of  the  stations  visited 
from  them  had  neat  adobe  churches,  supplied  with  becoming 
vestments  and  altar  service  of  silver;  several  of  them  had 
organs,  obtained  by  the  missionaries  to  gratify  the  Indian 
love  of  music.  At  each  of  these  churches  and  chapels  the 
children  recited  an  abridgment  of  the  Christian  Doctrine 
every  day  in  their  own  language  and  also  in  Spanish,  while 
oM  and  vounir  did  so  on  Sundavs  and  holidavs  after  ma^s.  at 
which  an  instruction  had  been  given.  During  Lent  there 
were  regular  courses  of  sermons. 

Vet  so  dull  were  the  minds  of  these  Indians,  that  an  old 
Sonora  missionary  once  declared  that  there  were  no  Christians 
in  the  world  who  recited  the  Christian  Doctrine  more  con- 
stantly, or  who  really  knew  it  less  than  these  Indians. 

On  Saturday  the  llosary  and  Litany  of  the  Blessed  Virgin 
were  recited. 

In  1744  Father  Keler  reported  that  he  had  baptized  nior(> 
than  two  tliinisand.  and  hail  a  Christian  tlock  of  one  thousand 
brave,  industrious  I'inias,  who  had  well-tilled  lields  with 
herds  and  llocks.  Father  Keler  extended  his  mission  labors 
at  the  peril  of  his  life  to  the  Ciila  and  beyoml  it. 

In  1742  the  moving  camp  of  San  Felipe  de  Jesus,  e,-»tab- 


.■i^--t 


'  "  Apostolicos  Afiiiips,"  pp.  ;U0-3.     I'fifTcrkorn.  "  Hcschnibuiig  (1<  i 
Landschiift  Soiiora,"  p.  !W7. 


DEATH  OF  FF.  TELLO  AND  RUHEN. 


531 


lished  to  protect  the  niissions,  was  fixed  permanently  at  Te- 
renate,  to  be  a  bulwark  against  the  Apaches,  and  that  presidio 
or  garrison  fell  under  the  care  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries ; 
but  of  so  little  avail  was  it,  that  on  the  Kith  of  February,  IT-iO, 
the  Apaches  attacked  Cocospera,  one  of  the  dependent  mis- 
sions, and  burned  the  church.  Father  Keler  was  succeeded 
in  time  by  Father  Diego  Joseph  Barrera. 

In  1750  Father  Keler  was  still  at  Soamca,  Father  Joseph 
Garrucho  at  (lUevavi,  and  Father  Francisco  Paver  at  San 
Xavier  del  IJac.  The  next  year  the  Pimas  rose  and  destroyed 
several  missions,  killing  two  missionaries.  Fathers  Tello  and 
Ruben,  in  Honora.  They  also  destroyed  Aribaca,  killing 
many  of  the  Catholic  Indians  there. 

Father  Iveler  opposing  the  injustice  of  an  official  was  mis- 
represented, and  for  a  time  was  compelled  to  leave  liis  mis- 
sion, but  his  services  were  too  much  needed,  and  he  was  soon 
permitted  to  return. 

Soon  after  this  tragedy  we  find  Father  Harrera  at  Santa 
IVIaria  Soamca,  Father  Ildefonso  Fspinusa  at  San  Xavier, 
atid  Father  Ignatius  Pfefferkorn  at  Guevavi.'  But  they  be- 
held the  Indians  of  their  missions  decreasing,  many,  from 
f  ur  of  the  Ai)aches  or  «»ther  enemies,  leaving  their  towns  to 
seek  refuge  in  the  woods.' 

About  this  time  Father  Sedelmayr,  at  the  instance  of 
the  Spanish  (Tovernnient,  was  evangelizing  the  tribes  on  the 
(iila,  erecting  seven  or  eight  churches  in  the  villages  of  the 
I'a|)agos.  among  whom  the  (rerman  Father  iJernanl  Middi-n- 
dort'  also  labored,  and  Father  Iveler  was  endeavoring  to  reach 
the  Mocpiis,  who  were  willing  to  receive  mis.«ionaries  of  any 
kind  but  Franciscans.' 


'  "  Itutlo  Ensnyo,"  pp.  148-152. 

••'  Doc.  parii  la  Hist,  do  Mexico,"  HI.,  i.,  pp.  «H(t-7. 

"  "  Noliciiin  (Ic  la  I'iincriu  del  uno  dc  1 1W."     I-cIIit  of  Sclcliimvr. 


llJS^il 


i"i' 


!:■., 


V  i  ij 

m 


682 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


ft 


While  the  Fathers  were  thus  employed,  the  terrible  order 
came  from  the  King  of  Spain,  under  which  every  member  of 
the  Society  of  Jesus  was  seized  at  his  mission  as  a  criminal, 
and  hurried  off  to  a  prison-ship.  Father  Barrera  was  the 
last  at  Santa  Maria  Soamca;  Custodius  Ximeno,  an  Arra- 
gonese,  at  Guevavi ;  Father  Anthony  Castro,  an  Andalusian, 
at  San  Xavier  del  Bac.  Father  Pfefferkorn,  a  native  of 
Manheim  in  Germany,  who  has  left  us  a  most  interesting 
account  of  the  Sonora  mission,  had  been  transferred  to  Cu- 
curpe  in  1757.' 

Up  to  1703  no  considerable  Spanish  town  had  grown  up 
in  Arizona,  and  though  the  fertility  of  the  soil  and  the  rich 
mineral  wealth  attracted  settlers,  the  tierce  and  constant  in- 
roads of  the  Apaches  made  life  insecure,  and  caused  many 
places  to  be  abandoned. 

By  the  summary  act  of  the  Spanish  monarch  eveiy  church 
in  Arizona  was  closed,  and  the  Christian  Indians  were  de- 
prived of  priests  to  direct  them. 

In  the  vast  portion  of  our  territory  which  had  been  subject 
to  the  ('atholic  kings,  the  state  of  religion  about  llCtH  was 
not  one  to  inspire  any  sanguine  hopes,  Florida  had  I)eoti 
ceded  to  Protestant  England,  and  religion  was  menaced  there 
with  utter  extinction — the  Indian  missions  had  la'cn  almost 
annihilated  ;  in  Texas  progress  was  slow,  the  Indian  nn'ssions 
grouped  aronn<'  a  few  Spanish  settlen>ents ;  New  Mexi('() 
seemed  to  need  a  hical  bishop  to  reanimate  the  faith  of  tlie 
j>eople ;  Arizona  was  deprived  of  its  clergy. 


'Pfefferkorn,  i.,  p.  a35. 


BOOK  VI. 

THE  CHURCH  IN  FRENCH  TERRITORY. 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE   CHURCH   IN  THE   MISSISSIPPI   VALLEY,    1090-1763. 

Bishop  St.  Vallier,  of  Quebec,  was  of  a  family  that  liad 
seen  several  members  honored  with  the  niitre  in  France,  and 
was  full  of  the  spirit  of  the  episcopate  of  tliat  country.  With 
none  of  that  charm  of  personal  sanctity  which  enabled  Bishop 
Laval  to  accomplish  so  much  good,  Bishop  St.  Vallier  sought 
to  bring  everything  in  his  vast  diocese  into  strict  regularity 
by  precise  rules  and  regulations,  and  suffered  no  infringement 

FAC-8IMII.E   OF  TIIK   WKINATUHK  OK   1118110?   HAINT  VAM,IER. 

on  what  he  regarded  as  the  rights  of  his  see.  His  administra- 
tiim  was  a  succession  of  personal  trials  and  troubles,  arising 
from  the  protests  made  by  him  or  against  him.  Tlie  dilhcul- 
ties  became  such  that  the  king  insisted  on  his  resignation  of 
the  Sco  of  (Quebec,  and  the  Bishop's  attempted  return  to 
Canada  was  prevented  by  his  capture  at  sea  and  a  long  cap- 
tivity in  England,  wlicre  he  was  detained  as  a  hostage  for  the 
surrender  of  the  Provost  of  Liege. 

Many  of  his  general  and  particular  acts  affected  the  Church 

(688) 


634 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


in  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  elsewhere  witliin  the  present 
limits  of  the  Republic. 

lie  prepared  and  published  a  catechism  and  ritual  for  his 
diocese,  and  in  1690  he  held  a  diocesan  synod,  in  which  seven 
statutes  were  adopted,  the  most  important  prohibiting  the 
celebration  of  mass  or  the  conferring  of  baptism  in  private 
houses  in  any  place  where  there  Wiis  a  church,  and  in  places 
where  there  was  yet  no  chiu'ch  mass  was  not  to  be  said  in 
any  house  but  one  selected  for  the  purpose  and  approved  by 
the  Bishop.  The  attendance  of  the  faithful  at  mass  on  Sun- 
days and  holidays  was  to  be  rigorously  maintained.  In  a 
second  synod  held  at  Montreal,  March  3,  1094,  seven  otiier 
statutes  were  adopted,  chieHy  instructions  to  confessors. 
The  statutes  adopted  in  the  third  synod  held  at  Quebec,  Feb- 
ruary 23,  lOltS,  were  twenty-nine  in  number.'  Among  other 
points  they  directed  exclusion  from  conununion  of  those  who 
refused  to  pay  tithes ;  insisted  on  regular  catechetical  instruc- 
tions, the  proper  registration  of  l)aptisni8,  marriages,  and  in- 
terments, and  the  suitable  adornment  of  churches.  They 
also  regulated  "  Blessed  Bread,"  censured  the  abuse  of  many 
in  leaving  the  church  during  sermon,  urged  the  establishment 
of  the  Sisters  of  the  Congregation  in  all  parishes  to  direct  tiie 
schools,  and  exhorted  the  faithfid  to  liberality  in  almsgiving.' 

We  have  seen  that  he  protested  agfunst  the  dismemi)er- 
iiient  of  his  diocese  by  the  erection  of  Vicariatcs-Aposfolic  in 
tlie  Mi.ssissippi  Valley,  and  this  was  apparently  i)rior  to  his 

'  "  Sliiluts  publit's  (liiiis  If  premier  Synode  tenu  Ic  9'  Noveinhrc,  KilKt.  " 
ArchivL's  (ie  (iiiclirc,  A.,  p.  'M't. 

*  "Statuls  II.  Synod."  II).,  A.,  p.  522  ;  "  III.  Synod,"  A.,  p.  ftHH.  II.' 
iAHticd  p!i.Mti>nilH  in  Mlit'J,  KilM,  mid  1(11).*).  iinnounrinu'  .Inliii('<'.>(  prix'l.'iiiucd 
by  till'  Sovcrciicii  Ponliir.  Hisliop  St.  VullitT'.'i  Slalulcs  rcniaini'd  in 
fdfcc  in  h11  purtH  of  our  territory  ciiNl  of  the  Missjs.^tippi,  ('iiiliniccd  m  l!i>' 
dio('(>«o  of  Qiiclicc  down  to  the  crcrtion  of  the  sen  of  Hidliniori',  ami  liic 
riH'o^tiitiun  of  the  aiUlijrily  of  the  Hishop  of  Santiago  in  the  WeHt. 


FATHER  QRAVIER,  VICAR-GENERAL. 


535 


consecration  as  Bishop  in  1688.  Over  the  missions  in  the 
remote  parts  of  the  diocese  he  seems  to  have  watched  with 
great  care. 

lu  the  Illinois  Father  James  Gravier  succeeded  the  veteran 
Allouoz  about  1G89,  and  in  December  of  the  following  year 
Eisliop  St.  Vallier  appointed  hiin  his  Vicar-Genoral.  The 
preamble  of  tliis  document  says :  "  Having  recognized  since 
we  took  possession  of  this  see,  that  the  Fathers  of  the  Society 
of  .fesus,  who  are  engaged  in  the  conversion  of  the  Indians 
of  this  country,  devote  themselves  thereto  with  all  care,  and 
take  all  })ain.s  that  we  can  desire,  without  sparing  their  labors 
or  even  their  life,  and  in  particular  as  we  know  that  for  the 
last  twenty  years  they  have  labored  on  the  mission  of  the 
Illinois  whom  they  first  discovered,  to  whom  Father  Mar- 
tjuette  of  the  same  Society  published  the  faith  iti  the  year 
K172.  atid  subsiMjiiently  died  in  this  glorious  task  which  had 
been  confided  to  him  by  our  predecessor,  and  that  after  the 
death  of  Father  ManpKitte,  we  committed  it  to  Father  Al- 
louez,  also  a  Jesuit,  who  after  laboring  there  for  several  years 
ended  his  life,  exiiausted  by  the  great  hardships  which  he 
underwent  in  the  instruction  and  conversion  of  the  Islinois, 
Miamis,  and  other  nations,  ami  finally  as  we  have  given 
the  care  of  this  mission  of  the  Islinois  and  other  surrounding 
nations  to  Father  Gravier  of  the  same  Society,  who  has  em- 
ployed himself  therein  with  great  benediction  bestowed  by 
(iod  on  his  labors,  for  this  cause  we  confirm  and  ratify  what 
we  have  done,  and  anew  confide  the  missions  of  the  Islinois 
and  surrounding  nations,  as  well  as  those  of  the  Miamis, 
Sious,  and  others  in  the  Ottawa  country,  and  towards  the 
West  to  the  Fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  and  give  the 
Superiors  of  the  said  missions  all  the  authority  of  our  Vicars- 
General,"  etc' 

'  "  Arcliives  do  rArchevPclu'  do  Qiubco."    Hegistrc,  A.,  p.  502. 


'M 


m 


I    V    T  i 

;':■  }| 


H 


^"i 


>     5 


II 


Fit 


W 


686 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


1 


The  Miami  missiou  on  St.  Joseph's  River,  also  prospered. 
Governor  Denouville  had  granted  to  the  missionaries  of 
the  Society  of  Jesus  a  concession  of  twenty  arpents  along  the 
river,  by  twenty  arpents  in  depth,  at  such  spot  as  they  should 
deem  most  suitable  to  erect  a  chapel  and  house."  Father  de 
Carheil  was  at  the  church  at  Miehihnvackinac,  and  the  aged 
Father  Heary  Nouvel  at  Green  Bay.  Around  these  posts 
French  were  gathering  slowly,  and  in  Illinois  several  had  set- 
tled down,  taking  wives  among  the  converted  Indians. 

During  Gravier's  absence  an  old  convert  summoned  the 
Catholic  Indians  morning  and  evening  to  prayers.  Toward 
the  end  of  April  the  missionary  blessed  a  new  chapel  which 
he  had  erected  outside  of  the  French  fort "  for  the  greater 
convenience  of  the  Indians,  and  erected  a  tall  cross.  The 
Peoria  tribe,  which  he  also  visited,  were  less  fervent,  for  the 
chief,  Assapita,  who  was  a  medicine-man,  used  all  his  influ- 
ence to  thwart  the  missionary,  Gravier  planned  missions  to 
the  Cahokia  and  Tamarois  bands  of  Illinois,  which  he  sul)8e- 
qiiently  carried  out,'  as  well  as  to  the  Osages  and  Missouris, 
tribes  who  kept  up  a  friendly  intercourse  with  the  Illinois, 
and  sent  ambassadors,  whom  Father  Gravier  welcomed.  The 
French  at  the  post,  whose  lives  drew  down  the  reproof  of 
the  missionary,  prejudiced  the  Indians  against  him  ;  Michael 
Ako,  the  ohl  comrade  of  Father  Hennepin,  who  sought  to 
marry  Aramipinchicwe,  the  daughter  of  the  Katkaskia  chief, 
Kouensac,  her  parents  compelling  her  most  unwillingly  to 
become  his  wife,  especially  labored  to  diminish  the  influence 

'  Ornvier,  "  Lcttre  en  forme  do  .lournal  tie  In  Mission  de  I'lnnniiouli'i' 
Cone(>i)ti()n  de  N.  1).  awx  Illinois,  15  Fevricr,  1094  ";  Margry,  "  Ktulilissc- 
niciiU  et  IX'coiuerto,"  v.,  p.  35. 

'  This  was  evidently  Fort.  Peoria  ;  see  St.  Cosme  in  "  Relation  de  la 
Mission  du  .Mississipiii,"  p.  26. 

'  "  Relation  de  la  Mission  du  Mississippi,"  p.  35. 


JN  3APTIST  .        ..    ■ROIXrr  'tVALIFR. 


of  Father  < 
■(  i  .  'irged 
auioiKl  '. 
tlic'  faith,  ; 
iitto«t(:Ht  liii 
<Travivr  n« 

tUt  wol' 
that  iio  li 
foinid  ami 

n'li!  :-vy'-y. 
I'd  rcgulaJ 
watch  t 

l>;':>li>!n 
!,:  ,,,,1  t> 

iii'iiari?'. 

t;..> 
th.- 


n>sif5ts'<i 
id.icdh... 


ifiii 


|i| 


of  Father  Gravier,  till,  u.u -licd  byconsi'i-,  : 

;r.i  i    ■v.'v.M   llie  oliiof  to    !»•'  ■ 

anuMul  liiii  own  life.'     Koij' l  .      :.ui<i   .'; 

tlifc  faith,  and  tho  (^^uehec  uii-^->..iuu'ios  u  ;.  ■•  j.  • 

iitto«teu  liifi  pro'>;re^s  in  civiH?.:'f:Mn  :nu:i  f'hristirv 

(rravii.T  iKiapting  himself  h     ■ 

liip'tigh  tin-  town,  giving  li' 

tlic  well-dispost^tl  lieiithen  t«  pi 

that  he  iiiight  withoiif  olTc-'' 

foiiiKl  amiss. 

I'x  ^i<I('s  the  Ivit-kaskia  town,  thw* 
■       i.virai  -uinli'Tvill  !;-'<>■  !»11  ol  «• 
ed  regularly,     :^i<•knes.s  provail(«l,  ■ 
watcii  t"  instruct  adults  and  bapt 
hraiis!u>  lietween 3I'i''' ''  ■'"•  i*^''"''  ' 

i. 

'-  -vd  two  Imndrtxl  and  six. 

ill   Ki'.t'i  hf  t^'a«  ioiuf'd  by  Fatht  I 


537 
!itt»daJI, 

iloiuiiiitlg   tu 

.  '  ii»rac.efl 

'1'  \^-  ir<1 


!ii>'>arr 


■,  ,1,1:  .'    :tt   Kaskap.kia 
d  to  Movitreui,  and  ftul>HOff 
'•■  distant  uiifesionH.  and  i'":?' 
iiM      ■,  III  i   mission  of   tlu!    An 
wli.Ti'   "^'-i  r.'   u'orn  t^ro   viliagc- 

|>,  ■  ..  oi  itMi"  oi  I.  aiuv ;  . 

abaiiauu  )n-  nu>slon,  until  th<;  .;..■. 

id.iod  him  i-  ' "fif  Tii-  C'-pH   Iv 

l!:<-r  (rravi: 

■liui    M:i 


If 


■  ft  5 


t    ■ 


ifiit 


'     U!    .Ml- 


IP! 


ILLINOIS  MISSIONS. 


537 


of  Father  Gravier,  till,  touched  by  conscience,  he  recanted  all, 
and  urged  the  chief  to  become  a  Christian,  proniising  to 
amend  his  own  life.'  Rouensac  and  his  family  embraced 
the  faith,  and  the  Quebec  missionaries  a  few  years  afterward 
attested  his  progress  in  civilization  and  Christianity.  Father 
Gravier  adapting  himself  to  Indian  usage  went  regularly 
through  the  town,  giving  his  cry  to  invite  the  converts  and 
the  well-disposed  heathen  to  prayer ;  he  also  gave  banquets, 
that  he  might  without  offense  censure  anything  which  he 
found  amiss. 

Besides  the  Kaskaskia  town,  there  was  a  Peoria  town  near, 
and  several  smaller  villages,  all  of  which  Father  Gravier  visit- 
ed regularly.  Sickness  prevailed,  and  he  was  ever  on  the 
watch  to  instruct  adiilts  and  baptize  dying  children.  His 
baptisms  between  March  80,  1093,  and  November  21),  num- 
bered two  hundred  and  six. 

In  1690  he  was  joined  by  Father  Julian  Bimieteau,  who 
apparently  remained  at  Kaskaskia,  while  Father  Gravier 
descended  to  Montreal,  and  subsequently  devoted  himself  to 
the  more  distant  missions,  and  Father  Peter  Pinet  founded 
the  Miami  mission  of  the  Angel  (Juardian  at  Chicago, 
where  there  were  two  villages  containing  in  all  some  300 
cabins,  and  where  he  converted  the  Peoria  chief  who  had 
resisted  Father  Gravier's  exhortations.  Yet  the  Count  de 
Frontenac,  Governor  of  Canada,  compi^lled  Father  Pinet  to 
abandon  his  mission,  until  the  influence  of  Bishop  Laval  en- 
abled him  to  resume  his  Gospel  labors.  The  next  year  Fa- 
ther Gravier  was  confirmed  in  his  powers  as  Vicar-General 
by  Bishop  St.  Vallier,  and  was  soon  after  joined  by  Father 

'  The  records  of  tlie  baptisms,  etc.,  in  his  fnmily,  bepfinning  Mar.  20, 
1695,  are  the  first  extracts  in  the  ancient  Hei^istcr  of  Father  Gravier's 
mission  preserved  at  Alton.  They  sliow  that  tlio  descendants  of  the 
young  convert  of  Father  Gravier  were  long  prominent  in  Illinois. 


"! 


1^  \4 


i  * 


v\ 


A- 


j 
ill 


r)38 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


(xiibriel  Marest,  who  leariiod  the  IlHnois  huigiuige,  and 
adapted  liimself  to  his  new  (hities  with  remarkable  facility. 
The  veuenible  Jiishop  Laval  wa.s  ho  interested  in  this  niission 
that  he  gave  the  last  pieces  of  silver  which  he  had  retained 
for  his  table,  in  order  to  make  a  chalice  for  it,  and  he  pre- 
sented a  ciborium  to  the  Church  of  the  Innnaculate  Concep- 
tion at  Kaakiuskia.'  Prior  to  ITOO  the  famous  Father  Kale 
arrived  in  the  Illinois  missions,  where  ho  spent  two  years.' 

The  priests  of  the  Setninary  of  Quebec,  which  was  an  out- 
growth of  that  of  the  Foreign  Missionsat  Paris,  felt  it  incum- 
bent on  them  to  do  something  for  the  conversion  of  those 
tribes  in  the  West,  among  whom  no  permanent  establish- 
ment had  yet  been  made.  Bishop  St.  Vallier  entered  into 
their  plans,  and  on  the  let  of  May,  1(598,  othcially  authorized 
them  to  establish  missions  in  the  West,  investing  the  Snjie- 
rior  sent  out  by  the  Seminary  with  the  powers  of  Vicar- 
General.  The  field  they  solicited  was  that  inhabited  by  na- 
tions on  both  banks  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries." 

They  pur|)osed  to  plant  their  tirst  mission  among  the 
Tamarois,  but  when  this  was  known  the  Fathers  of  the 
Society  of  Jesus  claimed  that  tribe  as  one  already  under  theii* 
care.  The  Seminary  regarded  the  Tamarois  territory  as 
"  the  key  and  necessiiry  piussage  to  reach  the  more  distant 
nations,"  and  therefore  highly  important  to  them.  Bishop 
St.  Vallier  accordingly  by  letters  of  .July  14,  101)8,  confirmed 

'  "  Lcttrc  flu  p.  .Tnpqucs  Qravier  A  Mgr,  do  Tinviil,  Sept.  17.  1697." 
"  I.ctlrc  (hi  p.  .lulien  IJiiiiicteau,  l(i9l»."  "  Hcliilion  des  Affaimsdu  Can- 
ada,"  pp.  24,  34,  'u.  "  K.xtrait  des  IJciristrcs  dc  Haptcsino  dc  la  Mission  des 
Iliiiiois,"  sliow  Oravier  offlciatiiifr  in  KI9.1,  1712;  Hinnctcau,  l(i!)7  ;  Qa- 
bri.i  Mai(!st.  1G99,  17(W,  170!) ;  Merniet,  1707,  1713.  Letter  of  F.  Ga- 
briii  .Marest  (Kip,  pp.  200-7). 

'  I;etter  of  Oct.  12,  1723,  in  "  Lettres  Edifiantcs"  (Kip,  p.  42). 

'  "  .Mandcment  dc  M^t.  de  St.  Vallier"  in  "  Relation  de  la  Mission  dii 
Mississippi,"  New  York,  1801,  pp.  9-12. 


I 


y 


y 


THE  SEMINARY  OF  QUEBEC. 


680 


those  previously  granted,  and  specially  ein])owered  the 
Seminary  to  send  missionaries  to  the  Tamarois  and  establish 
a  residence  there.' 

To  found  the  new  missions  on  the  Mississippi,  the  Semi- 
nary selected  V.  Rev.  Francis  JoUiet  de  Montigny,  Rev. 
Anthony  Davion,  and  Rev.  John  Francis  Buisson  de  Saint 
Cosine.  The  outfit  for  this  f  Hiristian  enterprise  amounted  to 
more  than  ten  thousand  livres,  nearly  one-half  being  furnished 
by  Messrs.  Montigny  and  Davion.  The  party  set  out,  and 
reaching  Afackinac  in  September,  passed  by  Father  Piuet's 
Chicago  mission,  and  by  Father  Marest's  near  Fort  Peoria, 
where  they  obtained  an  Illinois  catechism  and  prayer-book. 
On  the  nth  of  December  they  entered  the  Mississippi  River, 
and  guided  by  Tonty,  they  visited  the  Tamarois,  on  the 
feast  of  the  Immaculate  Conception,  and  then  sailed  down 
the  great  river  to  the  villages  of  the  Arkansas,  Tonicas,  and 
Taensas,  planting  crosses  at  several  points. 

The  Very  Rev.  Mr,  Montigny  took  up  his  residence  among 
the  Taensius,  a  tribe  allied  to  the  Natchez.  These  Indians 
had  a  temjile  in  which  they  worshipped  nine  gods.  In 
March,  1700,  Iberville,  who  had  sailed  from  France  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  while  ascending  it  found  the  mis- 
sionary erecting  a  chapel,  encouraged  by  his  having  been 
able  to  baptize  eighty-five  children  in  his  first  year.  He  sub- 
sequently went  to  the  Natchez,  retaining  his  care  of  the 
Taensas.  The  Rev.  ;Mr.  Davion  established  his  residence 
and  chapel  on  a  hill  near  the  Tonica  village,  at  the  foot  of  a 
cross  planted  on  a  rock  which  for  a  long  time  bore  his 


'  "  Lcttres  Patentcs  de  Msrr.  de  St.  Vallier  ";  Archives  de  Quebec.  Fron- 
tenac,  by  bis  [iCttew  Patent,  .Inly  17,  1698,  authorized  Rev.  Messra. 
Montigny,  Davion,  and  St.  Cosme,  to  jro  to  tlie  Mississippi.  Archives 
of  the  r.'opaganda.    America  Septentrioiiale,  i.,  1609-1791. 


•.f 


1  ^^m 


'  -I' 


I  1  II' 


540 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


name.'  He  extended  his  labors  also  to  the  Onnspik  and 
Yazoo  Indians,  who  numbered  toj^ether  about  a  liundreil 
cabins;  and  nearly  lost  his  life  by  destroying  the  idols  in 
the  Yazoo  tempk'.'  The  Eev.  Mr.  Saint  Cosnie  went  np  rlie 
river  af«;ain  to  begin  a  mission  at  Tamarois. 

All  these  priests  were  at  iirst  prostrated  by  fevers,  out 
none  thought  of  abandoning  the  work  which  they  had  un- 
dertaken. Hearing  of  the  arrival  of  a  French  expedition  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  the  Very  Itcv.  Mr.  ^[ontigny  and 
Kev.  Mr.  Davion  embarked  in  bark  canoes,  and  ivadicd 
liiloxi  on  the  1st  of  .luly,  but  linding  tlie  little  post  ill-pro- 
visioned, they  returned  to  their  missions.' 

AVhile  ac(iuiring  a  knowledge  of  the  Taensa  language,  the 
Very  Rev.  Mr.  IMontigny  visited  the  Natchez,  and  was  tliero 
when  the  (ireat  Sun  or  head  chief  of  the  nation  died.  Wluii 
the  good  priest  saw  these  i^avagcs  prej)are  to  put  several  per- 
sons to  death,  tliat  they  might  attend  the  Sun  in  the  next 
world,  he  made  the  tribe  presents  to  induce  them  to  abandon 
so  cruel  and  foolish  a  custom.  The  Natchez  jjromisfd  to 
consult  his  wishes,  but  Ouachil  Tamail,  the  Femak-  Sun, 
persuaded  ihe  jiriest  to  li'ave  the  village  for  a  time,  j)reteiid- 
iii"  tliat  the  noise  would  be  vcrv  annoying  to  him.  When 
he  had  departed  the  cruel  ceremony  was  carried  out  in  the 
usual  manner.' 

The  next  year  the  Seminary,  to  give  the  Mississippi  mis 

'  Roche  ft  Dnvlon,  iiflcrwnrd  ciillnl  Loftus  lIciirlilM,  niiil  now  Fori 
Adaiii!*.     ("lailiornc,  "  MisswHippi,"  .hickson,  1HS(>,  p.  -Jl. 

» IViiic:nit  ill  Murjrry,  v.,  j).  •iW. 

'  Ht'iiard  dc  la  llarpo,  ".louriial  lIistori(|U(',"  \i.  Ki.  Ciinlinal  'Pas- 
cliiTciui,  "  .Mission  ilu  S«'iniimirc  dc  Qu(''licc  chc/.  Ics  Taiiiarois  on  llli- 
noJM  siir  1p  liord  du  Mississippi,"  wntlcii  in  IStlt.  Dc  la  Pollicric,  "  llis- 
lr)irc  dc  r.Viiit'riiiiic  Scptciilrioiialc,"  Paris,  17',"J,  i.,  p.  ilJiH.  .Margry, 
"  Dreouvcrfcs  tl  KliililissiiiiiMils,'  v.,  pp.  4(ll-H. 

♦  Oravlcr,  "  ligation  on  Jouriml  du  Voyairc"  Ni'W  Yoris,  1850,  \).  ;tJ». 


A  QUESTION  RAISED. 


641 


^ 


Hion  an  effective  force,  sent  out  the  Rev.  Messrs.  Bergier 
Boutcville  and  Saint  Cosine,  the  hist  named  a  younger  l)roth- 
er  of  tlie  missionary  already  at  Tamarois,  but  not  yf>t  in 
priest's  orders.  These  clergymen  were  accompanied  by  three 
pious  men  who  had  devoted  themselves  to  the  work,  and 
went  to  attend  to  the  menial  work.  On  their  arrival  the 
elder  St.  CVjsme  descended  to  Natchez.' 

The  Fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  received  the  Quebec 
missionaries  with  personal  cordiality,  but  notwithstandin-^ 
the  orticial  action  of  Bishop  Saint  Vallier,  they  showed  much 
feeling  in  regard  to  what  they  regarded  as  an  intrusion  into 
a  district  occui)ied  by  tribes  among  which  their  religious  had 
already  i)egun  to  labor.  The  proximity  to  the  Jesuit  nn's- 
sions  in  the  other  bands  of  the  Illinois  nation,  certainly  made 
the  choice  injudicious.  p]re  long  the  Very  Rev.  IVfr.  Mon- 
tigny  found  his  position  so  end)arrassing  and  unpleasant  that 
he  began  to  foresee  oidy  loss  and  failure  in  the  mission  on 
which  he  had  end)arke(l  so  zealously  and  given  his  means  so 
freely.  In  the  hope  of  being  able  to  ad just  all  matters  in  re- 
gard to  it  satisfactorily  in  France,  he  eiid)arked  with  Iber- 
ville, in  May,  170(»,  and  returned  to  France  by  way  of  New 
York.' 

On  his  departure,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Rergier  became  Superior 
of  the  secular  missionaries  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  made 
Tamarois  his  residence.  Rev.  Mr.  St.  (Josme  remaining  at 
Natchez.  After  reaching  the  month  »;f  the  Mississi]>pi  in 
I(!!M>,  (rii)erville  built  a   little  fort  at  Riloxi,  and  left  Mr. 


ii 


■  V 

■'1: 
i4: 


'  Hriiiird  (Ic  III  Harpc,  ".loiinml  ni!<t()ri(iu(',"p.  28.    Marp-y,  v.,  |).  404. 

'  I'l'iiiciiut,  "  Hclalioii  Vi'ritiil)l(',"  in  Miirijrv,  v.,  p.  444.  lie  wiw  in 
Paris  in  Scplcnilicr,  ITIM),  when  Hcv.  Mr.  SI  Cohiuc  wrolo  roinplainiii^ 
tliiil  Fatlicrs  (iravicr  anil  Hinnclcaii  wi.slicd  to  prevent  his  olllciatiii;;  in 
the  chapel  at  the  fort,  ami  (Iravicr  wrote  iDn.plainint?  of  the  Quebec 
priests. 


i 


i 


542 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Sauvolle  in  eoininaiul.  At  this  little  post,  the  first  French 
Bettleinent  in  Louisiana,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Bordenave  wiw  chap- 
lain, and  ho  begins  the  line  of  zealous  priests  in  that  terri- 
tory. (Sauvolle  bears  testimony  to  his  exemplary  life,  and 
recorils  that  he  said  mass  daily  for  the  French,  and  gathered 
them  morning  and  evening  to  prayers,  as  on  board  ship. 
Tlius  began  the  regular  services  of  the  church  in  Louisiana, 
in  May,  lOO'.t.' 

D'Jberville,  on  his  second  voyage  in  170(),  was  accom- 
panied bv  the  Jesuit  Father  Du  llu,  who  on  tiie  14th  of  Fel>- 
ruary,  erected  a  cross,  offered  the  holy  sacrifice,  and  blessed 
a  cemetery  at  Fort  Mississi])])i,  seventeen  leagues  from  the 
month  of  the  great  river.  When  a  post  at  liiloxi  was  decided 
upon,  Fatlier  Du  Ru  took  up  his  residence  there,  and  begaTi 
to  visit  the  neighboring  tribes  of  Indians,  but  he  removed 
to  Mol)ile  when  that  post  arose.  Hearing  of  the  arrival, 
Father  Gravier  Ket  out  from  Chicago  on  the  )Sth  of  Septem- 
ber, 1T<M>,  and  visiting  the  various  posts  and  missions  on  the 
way,  readied  Fort  iMississij)pi  (»n  the  17th  of  December. 
At  the  Tunica  village  he  found  the  Rev.  Mr.  Davion  danger- 
ously ill,  and  remained  with  hii;^  till  Rev.  Mr.  Saint  Cosine 
arrived  from  Natchez  to  nunister  to  his  jtssociate. 

The  .lesuit  Father  do  Limoges,  appointed  to  found  a  mis- 
sion among  the  Dumas,  was  descending  the  Mississi])pi  when 
his  canoe  (h'ifted  at  night  frcm  the  shore  to  which  it  had 
l)eeii  made  fast,  and  borne  along  by  the  current  struck  a 
floating  tree.  He  saved  nothing  but  his  chalice,  and  clinging 
to  a  floating  branch  was  finally  driven  ashore  near  a  village 
of  the  Arkansas  Indiaiis.  Having  obtained  relief  he  pnrsued 
his  journey,  and  ])lanting  a  cross  at  the  Dumiis  village,  be- 


'  Sauvolle  iu  Margry,  iv.,  p.  447  ;  Freucb's  "  Historical  Collections," 
tli.,  p.  287. 


ITS  SETTLEMENT. 


543 


gan  in  March,  1700,  to  erect  a  chapel  forty  feet  loiijg^,  an- 
iionncinj?  the  Gospel  to  tliat  trihe  and  the  BayagoubiH.' 

Witli  missions  among  the  Illinois,  and  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississippi  tlie  Jesuit  Fathers  solicited  from  Bishop 
Saint  Vallier  the  exclusive  direction  of  the  French  posts  in 
Louisiana,  and  asked  that  the  Suj)erior  of  the  mission  should 
always  he  appointed  Vicar-General  of  the  Bishop  of  Quebec' 
At  the  same  time  they  complained  to  the  king  of  France  of 
the  intrusion  into  their  mission  district  of  missionaries  who 
belonged  to  another  body. 

Bishop  Saint  Vallier  consulted  several  members  of  the 
French  hierarchy  on  the  point,  among  others  the  Bishop  of 
Cluirtres,  and  by  their  advice  declined  to  give  any  relig'oua 
order  the  complete  and  exclusive  direction  of  Louisiana, 
deeming  it  better  to  assign  districts  to  religious  or  (H)llegiate 
bodies,  or  secular  priests,  all  to  be  subject  to  a  Vicar-General, 
named  from  time  to  time  by  the  Bishop  of  Quebec,  till  such 
time  as  the  state  of  the  church  would  warrant  the  establish- 
ment of  a  see  at  New  Orleans.'  He  also  withdrew  the  ])ow- 
ers  of  Vicar-General  from  Father  Gravier,  and  conferred 
them  on  Kev.  Messrs.  Colond)iere,  IMontigny,  ami  Bergier, 
requiring  all  priests,  regular  and  secular,  to  apply  to  them. 

Meanwhile  the  appeal  of  the  Jesuits  with  a  memoir  of 
Bishop  Saint  Vallier  had  been  referred  by  the  king  to  the 
Archbishop  of  Audi,  but  as  he  declined  to  decide  the  rpu's- 
tion  alone,  the  Hishops  of  Marseilles  and  Chartres,  with  the 
king's  confesssor,  were  associated  with  him.     On  the  4th  of 


'  (Jnivior,  "  Holation  on  .Tournal  du  Voyago,"  New  York,  1859;  Mar- 
pry,  iv.,  pp.  418,  423. 

''  '•  Ministre  tie  la  Murine  A  Mr  l'Ev(>qiie  de  Quibec,"  17  Juin,  1703. 
Marfj^ry,  iv.,  pp.  fl!M-,'). 

■' "  Memoire  dc  Mpr.  rF,v<>que  dc  C}in'l)cr  siir  Ips  niisiiions  dc  Missis- 
sippi."   Archives  de  l'Arcliev6cho  de  Quebec.     Murgry,  iv.,  p.  431. 


I 


'"•■\ 


1:J 


•  ;i'i 


Mi.    !'! 


■'hi 


M4 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


II 


June,  1701,  tliia  commission  decided  that  the  Seminary  of 
Quebec  was  entitled  to  the  Tamarois  mission,  and  their  de- 
cision was  accepted  and  signed  by  all  parties  interested. 

The  Y.  Eev.  Mr.  Montigny  had,  however,  become  com- 
pletely discouraged,  his  management  of  the  mission  not  being 
fully  approved.  He  never  returned  to  America,  but  went 
to  the  East,  where  he  rendered  signal  services  to  religion. 

The  Mississippi  question  having  been  satisfactoi-ily  ad- 
justed, the  Bishoj)  of  Quebec  rea])])ointed  the  Superittr  of 
the  Jesuits  in  Illinois  Vicar-General  in  his  district. 

In  ITUO  Rev.  Nicholii-s  Foucault,  sent  by  the  Seminary, 
took  up  his  residence  among  the  Arkansas  Indians,  and  be- 
gan to  announce  the  faith  to  them. 

The  news  that  the  French  had  settled  at  tlie  mouth  of  the 
Mississi])])!  ])i-oduced  a  commotion  among  the  tribes  in  Illi- 
nois. The  Kaskaskias  re:K)lved  to  go  and  settle  near  them. 
The  Peoriiis  remained  around  the  church,  but  Father  ]\Iarest 
accompanied  the  Kaskaskias,  who  finally  on  the  advice  of 
Father  Gravier,  who  assembled  them  in  council,  abandoned 
their  project,  and  took  up  their  abode  at  the  place  which  now 
bears  their  name.'  Some  of  the  Tainarois  also  left  their  old 
village  ground,  and  Father  Piiiet  became  their  missionary, 
succeeded  ere  long  by  Father  Binneteau,  who  attended  them 
and  others  on  their  long  buffalo  hunts  beyond  the  IMississippi. 
Till-  Rev.  Mr.  Bergier  remained  at  the  Tamarois  post,  with 
Thaumur  de  la  Source  devoting  himself  more  especially  to 
the  French,  who  had  by  this  time  become  numerous.  The 
expenses  of  the  missions  had  been  so  great  that  V.  Rev.  Mr. 
Hergier,  the  new  Superior,  was  urged  to  exercise  judgment 
and  economy.     The  Rev.  Mr.  Saint  Cosme   had  i)rojecte(l 

'  In  llic  KxIractM  from  old  Tlt'priRtprs  proflxpd  to  the  Kiisknskia  rr^jiVtcr 
is  Ihi'  entry,  "  1708  Apr.  25.  Ad  ripiiin  Mclfliii;mncii  dictam  venimiis," 
up|)iirL'iitly  giving  the  date  of  tlif  removul  of  the  KaskuNkiaa. 


REV.  N.  FOUCAULT  KILLED. 


545 


a  mission  to  the  Pawnees  or  Missouris,  but  be  was  instructed 
to  prrivent  bim,  as  it  would  be  almost  impossible  to  send  sup- 
plies to  so  remote  a  station.' 

The  Rev.  Nicholas  Foucault  was  an  aged  priest,  in  poor 
health,  but  he  devoted  himself  to  the  Mississippi  mission  in 
place  of  Kev.  Mr.  de  la  Colombiere,  whom  the  people  of 
Quebec  would  not  allow  to  go.  He  had  already  accomplished 
much  good  among  the  Arkansas,  when,  in  1702,  he  set  out 
for  Mobile  with  his  servant  and  two  Frenchmen  who  had 
just  established  peace  between  the  Chickasaws  and  Illinois. 
They  took  as  guides  two  Indians  of  the  Coroa  tribe,  akin  to 
the  Arkansas.  They  killed  all  the  Frenchmen  to  rob  them, 
and,  as  they  pretended,  to  punish  the  priest  for  leaving  the 
Arkansas.  Rev.  Mr.  Davion  at  the  time  was  ascending 
the  Mississippi  and  discovered  on  the  banks  of  the  river  the 
bodies  of  those  victims  of  Indian  ferocity.  lie  interred  them 
with  the  rites  of  the  Church,  but  the  memoirs  of  the  time  do 
not  fix  the  last  resting-place  of  this  first  martyr  of  the  Sem- 
inary of  Quebec  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi.' 

The  first  attempt  by  the  French  to  establish  any  industrial 
work  on  the  Mississippi  was  that  of  the  Sieur  Juchereau, 
who  undertook  to  conduct  a  tannery  at  the  month  of  the 
Ohio.  Here  Father  John  Mermet  erected  his  altar  for  the 
little  Catholic  settlement,  but  it  did  not  prosper,  and  by  1704 


i  •tf'ii 


'  The  kin.u:  of  Frnnce  gave  3,000  livres  toward  the  Seminary  missions, 
but  nisiiop  St.  Vallier  now  ceased  to  pive  tlie  annual  donation  of  2,000 
livres,  on  the  ground  that  so  few  missionaries  were  maintained  there. 
Cardinal  Tnschereau,  "  Memoirc." 

'Cardinal  Tasclicreau,  "Memoirc";  Benard  dc  la  ITarpc,  "Journal 
Ilistoriquc,"  pp.  3S,  7^^,  87.  Nicliolas  Foucault  wa,s  horn  in  the  diocese 
of  Paris,  ordained  at  Quebec  Dec.  3,  1689,  and  was  Our';  of  Batiacan  in 
1000.  Tainguay,  "Repertoire,"  p.  65.  Penicaut  (Margry,  v.,  p.  458) 
puts  his  death  in  1705,  evidently  erroneously.  It  was  announced  by 
Davion  In  October,  1703.  B6nard  dc  la  Ilarpc,  p.  73. 
35 


MM 


M 


546 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


i  I 


M  ' 


the  founder  was  dead,  and  the  project  abandoned.  While 
Juchereau's  estabhshnient  histcd  Father  Merraet  ministered 
to  the  French,  and  made  earnest  efforts  to  convert  the  Mas- 
contin  Indians,  who  had  planted  their  cabins  around  the 
post ;  but  his  mission  work,  though  carried  out  at  the  risk  of 
Ins  life,  resul  d  only  in  the  conversion  of  a  few  djing  adults 
and  the  baptism  of  some  infants.' 

Bishop  Saint  Vallier  in  1703  proposed  to  the  Seminary  at 
Quebec  to  erect  Mobile  into  a  parish,  and  to  annex  it  in  per- 
petuity to  that  institution.  The  Seminary  agreed  to  supply 
clergy  for  the  new  parisli,  which  the  Bishop  formally  erected 
on  the  20th  of  July,  17o;5,  uniting  it  to  the  Seminary  of  the 
foreign  Missions  at  Paris  and  Quel)ec.  The  liev.  Henry 
Itoulleaux  de  la  Vente,  a  priest  of  the  diocese  of  Bayeux, 

-"A  J 


SIGNATURE   OF  REV.    HENRY  ROtTI,I,EArTX  DE  LA   VENTB. 

t 

was  then  appointed  parish  priest,  and  Rev.  Alexander  Tluve, 
curate.  While  awaiting  their  appearance,  the  "Rev.  Mr. 
Davion  disJiarged  the  parochial  functions  till  they  arrived 
with  other  priests  on  the  "  Pelican,"  July  24,  1704.  In  the 
Rame  vei^sel  came  two  Gray  Nuns  (Sieurs  Grises),  but  not  to 
remain  in  the  colony ;  a  number  of  marriageable  giris  had 
been  ])Iace<i  in  their  care,  and  after  seeing  them  properiy 
placed,  the  SLsters  returned,' 


'"  Relation  dps  AlTaircs  tin  rmiMdn,  100(1,"  p.  31.  Mafry  "  Ftib 
lisscmonts  ..(  nr.co,.vcrtcs."  v.,  p.  0,5.  p  (.^^.j^j  ^^^^^^^  ^^^j^^  /^;_^^ 
<  asciwkia  (Kip's  "Jesuit  Missions,"  p.  202). 

'  n('nar.l  dr,  l,i  ITar|ie,  pp  W-.-).     P,-nir;iut,  "  R.-lation  "  in  Marprv   v 
pp.  456.  470.    IJov.  Mr.  La  Ventc's  first  entry  in  the  Hcgi.stcr  is  Hcp't '  is' 
1704.  and  IIuvc's,  the  lOth.  1         • 


w"^ 


MOBILE.  A  PARISH. 


547 


The  first  entry  in  tlie  ancient  Eegister  of  Mobile,  a  volume 
of  great  historical  interest  and  value,  records  the  baptism  of 
an  Apalachc  girl  by  Rev.  Mr.  Davion,  on  the  6th  of  Septem- 
ber. 

FAC-8IMILE  OF  THE  FmST  ENTRY  IN  THE  PARISD  REGISTER  OF  MOBILB. 

The  maintenance  of  the  clergy  was  expected  from  the 
king,  wlio  was  to  pay  the  parish  priest  one  thousand  livres  a 
year,  and  the  curate  six  hundred  livres  a  year.  They  found  that 
Rev.  Mr.  Davion  had  already  taken  steps  to  erect  a  church 
and  parochial  residence  at  Mobile.  The  parish  priest  on  his 
arrival  found  Rev.  Mr.  Davion  and  the  Jesuit  Father  Peter 
Dongc  lodged  in  a  new  house,  built  on  credit,  and  still  with- 
out door  or  window.  They  borrowed  seven  hundred  livres 
of  Father  Donge  to  enable  them  to  complete  it.' 

On  the  28th  of  September  the  Rev.  Mr,  de  la  Vente  was 
formally  inducted  into  his  parish,  as  appears  by  the  follow- 
ing entry  in  the  ancient  parochial  register  of  the  Church  of 
the  Immaculate  Conception  at  Mobile : 

"  I,  undersigned,  Priest  and  Missionary  Apostolic,  attest 
to  all  whom  it  may  concern  that  in  the  year  of  our  salvation 
1704,  on  the  28th  of  the  month  of  September,  by  virtue  of 
letters  of  provision  and  collation  granted  and  sealed  on  the 
*2()th  of  July  of  last  year,  by  which  Afonseigneur  the  most  Illus- 
trious and  most  Reverend  Bishop  of  Quebec  ereci(i5  a  par- 

'  Fntliors  DonffC  and  Limojje  embarked  for  France  in  the  "Pelican," 
in  1704.  Pi-nicaiit,  "  Relation  "in  Mar^ry,  v.,  p.  456;  but  Father  Dong6 
«li('(l  at  Havana  in  September.    Benard  dc  la  Harpc,  p.  85. 


t 


i'    id 


f!     'Hi 


■     M8  '^HE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

ish  church  in  the  place  called  Fort  Louis  de  la  Louisi- 
ane  and  the  cure  and  care  of  which  he  gives  to  Mr.  Henry 
Koulleaux  de  la  Yente,  Missionary  Apostolic  of  the  diocese 
of  Bajeux,  I  have  placed  the  said  priest  in  actual  and  c-or- 
poral  possession  of  the  said  parish  church  and  of  ail  the 
rights  thereto  belonging,  after  observing  the  accustomed  and 
requisite  ceremonies,  namely,  the  entry  into  the  church,  the 
sprinkling  of  holy  water,  the  kissing  of  the  high  altar,  the 
touclnng  of  the  missal,  the  visit  to  the  Blessed  Sacrament  of 
the  altar  the  ringing  of  the  hells,  which  taking  of  possession 
1  attest  that  no  one  opposed. 

"Given  in  the  parish  church  of  Fort  Louis,  the  day 
of  the  month  and  year  aforesaid,  in  presence  of  John 
Baptiste  de  Bicville,  Lieutenant  of  the  King,  and  Com- 
mander of  the  said  fort;  of  Peter  du  Quay  de  Boisbriant, 

SMarinr   '  "^^  ^"^  ^'"''  ''"^'  ^""^  "'"'"^  commissary  of 
"  Davion,  Bienville,  Boisbriant,  de  la  Salle," 

Late  in  the  year  1705  Father  Gravier  was  attacked  by  the 
Ilhnois  among  whom  he  had  labored  so  long  and  so  devot- 
edly.    Instigated  by  the  medicine-men,  whose  knavery  the 
priest  liad  denounced,  they  discharged  a  shower  of  arrows  at 
him.     One  fl.nt-headed  weapon  pierced  his  ear,  but  another 
struck  lum  in  the  elbow,  and  the  stone  head  was  so  embedded 
m  the  muscle  that  it  could  not  be  extracted.  lie  also  received 
a  hatchet  wound  in  the  arm.     The  arm  swelled  fearfully,  and 
the  suffering  of  the  missionary  wa.  intense:  but  his  misery 
<lui  not)  touch  the   hearts  of  the  obdurate   Illinois.     They 
c.n„e  at  night  to  the  number  of  two  hundred  to  complete 
heir  fell  design.     Tearing  down  the  pali.sades  around  the 
house  they  hoped  to  find  him  alone  and  kill  him      Prov. 
dentially  two  Frenchmen  were  there,  who  after  preparin.. 


hr 


1  ;,  ^ 


REV.  MR.  GERVAISE'S  PROJECT. 


549 


for  death,  resolved  to  let  one  remain,  while  the  other  hastened 
to  the  neighboring  camp  of  the  Pottawatomies.  A  chief 
of  that  tribe  hastened  up  and  overawed  the  murderers. 
For  three  months  his  brother  missioners,  Merraet,  and  John 
Mary  do  Ville,  endeavored  to  extract  the  arrow-head,  but 
iinding  their  efforts  vain,  he  was  sent  to  Mobile,  whence  he 
proceeded  to  Paris,  and  even  there  the  surgeon  gave  him  no 
liope  of  its  extraction,  though  the  treatment  diminished  the 
pain,' 

He  then  returned  to  Louisiana  in  the  "  Renommee,"  which 
reached  the  roadstead  at  Isle  Massacre,  February  12,  1708." 

At  this  time  the  Eev.  Mr.  Gervaise,  a  wealthy  young 
priest  in  France,  wished  to  devote  some  of  his  patrimony  to 
found  a  mission  in  Louisiana  in  concert  with  the  Seminary 


'^/^.^ . 


SIGNATURE  OF  BEV.    F.    I,E  irAIRE. 


of  the  Foreign  Missions.  Tie  drew  into  his  project  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Le  Maire,  a  virtuous  ]inest,  who  resigned  a  good  position 
at  Paris,  that  of  Vicar  of  St.  Jacques  de  la  Boucherie,  in  or- 
der to  come  to  America  and  announce  the  gospel  to  the  In- 
dians. The  Rev.  Mr.  Gervaise  sent  out  provisions  for  three 
years,  and  three  worknicn  to  erect  a  house  and  chapel,  and 
set  apart  sufficient  of  his  estate  to  form  a  fund  for  the  sup- 


'  Letter  of  F.  Mcrmct ;  Letter  of  F.  Gravier,  Paris,  March  C,  1707,  for 
which  I  am  indebted  to  tlic  venerable  Father  Felix  Martin;  Bunard  do  la 
Ilarpe,  ".Tournal  Historique,"  p.  95. 

^  "  Lettredu  Pere  Jacques  Gravier,  le  23  Fevrier,  1709."  New  York, 
1805. 


i,.  'Ii- 


m 


■  I 


I 


Vr.', 


■JM 


1)50  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

port  of  the  mission.  At  the  last  moment  Avlien  Rev.  Mr.  Le 
Maire  and  all  the  rest  were  on  board  tlie  vessel  hound  to 
Louisiana,  an  uncle  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Gervaise  obtained  an 
order  to  prevent  his  departure.  He  was  compelled  to  remain 
in  France,  but  Rev.  Mr.  Le  Maire  came  over,  and  was  f<.r 
several  years  on  the  mission  in  Louisiana.  The  zealous  yonii- 
priest  was  never  able  to  follow  out  his  original  intention  «ir 
take  part  in  the  good  work  he  founded. 

Meanwhile  the  priests  of  the  Seminary  were  thinned  by 
death.     The  Rev.  J.  B.  de  St.  Cosme  started  late  in  1700 
from  his  Natchez  mission  for  Mobile,  but  while  asleep  at 
night  on  the  banks  of  the  river,  his  party  was  attacked  and 
murdered  by  the  Sitimachas  about  fifty  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Mississippi.     He  was  a  native  of  Canada,  born  at 
Quebec,  February  6,  1607,  and  was  the  first  American  priest 
who  fell  by  the  hands  of  savages  in  this  country.     He  en- 
tered the  preparatory  seminary  at  Quebec,  July  22,  1075, 
and  was  ordained  on  the  feast  of  the  Purification.     After 
being  missionary  at  Minas  in  Nova  Scotia,  he  was  sent  with 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Montigny  to  the  Mississippi.     Rev.  Mr.  St. 
Cosme,  accustomed  to  Indian  corn  and  other  native  fare, 
stood  the  hardships  of  the  mission  better  than  priests  from 
France,  but  his  health  at  last  gave  way,  and  he  was  suffering 
from  a  cruel  infirmity  when  he  set  out  for  Mobile.' 

On  New- Year's  day,  1707,  the  Yery  Rev.  Mr.  Bergier, 
V.G.,  who  had  set  out  from  his  Tamarois  mission,  reached 
Mobile  with  tidings  of  the  death  of  the  Canadian  priest  of 
Natchez; '  but  on  his  return  to  his  mission  he  fell  ill.  Father 


'Oanlinal  Tascliereau,  "Memoire";  Bienville  to  the  Minister    ITOT 
Le  lage  du  Pratz,  "  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane,"  i.,  p.   106     Piliicaui' 

i'8^"'''"°o"o"'."^!''""^'^''''-   P-   ^^^-     ^''"iborne,"  Mississippi,"  .ru,.kso„; 
is»0,  p.  23.  thinks  lie  was  killed  near  the  present  Donaldsonville. 

'Benard  de  la  Ilarpe,  p.  101. 


THE  ABBE  DE  LA  VENTE. 


551 


Gabriel  Marest  hearing  of  his  condition,  hastened  from  Kas- 
kaskia,  and  remained  a  week,  till  seeing  his  brotlier  priest  ap- 
parently regaining  his  health  and  out  of  danger,  lie  set  out  for 
his  own  mission,  but  was  almost  at  once  summoned  back  to 
celebrate  the  rec^uiem  mass  for  Rev.  ]\[r.  Bergier,  who  sud- 
denly grew  worse  and  expired.  This  zealous  and  austere  priest 
died,  according  to  a  inemoranduni  in  an  ancient  breviary  in 
the  Seminary  of  Quebec,  on  the  Dth  of  November,  1Y07. 
The  medicine-men  exulted  over  his  death  as  a  triumph,  each 
one  ascribing  it  to  his  own  incantations,  and  they  broke  down 
Ids  cross  to  make  the  people  believe  that  the  mission  was 
closed  forever.' 

Louisiana  was  increasing  in  population,  but  the  settlers 
were  not  of  the  sturdy,  industrious  character  found  in  those 
who  built  up  Canada.  Times  had  changed,  too ;  less  respect 
was  paid  to  religion,  and  officials  instead  of  upholding  the 
Church  and  its  ministers,  or  setting  an  example  of  respect  for 
morality  and  religion,  frequently  afforded  a  ])retext  for  those 
viciously  inclined  to  plunge  into  every  kind  of  excess.  In 
the  documents  of  the  time  instances  constantly  occur  where 
the  ministers  of  religion  were  openly  treated  with  contempt. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  de  la  Vente  was  a  man  of  eloquence,  and 
entered  on  his  duties  earnestly  ;  but  his  censure  of  the  open 
profligacy  in  the  colony  made  him  many  enemies,  not  the 
least  being  Governor  Bienville,  who  withheld  the  salaries  due 
the  clergy.  Those  who  sold  liquor  without  limit  to  the  In- 
dians, encouraging  them  in  drunkeimess  and  violence,  and 
all  the  loose  livers,  were  arrayed  against  the  first  pastor  of 
Mobile.  In  1707,  however,  something  was  done  for  religion  at 
that  post.    A  larger  residence  was  erected  for  the  priests  at  the 


'  Cardinal  Tnschereau,  "  Histoirc  des  Missions  du  Seminaire  de  Que- 
bec"; F.  Qabricl  Marest,  Letter  (Kip,  pp.  211-4). 


i   , 


■M 


*  'ij 


1 


552 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


left  of  tlic  fort  on  an  eminence  overlooking  all  the  surround- 
ing country.' 

It  is  paid  that  after  tlie  arrival  of  Father  Gravier  from 
France  in  17US,  Bienville  wished  to  instul  him  in  the  parish 
church,  and  maintained  him  there  till  orders  came  from  France 
to  restore  the  church  to  the  priests  of  the  Seminary  of  the 
Foreign  Missions  to  which  it  was  canonlcally  united  ;  but  the 
Register  of  Mobile  has  no  entry  by  Father  Gravier.  The 
Rev.  Mr.  de  la  Vente  was  suffering  from  a  painful  diseivse 
and  800U  after  retui-ned  to  France,  where  he  arrived  in  Oc- 
tober, 1710,  in  a  dy- 
^  /^  y>         /^       J    i"ff  condition.' 

(/hLe.KUncCr€    /UltC  The       Kcv.       Mr. 

8IQNATURE  OP  REV.    ALEXANDER  HUVE.         IIuVC,    wllO    CaUlC   OUt 

as  Vicar,  besides  as- 
sisting in  the  parish  church,  had  taken  charge  of  a  band  of 
fugitive  Apalaches.  These  flying  from  English  persecution, 
had  settled  about  ten  miles  from  Mobile.' 

They  were  Catholics,  and  had  erected  a  chapel  and  liouse 
for  a  missionary,  but  Rev.  Mr.  Iluve  having  no  ability  for 
acquiring  Indian  languages,  was  never  able  to  instruct  them 
in  their  own  tongue. 

In  1700,  La  Vigne  Voisin  began  a  fort  on  Isle  Dauphine, 

'  Penicaut  (Miirc^y,  v.,  p.  471). 

»  Not  only  Bifiivillc  and  Father  Gravier,  but  also  de  Boisbriant  censure 
the  course  pursued  by  Rev.  Mr.  de  la  Vente  ;  but  tbat  clergyman  in  a 
memoir  to  Pontchartrain  (Oayarre,  i.,  pp.  118-121),  draws  a  terrible  pic- 
ture of  the  ]irevalcnt  profligacy,  neglect  of  religious  observances,  and 
contempt  for  the  ministers  of  religion.  He  solicited  permission  to  maiTy 
Hcttlers  to  converted  Indian  women  so  as  to  jjrevent  illicit  connections, 
but  this  was  refused.     (lb.,  p.  148.) 

'PcnicauKMargry.  v.,  p.  400)  says  they  arrived  near  Mobile  toward 
the  end  of  1705.  After  Rev.  Mr.  lluvc,  the  Carmelite  Father  Charles, 
and  the  Recollect  F.  A'ictorin  Dupui  were  missionaries  of  the  Apalaches, 
and  the  latter  also  of  the  Mobiliaus.     Register  of  Mobile. 


THE  APALACHES. 


658 


and  more  attentive  to  relij^ion  than  most  colonizers  of  Louisi- 
ana, lie  erected  a  fine  church  near  the  redoubt.  It  faced  the 
j)ort  where  the  vessels  anchored,  so  that  all  on  board  could  in 
a  moment  land  to  hear  mass.  This  church  drew  many  set- 
tlers to  the  island.'  Here  the  Rev.  Mr.  Iluve  became  chap- 
lain, but  was  nearly  killed  in  November,  1710,  by  the  Eng- 
lish who  made  a  descent  on  the  island,  and  lost  all  his  effects. 
lie  then  retired  to  the  Mississippi  with  the  French,  but 
wearying  of  tlieir  little  respect  for  religion,  solicited  permis- 
sion to  undertake  an  Indian  mission." 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Davion  maintained  his  Tonica  mission  till 
1708,  when  parties  of  English  Indians  menaced  it,  and  be 
withdrew  to  Mobile,  preparing  to  return  to  France  ;  but  the 
destitute  condition  of  the  colony  induced  him  to  remain  for 
several  years." 

Rev.  Mr.  Le  Maire  acted  also  as  chaplain  in  the  fort. 

The  little  village  of  the  Apalaches  showed  that  the  mis- 
sions of  the  Spanish  Fathers  had  not  been  fruitless.  Their 
old  enemies,  the  Alibamons,  pursued  them  and  destroyed  their 
new  village,  but  Mr.  de  Bienville  assigned  them  another  re- 
serve and  grain  to  plant  their  fields.  "When  the  French  left 
their  first  Mobile  fort*  these  Indians  followed,  and  Bienville 

'  Ponicaut,  "  Relation  "  (Marjorry,  v.,  p.  483). 

'  lie  striigjrlcd  on  for  some  years,  till  having  become  almost  blind,  he 
returned  to  France  in  1727. 

^  He  left  Louisiana  in  1725,  and  died  of  gout  amonc:  his  kindred  in 
France,  April  8,  1726.  Le  Pape  du  Pratz  asked  Mr.  Davion  whetlier  his 
zeal  for  the  salvation  of  the  Indians  was  rewarded  by  progress.  "  He  re- 
plied almost  in  tears,  that  notwith.standing  the  profound  respect  which 
these  people  bore  him,  he  could  with  great  difficulty  succeed  in  baptizing 
some  children  at  the  point  of  death  ;  that  those  who  had  attained  the  age 
of  reason  e.Kcused  themselves  from  embracing  our  holy  religion  by  say- 
ing that  they  were  too  old  to  subject  themselves  to  rules  so  difficult  to  ob- 
serve."   "  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane,"  i.,  p.  123. 

*  The  original  fort  at  Mobile  was  above  the  present  city,  with  store- 


^M 


■i'  .m 


Y:  '4*. 


■■': 


'•I 


r^rA  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

asainrtied  tliern  frrounil  on  Saint  Martin's  River,  a  Icai^ue  above 
the  post.  I\'nicaut,  a  Avortliy  dironiclur  of  tlie  earFv  l''reiicl. 
days  of  Louisiana,  says  they  were  tlie  only  Christian  nadon  who 
came  to  tliem  from  the  Spanish  territorv.  He  ^nves  iiiter- 
estino:  details:  "The  Apalaches  have  puhlic  serviee  like 
Cathohcs  in  Fraiiee.  Their  ,-reat  feast  is  Saint  Louis's  dav. 
On  tlie  eve  they  eome  to  invite  the  olHcers  of  the  for.  to  ti'ie 
festivities  in  tlieir  village,  and  they  oiler  good  cheer  that  day 
to  all  who  come,  especially  the  French. 

"  The  priests  of  our  fort  go  there  to  say  the  high  mass, 
which  they  hear  with  much  devotion,  chanting  the  psalms  in 
Latin  as  tliey  do  in  France,  and  after  dinner  VespiTs  and 
Benediction  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament.  The  men  and  women 
are  very  properly  dressed  that  day.  The  men  wear  a  kind 
of  cloth  coat  and  the  women  mantles,  petticoats  of  silk  in 
French  style,  except  that  they  wear  no  head-dresses,  going 
bareheaded.  Their  long,  jet-black  hair  is  plaited,  and  hangs 
down  the  back  in  one  or  two  plaits,  such  as  Spanish  girl 
wear.  Those  whoso  hair  is  too  l,.ng,  tun,  it  up  to  the  mid- 
dle of  the  back,  and  tie  it  with  ribbon. 

"They  have  a  church  where  one  of  our  French  priests 
goes  on  Sundays  and  holidays  to  say  nias.s.  They  have  a 
haptismal  fcmt  to  baptize  their  children,  and  a  cenictcry  be- 
side their  church,  with  a  cross  erected,  and  there  they  burv 
their  dead."  '  ' 

The  efforts  of  the  Seminary  of  the  Foreign  Missions  in  the 
Miasissipp,  ha.l  produced  little  result  ;  the  station  at  Tama- 
rois,  or  ( -alK.kia,  as  it  was  gen.-rally  called,  alone  showing  any 
wxhcation  of  permanent  good,  a  French  population  having 
gathered^thcre,  numbering  forty-seven  families  in  1715. 

,'1™.  ""o""  '"''"'  ""'"''  "     '^''  """•""'  "'"  "•"^J^oM^ouTto  M.0 
'  Prtiicnut,  "  F{(<liition  "  in  .Murjfry,  v.,  pp  4H(\-T, 


V.  REV.  DOMINIC  M.  VAliLET,   VG. 


5m 


The  Directors  of  tho  Seminary  at  Paris,  in  hope  of  givinj^ 
new  life  to  a  mission  wliicb  had  cost  life,  and  toil,  and  out- 
lay, selected  as  Superior  of  their  priests  in  the  A^allcy  of  the 
Mi88issi])pi,  the  Rev.  J)omiiiic  Mary  Varlet,  a  man  of  energy 
and  ability,  who  had  been  ordained  for  six  years,  and  was  in 


VltRT     HEV.     DOMINIC     MAHY    VAUI.KT,     VK'AUOENEllAL, 
AKTKIIWAKHS   11I8H0P  OK    UAllYl.ON. 

Ligh  repute  as  a  priest  of  virtue  and  ])iety.  lie  went  to  the 
Tamarois  mission  by  way  of  Canada.  On  the  ♦Ifh  of  Octo- 
ber, 1717,  Bishop  Saint  Vallier,  reciting  his  learning,  energy, 
probity,  and  other  virtues,  appointed  him  V'icar-(Tencral, 
es])ecially  for  Fort  La  Mobile  or  Fort  Louis,  and  tho  placen 


T.  ^' 
<  «'  'i, 
>    , 

•.•-Hi 


i 


M 


me 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES 


and  missions  near  and  along  the  river  Mississippi,  with  juris- 
diction over  all  priests  secular  or  regular,  except  priests  of 
the  Society  of  Jesus,  who  were  subject  to  their  own  Superior. 
He  gave  liiui  jxnver  to  make  a  visitation,  to  grant  and  with- 
draw faculties,  to  absolve  in  reserved  cases,  and  generally 
exercise  in  full  all  powers  of  Vicar-Gejieral.'  As  the  V.  Rev. 
Uv.  Varlet  represented  to  the  Bishop  that  a  considerable 
time  might  elapse  before  he  could  reach  the  Tamarois  mis- 
sion, and  that  meantime  the  Seminary  might  be  unable  to 
*«eiid  a  successor  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Rergier  at  that  place,  he 
therefore  solicited  a  confirmation  of  the  original  Letters 
Patent  granted  to  the  Seminary  for  the  Illississippi  missions, 
and  especially  for  that  of  the  Tamarois,  for  fear  that  the 
original  inight  be  treated  as  obsolete,  and  possession  of  the 
mission^  disputed  by  clergymen  of  sumo  other  organization. 
The  bishop  accordingly  renewed  his  Letters  of  ]\[ay  10  and 
July  14,  1(!98.' 

Tlie  Very  Rev.  Mr.  Varlet  proceeded  to  his  nn'ssion,  but 
of  his  labors  in  the  Mississippi  Vr.lley  we  find  no  details, 
though  his  name  appears  in  a  few  entries  in  the  Register  of 
Mobile,'  showing  that  he  visited  the  country  from  Cahokia 
to  the  gulf.  He  is  said  to  have  siwnt  six  years  on  the  mis- 
sion, and  returning  to  Europe,  was  ap]K)inted  in  1718  Bishop 
of  Ascalon,  and  Coadjutor  to  the  Bishop  of  Babylon,  and 
after  receiving  episcopal  coiisecrafi.)!!,  set  out  for  the  East. 
Meanwhile  evidence  had  reached  Rome,  that  ^fgr.  Varlet 
was  an  active  adherent  of  the  doctrines  of  Jansenius.  The 
Sovereign   Pontiff  recallcfl  Mgr.  Varlet,  now  by  succession 

'  "  Arcliivcs  of  tlic  .Vrclihishopricof  Quebec,"  Hc^'iatro  f!,  p.  112. 

'  Ibid.,  Hejrisfre  C.  p.  113. 

'The  entrie-.  extend  from  Miireh  2,  1718,  to  .I,m.  VA.  1715,  his  si^nn- 
tiires  in  1715  lieiiiir  us  Viciir-Oencr.d,  which  supposcH  m  apjwiutment 
j)rior  to  thfit  of  1717. 


ILLINOIS  MISSIONS. 


BBT 


Bishop  of  Babylon,  but  be  withdrew  to  Utrecht  in  Holland, 
where  he  took  an  active  part  in  establishing  the  schismatical 
Jansenist  Church,  consecrating  four  successive  pretended 
archbishops,  ijnd  died  near  that  city  in  174-2,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-four,  after  having  been  excommunicated  by  several 
Popes. 

When  the  Company  of  the  "West  established  Fort  Char- 
tres  in  1718,  a  little  French  settlement  soon  grew  up  around 
it,  and  near  the  Indian  villages.  The  missionary  of  the  Kac- 
kaskias  was  Father  John  Le  Boullenger,  who,  studying  pro- 
foundly the  language  of  the  Illinois  Indians,  drew  up  a  Gram- 
mar and  Dictionary,  with  a  very  full  Catechism  and  prayers. 
Tlie  manuscript  of  what  I  believe  to  be  his  work  is  still  ex- 
tant in  a  large  folio  volume,  formerly  in  the  possession  of 
Hon.  Henry  C.  Murphy,  now  in  the  Carter  Brown  Library 
at  Providence.     This  eminent  missionary  opens  the  Register 

TITLE  OF  TUE  PAIlISn  REOISTEU  OF  KASKASKIA. 

of  "  the  Church  of  the  Mission  and  Parish  of  the  Concep- 
tion of  Our  Lady,"  on  the  17th  of  June,  1719,  styling  liim- 
eelf  "  chaplain  of  the  troops,"  of  which  Pierre  de  Boisbriant, 
the  king's  lieutenant,  was  commander.  The  next  year  Fa- 
ther Nicholas  Ignatius  de  Beaubois,  S.J.,  signs  as  parish 
priest,  as  though  the  parish  had  been  then  canonically  erected 
and  ho   installed.     Thenceforward   the   banns  of  marriage 


■ii 

1    \ 


•    ■ 


•I    .  1  ' 


m 


Ml 


iliii 


mS  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

were  regularly  published,  and  all  the  regulations  of  Canadian 
parishes  observed.' 

In  1721  Father  P.  Francis  X.  de  Charlevoix,  S.J.,  the  His- 
torian of  New  France,  made  a  tour  to  the  Lakes  and  down 
the  Mississii)pi.  At  Cahokia  and  Taniarois  he  found  Kev 
Dominic  Anthony  Thaunmr  de  la  Source. and  Rev.  Mr. 
Mercier.  There  were  two  Kaskaskia  missions,  one-half 
a  league  above  Fort  Chartres,  under  the  care  of  Father 
.John  Le  Boullenger  and  Father  Joseph  Francis  de  Kereben  ; 
the  other  two  leagues  distant  under  Father  John  Charles 
(luymonneau,  who  was  about  this  time  Superior  of  the 
missicm. 

There  was  a  priest  at  the  Yazoo,  in  1723,  the  Abbe  Juif, 
but  at  Natchez  mass  had  not  been  said  for  five  years,  and 
people  were  joined  together  merely  by  a  civil  marriage. 
Father  Charlevoix  heard  the  confessions  of  all  who  chose  to 
avail  themselves  of  his  presence.'  In  fact  children  born  at 
iS  ew  Orleans  and  Natchez  wore  baptized  at  Kaskaskia.'  But 
the  Jesuit  Father  do  Ville  seems  to  have  been  sent  soon 
after  to  Natchez.' 

The  French  in  the  Illinois  country  were  so  i)rofligj,te  at 
this  time,  and  made  so  light  of  the  reproofs  of  the  mission- 
aries, that  Father  Gabriel  Marest  appealed  in  1711  to  Gov- 


Rt^'istr.  ,1..,  Bapt<>,„c8  faite  dans  rEglisc  do  la  Missi„n  ct  dnn,sl« 
Pa  .  sso  do    a  (o„,H.p.icn  do  N.  Damo  -    I  was  about  to  publish  Lo 
Houllon,.orH  Dictionary  in  n.y  Library  of  An.orioun  Lin^n.istics,  an.l  had 
iH-un  tho  printing'  whon  the  vohime  was  recalled.     Another  Dictionary 
mip,H.8ed  to  bo  the  work  of  Father  CJravier.  is  in  tho  poHSoasion  of  Hoa 
J.  Hain,nond  Trumbull,  of  Hartford.  Conn. 
-'  (  harlcvoix,  "  Ilistoiro  de  la  Nouvelle  Franco,"  iii.,  pp.  802-4. 

'  ••  Heplstro  de  la  Conception  de  N.  Dame,"  Mar.  15,  Nov.  19  1720 
May  18,  1721.  '  ' 

•  I<e  FaRo  du  Pratz,  "  IlUtoire  do  la  LouUiane,"  i.,  p.  130. 


ILLINOIS  MISSIONS. 


669 


ernor  Bienville,  who  sent  up  a  sergeant  and  twelve  men  to 
maintain  order.  Those  who  wished  to  marry  Indian  wives 
were  encouraged,  and  many  did  so,  as  several  had  done  be- 
fore at  the  old  town.  The  Kaskaskias  were  industrious ;  the 
Jesuit  Fathers  had  taught  them  to  use  the  plough  in  their 
fields  near  Lake  Pimiteouy,  and  when  they  began  to  obtain 
horses  from  the  Caddoes,  they  raised  large  fields  of  grain, 
which  they  ground  at  the  three  mills  in  their  district.  The 
women  made  a  cloth  of  bison  wool,  and  wore  a  waist  and 
jietticoat,  with  a  long  robe  above,  the  work  of  their  own 

hands. 

The  majority  of  the  Illinois  were  at  this  time  Christians. 
They  had  a  very  large  church  in  their  village,  with  a  high 
altar  and  two  lateral  ones,  a  baptismal  font  and  a  bell.  They 
attended  mass  and  vespers  regularly,  singing  the  psalms  and 
liymns  in  their  own  language;  the  French  when  they  at- 
tended, singing  alternate  verses  in  Latin.' 

The  influence  of  religion  can  be  seen  in  some  pious 
children  brought  up  in  the  Illinois  country.  Mary  Turpin, 
daughter  of  a  Canadian  father  and  an  Illinois  mother,  re- 
markable for  her  modesty,  piety,  and  industry,  became  a 
nun  in  the  Ursuline  Convent,  New  Orleans,  where  she  died 
in  1761,  at  the  age  of  fifty-two.  She  was  certainly  the  first 
American-born  nnn  in  this  country.* 

Fort  Chartres,  a  log  structure  near  the  river,  begun  by  de 
Boisbriant  in  1718  was  long  the  chief  French  post^on  the 
northern  Mississippi,  thougli  not  rebuilt  in  stone  till  1757.  It 
became,  too,  the  centre  and  seat  of  government  of  the  Illinois 
country.    The  chapel  was  dedicated  to  Saint  Anne,  and  as 


'  Penicaut.  "  Relation  "  in  Margry.  v.,  pp.  490-1. 
•  "  Lcttrc  Circuluire  dc  sa  mort." 


till 


1 


•jii 


660 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


settlers  selected  grounds  near  the  fort,  the  little  village  that 
grew  up  formed  in  time  the  parish  of  St.  Anne.' 

Another  village  was  formed  at  Prairie  du  Rocher  five 
miles  from  the  fort  on  land  granted  to  Boisbriant.  Here  a 
church  was  dedicated  to  Saint  Joseph,  and  village  and  church 
remain  to  this  day  with  the  old  title,  although  the  church 
and  village  of  Saint  Anne  de  Fort  Chartres  were  in  time  so 
invaded  by  the  Mississippi  in  its  floods  that  they  were  aban- 
doned, and  the  inhabitants  removed  chiefly,  it  would  seem, 
to  Prairie  du  Rocher. 

Two  of  the  chaplains  of  the  Fort,  the  Abbe  Joseph  Ga- 
gnon,  parish  priest  of  Cahokia,  and  Father  Luke  Collet,  a  Rec- 
ollect, died  there,  and  were  buried  in  the  church  of  Saint 
Anne,  but  when  that  edifice  threatened  to  fall  witl  i^e 
crumbling  earth  into  the  river,  their  bodies  were  pio'^  y, 
transferred  to  the  church  of  Saint  Joseph.' 

The  spiritual  condition  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  called 
forth  this  year  the  following  pastoral  from  Bishop  Saint  Val- 
lier : 

"  We,  John,  by  the  grace  of  God  and  of  the  Holy  Apos- 
tolic See,  Bishop  of  Quebec,  to  our  most  beloved  brethren  in 
Jesus  Christ,  tl.  i  mis'  naries  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  scat- 
tered throughout  the  extent  of  Micicipi,  and  to  the  faithful 
who  are  under  their  guidance,  Health  and  Benediction  in  Our 
Lord. 

*'  The  reports  which  reach  us  from  all  sides,  from  France 


'  Tlie  Register  beginning  August  1,  1743,  •"  ^till  preserved  at  Prairie 
du  Roclier.    I  could  not  obtain  access  to  it,  or  that  of  Prairie  du  Roclier. 

'The  Abl)5  Gannon,  ordained  April  23,  1730,  died  in  July,  1759. 
Leonard  Pliilibert  Collet,  who  look  in  religion  the  name  of  Luke,  was 
chaplain  at  the  French  posts  in  Pennsylvania,  Prescpiile,  and  Riviere  aux 
Boeufs.  lie  wiis  born  Nov.  3, 1715,  and  ordained  in  1758.  Tanguay,  "  Re- 
pertoire General."  Their  bodies  were  removed  by  Father  S.  L.  Meurin, 
B.J.,  in  1768. 


HJ-. 

.1  :i^   froiii  lii<-  ;;pp(.;:  . 

imrity,  in  wbieli  riit- 

i!   >  Very  kind  of  con'Hi 

'■    ■  Itavo  come  to  iniiaii 

■  hat  they  will  <,lraw 

f'nlininated  n«r:\ins; 

.'s<.'(i  in  iJiariy  piai.'Cf     • 
•->  :•■■>  !"xk  to  serve  God  won, 
N' itli  111!  our  t^trcngth  the  p; 
iriigiit  be  caleulatod   to  dr.' 
\M)erefore  to  apply  most  etli.  . 

'i:  ■'■  ■  iithoritv  '    ■ 

'  '  ihoni,  tli.it  it  is  onr  inleiitlon 
M'iaula)  all  who  in.  oontenipt  o  " 
'  r  n.=  to  comsuit  scandalou,-;  ,,. 
:'>nH.  or  by  pnbl'e  "'.ni'ii^ 

I  limiting  and  even  dvvcUing  togethei 
!ie«?  classes  of  ])erson'!i  be  adniitte<l  ; 
'••rr-nifMit-s.  but  that  they  t-houid  be 
:    '  -  which  ghidl  be  imposed  upoi' 

(  oiifortnably  to  thfc  desire  o!  ; 
"'licli   wished  public  penaii 
' '       '    !'  Quebec  xino  ' 

I  mth  the  seal  oi  uur  .. 


'■IS  apparent' 


;5(>* 


I    r 


'.  i  1'  1 


'■  K 


' 


I* 


: 


(l^:»l 

l^^l 

'     >   ^j'i 

1^1 

^  JH 

^^^1 

s'S 

^^1 

|S'W 

^H 

im 

^H 

t    yflK' 

M^H 

Hvf 

1 

■ 

k  ;i 

i^H 

"^i 


.»*•■ 


i 


BP.  SAINT  VALUER'S  PASTORAL. 


501 


as  well  as  from  the  upper  cimntry,  of  the  disregard  of  religion 
and  purity,  in  which  the  French  rectently  come  from  France, 
of  every  kind  of  condition,  live  in  the  vast  country  which 
they  have  come  to  inhabit  along  that  great  river,  making  us 
fear  that  they  will  draw  down  upon  us  the  maledictions  of 
God,  fulminated  against  those  who  will  not  live  Christian 
lives,  and  according  to  their  state,  instead  of  the  blessings 
j)romiscd  in  many  places  of  the  sacred  books  to  men  of  good 
who  seek  to  serve  God  well.  We  have  resolved  to  withstand 
with  all  our  strength  the  i)ublic  vices  and  disorders,  which 
might  be  calculated  to  draw  down  misfortunes   upon   us, 
Wlierefore  to  apply  most  efficacious  remedies,  we  order  those, 
who  under  our  authority  have  the  conduct  of  souls,  to  declare 
to  them,  that  it  is  our  intention  to  regard  as  giving  public 
scandal  all  who  in  contempt  of  divine  and  human  laws  go  so 
far  as  to  commit  scandalous  in)piety  by  their  word.;,  or  by 
their  actions,  or  by  public  concubinage,  persons  who  iu  disre- 
gard of  all  prohibitions  intimated  to  them,  persist  in  fre- 
quenting and  even  dwelling  together.   We  do  not  desire  that 
these  classes  of  ]5ersons  be  admitted  to  the  church  or  to  the 
sacraments,  but  that  they  sliould  be  sul)jected  to  public  pen- 
ance, which  shall  be  imposed  upon  them  by  our  Yicar-Geii- 
eral,  confonnably  to  the  desire  of  the  Holy  Council  of  Trent, 
which  wished  public  penance  imposed  on   public  sinners. 
Given  at  Quebec  under  our  hand  and  that  of  our  Secretary, 
sealed  with  the  seal  of  our  arms  this  19th  day  of  July  one 
thousand  seven  hundred  and  twenty-one. 

"John,  Bishop  of  Qcjebec."  ' 

This  was  apparently  the  last  official  act  of  Bishop  Saint 
Vallier  referring  directly  to  the  church   in  the  JMississi])pi 


'  "Archives  de  rArchevCcLti  de  Qu6bec. 
86 


Kegistre  C,  p.  119. 


r^m 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Valley  in  which  he  had  taken  such  interest  in  his  long  and 
eventful  administration.' 

The  country  of  the  Illinois  having  been  attached  by  the 
French  govennnent  to  Louisiana,  negro  and  Indian  shuery 
was  introduced,  not  without  detriment  to  the  moral  tone  of 
the  connnunity.  This  connection  involved  that  i)art  of  the 
country  in  the  Indian  wars,  and  the  Register  <if  Kaskaskia 
chronicles  requiem  masses  offered  for  fiimilicsand  individuals 
who  fell  victims  to  savage  fury  while  descending  the  Missis- 

In  August,  1717,  the  Regent  Duke  of  Orleans  in  the  name 
of  Louis  XV.,  issued  Letters  Patent  establishing  a  joint  stock 
company  called  the  "Company  of  the  West," "  to  which 
Louisiana  was  transferred.  The  Hfty-third  clause  reads  as 
follows :  "  As  in  the  settlement  of  the  countries  granted  to 
the  said  Company  by  these  Presents,  We  regard  especially 
the  glory  of  God  by  procuring  the  salvation  of  the  inhabit- 
ants, Indians,  savages  and  negroes,  whom  we  desire  to  be  in- 
structed in  the  true  religion,  the  said  Conipany  shall  be 
obliged  to  ])uil(l  at  its  expense  churches  at  the  places  where  it 
forms  settlements ;  as  also  to  maintain  there  the  necessary 
nund)er  of  approved  ecclesiastics;  either  with  the  rank  of 
l)arisli  priests  or  such  others  as  shall  be  suitable,  in  order  to 
])reacli  the  Holy  Gospel  there,  perform  Divine  service,  and 


'  As  wcsliall sec,  Bishop  Saint  Vallier  relinquislied  flic  euro  of  T.ouisinn;. 
to  till,  roadjiitor  assi^iR.,!  to  him  a  few  years  after  this  date.  Ho  died  on  tlio 
2fith  of  I)<'ceinbcr,  1727,  at  the  a-e  of  04,  at  the  Genera!  Ilo^pilal  of 
Quebec,  which  he  had  founded.  IJisiiop  Saint  Valh'er's  eharitv  and  love 
of  (he  imor  were  extreme,  and  he  i*^  said  to  liave  expended  on  liis  diocese 
•,'()0.(»()(l  c'rowns.  "  AJonsei-neiir  de  Saint  Vallier  et  I'JIopital  General  de 
(iuel.ec,"  Quebec,  \Hfi-i,  pp.  l-2v\.  The  name  is  frequently  written 
vSanil  Valier,  but  Saint  V.allier  is  evidently  flie  proper  form.     lb.,  j).  709. 

■  Register  of  Kaskaskia,  April  29,  1723,  Dec.  IS,  1719    June  •">  17'i'> 
etc.  ~'      '*' 


THE  COMPANY  OF  THE  WEST. 


568 


a:lininister  the  sacraments ;  all  under  the  authority  of  tlio 
Bishoji  of  Quebec,  the  said  colony  remaining  in  his  diocese, 
as  heretofore  ;  and  the  parish  priests  and  otiier  ecclesiastics 
which  the  said  Company  shall  maintain  there,  shall  be  at  his 
nomination  and  patronage." ' 

Meanwhile  the  Report  of  Father  de  Charlevoix  as  to  the 
spiritual  destitution  of  the  colony  had  induced  efforts  to  re- 
lieve it.  The  Connnissaries  of  the  Council  of  the  Western 
Company  by  an  ordinance  of  May  16,  1722,  professed  to 
have  been  issued  by  the  consent  of  the  Bishop  of  Quebec, 
divided  Louisiana  into  three  ecclesiastical  sections.  The  part 
north  of  the  Ohio  and  corresponding  to  it  on  the  west  of  the 
Mississippi  was  left  mi  the  care  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  and 
the  Seminaries  of  the  Foreign  lyiissions  of  Quebec  and  Paris, 
who  had  already  permanent  establishments  there. 

For  the  new  French  settlements  on  and  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississippi  a  different  arrangement  was  made.  A  coad- 
jutor had  been  appointed  to  Bishop  Saint  Vallier  in  the  per- 
son of  a  Capuchin  Father  of  ^^eud(>n,  Louis  Francis  Duples- 
sis  de  Mornay,  who  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Eumenia  in 
Phrvgia  and  coadjutor  of  Quebec,  in  the  church  of  the  Ca- 
puchins at  Paris  on  the  22d  of  April,  171L  This  prelate  never 
came  to  America,  although  he  in  time  succeeded  to  the  see  of 
Quebec.  He  remained  in  France,  and  as  Bishop  Saint  Val- 
lier appointed  him  Yicar-(Teneral  for  Louisiana,  he  assumed 
the  direction  of  the  Church  in  that  province. 

"When  the  Company  of  the  West  applied  to  him  for  priests 


I  •  ? 


'  Le  Pnire  du  Pratz,  "  Ilistoire  dc  la  Louisiane,"  i..  pp.  TT-8.  V>y  the 
"  TJlac'U  <'(h1c"  (1724),  all  worship  hut  ihc  Cuthdlic  was  f()il)iild(Mi. 
Slaves  were  to  receive  religious  instrurtion,  hut  they  were  not  to  he  iiianied 
hy  any  clergyman  without,  the  permission  of  the  masters  ;  marriage  be- 
tween whites  and  Macks  was  severely  prohibited,  and  clergymen  sec- 
ular or  regular  forbidden  to  ofliciate  at  .such  unions. 


m-i 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


to  minister  to  the  settlers  in  the  province,  and  continue  the 
work  among  the  French  and  Indians  be-nn  by  the  Jesuit 
Fatliers  and  the  Priests  of  the  Foreign^  .Missions,  Jjishop 
do  ]\r..rnay  offered  the  more  popu!r,us  lield  to  tlie  order  of 
wliich  he  was  a  member,  and  iii  1717  the  Capuchin  Fatliei-s 
of  the  province  of  Champagne  undertook  tlie  charge,  Koyal 

HKi.SATlIiK   (IK   FATIIKU  ,IOIIN   MATTirEW. 

letters  having  been  obtained  m  April  of  that  year  to  authorize 
their  acceptance  of  the  mission. 

No  immediate  steps  were  taken,  however;  years  passed, 
and  it  was  not  til!  the  commencement  of  1721  that  any  Fa- 
thers of  the  Capuchin  order  api)cared  in  Louisiana. 

The  last  entry  of  the  secular  clergy  at  .Mobile  was  that  of 
Itev.   Alexander  IIuv.\  on  the  i;5th  of  January,  1721,  and 

StONATUHE  OK  KATHKH  MATTHEW    AS   VllAU-AI'OSTOI.ir. 

with  him  ceased  the  work  of  the  priests  of  \\,^  Seminary. 
Ou  the  isth  the  Capuchin  Father.  John  Matthew,  signs  as 
ransh  Priest  of  Mobile'  As  these  Fathers  came  directiv 
from  Franc,,  and  had  no  personal  relations  with  the  IJishoixif 
(jtiebec,  they  found  aj)plications  to  him  long  and  te.lious. 

'  Hi'irlsfpr  of  Mobil.',  ,I,iii.  IH,  I72l7 


t^^ 


COMMENCEMENT  OF  NEW  ORLEANS.  ACT 


Father  John  Matthew  was  evidently  the  Xornian  Caimchin 
wlio  applied  to  Rome  for  special  powers  for  fifteen  iiiis^sionrt 
under  his  charge,  representing  that  the  great  distance  at 
which  he  was  from  the  Bishop  of  Quebec  made  it  impracti- 
cable to  apply  when  necessary.'  A  brief  was  really  issued,  and 
Father  John  Mattliew  construed  the  powers  it  conferred  so 
liberally  as  to  assume  that  it  exempted  him  from  episcoi)al 
jurisdiction,  and  made  him  a  Vicar-Ajjostolic,  for  he  signs 
himself  from  January  l»,  1722,  to  Match  14,  1728,  F.  :Mat- 
thew,  Vicar-Apostolic  and  Parish  Priest  f)f  Mobile. 

New  Orleans  was  connnenced  by  JVienville  in  1718,  and  a 
]>lan  for  the  new  city  was  laid  out  by  La  Tour,  the  engineer. 
It  was  a  rectangle,  eleven  squares  along  the  river,  aiul  five 
in  <lepth.  In  the  centre  on  the  river  a  wpiare  was  reserved 
as  th(!  "  Place  d' Amies."  and  the  S(piare  behind  it  on  the  line 
de  Cliartres  was  resi-rved  for  the  parish  church.  P>ut  when 
Father  Charlev(.ix  arrived  there  in  January,  1722,  the  city 
consisted  of  about  a  hundred  temporaiT  sheds  ;  tliei'e  were 
only  two  or  three  fairly  built  houses.  No  chajiel  had  yet 
been  erected  ;  half  of  a  wretched  wareliouse  had  at  first  been 
assigned  for  the  chapel,  but  1k>  smvs  though  "  tliey  had  kindly 
conse>it(Ml  to  lend  it  to  the  Lord,  he  had  scarcely  taken  ])os- 
session,  when  lii'  was  retjuested  to  withdraw,  and  seek  slielter 
under  a  tent."  Yet  sonu'  rude  structure  was  soon  put  up, 
for  the  hurricane  of  Septendier  12.  1722,  which  ].rostrated 
thirty  log-huts  or  houses,  demolished  also  the  church.'^  This 
first  church  is  said  to  have  been  <ledicated  to  Saint  Ignatius, 
iiiid  to  have  been  attended  by  a  Capuchin  Father  Antlumy. 


•Miclmcl  a  Tu-io,  ■' Hulli.riuin  Onl.  VV.  Minor.  S.l'.  Francisci  Ca- 
imcinonim."     K<>1.  1T40-52  ;  vii.,  pi).  iVii-'-^. 

«  Clmrlcvoix.  "  Ilistoirc  «lr  la  Nuuvi'llf  Frtiiicf,"  ii..  pp.  'tiU,  458;  ilL, 
p.  4ao.     Bheii'a  Triiiisliition,  vi.,  pp.  40,  60. 


?! 


'I 


i  ';r 


- 


I'.f 


md 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


lu  1724  or  '5  a  brick  church  was  at  last  erected,  which  stood 
for  about  sixty  years.' 

The  Company  by  its  ordinance  of  1722  assigned  the  dis- 
trict between  tlie  Mississippi  and  the  Kio  Perdido,  with  the 
country  northward  to  the  Oliio,  to  the  iJiscalced  Carmelite 
Fathers,  who  were  to  have  their  chief  station  at  Mobile. 
This  order  never  seems  to  have  entered  on  the  field  heartilv, 
although  one  member,  Father  Charles,  acted  for  a  time  as 
missionary  to  the  Apalaches."  It  is  asserted  that  the  IJishop 
of  Quebec,  dissatisfied  with  their  inaction,  assigned  their  dis- 


SIGNATlltK  OK  TIIK  CAKMELITE  FATIIEU  CFIAIILES. 

trict  also  to  the  Capuchins  by  an  ordinance  of  Decend)er  10 
1722. 

A  memoir  favorable  to  the  Capuchins  says:  "But  the 
Ca])uchins  had  more  zeal  than  subjects  to  send  to  tlie  mis- 
sion. The  province  of  Chami>agne,  from  which  those  of 
Louisiana  came,  is  small  and  sterile  in  members.  The  Com- 
pany  accordingly  seeing  that  they  did  not  furnish  as  many 
priests  as  were  neecssiiry  to  fill  the  ecclesiastical  posts(,f  their 
district,  an<l  knowing,  moret)ver,  that  they  were  tmfitted  for 
Indian  miKsions,  deemed  it  absolutely  necessary  to  make  a 
new  division,  which  Avould  suit  the  chanicter  and  the  par- 
ti<Milar  talents  of  the  two  orders,  and  give  them  hencefor- 
ward an  invariable  Ktatc  It  resolved  to  place'Capuchins  in 
all  the  Fri'iich   posts,  and  to  i-ntrust  the  spiritual  direction  of 

'  L.M-wcnsli.ii..  •■  History  of  the  St.  Louis  Ciillicdral  of  New  (>rl(  ins,' 

p.  Ifl.     I  do  not  |<iio\v  wlicn-  I btiiiiicj  initliorily  for  tjiosc  Mutoinfiits, 

'•'  I{i'(di*t<T  of  Moliilc,  Ajil.  IM-'.V.,  17,>|. 


»  i 


THE  CAPUCHINS. 


r)07 


m 


the  Indians  to  the  Jesuits,  during  the  pleasure  of  the  Bisliop 
of  Quebec,  who  in  his  letters  highly  approved  this  arnuige- 
nient."  ' 

Meanwhile  the  exclusive  district  of  tlie  Jesuits  and  Semi- 
nary priests  had  been  extended  down  to  Natchez.  The  Fa- 
thers of  the  Society  of  Jesus  were  thus  left  to  estibhsh 
Indian  missions  in  all  parts  of  Louisiana,  with  a  resideiu'c  at 
New  Orleans,  but  were  nut  to  exercise  any  ecclesiastical  func- 
tions there  without  the  consent  of  the  Capuchins,  and  to  min- 
ister to  the  French  in  their  Illinois  district  with  the  Priests 
of  the  Foreign  Missions,  where  the  Superior  of  each  body 
was  Vicar-General,  as  the  (.'apucliiu  Superior  was  at  New 
Orleans. 

Tiie  Comi)any  on  the  2Tth  of  June,  1725,  issued  a  formal 
dii)loma  to  tlie  Capuchins,  which  was  approved  by  the  king 
at  Chantilly,  Jnly  15,  in  the  same  year.' 

As  tlie  colony  increased,  churches  were  erected  at  IMolnle, 
New  Orleans,  and  other  settlements.  A  fi'W  years  later 
the  Capuchins  in  Louisiana  ha<l  charge  of  New  Orleans, 
which  hail  now  become  the  most  important  i)lace,  and  con- 
tained a  Hock  (.f  six  Inmdrcd  Catholic  families;  Mobile  lind 
decline.1  to  mrrely  sixty  families;  the  Apalache  Indians 
numbering  thirty  families  ;  six  at  r.alize,  two  hundred  at  Les 
Allemands,  one  hundred  at  Fointe  Coupee,  six  at  Natchez, 


'  "Mcmoirc  ronci-rnnnt  I'Kjrllsc  do  lii  Loiiisiain'  ti;22-1728)  <iu  21 
XovfMnlHT  lT2H,"iii  (inivicr,  "ncliilion  du  Voviifre  dv»  Dtimcs  Rclij;- 
icuses  rrsuliu.N,"  V:uU.  1HT2,  ]X  WX  This  •■  Mcmoirc. "  is  unsium.d 
mid  contains  evident  errors,  w.  tliat  its  i.utliorlty  cannot  l.e  consukTcd 
jrreat.  No  ordinance  of  np.  Saint  Valli.Ton  ti.c  nintlcr  exists  at  IJuebcc. 
.ind  tlie  whole  sifTair  seems  to  have  lieeii  inanau'ed  h.v  Up  <!('  Moniay. 
The  llrst  ("aimchins  certainly  took  possession  at  Mohile  in  lT21,oneas 
Cure  or  parish  priest,  and  no  Carniclitc  in>p.'!irs  as  jiarish  iiriest. 

'Michael  ii  Tiiu'lo,  "  llullarinm  Ord.  FF.  Minor.  S.l'.  Fraiicisci  Ca- 
piiciMoriini,"  1740-52,  vii..  pp.  !12M-lt. 


f  t 


■'!.: 


.    Vi 


f 


■■=f1 


V.ll 


608 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


'm 


and  iifty  at  Natcliitoelios,  Ik'sMos  tliree  other  missions  wliieli 
are  not  iianiod,  coinprisod  tlio  whole' 

Tlie  fouiiclor  of  the  .[esiiit  mission  in  Louisiana  was  Father 
Kicliohis  Ignatius  de  IJeaubois,  born  at  Orleans,  October  15, 
insi),  who  entered  the  Soeletj  just  after  eomi)letin.ir  his  sev' 
ent(H'nth  yt-ar.  lie  was,  as  we  have  seen,  on  the  Illinois  mis- 
sion in  17:>0,  when  he  w;us  selected  to  establish  the  new  and 
(Hllieult  work  assigned  to  his  order,^  and  was  a]ii)ointed 
V^ioar-General.  After  visiting  Louisiana  lie  returned  to 
France  to  obtain  Fathers  of  the  Society  for  the  missions  to 
be  established,  and  also  to  obtain  Sisters  of  some  order  who 

SIONATrnE  OK   FATOER   DE  nEAUBOIS. 

would   be   brave  enough   t,.  cross   the  ocean   to  assume  Wxi, 
eharg,>  of  an   hospital   an,l  open   an  aoademv.     lie  ap[)Iicd 

'V''  '•" "^''"f  "f  J^i'^l'"P  Sau.t  Vallier  to  the  (Irsulines  of 

Knuen.  Those  devout  ladies  accepted  the  call  to  the  <lishmt 
I'c'id  of  laborj.ut  at  the  e.id  of  a  year  little  progress  was 
made,  so  many  didicuhies  were  raise.l  bv  one  and  another 
In  one  case  it  was  even  necessary  to  obtain  the  authority  of 
Cardinal  Fleury.  Th.-  Royal  i'atent  authorizing  the  [frsu- 
hnes  to  found  a  convwit  in  Louisiana  was  issued  September 
IS.  i7L'fi.»  ' 

The  Company  of  the   West  agreed  to  maintain  six  nuns 
to  pay  their  passage  and  that  ,.f  four  servants.     Two  sisters 


nrrn.Ml  ,.„  thr     \  ,.,.us    h,  \ri'i.     Du.noni,  ••  Mmc.ircs,"  ii„  p.  h3. 
F.  Frlix  Martin,  r,istc  in  ('arayon    "  HannisscnK'ni."  pp  iw,  120. 
»  ••  nr..vi.t  (>n  f„v..nr  .I.n  I{..|igi,.,m,.s  Crsulincs  ,1,.  la  L.misiane 
rhcpmn.  ■•  Hdalinn  du  V,>yiij;(>,"  p,  (11. 


'IVan 


Af OTHER  MARY  TRANCHEPAIN. 


rm 


were  to  have  the  care  of  the  sick,  one  to  be  ready  to  replace 
eitlier  of  tlicni  in  case  of  necessity  ;  a  fourth  was  to  manage 
the  domestic  affairs  of  the  hospital,  and  one  was  to  conduct 
a  free  school  for  the  poor. 

At  last  on  the  I2tli  of  Jainiary,  1727,  :\[oll.er  Mary  Tran- 
chepain  of  Saint  Augustine,  with  seven  professed  nuns  from 
Ilouen,  Ilavres,  Van- 

nes,  Ploermcl,  Hen-      r^ /n    (L    f^  y^/  . 

nohon,  and  Kllxxnif,   ^     '  /^^'^^c/  "    U^c^.^Ui>i., 

with   a    novice   and     signatuue  op  motiikh  de  TUANcnKi'AiN. 
two  seculars,  met  at 

the  infirmary  of  the  ITrsulincs  at  ironnelwn,  ready  to  embark 
for  Louisiana.  They  set  siiil  on  tlic  22(1  of  tlio  ensuing 
month,  aecomi)anied  by  Fathers  Tartarin  and  Doutrclcau. 
After  a  long  and  tedious  voyage,  stopping  at  .Afadeira  for 
])rovisions,  they  reached  Louisiana,  and  in  boats  slowly  made 
their  way  to  New  Orleans,  and  on  tlie  Cth  of  August,  ]\Iotlier 
Traiichepain  i-eacbcd  that  city  to  begin  the  first  convent  of 
religious  women  within  the  ))rcsent  limits  of  the  Kepublic. 
Father  do  lleaubois  received  the  Sisters,  and  escorted  them  to 
their  temporary  home,  where  the  Frsnline  Convent  of  New 
Orleans  was  founded  August  7,  1727,  to  begin  the  M'ork  of 
education  and  charity,  which  has  been  continued  under  five 
dill'erent  national  flags  in  its  existence  of  more  than  a  cen- 
tury and  a  half. 

Tlie  iiuilding  hired  for  them  was  to  be  occupied  till  their 
convent  and  ln.pital  were  completed.  It  was  small  and  in- 
convenient, and  stood  in  tlie  sipiare  jiow  bounded  by  iiien- 
ville,  Douane,  Decatur,  and  Chartres  Streets,  in  the  south- 
west of  the  city.  Tlie  six  months  in  which  the  new  !)nil(l- 
ings  were  ])romise(l,  and  as  many  years,  ])asfied  before  the 
convent  was  ready  to  receive  them,  one  of  the  professed  nuns 


■'  A 


}'.  ;5  1 


<1.;! 


l^-j 


,■   1 


■^1 


'f\ 


670 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


dyinj;  before  the  wislied-for  day.'  It  is  even  stated  that  the 
mills  occupied  for  a  time  a  second  convent  on  a  sliort  street 
opening  on  tlie  levee,  and  still  called  "  Nun  Street,"  as  a 
neighboring  one  is  "  Religious  Street." ' 

At  last  on  tlie  ITth  of  July,  1734,  a  procession  issued  from 
the  temporary  convent,  twenty  young  girls,  attired  as  angels, 
one  to  represent  Saint  Ursula,  eleven  to  portray  her  host  of 
martyred  discij)les.  The  scholars  and  orphans  followed, 
then  came  the  Jesuit  Fathers,  de  IVauhois  and  Petit,  an<l 
the  Capuchin  Father  Philip  hearing  the  Blessed  Sacrament 
under  a  canopy.  Behind  it  came  the  nineteen  Ursuline  mms 
in  their  choir-mantles,  veile<l,  each  carrying  a  lighted  taper, 
(lovernor  Bienville,  with  the  Intendantand  otHcers,  followed, 
and  then  the  citizens,  the  procession  being  Hanked  on  either 
side  by  the  military  force  of  the  colony,  the  drums  and  iii- 
Btruments  blending  their  sound;  with  the  religious  chants  as 
they  moved  alitng.  At  the  i)arish  church  Father  I'etit  de- 
livered a  sermon  on  the  importance  of  Cliristian  education. 
Then  after  receiving  the  benediction  of  the  Blessed  Sacra- 
ment the  procession  moved  to  the  convent,  the  bells  of 
which  rang  out  a  welcome  as  it  a|)[)roache(l. 

The  cloisti'r  was  then  I'stablisheil,  and  the  Ursuline  Com- 
munity began  its  labors.  The  buildings,  in  spite  of  the  rime 
taken  to  erect  them,  and  the  money  ostensibly  expended, 
were  by  no  means  adcipiate  to  the  wants  of  the  conmnmity, 


'  Tnuit'licpaiii.  "  HclMtion  du  Voyniic  dcs  pmnicrcs  Ursulincs,"  New 
York.  ls,"jl(.  Onivicr,  "  Ucliitiim  ilii  Voyiiirc  tics  Dnnics  IScliLriciiscs  Ir- 
Hulini's  (!<•  Uoiicii  a  la  Nouvcllc  OrlcaiiH."  This  woik  trivcs  Idlers  of 
Miiric  llaclunl,  a  iiovico,  to  liiT  father,  uiul  embodies  the  account  ol' 
Mother  Traiicliepaiii. 

•  "rrsulines  of  New  Orleans,  '  Xew  Orleans,  1S80.  One  of  Ilii  nuns, 
Marianne  Houllenu'er  de  Ste.  .\.n^;eli(|ue,  was  a  sister  of  the  .Jesuit  Fiilher 
of  the  same  ii.".nie  in  Illinois. 


THE  URSULINE  CONVENT. 


571 


who  were  compelled  at  once  to  begin  another  structure  for 
their  daj-Kchool.  By  prudence  and  patience  the  Ursulines 
at  last  had  hospital  and  schools  on  a  solid  basis,  but  they 
were  grieved  to  see  the  people  so  indifferent  to  the  educa- 
tional advantages  their  academy  afforded.  The  hospital  un- 
der tlieir  management  gave  such  general  satisfaction  that  it 
was  resorted  to  by  all.  The  daughters  of  the  better  class  were 
educated  in  tlieir  academy,  many  in  time  marrying  French 


UUSl'I.INK    C'ONVKNT,    NEW    OIM.K.WS,    HKdl'N    IN    1727,    NOW    ItlCSI- 

|)i;n(K  ok  TiiK  Aitfiimsuoi', 

and  Spanish  officials  of  rank,  and  doing  honor  in  other  lands 
to  tlieir  training  by  the  exhibition  of  Christian  graces. 

The  rrsiiliiie  Convent  thus  erected  still  stands,  and  is  the 
oldest  building  in  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  as  it  is  the  oldest 
conventual  structure  in  the  Fnited  States.  Occupied  for  some 
years  past  as  the  residence  of  the  Archbishop,  it  has  not  lost 
its  religious  character.  It  stands  on  Frsiiline  Street,  near 
Conde. 


m 


\  t 


i! 


.      .!t,: 


M! 


■■^lil 


672 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


As  we  have  seen  by  tlie  arrangement  of  the  trading  ( 'oin- 
pany,  the  higlily  educated  Jesuits  were  eoiiiined  to  the  In- 
dian iicid,  and  were  not  allowed  to  exercise  the  ministry 
among  tlic  settlers  of  Louisiana,  who  were  assigned  to  a  less 
cultured  hody. 

The  iirst  Father  wiio  arrived  to  take  part  in  the  Louisiana 
missions  was  the  Canadian  Michael  Baudouin,  followed  in  ITi'tl 
hy  Fatliers  A[athurin  le  Petit,  I'aul  du  ]*oisson,  -lolm  SoucI, 
Alexis  (le  Guyetme,  and  .lohn  Dumas.  The  next  year,  as 
we  have  seen,  Fathers  Tai-tarin  and  JJoutreleau  arrived  on 
the  "(Jironde"  with  the  rrsulines. 

F'atlier  Dumas  went  up  to  the  Illinois  missions ;  Father 
du  Poisson  was  sent  to  the  Arkansas,  who  had  received  im 
instruction  since  Rev.  Nicholas  Foucault's  death  ;  Father  de 
Ouyenne  Jindertook  to  plant  a  mission  among  the  Alilia- 
mons,  and  Father  le  Petit  among  the  Clioctaws. 

A  chaplain  had  been  sent  out  by  Law  to  attend  the  set- 
tlers whom  he  jilanted  on  his  gr;mt  upcii  the  Ark:ins;is,  but 
tills  clergyman  died  just  as  the  vessel  reached  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississipju,  and  Father  du  Poisson  found  n(«t  only  In- 
dians but  French  settlers  who  required  his  services.  11>'  Iic- 
gan  to  study  the  language  of  the  Arkansas  Indians  in  oi'dcr 
to  instruct  them,  and  Fatlier  Souel,  though  often  prostrated 
bv  disease,  was  equally  diligent  among  the  Yazoos,'  the  neigh- 
boring French  post  having  been  in  17ii'5  attended  by  tiic 
Abbe  .luif,  who  ha<l  serveil  as  chaplain  in  the  French  army, 
and  who  in  a  terrible  drought  induced  his  jn'ople  at  the 
Yazot*  to  nud<e  a  general  fast  and  attend  the  Forty  Hours 
Devotion  to  obtain  rain  from  heaven.'^ 

In    172S  the  Capuchins  were  thus  distributed:  V.   Rev. 


'  Lctterof  Father  Du  Poisson,  "  LcUri's  Kdiflaiilcs  "(Kip,  jip.  'j;il--ViT). 
'  Dumont,  "  Mcnioircs  Historiques  siir  la  I.ouisiam',"  i.,  |)i).  104,  1T4. 


THE  NATCHEZ  MASSACRE. 


r)73 


Fiitlior  Raphael,  Vicar-Goneral  of  tlio  Bishop  of  Quohw, 
and  parish  priest  of  New  Orleans,  with  l^'ather  Iljacinth 
vicar,  and  Father  Cecilius,  school  in  aster,  were  at  the  capital; 
Father  Theodore  at  Chapitonlas  ;  Father  Philip  at  Les  Alle- 
niaiids ;  Father  Gaspar  at  Balize  ;  Father  Mathiasat  Mohile  ; 
with  Fattier  Victorin  Dnpiii,  a  Recollect,  as  jjarish  priest  of 
the  Apalaches  ;  Father  Maxiniin  at  Natch itot^hes,  and  Father 
Philibert  at  Natchez,  described  by  Father  le  Petit  as  a  worthy, 
zealoHs  priest.  Wliile  the  Jesuits,  whose  Superior,  Feather 
de  Beanl)()is,  had  been  recalled,  awaited  the  arrival  at  New- 
Orleans    of   the 

;;:;;Sk*;  (^  .^^^  /^^^ 

Matluirin  le  Pe- 
tit, from  his  mis- 
sion among  the 
Ohoctaws,  Fa- 
ther (111  Poisson 

was  among  the  Arkansas  Indians;  Fathers  Tartariu  and 
le  Bonllenger  at  Kaskaskia;  Father  (inymonneau  among 
the  Metchigameas;  Father  Doutrelcau  on  the  Ouabache; 
Father  Sonel  among  the  Yazoos;  and  Father  Baudouin  at- 
tempting the  dangerous  task  of  establishing  a  mission  among 
the  tread lerous  Ohickasaws. 

Tiiese  Indian  missions  were,  however,  nearly  broken  up  in 
1729  by  the  Natchez.  Provoked  by  the  tyranny  and  ra- 
pacity of  Chojjart,  the  French  commandant,  that  tribe  rose 
against  the  French  and  massacred  all  they  met.  Father  du 
Poisson,  on  his  way  to  New  Orleans  to  e.x])lain  to  (iovernor 
Porrier  the  wants  of  his  mission,  reached  Natchez  on  the 
2C)th  of  Novend)er,  and  finding  the  Capuchin  Father  absent, 
remained  at  the  re(|uest  of  the  people  to  officiate  for  them 
on  the  following  day,  the  first  Sunday  of  Advent.     He  also 


/^    Vic  Ac/vi'n  /^ccc^<  " 

SIGNATURES  OP  THE  JESUIT  PATIIEll  MATUUTUN  LB 
I'ETIT,    AND  TIIK   KIXOl.l.KCT    I'ATHKU   VK  lOUIN. 


J. 


,1 


1) ' 


574 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


atteiuled  the  sick,  and  on  Monday,  after  offering  the  Holy 
Sacrifice,  was  carrying  the  Blessed  Sacrament  to  some  sick 
persons,  when  the  signal  for  the  massacre  was  given.  A 
gigantic  chief  sprang  upon  the  unsuspecting  priest,  hurled 
him  to  the  ground,  and  hy  repeated  blows  of  his  tomahawk 
severed  his  head  from  his  body.  The  only  words  the  mis- 
sionary could  utter  were  :  "  Ah  I  my  God !  ah  !  my  God  ! " 
An  officer  who  tried  to  save  him  was  shot  down.  In  a  few 
moments  every  Frenchman  but  two  was  slain,  and  most  of 
the  women ;  the  rest  were  reduced  to  a  wretched  slavery. 

The  Yazoos,  drawn  into  a  general  coiis])ira('y  against  the 
French  by  the  Natchez,  lay  in  wait  for  Father  Souel  on  the 
11th  of  I)eceml>er,  as  he  returned  from  a  visit  to  the  chief. 
As  the  Jesuit  Father  entered  a  ravine,  he  fell  dead,  riddled 
by  a  volley  of  musket-balls.  One  of  the  murderers  arrayed 
himself  in  the  missionary's  clothes,  and  hastened  to  the 
Natchez,  to  show  that  the  Yazoos  had  fulfilled  their  pledge. 
The  rest  plundered  the  house  of  Father  Souel,  and  the  next 
day  surprised  and  murdered  the  garrison  of  the  French  ])ost. 

Father  Doutreleau  had  set  out  from  Illinois  for  P'atlier 
Souel's  station,  but  landed  on  the  river-side  on  New-Yem-'s 
Day,  1730,  to  say  mass.  He  had  set  up  his  altar,  and  was 
about  to  begin  the  mass,  when  some  Yazoos  landed  near  the 
])arty.  The  French  boatmen  of  the  missionary  were  ig.io- 
rant  of  the  Indian  outbreak,  and  allowed  the  Yazoos  to  kneel 
down  behind  them.  The  mass  began,  and  as  the  priest  ut- 
tered the  "  Kyrie  Eleison,"  the  Indians  fired  a  volley,  wound- 
ing Father  Doutreleau,  and  killing  one  of  his  boatmen.  The 
othei"s  fied,  and  Father  Doutreleau  knelt  to  receive  the  final 
blow;  but  when  the  Indians  firing  wildly  missed  him  again 
and  again,  he  followed  his  boatmcM,  vested  as  he  was.  Tie 
reached  the  boat  by  wading,  and  though  as  he  climbed  in  he 
received  a  discharge  of  shot  in  the  mouth,  he  took  the  rud- 


JESUIT  MISSIONARIES. 


mn 


der,  and  the  boatmen  plying  their  paddles  with  superhnniau 
energy,  soon  left  their  murderous  assailants  far  behind.  Fa- 
ther Doutreleau  reached  New  Orleans  safely,  and  there  his 
wounds  were  treated.' 

A  naval  officer  of  this  period,  wlio  must  be  regarded  as 
impartial,  draws  this  picture  of  these  missionaries  of  the 
Mississip])i  Valley  :  "  I  cannot  lielp  doing  the  justice  due 
the  Jesuit  Fathers  in  regard  to  their  missions.  Nothing  is 
more  edifying  for  i-eligion  than  their  conduct,  and  the  un- 
wearied zeal  with  which  they  labor  for  the  conversion  of 
these  nations.  Picture  to  yourself  a  Jesuit  four  hujidred 
leagues  away  in  the  woods,  with  no  conveniences,  no  j^iiovis- 
ions,  and  most  frequently  with  no  resource  but  the  liberality 
of  peo])le  who  know  not  God,  com])elled  to  live  like  them, 
to  pass  whole  years  without  receiving  any  tidings,  with  sav- 
ages who  have  only  the  countenance  of  human  beings,  among 
whom,  instead  of  finding  society  or  relief  'n  sickness,  he  is 
daily  exposed  to  perish  and  be  massacred.  This  is  done  daily 
by  these  Fathers  in  Louisiana  and  Canada." ' 

The  French  authorities  iTumediately  prepared  to  punish 
tlie  Natchez,  and  arrayed  all  the  tribes  under  their  influence 
against  that  tribe  and  the  Chickasaws,  who  espoused  their 
cause.  The  Indian  nations  on  the  Mississippi  were  all  in- 
volved in  the  war,  and  mission  work  for  the  time  was  neces- 
sarily suspended. 

When  the  Natchez  were  finally  overthrown,  Father  de 
Gnyenne,  and  subse(iuently  Father  Carette,  continued  Father 


'  Father  Ic  Petit  in  "  Lottres  Edifiantes  "  (in  Kip,  pp.  207,  etc.).  Du- 
mont,  "Menioires  Ilisloriques,"  ii,,  pp.  144,  W,i.  Ja>.  Page  du  Pratz, 
"  llistoire  (]<•  la  Loiiisiane,"  iii.,  pp.  257,  263. 

''  "  Helaticm  de  la  Loui.sianc  oti  Mississippi,"  Amsterdam,  1734,  p.  25; 
"AFemoire  sur  la  Loui.siaue,  ou  le  Mi.ssissipi)i,"  in  Kecueil  B.,  Lu.xeni- 
boufff,  1752,  p.  144. 


i 


Vi 


i 

m 

€ 

H 

':] 

1 

tl 

^H 

f 

0^1 

'  i 

lil^i 

■-IS 

IWM 

1 

>  m 

■ 

<ti 

■ 

'  1 

■ 

'iM 

■ 

'Ii 

■ 

J« 


576 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


du  Poissou's  labors  among  the  Arkansas.  Tlie  missionary, 
Carette,  learned  the  language  of  his  flock,  and  underwent 
great  hardships  in  his  eiTorts  to  instruct  them  ;  but  his  efforts 
were  neutralized  by  the  corrupt  French  at  the  post.  At  tlie 
fort  there  was  no  chajjel,  and  no  place  where  he  could  offer 
the  holy  sacrifice  but  a  room  open  to  all,  even  to  the  poultry, 
so  that  a  hen  once  flew  on  the  altar  just  as  he  concluded  the 
ma.ss.  Even  this  did  not  induce  those  in  authority  to  erect  a 
suitable  chapel.  His  remonstrance  only  led  really  to  further 
derision  and  mockery  of  religion.' 

Hopeless  of  effecting  any  good,  Father  Carette  withdrew 
till  such  time  as  a  suitable  chapel  was  prepared.' 

Bishop  de  Moniay  succeeded  to  the  see  of  Quebec  on  the 
death  of  Bishop  Saint  Vallier  in  1727,  but  though  he  held 
the  see  till  his  own  resignation  five  years  later,  there  is  no 
trace  of  any  action  on  his  part  in  regard  to  the  province 
which  was  his  esjwcial  care. 

On  the  recall  of  the  Abbe  Varlet,  the  Seminary  of  tlie 
Foreign  Missions  sent  to  the  Tamarois  mission  two  young 
priests,  Rev.  Thaumur  de  la  Source  and  Rev.  Mr.  Mercier,  the 
expenses  of  the  voyage  and  outfit  amounting  to  0,041  livres. 
To  give  permanence  to  their  religious  work,  these  two  clergy- 
men obtained  from  Duguo  de  Boisbriant,  the  Command- 
ant, and  Mark  Anthony  de  la  Loere  des  Ursins,  Commis- 


'  A  curious  relic  of  the  Jesuit  missions  at  tbe  South  is  preserved  in 
Timberlakc's  "  Memoirs,"  London,  1765,  p.  90.  It  is  described  on  tlie 
title-|ia,!^e  as  "  A  Curious  Secret  Journal  taken  by  the  Indians  out  of  tbe 
pocket  of  a  Frencbman  tbey  bad  killed";  but  was  really  taken  from  a 
Frencb  Indian.  It  is  simply  one  of  tbe  sbcot  almanacs  CDninionly  given 
in  mi.s.sions  with  tbe  Sundays,  Holidays,  Fast  and  Abstinence  days 
marked  by  signs,  so  (hat  Indians  when  off  bunting  can  keep  up  with  the 
calendar ! 

'  "  Bannissenient  des  Jesuites  de  la  Louisiane,"  p.  19;  Father  Watrin 
to  the  Propaganda. 


REV.  MR.  GASTON  KILLED. 


577 


saire,  a  tract  four  leagues  square,  a  quarter  of  a  league  above 
the  little  river  Cahokia,  which  was  conceded  in  legal  form  to 
the  Seminary  of  Quebec' 

This  land  was  nearly  all  granted  out  to  settlers,  and  a  pros- 
perous little  comnmnity  grew  up,  mills  and  other  works  of 
general  use  being  established  by  the  Seminary  priests. 

After  ten  years'  service,  the  Kev.  Thaumur  de  la  Source 
returned  to  Canada  in  1728,  and  the  Rev.  Joseph  Courrier 
and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Gaston,  ordained  in  1730,  were  sent  from 
Quebec.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Gaston  was  killed  by  Indians  soon 
after  reaching  Tamarois ;  Rev.  Mr.  Courrier  labored  at  his 
post  for  several  years,  regarded  as  a  man  of  extraordinary 


-e/T 


J^,..^. 


-7^ 


SIGNATUUE  OV  KEV.    MK.    FORGET   DUVERGER. 

sanctity.  Broken  by  disease,  he  went  to  New  Orleans  to  ob- 
tain medical  treatment,  and  died  among  the  Capuchins  in 
the  autumn  of  1735.' 

The  Abbe  Mercier  was  again  left  almost  alone,  and  saw 
most  of  his  buildings  destroyed  by  fire.  His  associate,  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Gagnon,  sinking  under  age  and  infirmities,  wished 
to  return  to  Canada,  but  was  too  devoted  to  depart  before 

'  "  Extrait  ties  Registrcs  du  Cc-  f-il  Provincial  deslllinoia";  La  Tour. 
"  Metnoire  siir  la  Vic  de  M.  de  Lu  al,"  p.  101. 

''Laval,  "Memoires  sur  la  Vio  de  M.  Laval,"  Cologne,  1761,  p.  101. 
Cardinal  Taschereau,  "Memoirc." 
37 


1  ■ 


w< 


1! 


678 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Other  priests  caiue.  In  IT-'JO  the  Abbe  Laurens,  a  priest  of 
CJiartrcs,  in  France,  was  sent  out,  the  Seminary  cxpendiiiff 
on  his  outfit  and  improvements  of  the  parish  no  less  tlian 
2r),000  Hvros.  Like  his  predecessors  he  attended  not  only 
the  i)arish  of  the  Holy  Family  at  Tamarois  or  Caliokia,  but 
that  of  Saint  Anne  at  Fort  Chartres.'  In  1754  the  last  jjriest 
was  sent  by  the  Seminary.  He  was  the  Rev.  Francis  Fori^et 
Duverger,  and  attended  only  the  parish  of  the  Holy  Family. 

Tiie  Frentli  j)ost  at  Ouiatenon  on  the  Wabash  was  followed 
up  about  IT-'Ji)  by  the  establishment,  under  the  authority 
of  Louisiana,  of  another  post  destined  to  enjoy  a  jierma- 
nent  existence.  This  was  soon  afterward  known  as  Foste 
Vincennes.  A  few  settlers  clustered  around  these  posts,  and 
priests  ere  lonsjf  set  up  a  temporary  altar  for  these  early  back- 
woodsmen. The  eai-liest  whose  name  is  recorded  is  the  Kec- 
ollect  Father,  Paconu'  Lcfrraiid,  who,  after  a  term  of  servitio 
at  Vincennes,  died  whiK'  returning  to  Niagara  on  the  (>th  of 
October,  1742.'  It  is  by  no  means  improiiable  that  it  was  he 
who  baptized  at  Fort  Ouiatenon,  on  tlie  22d  of  July  in  the 
preceding  year,  Anthony,  son  of  John  l}ai)tist  Foucher,  who 
became  in  time  the  first  priest  ordained  from  the  West.' 

Vincennes  grew  slowly  on,  and  its  regular  parish  rci'iirds 
began.  On  the  21st  of  April,  174l»,  a  marriage  entry  of 
Julian  Trottier  de.>i  Rivieres  and  Josette  Marie  be<rins  tho 
records  of  the  church.  The  Jesuit  Father,  Sebastian  Louis 
IVfeurin.  destined  to  be  the  last  siu'vivor  of  his  order  in  the 
West,  discharged  the  duties  of  parish  pries',  at  the  ])ost,  and 


'  The  Alil)i'  I  aureus  (lied  in  IT.'iH  (,r  the  follow  inj;  y(Mr.  Tht^  ficnl  of 
tho  CDiintry  imwct  iij;rpo(l  with  liitii,  aii(i  he  wus  a  gri'iU  sufToriT. 

'  Taniriiay,  "  Hcpcitoirc  (tt'iu'r.il,"  p.  7M, 

■'  He  wa.H  onLiincd  Oclobcr  ;i(),  IT7I,  ami  (IIimI  in  1S12  at  I-a(  lii'riaii', 
ranadit,  of  wliicli  he  was  parisli  prii'st,  aM  he  had  Ih'cii  at  St,  Henri  (U' 
Mascouchi',  and  Saintc  .Vnnc  dc  t,a  I'ocati^n'.     Ih.,  p.  1^(1. 


■.^M' 


m 


VINCEJSNES'  REGISTER. 


579 


proclaiined  the  banns  in  the  usual  form.     The  settlers  came 
from  the  Canadian  parishes,  and  not  a  few  from  Ouiatenoa 
and  Detroit,  which  were  under  the  Canadian  government. 
In  1752  Father  Peter  du  Jaunay  records  a  baptism  at 


A^^^-^^mwMkSL. 


'^C^^c 


.■^. 


FU18T   KNTUY   IN  THE    !      Itrsil  UEC  18TEK  (JF  VrNCENNFCS. 

Ouiatenoii.  The  next  year  Father  Louis  Vivier,  who  in 
IT.')!*  contributed  a  letter  from  Illinois  to  the  "  Lettrcs  Kdiii- 
antes  et  Curieuses,"  began  a  three  years'  pastoral  charge  at 
Yiueennes,  succeeded  in  November,  175(5,  by  Father  Julian 
J  Je  vernal.' 

Of  the  state  of  religion  in  the  French  settlements  of  Louis- 
iana for  some  years,  there 
are  in  fact  no  documents 
to  guide  the  historian. 
Tlic  (.\i]>uchin  Fathers 
seem  to  have  discharged 
their    functions    quietly, 

as  we  rarely  liiid  any  allusion  to  tliem  in  the  olhcial  dispiitchcH 
or  in  the  writings  of  men  like  I.e  Page  du  I'ratz,  Dimiont, 
IV'uicaut,  Henard  de  la  Ha-pe,  writers  who  took  an  active  part 


4^ie^cy\/ 


HIONATCnE  OF  FATHEIl  VIVIEn. 


!'  i: 


'  "  Ucgistrp  do  lit  Paroisse  de  St.  Fnn^oin  Xaviernu  Posto  Viiiocnncs." 


1|.3 


I*! 


580 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


in  the  affairs  of  the  colony.  Keligioii  certainly  did  not  gain  ; 
vice  increased  undiecked  ;  no  public  institutions,  religious  or 
charitable,  were  established,  that  show  a  community  imbued 
with  faith.  One  of  the  Ca]iuchin  Fathers  who  labored  long- 
est on  the  mission  was  Father  John  Francis,  who  was  at 
Pointe  Coupee  in  1737  and  was  parish  priest  of  Mobile,  with 
little  interruption  from  173()  to  1755.  Father  Mathias  de 
Sedan  was  parish  priest  from  172«J  to  1730,  and  was  Superior 
and  Vicar-General  from  1734;  Father  Ansehn  de  Langres 

StONATUUK  OF   FATHEK  JOHN   FUANCI8. 

in  173S  erected  the  oratory  of  St.  Francis  at  Pointe  Coupee, 
dedicated  it  on  the  Kith  of  March,  and  blessed  the  bells  on 
Holy  Saturday. 

The  liecollect  Father,  Victorin,  was  for  some  years  in 
Louisiatia,  and  his  name  aj>pears  at  Mobile  from  1728  to  1735  ; 
and  a  sccnliir  priest.  Rev.  Mr.  Didicr,  was  at  Pointe  C()U]u'e 
in  175(!,  l)nt  they  are  solitary  casi's,  the  pari.-hes  gcin'rally 
being  directetl  by  the  Capuchin  Futhers,  who  numbered  from 
ten  to  liftcen. 

The  Jesuit  Fathers  at  Xew  Orleans  had  no  parochial  du- 
ties,'but  directed  the  Ursulines  from  the  foundation  of  the 


'  \  "  M.'nii.irc'  in  nnivlor,  "  Hdalion  itii  Voy!if,'c."  wiys  thai  Fullicr 

(If  ItciMilxii-',  iiflrr  l)( niiii:  Vii  !ir  (Jcncral.  '   made  liimscif  >ii|>(ii<ir  cif 

till'  rrsiilitic  (Mniimiinity  ami  seized  all  aiillioritv  there,"  p.  11(1.  SiMer 
Hachaids  l-elters  jiiid  Mother  Tranehe|iuiii'M  ■•  Narrative,"  as  well  as  the 
aeeouht  of  her  death,  show  on  the  eonlrary  thai  he  hroiijrht  the  eoininii 
nily  out,  and  was  their  Superior  ami  Director  exehisively.  "  If  we  had 
the  inisforliine  to  lose  liini  either  liy  illness  .tr  otherwise."  wrote  Wster 
llaehard.  "  wu  should  lie  deeply  alllieled  and  greatly  to  he  pitied." 


'■t 


MOTHER  DE  TRANCHEPAIN. 


581 


loiijj- 


convent,  and  beyond  that,  liad  cliar<i;e  merely  of  their  pri- 
vate cliapel  and  a  plantation  where  they  introduced  the 
orange-tree  and  the  sugar-cane.  Father  de  Eeauljois  re- 
mained at  New  Orleans,  assisted  from  time  to  time  by  Fa- 
ther Peter  Vitry  and  others.  From  some  cause  Father  de 
Beaiiliois  was  interdicted,  and  that  year  the  foundress  of  the 
IJrsulines  was  prostrated  by  a  fatal  illness  on  St.  Ursula's 
day,  1733.  After  suffering  for  eighteen  days,  she  asked  to 
receive  Extreme  Unction,  which  tiie  Capuchin  Father  Ra- 
phael, Vicar-Cienernl  of  the  Jiishop,  permitted  Father  Ik'au- 
bois  to  administer,  to  the  great  consolation  of  the  dvinti:  relitr- 
ions.  Fortified  by  all  the  sacraments,  she  expired  on  the  1 1th 
of  November,  1733,  "after  having  given  evidence  of  all  the 
virtues  that  could  be  desired  in  a  worthy  and  perfect  Su()erior." 
She  was  born  of  a  Protestant  family  at  llouen,  and  waa 
strongly  attached  to  her  family  and  home,  where  she  was  a 
favorite.  The  truth  of  the  Catholic  faith  became  so  dear  to 
her,  however,  that  she  presented  herself  at  thoUrsnline  C!on- 
vent  to  receive  instruction,  and  there  made  her  abjin-ation. 
Kdilied  by  all  she  saw  in  the  religious,  she  soon  after  solicited 
atlmission  and  became  a  novice  in  KiOO.  From  the  first  she 
was  filled  with  the  idea  of  founding  a  convent  in  7\meri('a, 
and  according  to  the  circular  on  her  death,  was  enlightened 
supernaturally  as  to  the  plan  of  Father  Beaubois.  That  relig- 
ious, learning  of  her  desire  to  aid  the  missions  by  her  ser.'"ces, 
wrote  to  her,  aiid  it  was  through  the  energy,  address,  and 
tact  of  Mother  Mary  Tranchepain  of  Saint  Augustine  that 
the  ditlicuhies  raised  against  the  project  were  finally  over- 
come. The  long  voyage  and  the  trials  attending  the  establish- 
ment of  the  convent  at  New  Orleans,  brought  out  all  her  ad- 
mirable rpialities,  and  added  to  her  merit.  Tlie  injustice 
done  to  her  director,  Father  de  Ileaubois,  was  not  the  least 
of  the  crosses  she  was  called  ni)on  to  bear. 


:i.  \ 


!   i 


;l 


;fi     t 


682 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


She  established  her  convent,  licr  community  directing  tlie 
hospital  for  the  sick,  an  academy  for  young  ladies,  a  poor- 
school,  an  orphan  asylum,  and  catechism  for  negroes,  old  and 
young.  She  found  the  greatest  ignorance  among  the  white 
girls  born  in  the  country,  and  the  instruction  of  the  future 
mothers  in  the  colony  in  their  religion  was  one  of  the  duties 
of  the  Ursulines. 

When  the  Natchez  massacre  filled  the  province  with  or- 
phan girls,  those  nuns  opened  their  doors  to  them,' 

In  time  tiie  liishop  of  Quebec  appointed  Father  dc  Beuu- 
boi.s  his  Vicar-General  in  Louisiana,  but  the  Capuchin  Fa- 
thers refused  to  recognize  his  authority.  They  claimed  that 
under  the  agreement  with  the  Company  the  Bishop  of  Que- 
bec had  in  perpetuity  made  the  Superior  of  the  Capuchins 
his  Vicar-General,  and  could  appoint  no  other.  The  colony 
was  divided  into  two  parties,  and  a  discdifying  struggle  en- 
sued. The  Capuchins  succeeded  in  inducing  Bishop  Mornay 
to  suspend  Father  de  JJeaubois,  and  to  ask  the  Provincial  of 
the  Jesuits  to  recall  him  to  France. 

But  subsecpient  Bishops  of  Quebec,  finding  it  Impossible  to 
exercise  any  control  over  the  Capuchins  in  Louisiana  through 
their  Su[)erior,  to  maintain  discipline  or  to  carry  out  the  rules 
of  the  diocese,  constantly  insisted  on  confiding  the  oftice  of 
Vicar-General  to  some  member  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  there 
being  no  other  regulars,  and  no  secular  ])riests  at  New  Orleans. 
They  could  not  as  bishops  admit  that  the  assent  of  iJisho])  dc 
Mornay,  a  coadjutor,  and  Vi('ar-(Teneral,  to  an  agreement  Ite- 
tween  a  trading  company  ami  a  religious  order,  deprived 
every  Bishop  of  Quebec  of  the  right  to  act  as  freely  in  Louis- 
iana as  in  any  otlier  jiart  of  his  diotjese.' 

'  "  liPttrr  CMrriilain! "  in  "  Ut'liitioii  dii  VoyiiKc"  pi>.  M  (10.     (inivicr, 
"  Hcliiiioii  ilii  V()yM!,'c,"  pp.  H.-|,  <»7,  \'2'i. 
'Lctlirsof  Up.  Mriiitul,  .Fiinc,  17(17.  April  2(1.  1709. 


THE  VICAR-GENERALSHIP. 


S83 


In  the  year  1739  the  Right  Eev.  Henry  Mary  Du  Breuil 
de  Pontbriand,  Bishop  of  Quebec,  deemed  it  proper  for  the 
interest  of  religion  to  appoint  Father  Peter  Vitry  of  tlio 
Society  of  Jesns  his  Viear-CJeneral  for  Louisiana,  and  suc- 
cessor to  Fatlicr  Mathias,  the  Cajjuchin,  who  had  hekl  that 
office,  and  his  Letters  to  tliat  effect  were  dul^^  registered  hy 
tlie  Superior  Council  of  the  Province.  Even  then  Father 
Hilary  posted  up  a  document  in  which  he  assailed  the  Coun- 
cil so  violently  that  they  insisted  on  his  returning  to  France. 

When  all  became  (juiot  Father  Vitry  acted  as  Vicar-(Ten- 
eral  till  his  death  in  1750.     When  the  Bishop  of  Quebec, 


u^iVe^ 


e^^. 


7 


SIGNATURES  OF  FATIIEUS  BACDOUIN   AND  VITRY. 

April  29,  1757,  appointed  the  Jesuit  Father,  Michael  Bau- 
douin,  his  Vicar-Crcneral,  the  Capuchin  Fathers  protested,  and 
again  maintained  that  their  Superior  by  the  treaty  with  the 
Company  of  the  West  was  entitled  to  the  appointment'  The 
Fathers  of  the  Society  wished  to  yield  the  point,  but  '^^gr. 
Pontbriand  insisted.  The  matter  Avas  argued  before  the  Su- 
perior (•ouncil  of  Louisiana,  which   finally  registe-ed   the 


'  Hisliopdc  Poiilhriiimrs  jiowor'^  foFiitluT  nMiidouin  wore  most  explicit. 
They  ruciit'  tiial  he  liiul.  fi'diii  llic  coinniciici'iiu'iit  of  his  ii(Iininis)nition, 
made  the  Superior  (Joikm-iiI  of  the  .lesuits  his  Vionr-Qeneral  in  all  piirls 
of  Louisiana,  and  specillcally  pivcs  Father  Uaudouin  full  powers  over  all 
priosls,  whelher  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  or  Order  of  St.  Francis,  to  pive 
or  witldiold  faculties  al  his  discretion.  The  Letter  of  Appointment  is  in 
tlie  archives  of  the  Arclitiishop  of  (Jueher,  ('.  i!24. 


I   ^1 


rl 


:'J 


i' 


684 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Sf    ! 


appointment,   and   recognized   Father  Baudouiu  as  Vicar- 
General.' 

Father  Baudouin  had  been  for  eighteen  years  on  the  Choc- 
taw mission,  aided  for  a  time  by  Father  Lefevre.  If  his 
labors  did  not  convert  the  tribe,  he,  at  least,  retained  their 
friendship  for  the  French,  whom  they  could  annihilate  in  a 
day  if  they  had  turned  against  them.  Father  Will iam  Francis 
]\Iorand,  who  arrived  in  1735,  took  charge  of  the  Alibamon 
mission  for  several  years,  but  was  recalled  to  New  Orleans  to 


e/^  yV^-Ci'^tUi,, 


/« 


^.^-^l_ 


^\:  'Txyu^ 


'7U     t^u.^^ 

sioNATntEs  or  fatiikrs  t.i:  norij,ENGKn,   ouvmonneau,  and 

TAUT.MUN. 

succeed  Father  Doutrelonu  as  chaplain  of  the  Ursnlines  and 
their  hospital."  Father  Lo  Itoy,  another  inissionary  among 
the  Alibamons,  when  he  denounced  the  sale  of  liquor  to  the 
Indians,  which  led  to  drunkenness  and  crime  of  every  kind, 
was  forced  to  Icav^'  by  the  French  oHicer  at  Fort  T(tulouse, 
]\Iontberaut,  whom  Bossu  descriites  as  "  an  avowed  eneiiiv  of 


'  Fuflicr  naudouin  liiid  tlic  mutter  hcfon'  the  Propagundu  in  I  TOT,  J)iil 
no  decision  \v;.s  reiielied. 

'  "  nunniMseniciit  des  .Tesiiiten  de  lit  LoiiiHiane,"  pp.  30-1  ;   Vivier  in 
"Lettrcs  Edifianles."  Kip,  p.  31(1;    Hosau.  "  Nouveanx  Voviijfps,"  ii 
p.  ).». 


FATHER  SENAT  KILLED. 


fi85 


those  niissiouaries." '  This  mission  was  probably  near  the 
present  town  of  Cahaba,  where  old  French  works  were  visi- 
ble a  few  years  ago." 

The  missions  in  Illinois  went  qnietly  on,  seldom  marked 
by  any  event  requiring  special  notice.  Tlie  older  mission- 
aries had  dropped  away,  Father  Gabriel  Marest  dyinpj  in 
September,  1715,  and  Father  John  Merniet  in  1718.  Their 
bodies  were  transferred  by  Father  Le  Boulleno-er  to  the 
church  at  Kaskaskia,  on  the  18th  of  December,  1727."  The 
Jesuit  Fatliers,  Dumas  and  Tartarin,  were  laboring  there  in 
the  following  years.  When  the  massacre  at  Natchez  in- 
volved the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  in  Indian  wars  an  expe- 
dition of  French  and  Illinois  was  sent  against  the  Clncka- 
saws  in  173G,  and  Father  Antoninus  Senat,  S.J.,  accom])anied 
the  force  as  chaplain.  After  some  success,  the  French  corjw, 
which  was  to  co-operate  with  another  from  the  South,  was 
attacked  by  the  whole  Chickasaw  army,  Vincennes  the 
connnander,  d'Artaguiette,  Father  Senat,  and  others  were 
taken,  though  the  missionary  might  readily  liave  escaped. 
He  would  not,  however,  abandon  those  who  needed  his  min- 
istry, and  was  burned  at  the  stake  on  Palm  Sunday,  1730,' 
most  probably  in  Lee  County,  Missis^sippi.' 

In  1750  Fathers  Guyenne,  Yivier,  Watrin,  and  IMeurin 
were  on  the  mission  in  Illinois,"  where  all  but  the  second  re- 

'  BoRsii,  ii.,  p  16  ;  Father  Watrin  to  the  Prniiasaiulii. 

''  Brewer,  "  Alahania,"  Montgoinery,  1873,  \\  'Ml  I  tiiid  iiolliiDS  to 
fix  the  exact  ijosition  of  the  C'liaelaw  iiiissi;)ii,  but  it  was  apparently  near 
the  French  I'urt  Tonibecbe,  at  Jones'  Bluff,  in  Sumter  County,  Ala. 
lb.,  p.  520. 

■'  Hei^ister  of  Kaskaskia. 

'  "  Banni».>ienient  des  .Tesuitc.s,"  p.  '2i  ;  Duniont,  "  Memoires  Iliato- 
ricpies,"  ii.,  p.  2'2'.h 

'  Claiborne,  "  Mississippi,"  .Jackson,  1880,  p.  03. 

•  F.  Vivier  in  "  Lettres  Ediflimtes"  (Kip,  p.  iJlC). 


.  t- 


«r,jj 


Mi 


i! 

It 


[■       i 


m 


/iHo  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

nmined  for  several  years.     Two  years  later  the  Weas  and 
Raiikcsliaws,  two  lyiianii  tribes,  won  by  tl.e  Eiiirh-sh,  plotted 
tiio  destniction  of  tl.e  Hve  Fre„cl.  settlements  in  Illinois 
The  eons])iracy  was  discovered  before  Christmas  day,  the  time 
tixed  for  its  execution.     The  French  officers  of  Fort  Chartres 
had  their  men   ready  and  suddenly  attacked   the  Miamis 
Some  took  refuge  in  the  house  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers,  and 
held  out,  but  were  linally  taken.     The  French  in  Illinois 
were  thus  exposed  to  the  dangers  of  In<lian  war,  and  a  -.en. 
end  order  was  given  that  settlers  coming  to  mass  should 
bnng  their  firearms,  and  as  these  were  stacked  outsi.le,  a 
sentinel  was  appointed  to  keep  guard.' 

Meanwhile  some  of  the  French  in  Illinois,  allured  by  the 
fertde  lands  west  of  the  Mississippi,  began  about  1735  the 
sett  ement  of  8ainte  Genevieve,  and  to  them  also  the  Jesuit 
1  athers  nu'nistered. 

The  little  settlement  there  in  time  had  its  church,  and 
Its  register  begins  on  the  24th  of  Februarv,  1760,  with 
a  baptism  performed  by  Father  P.  F.  Watrin,  S.J.  Fathers 
Salleneuve  an,l  La  Morinie,  driven  by  war  from  their  own 
missions,  subsequently  officiated  at  this  church.^ 

Ill  i:m  there  were  seven  little  French  villages  in  Illinois 
three  under  the  spiritual  care  of  the  Jesuits,  and  four  directed 
Ijv  the  Seminary  priests.  The  Jesuit  Fathers  still  attended 
the  hve  villages  of  the  Kaskaskias,  Afetchigameas,  (^d,.>kias, 
and  leorias;  the  last  tribe  had  obstii.atelv  rejecteil  their 
teaching;  the  f'aliokias  reluctantly  yiel.le<l  "for  a  time  but 
abandoned  the  faith,  as  did  the  Afetchigameas.  Tlu  KKkhs- 
kias  persevered,  and  F.thcr  Watrin  ascribes  their  per.evei- 


'  Bossu,  ■'  Nouvcmi.\-  Voya!,'cs,"  i.,  pp.  )f -',  i;J3. 

fll"v"'""' .."«!'';''■'".'"•  "'"  '■•"•''  <""'"'"•«"■""  "f  '1'*-'  Founding  of  S 
Genevieve,"  St.  Louw.  1885,  pp.  ]o,  ij.  ^ 


^liint 


THE  SUPERIOR  COUNCIL  OF  LOUISIANA.     587 

ance  to  the  zeal  and  courage  of  Ti'ather  Guyeiiue,  who  died 
in  17G2.' 

Meanwhile  the  Parlements  in  several  provinces  of  France, 
beginning  with  that  of  Paris  in  1701,  had  condemned  the 
Jesuits,   and    measures   were    taken   for   their  suppression 
throughout    the    kingdom.     Imitating    their  example   the 
Superior  Council  of  Louisiana,  in  1763,  resolved  to  act,  nnd 
on  the  yth  of  June,  this  insignificant  body  of  provincial  offi- 
cers, assuming  to  decide  in  matters  ecclesiastical  of  which 
they  were  profoundly  ignorant,  issued  a  decree.     In  this  ex- 
traordinary document,  these  men  pretending  to  be  Catholics 
condemned  the  Institute  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  which  had 
been  ai)i)roved  by  several  Popes,  and  by  the  General  Coun- 
cil of  Trent.     They  declared  the  Institute  to  be  dangerous 
to  the  royal  authority,  to  the  rights  of  bishops,  to  the  public 
peace  and  safety,  and  they  consequently  declared  the  vows 
taken  in  the  order  to  be  null  and  void.     Members  of  the 
Society  were  forbidden  to  use  its  name  or  habit.     It  then 
ordered  all  their  property  except  the  personal  books  and 
clothing  of  each  one  to  be  seized  and  sold  at  auction.     The 
vestments  and  plate  of  the  chapel  at  IS'ew  Orleans  wore  to  be 
given  to  the  Capuchin  Fathers.     Although  the  Illinois  coun- 
try had  been  ceded  to  the  King  of  England,  and  was  no 
longer  subject  to  France  or  Louisiana,  they  ordered  the  vest- 
ments and  plate  there  to  be  delivered  to  the  king's  attorney. 
The  most  monstrous  part  of  the  oixler  was,  that  the  chapels 
attended  by  Fathers  of  the  Society  in  Louisiana  aiul  Illinois, 
many  being  the  only  places  where  Catholics,  white  and  In- 
dian, could  worship  God,  were  ordered  by  these  men  to  be 
levelled  to  the  ground,  leaving  the  faithful  destitute  of  priest 
and  alt;ir. 


t. 


• 


.  * 


Father  Watrin  to  the  Propasanda. 


S 

4 

I 

1 

I 

n88 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Every  Jesuit  Father  and  Brother  was  tlien  to  be  sent  to 
France  on  the  first  vessels  ready  to  sail,  a  sum  of  about  $420 
being  allowed  to  each  one  for  his  passage  and  six  months' 
subsistence.  Each  one  was  ordered  to  ])resent  hiniself  to  the 
Duke  de  Choiscul  in  France.' 

As  though  convinced  that  more  definite  grounds  should  be 
stated  for  their  action,  the  council  added  three  motives  for  their 
action,  charging  the  Jesuits  with  having  neglected  their  mis- 
sions, developed  their  plantation,  and  usurped  the  ofiiceof  Vic- 
ar-»  iei..'ral.    To  the  first  charge  the  record  of  their  lalxirs  was  a 
&!ii*icient  answer :  to  the  last  the  decision  of  the  Superior  Ton ii- 
cil  itself  in  the  matter  of  the  office  refuted  the  charge  mad(> ; 
and  at  all  events  oidy  one  Father  was  Vicar-General,  and  oth- 
ers could  not  be  punished  for  his  act.     That  the  Jesuits  liad 
made  their  plantation  so  productive  as  to  maintain  their  mis- 
sionaries Mas  creditable,  and  could  not  be  ])unislied  liyanylaw. 
But  the  unjust  decree  was  carried  out.     The  Jesuits  were 
arrested,  their  property  sold,  their  chajiel  at  New  Oi-leans 
demolished,  leaving  the  vaults  of  the  dead  exposed.     It  was 
one  of  the  most  horrible  profanations  conmiitted  on  this  soil 
by  men   pretending  to  be  ('atholics.     Of  these  enemies  of 
religion,  the  name  of  d(>  la  Freniere  alone  has  come  down  to 
us  :  and  to  tlu!  eye  of  faith  his  tragic  fate  in  less  than  six 
years  seems  a  divine  retribution." 

Father  Carette  was  sent  to  Saint  Domingo;  Fathei-  Ic 
Boy  reached  Alexico  by  way  of  T'ensafola ;  the  aged  Father 
Bandouin,  broken  by  labors  and  illness,  a  man  of  seveiitv-two, 
was  about  to  be  dragged  to  a  ship,  when  men  of  jjosition  in- 


'  I  liMvc  sr)n-l)t  in  vain  the  RcconlH  of  this  Suporior  CouikH  lo  oU-m\ 
the  cxuft  text  of  \]\U  a?iti-CMthnlic  and  lUiti-Cliristian  (iccrcc  ;  1ml  Ihc 
prorccdinirs  have  aiiiiiirently  ix'rislied. 

»  He  was  exeriited  at  New  Orleans,  pliarcred  with  cons|)irucy  asjainst 
the  very  royal  power  ho  pretended  to  uphold. 


\'w: 


WAR  ON  RELIGION. 


589 


tt'i-fored  and  arrested  the  brutality  of  sending  an  American 
to  France,  where  he  had  no  kindred  or  friends.     A  wealthy 
planter  named  Bore  claimed  the  right  to  give  the  aged  priest 
a  home.     Father  John  James  le  Predour,  who  had  been  labor- 
ing since  1754-  in  his  distant  Alibamon  mission,  did  not  hear 
the  cruel  order  for  a  long  time,  and  tlien  it  was  months  be- 
fore he  could  reach  New  Orleans  to  be  sent  off  as  a  criminal. 
On  the  niglit  of  September  22d,  the  courier  reached  Fort 
Chartres  in  Englisli  territory,  but  as  the  fort  had  not  yet 
been  transferred,  the  king's  attorney  proceeded  the  next  day 
to  carry  out  an  order  which  he  knew  it  was  illegal  on  his 
jiart  to  enforce.     He  read  the  decree  to  Father  Watrin,  a 
man  of  sixty-seven,  and  expelled  him  and  his  fellow-mission- 
aries, Aubert  and  ^leurin,  from  the  house  at  Kaskaskia.    They 
sought  refuge  with  the  missionary  of  the  Indians.     The  Kas- 
kaskias  wished  to  (U-mand  that  the  missionaries  should  be 
left  among  them,  but  F'ather  Watrin  dissuaded  them.     The 
menacing  attitude  of  the  Indians,  when  it  was  proposed  to 
demolish  the  chapel  in  their  village,  had    its  effect.     The 
French  at  Kaskaskia  asked  in  vain  that  Father  Aubert,  their 
pastor,  should  be  left  to  them,  but  the  king's  attorney  seized 
not  oidy  the  plate  and  vestments  of  the  Illinois  churches,  but 
those   brought  during  the  war  by  Father  Salleneuve  from 
Detroit,  and  Father  de  la  IMorinie  from  St.  Joseph's  Tliver. 
In  a  few  days  the  vestments  used  in  the  august  sacrifice  were 
cut  up  and  seen  in  the  hands  of  negresses,  and  the  altar  cruci- 
fix and  (Mudlcsticks  in  a  house  that  decent  people  had  always 
shuimed.     He  sold  the  property,  pretending  to  give  a  French 
title  for  land  in  an  English  province,  and  requiring  the  pur- 
chaser to  do  what  he  apjiarently  feared  to  do,  demolish  the 
chapel.     He  even  sent  to  Vincennes.  where  the  property  of 
the  Jesuits  was  seized  and  sold,  and  Father  Devernai,  though 
an  invalid  for  six  months,  carried  oiT. 


^ 


'•V 


^1 


i 


■   ■  r'< 


m 

W 


590 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


w 


The  Jesuits,  torn  from  tlieir  missions,  were  then  taken  down 
to  New  Orleans,  meeting  sjmpatiiy  at  every  French  post 
the  Capuchin  Father  Ireuicis,  at  Pt.inte  Coupee,  doin..  for 
them  all  that  he  could  have  done  for  the  most  esteemed  of 
h.s  own  brethren.  The  Capuchins  at  New  Orlea,.s  came  to 
receive  them  with  everj  n.ark  of  syn.,,athy,  and  obtained  a 
house  adjeming  their  own  to  shelter  them,  and  in  gratitude 
the  books  which  had  been  spared  to  the  Jesuits,  and  which 
formed  a  little  library,  were  given  hy  them  to  the  Capuchin 
1  athers. 

The  Illinois  Jesuit  Fathers  were  put  on  the  first  ship  the 
"  Minerve,"  which  sailed  February  (Ith.  All  were  sent  a'way 
except  Father  de  la  Morinie,  who  was  allowed  to  remain  till 
ei)ring,  and  Father  Mcurin,  whose  recpiest  to  he  permitted  to 
return  to  Illinois  was  sustained  so  stron-lv,  that  the  council 
yiehled.'  But  he  was  not  suffered  to  ascend  the  Mississippi 
to  minister  to  the  Catholics  from  Vincennes  to  St.  (Jenevicve, 
destitute  of  priests  and  of  every  requisite  for  divine  service,' 
till  he  signed  a  document  that  he  would  recognize  no  other 
eccles.-astical  superior  than  the  Supericr  of  the  (.^apuchins 
at  New  Orleans,  and  would  hold  no  eomnnnn-cation  with 
Quebec  or  Rome.' 

The  Illinois  territory  had  lost  also  the  Priests  of  the  For- 
eign Missions.  AVhen  the  IJev.  Francis  Forget  Duverger 
saw  the  country  ceded  to  England,  and  beheld  the  French 
otKcials  from  New  Orleans  make  open  war  on  religion,  seize 
church  vestments  and  plate,  and  order  the  Cathc'lic  chapels 
to  be  razed  to  the  ground,  he  seems  to  have  thought  that  all 
was  lost,  and  that  religion  in  Illinois  was  extinct.     Without 


'  "  Biiniiisscmcnt  dcs  Jestiiics  ,k'  la  T.ouisianc,"  pp.  l-fiO 


fSfrnttmimmm 


LOUISIANA  IN  1763. 


591 


m 


any  autliurity  lie  Kold  all  the  property  of  the  Seniiiiary,  in- 
cluding ii  good  Htone  lioune  erected  by  him,  and  a  lot  of 
about  seven  acres,  with  niillK,  slaves,  and  all  iniplenients, 
though  of  course  his  deed  conveyed  no  title.  His  parishion- 
ers remonstrated,  but  he  persisted,  and  abandoning  his  jiarish 
descended  the  Mississipi)i  with  the  Jesuit  prisoners,  whom 
he  accompanied  to  Fi-antje. 

After  the  Jesuit  Fathers  were  carried  off  from  Louisiana 
the  population  of  New  Orleans,  estimated  at  about  four 
thousand,  including  slaves,  and  all  the  Catholics,  French  and 
Indian,  in  the  Illinois  country,  had  no  priests  to  attend  them 
exce})t  nine  or  ten  Capuchin  Fathers,  on  whom  all  the  pa- 
rochial work  and  the  Indiitn  missions  devolved,  as  well  as  the 
care  of  two  hospitals  and  the  Ursuline  Convent,  with  its  acad- 
emy and  free  schools.    Five  were  employed  in  New  Orleans. 

It  was,  of  course,  utterly  impossible  for  them  to  meet  all 
the  wants  of  so  large  a  district.  They  had  already  withdrawn 
from  the  chapel  at  the  fort  below  the  city  of  New  Orleans 
and  from  Cluipitoulas.  Father  Barnabas  was  stationed  at 
the  tine  church  at  the  Cote  aux  Allemands;  Father  Irenoeus 
still  directed  that  at  Fointe  Coupee.  Another  Father  was 
stationed  at  Natchitoches,  near  which  the  remnant  of  the 
Apalachcs  had  settled.  Mobile  liad  been  ceded  to  England, 
and  F^ither  Ferdinand  was  preparing  to  withdraw  as  soon  as 
the  F'reneh  flag  was  lowered.' 


'  Fiitlipr  Pliilibprt  Francis  AVatiin,  "  Mcmoire  Abrojii'e  surlcs  Missions 
de  lii  Colonie  nonimfit'  riOiii^iMnc.'"  tninsniittccl  to  tiie  Proiiiiiiiinda  in  1765. 
On  the  14tli  of  Aiirii.  1706,  FaliitT  Simon  c.\  Parey,  Provincial  of  the 
C'npudiin  province  of  Chanipajine,  wrote  from  Sedan  to  the  Pro])aganda 
Rolieitiu!?  special  powers,  the  Bishop  of  Quebec  beini;  dead  and  Canada 
in  tlic  hands  of  the  Enu:lish.     Archives  of  the  Propajranda. 

The  only  priest  of  Louisiana  birth  I  trace  in  this  period,  is  Father 
Stephen  Bernard  Alexander  Viel,  8..J.,  a  poet  and  scholar,  born  at  New 
Orleans,  Oct.  31,  1730,  died  ia  France  in  1821. 


« 


Vf- 


■I 


II 


ii 


1 


i-! 


CHAPTER  IT. 

TlIK   CHL'RCII    IN    MAINK,    I(;9l>-1TG3. 

The  earlier  luiissiou  work  vvitliiu  our  limits  pL'rforiiied  by 
the  rojjiiliir  and  secular  clergy  connected  Avitli  the  Chnrch  in 
Caiuula  was  ])urely  an  outgrowth  of  Catholic  zeal  for  the 
conversion  of  the  heathen,  a  desire  to  save  some  of  the 
almost  countless  tribes  of  Indians  scattered  over  the  country. 

At  the  period  we  have  now  reached,  however,  the  nii'iuic- 
inir  character  of  the  Knglish  colonics  led  to  a  change.  The 
government  both  in  France  and  Canada  had  for  a  time 
shown  itsflf  less  disposed  to  favor  the  missionaries,  and  if 
from  ir.lKi  ;m  interest  is  evinced  in  their  work,  it  was  rather 
to  use  them  as  instruments  of  tlie  governmei:t  to  further  its 
])olitical,  military,  or  commercial  vu'ws  than  foi'  miv  real  in- 
terest in  the  spread  of  the  gos|)cI. 

As  the  Knjilish  col(»m"es  were  ( stantly  hounded  on   by 

their  magistrates  and  ministers  against  everything  Catholic, 
laws,  proclamations,  newsj»apers,sermo!i8,  and  religious  tracts, 
all  breathing  the  most  unchristian  hatred  n(  the  Ciimvli.  its 
clergv  and  faithful,  the  juisition  of  missionaries  in  tribes 
along  the  frontier  <■?  the  French  an<i  English  possessions  be- 
canu'  one  of  constant  danger,  and  they  could  continue  their 
labors  oidy  by  conforiuing  to  the  wInIics  of  tlic>  Canadian  an- 
thorities.  if  they  looked  to  tlirni  for  protection  and  .-iipport.' 

'  A  Miissiirlni«rlt,-i  sluliitc  Ir  1«03  f..r'i  m1.>  iiny  French  (  Mtlmli,.  (,,  nsi.lr 
<ir  he  in  any  of  llic  s.Mpurt'*  <ir  frontier  l.>\vn><  in  llie  province  witiioul 
license  from  the  p)Venior  uml  (oiincil.     WilliutuMin   ii     pM 
(502) 


A  FALSE  POSITION. 


693 


"  If  the  interest  of  the  gos])el  did  not  induce  ns  to  keep 
missionaries  in  all  tlie  Indian  villages,  Iro(iUois,  Abnaki,  and 
others,"  wrote  the  IVIurciuis  de  Denonville  in  lOOO,  "  the  in- 
terest of  the  civil  government  for  the  benefit  of  trade  onglit 
to  lead  us  to  contrive  always  to  have  some  there,  for  these  In- 
dian tribes  can  be  controlled  only  by  missionaries,  who  alone 
are  able  to  keep  them  in  our  intei-est,  and  prevent  them  any 
day  turning  against  us.  I  am  convinced  by  ex])erience  that 
the  Jesuits  are  the  only  ones  capable  of  controlling  the  mind 
of  all  these  Indian  nations,  being  alone  masters  of  the  differ- 
ent languages,  to  say  nothing  of  tlieu-  ability  acquired  by 
long  experience  among  them  successively  by  the  mission- 
aries, whom  they  have  had  and  continue  to  have  in  consider- 
ablf  nuudjers  among  them." 

This  placed  the  missionaries  in  a  dei)lorable  position. 
From  the  neighboring  English  they  could  expect  only  hatred 
and  hostility  ;  from  the  French,  supjwrt  only  on  conditions 
repugnant  to  them  as  ])riests,  and  made  endurable  only  by 
national  feeling.  France  had  retained  a  foothold  in  ]\Iaine 
at  Pentagoet,  the  jiresent  (,'astiiie,  but  her  statesmen  neglected 
to  fortify  the  position  or  form  a  strong  colony  there,  as  they 
might  easily  have  done  by  sending  over  impoverislied  farmers 
from  the  overcrowded  districts  of  France.  Pentagoet  had 
l)Ut  a  feeble  life,  and  though  the  parish  of  the  Holy  Family 
was  erected  there,  popidalion  declined  ratlier  than  increased, 
especially  after  the  deith  of  the  IJaron  de  Saint  Castin. 

At  last,  however,  the  French  (Jovernment  saw  the  danger 
that  was  born  of  its  neglect.  The  Iv  disli  bv  possessing  the 
Ktimebec  and  other  rivers  had  an  open  ,  ittack  Quebec 

and  wrest  Canada  fr.un  France. 

The  Abiiakis  in  Maiiu\  from  the  days  <>i  the  Capuchin 
missions  and  the  laliors  of  Father  Dniillettes,  had  been 
friendly  to  the  Frencii.     It  in  ihe  wars  that  wore  now  inev- 


<    il 


a  ■ 


li 


694 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


itable  Enj^'laud  could  gain  this  tribe  and  use  it  against  Can- 
ada, tliat  province  would  soon  be  lost.  Acting  on  this  belief, 
the  government  in  Canada  cncoui-agcd  the  establishment  of 
missions  from  the  Kennebec  to  the  Saint  Johns,  to  which 
tliey  had  previously  been  indiileront.' 

The  Fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  who  had  gathered 
Abnakis  at  Sillery,  and  subsequently  founded  for  them  the 
mission  of  Saint  Francis  on  the  Chaudiere,  revived  their  mis- 
sion in  Maine  in  1(!S8,  when  Father  Bigot  erected  a  chapel  at 
Narantsouac,  ni)w  Norridgewock  on  the  Kennebec,  and  about 
the  same  time  the  Recollect  Father  Simon  established  a  mis- 
eion  at  Medoctec  on  the  River  St.  John,  near  the  present 
Maine  border.' 

The  Jesuit  Father,  Peter  Joseph  de  la  Chasse,  was  for 
twenty  years  coinncted  with  the  Indian  missions  in  IMainc.  on 
which  also  Fathers  .Julian  P>inneteau  and  Joseph  AnbcryaJ-o 
labored  earnestly.  F.y  their  exertions  the  Caniltas,  Etechcmins, 
and  Penobscots  were  all  gained,  and  became  Catholic  tribes.' 

The  parish  at  Pentagoet  had  remained  in  the  hands  of  the 
Seminary  of  (Juebee,  but  the  white  population  was  so  trill inif 
that  the  Rev.  Mr.  Thury  found  most  of  liis  Hock  to  be  In- 
dians, lie  devoted  himself  to  thi^ir  service,  preparing  pravers 
and  hymns  in  their  language,  inrl  exercising  a  most  bi'iiefii'lal 

'  Where  clci-L'y  arc  p;ii(l  l.y  llic  Sl:ilc,  the  Oovcriiincnf  iiiid  iis  (.fliciMls 
always  niriinl  llitiii  nsusurl  of  undcrlintjM  wliom  ilicy  <;iii  dii  all  ncca- 
siciTH  n'.|iiirc  to  art  as  ihcy  sec  tit.  Kvcry  (•oininniKlaiii  of  a  post  like 
Cadillar,  VillelMin,  etc.,  oonxidercd  inixsionarics  lioniid  to  leave  or  ilianL'c 
mission'*,  CO  or  come  «t  his  option,  "{oil.  dc  Maiiuscriis  •  ii  iip 
148.15,-,. 

'•'  Collection  de  Maimserits."  (iiiel)ec,  IHSI,  ii..  p.  2. 

'"  Collect  ion  dc  >Fanuscrils,"  (^ucIh-c,  Ish4.  ii.,  p.  |'J7,  The  y.eal  ol 
I'.iiher  .\iihrry  so  oITiiuUmI  the  Knixlish  liiat  a  price  was  olTefd  for  his 
head.  III.,  p  .V.'.  ■■  I'arolksde.s  Sauv.iires  dc  la  Mission  dc  I'enla-o- 
et,"  ih,,  pp.  ill.  :1H.  Aul<ery  wiw  near  Pen  Ingoel  Ixtween  I7(M)  and  ITO'J. 
Maiiruull.  p.  ll>M. 


THE  MAINE  MISSIONS. 


695 


influence.  He  was,  however,  called  upon  to  gather  and  in- 
struct the  Nova  Scotia  Indians,  and  died  at  Chebucto,  June 
3,  l()t)9,  mourned  hy  the  Indians  there  as  a  father  and  a  friend.' 

The  Kov.  James  Alexis  de  Fleury  d'Eschambault,  who  re- 
placed the  great  missionary,  died  in  his  labors  in  1()98  ;'  but 
his  place  was  taken  by  Kev.  Pliilip  Kageot,  who  continued  till 
1701,  aided  for  a  time  by  Kev.  Mr.  (iuay,  who  retired  with 
him,  an<l  by  Kev.  Anthony  Gaulin,  a  pious  and  esteemed 
priest,  who  closed  his  pastorship  in  ITO!?." 

The  ScMuinary  of  Quebec  had  been  urged  by  Bishop  Saint 
Vallier  in  HVXi  to  assume  the  charge  of  all  the  Indian  mis- 
sions in  Maine,  but  had  declined  the  responsibility.  At  this 
time  they  felt  that  the  missions  should  be  in  the  hands  of 
one  body,  and  relinquished  the  post  at  Pentagoet  to  the  Jesuit 
Fathers.  From  this  time  it  ceased  to  bo  regarded  ap  a  parish, 
and  an  Indian  fort  further  up  the  river  became  the  seat  of 
the  mission. 

The  organizing  of  church  work  among  the  Maine  Indians 


'DiiTPvillc,    '  Voynjro,"  pp.  55,  180. 

'  "Collection  ilo  Manuscrits,"  ii.,  pp.  78,  .^Ofi,  SSO.  Ciirdiiiiil  Tnsclie- 
rcau,  "  Mc'iiioiro  sur  In  Mission  del  .Xciulic  <lu  ScniiiKiirc  dc  Quclicc," 
"Archives  (Id'ArrheviVlR-  (Ic  CJiiMicc."  "New  Kn-luiul  Hist.  Gen. 
Rciristcr,"  1H,S0,  ]).  !)3.  Vill(I)on  wrote  to  tlie  Ministerin  France,  Oct.  27, 
lOlM):  "Of  the  five  priests  whom  ilie  Hishop  of  (iuel)ee  oujj;lit  to  ni:iin- 
tain  here,  there  is  one  at  I'entasoet,  w  lio  lias  with  him  a  yonnu  cecle- 
Hiiislie,  who  (hies  not  yet  siiy  ma.ss.  1  humljly  ^)(^'  yon,  my  l.oid,  to 
see  to  this  and  send  men  ehnplain  from  France.  Tlu  ro  arc  very  worthy 
Irish  priests,  and  it  would  he  very  MdvantaLreous  to  have  some  of  tliat 
nation  willi  n'f<'r(iice  to  IIk  Irisli  Catliolies  who  are  in  IJcstou,  and  wlio 
not  hein.!,'  well  treated  there,  would  mu(  h  more  readily  liceide  to  come 
nmonir  us,  if  they  knew  we  h.'id  ii  priest  of  their  nation."  "  (  nlleetion 
.!<•  Manuscrits,"  ii.,  p.  imo.  The  remains  of  the  old  fort  are  si  ill  vi^lile 
lit  Castine,  and  the  position  of  llie  Church  of  the  Holy  Family  ("uld  he 
easily  tl.xcd.  See  jilan  in  Wheeler,  "  History  of  t'asliue,  I'ciiohicol  and 
Urooksville,"  Hanuor.  1S75,  p.  ISO. 

^  Williamson,  "  History  of  Maine."  i..  pp.  OIH-O. 


ft 


^ 


Ul 


h\ 


If 

m 


n  ■ 


i* 


I. 


596 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


bad  uot  been  unnoticed  by  tlie  autborities  of  Massacbusetts, 
wbicb  tlien  claimed  jurisdiction  over  Maine.  In  1GD8  coin- 
niissioners  from  tbe  Buy  Colojiy  meeting  tbe  Indians  in  con- 
ference at  Pentagoet,  required  tbem  to  dismiss  tbe  mission- 
aries at  tbat  place,  Norridgewock,  and  Androscoggin,  but  tbe 
Indians  replied:  "  Tbe  good  missionaries  must  not  be  driven 
away." ' 

In  169!)  Fatber  Vincent  Bigot,  wbo  bad  been  stationed  at 

Narantsouac  on  tbe  Kennebec,  was  prostrated  by  sickness, 

^^  and  compelleil  to  retire  to 

l^nt&nh'uj  yic^o^-  /  /    Quebec  ;  hut  bis  place  was 

^— ^  ^       tilled  by  bis  brother  James, 

8IG...iTritE     OF     FATTTER     VINCENT  i  •     ,     .  .       , 

„„j„[,  wlio  accompamed  bis  In- 

dians down  tbe  river  to 
tbe  coast,  tlie  Abnakis  wishing  to  obtain  some  of  tbe  tribe 
wbo  '  M-e  held  as  prisoners  by  the  pjiglisb  in  exchange  fo" 
prise. crs  in  their  bands,  and  also  to  make  purchases  of 
necessaries  of  wbicb  they  were  destitute. 

Narantsouac  at  this  time  bad  its  chapel,  erected  in  1008,  well 
atteudi'd  by  the  fervent  converts.'  The  missionary  here  was 
Father  Sebastian  Rale,  a  native  of  Franche  (\)mtr,  who 
reached  (Quebec  ()ct<.ber  1:5,  KiSO,  an<l  had  [)reiiared  himself 
for  his  work  by  spending  several  years  at  tbe  St.  Francis  nu's- 
sion  anil  in  Illinois.  He  was  stationed  next  at  Narantsouac,  now 
Indian  Old  I'(»iiit,  a  secpiostered  spot  on  the  Kennebec  Kivcr, 
Here  be  began  a  jiastoral  care  which  closed  only  when  his 
body,  rid.llcd  by  New  England  bullets,  sank  In  divitb  at  the 
foot  of  his  missi(m  cross.  lie  attended  his  tlock  at  t!ie  vilki^o, 
to  whidi  be  '^oon  drew  a  neighboring  trii)eof  kindred  origin, 
tbe  Anialingnis.     His  daily  mass,  oiitechetical  instructions. 


'  "  ("(.llcclion  (l(>  Mnmisrriis,"  ij,,  p.  !M3  ;  "T.rtfn^  fin  pArc  .Inniiifs  I5i- 
jfot,  1{im»,"  ill  "  [{(liition  (Ics  .ViruircHdu  ("iinadii,"  Niw  York,  1SG5,  p  (t.l 
"  Appurpully  in  109iJ  or  1(194. 


FA  THER  RALE. 


597 


visits  to  the  cabins  to  attend  the  sick  or  rouse  the  tepid,  these 
formed  his  daily  round  of  care,  with  his  duties  in  the  confes- 
sional, his  sermons,  and  the  more  pompous  celebration  of  the 
great  festivals.  Of  the  language  he  was  an  earnest  student, 
and  while  at  Saint  Franyois  in  1()91,  began  a  dictionary  of 
the  Abuaki,  completed  as  years  rolled  by,  and  which  is  still 
preserved  in  Harvard  College.' 

While  Father  Hale  was  laboring  on  the  Kennebec  in  1700, 
Father  Vincent  Bigot  was  again  at  his  mission  near  Penta- 
goet.  A  letter  of  that  time  tells  how  he  was  edified  by  the 
zeal  and  piety  of  the  converts.  An  epidemic  scourged  their 
villages,  but  they  showed  the  depth  and  solidity  of  the  Chris- 
tian teaching  which  they  had  received,  attending  mass  and  the 
prayers  in  the  chapel  when  scarcely  able  to  drag  their  bodies 
from  their  cabins." 

In  1701  the  Kew  England  authorities  treating  with  the 
Abnakis,  again  ordered  them  to  send  away  the  three  French 
Jesnit  Fathers  who  were  in  their  villages  and  receive  Protest- 
ant ministers  from  New  England.  The  Indians  would  not 
listen  to  the  proposed  change,  and  said  to  the  English  envoy: 
"You  are  too  late  in  undertaking  to  instruct  us  in  the  prayer 
after  all  the  many  years  we  have  been  known  to  you.  The 
Frenchman  was  wiser  than  you.  As  soon  as  we  knew  him, 
he  taught  us  how  to  pray  to  God  properly,  and  now  we  pray 
better  than  you." ' 

The  missionaries  were  not  blind  to  their  own  danger,  and 


'It  was  puMislicd  by  the  Aincriciiii  Aciulctny  of  A'-fs  mul  Scicnci^s,  in 
flic  volmnc  of  Mfinoirs  lor  ISIt;!.  under  llu  cililorsiiipof  John  I'ickcring. 

-V.  ni^ot,  'Hi'liition  dc  la  Mission  dcs  Aliiiaquis,"  1701,  New  York, 
1858. 

'Hiirot,  "  Hclntion  dp  li»  Mission  AliMii(|iiise,"  1703.  New  York,  1805, 
pp.  i2!!-4.  Fallur  HifTot  is  siiid  to  Imvc  been  reciilled  in  1701.  "  Collec- 
tion do  Miuniscrils,"  ii.,  p.  !Wfl. 


698 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


1^  4 


seeing  the  false  position  into  which  tlie  government  was 
forcing  them,  urged  that  lands  should  be  assigned  in  Canada, 
to  which  the  Abnakis  could  remove  and  practice  their  relio-- 
ion  in  jicace.  An  attemjit  was  made  by  Vaudreuil  to  carry 
out  this  idea,  but  as  his  course  was  censured,  it  was  aban- 
doned.' 

Massachusetts  claimed  all  Maine  as  English  territory,  and 
the  Abnakis  as  subjects  ;  but  in  attempting  to  settle  that  dis- 
trict she  paid  no  regard  to  the  Indian  title  and  made  no  at- 
tempt to  i)urchase  any  ])ortion  of  their  lands.  The  Abnakis 
resented  the  intrusion  of  settlers  by  killing  cattle  and  at  last 
burning  the  houses  of  the  unwelcome  Xew  Englanders. 
The  French  Govermncnt  encouraged  the  Indians  to  prevent 
English  settlement  on  their  lands,  and  the  missionaries  used 
their  iiithience  under  the  direction  of  the  Governor-CJeneral 
of  Canada.     This  could  not  but  lead  to  disastrous  results. 

In  1704-5  Arassachusetts  expeditions  were  fitted  out  to 
destroy  the  mission  stations.  One  under  Major  Church  rav- 
aged the  villages  on  the  Penoljscot,  and  another  under  (!ol. 
Hilton  penetrated  to  Father  Rale's  mission,  but  lindin"- the 
Indians  absent,  burnt  all  tiie  wigwams,  as  well  as  the  church 
with  its  vestry  and  the  residence  of  tli(>  missionary,  after  they 
had  pillaged  'ind  jjrofaned  all  that  Catholics  revere.'  Be- 
sides the  Indians  at  Norridgewoek  (ither  bands  wxre  visited 
by  Father  Hale.  One  of  these  at  Lake  I^Iegantic  removed 
to  Canada  ami  founded  the  mission  at  Hecancour  in  I7(»s.' 

Wlien  peace  w  is  restored  the  Indians  i)repared  to  rebuild 


'  "Collcclioii  (Ic  M;muscril«,"  ii.,  pp.  .)(m!.  JIT. 

'  P(M)liiiH()w,  ••  History  of  il.i'  Wiirs  of  \,.w  KiihImiuI  "  (Ciiicininli 
I'd.t,  p)).  ','!>,  ;tM  ;  Cliutrli,  ■  History  of  the  Ivistcrn  Expeditious,"  p.  I'M  , 
WilliMiiisoii,  "  History  of  Maine,"  ii  ,  pp.  47,  .)<). 

'See  ("oiu'essioii  in  MMuraiill.  '  llistoirr  «l.s  Ali-iiiikis,"  8orel,  lH(!t5, 
p.  ','H.j. 


THE  BURNT  CHURCH  RESTORED. 


nng 


iment  was 
iu  Canada, 
their  relig- 
lil  to  carry 
was  abaii- 

ritorv,  and 
le  that  dis- 
lade  iu»  iit- 
le  Ahnakis 
and  at  last 
lnu;laudcrs. 
to  prevent 
larios  used 
ur-(ieneral 
•esults. 
ed  out  to 
kurch  rav- 
midor  Col. 
indiii<>'  the 
he  clnnrh 
after  they 
ere."  l?e- 
LMV  visited 
'  removed 
1  ITOS.' 
to  rehiiild 


iCinciiiii.ili 
lis,"  p.  |;.'(i , 

Sort'i,  \mc>. 


tlieir  church,  and  as  the  English  were  nearer  to  them  the 
Abnakis  sent  a  delegation  to  IJoston  to  solicit  cai-penters, 
promising  to  pay  them  well.  The  Governor  of  Massachu- 
setts olTered  to  rebuild  the  church  at  his  own  expensci  if  they 
would  disnuss  Father  Kale  and  accept  a  Protestant  minister. 
The  Abnakis  declined,  and  again  contrasted  the  indili'erence 
of  the  English  to  tlieir  salvation  with  the  zeal  shown  by  the 
French.  A  temjiorary  bark  chapel  was  then  built,  and  the 
Governor-General  of  Canada,  on  hearing  of  their  loss,  sent 
mechanics  who  erected  a  new  church.  Oi  this  editice  Father 
Kale  wrote  :  "  It  possesses  a  beauty  which  would  win  admi- 
ration for  it  even  iu  Europe,  and  we  have  spared  no  pains  to 
adorn  it." '  This  church  iu  the  wilderness  was  sui)plied  with 
sets  of  vestments,  coi)es,  and  plate  for  the  altar.  The  nns- 
siouary  had  trained  forty  Indian  boys  who  served  as  acolytes 
in  cassock  and  surplice.  On  the  altar  were  candles  made  by 
the  missionary  from  the  wax  of  the  Ijayberry. 

Tlie  Indians  all  attended  his  daily  mass  ami  met  there  in 
the  evening  for  prayers. 

Duriu"-  the  huntiui;:  season  and  the  fishing  season  on  the 
coast  the  missionary  moved  with  his  ilock,  and  a  tent  became 
the  chapel  of  the  tribe.-  On  one  of  his  journeys  he  fell  and 
broke  both  his  legs.  To  obtain  ])roper  treatment  he  was 
conveyed  in  his  helpless  condition  to  Canada.  Kecovering 
there  he  returned  to  the  Kennebec,  although  he  knew  that  a 
jirice  had  been  set  on  his  head. 

The  church  was  completed  in  171 S,  at  which  time  the 
Frendi  king  gave  also  meiuis  to  complete  the  church  at  Me- 
doctec,  on  the  St.  -lolm's.'     Father  Lauverjat  had  his  chapel 

"Rale,  Litter  of  Oclolicr  1',',  IT'J:?.  •'  Lot'xT  of  Oetolicr  15.  1722. 

'  Tliis  spoi  was  ('list  of  llic  Miiiiu"  lioiiiiilary  on  tlic  St.  .lolin's,  v.-iieru 
tlic  Hcl  lUvcr  fiil.'fs  ;  but  Ilie  MaUiitc  Irilic  wlio  altciuleil  it  were  Miiiiii' 
Iniliaiis,  Willin-iisoii,  i..  p.  \".  '■  Collcilion  ile  Mamiseiils,"  lii..  |.p. 
2S,  42,  44,  4S.  54. 


1^ 


600 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


5,   'S 


above  Pentagoet,  so  that  tJiere  were  two  Catholic  cliurches 
then  in  Maine,  with  one  just  bejoiid  tlie  present  line. 

Tlie  i\ew  Englanii  feeling  against  Father  Rale  was  so  in- 
tense that  the  General  C^ourt  of  Massachusetts  resolved  to 
have  him  brought  to  Boston  a  jirisoner  or  a  corpse.  A  i)roc- 
laniation  was  issued  requiring  the  Indians  to  surrender  Kale 
and  every  other  Jesuit  priest.' 

(Governor  Sliute  had  written  to  Yaudreull,  the  Governor- 
General  of  Canada,  to  recall  the  missionaries,  but  he  replied  : 
"As  to  Father  Kale  and  the  other  missionaries  whom  you 
wish  me  to  recall,  permit  me,  sir,  to  tell  you  that  I  do  not 
know  that  any  one  of  them  is  on  territory  under  the  sway  of 
Great  Britain  ;  and  as  the  Abnakis  among  whom  the  mission- 
aries are,  at  whom  you  take  uml)rage,  have  never  had  any 
but  Koman  Catholic  priests  to  instruct  them,  since  they  have 
been  enlightened  with  the  rays  of  the  gospel,  they  will  ha\e 
just  ground  to  complain  of  me,  and  I  believe  that  God  would 
hnld  me  accountable  for  their  suuls,  and  the  king  would  ecu 
Hire  me  severely,  if  I  dej)rived  these  Indians  against  their 
will  of  the  sjiiritnal  mvnor  which  they  receive  from  tlii-ir 
pastors,  and  whom  they  need  to  ])ersevere  in  the  religion  in 
whicli  they  have  been  brought  up." 

Shutc  in  replying  April  ',\  1722,  says  of  Father  Kale: 
"  All  that  I  have  to  say  to  bin),  and  to  say  to  you  in  regard 
to  him,  is,  that  Ts''orridgewock,  which  is  his  mission,  is  de- 
pendent on  the  territory  of  King  George,  and  that  bv  a  law 
of  the  Parliament  of  (ircat  P,rilain  and  the  laws  of  this  prov- 
ince all  Jesuits  or  Koman  Catholic  priests  are  forbidden  to 
preach  or  even  to  remain  in  any  part  of  the  king<loni."" 
Sliule  endeavored  to  create  a  rival  mission,  ainl  scut  u 
learned  and  ai)le  Pi-ot(starit  minister,  Rev.  Mr.  I3a.\t.>r,  to 

'  WilliaiiisDn,  ii.,  p.  107 

'  "  (.'ollectioii  (k'  .Maiiuscrit.s,"  ii,,  pp.  0(i,  77. 


HB 


FATHER  RALE'S  DANGER. 


601 


found  an  Abnaki  mission  in  1717,  but  the  envoy  was  soon 
disheartened  and  abandoned  the  field,  after  a  controversy 
with  Father  Rale  on  doctrinal  matters. 

Again  it  was  determined  to  strike  a  blow  at  the  two 
churches  and  their  priests.  In  February,  1722,  Colonel 
Westljrook,  appointed  by  Governor  Dummer  to  command 
in  the  East,  marched  to  the  Penobscot,  and  ascending  to 
the  Indian  fort,  from  which  the  Indians  retired,  set  fire 
in  INFarch  to  the  church  and  wigwams.  The  shrine  of 
Catholicity  at  th  >  point,  a  handsome,  well-finislied  chapel, 
sixty  feet  by  thirty,  probably  on  Fort  Hill,  above  tlie 
mouth  of  the  Kenduskeag,  with  the  neat  house  of  the 
priest,  was  again  laid  in  ruins.'  P'ather  Lauverjat,  unde- 
terred by  the  danger,  still  continued  his  mission  among  the 
Indians  there,  and  Father  Loyard,  of  ^ledoctec,  proceeded 
to  France  in  1723  to  plead  the  (tause  of  these  Indian  Cath- 
olics. In  the  autumn  of  1722,  Colonel  Wcstbrook  led  a 
force  of  230  men  against  Norriilgewock.  Fortunately  two 
young  Indians  saw  the  party  and  hastened  to  the  village  to 
give  the  alarm.  Father  Rale  consumed  the  consecrated 
Hosts  in  the  cil)()rium  of  his  chapel  and  escaped  into  the 
woods  bearing  the  sacred  vessels.  A  cripple  and  l)urthened, 
he  was  not  al)le  to  penetrate  far  into  the  forest  without  snow- 
shoes.  Crouching  at  last  behind  a  tree,  he  commended  him- 
self to  God.  The  enemy,  finding  his  church  and  house 
vacant,  pushed  on  in  keen  pursuit,  but  though  tlicv  jiassed 
his  birking-place,  failed  to  detect  him.  Abandoning  the 
search,  at  last  they  returned  to  the  village  and  pillaged  the 
church  and  house,  carrying  off  everything  they  were  able  to 


Mi 


'  Penhallow,  "The  History  of  llie  Wars  of  Now  England,"  p.  04; 
Williamson,  "History  of  Maine,"  ii.,  pp.  l'20-l  ;  "Mass.  Ili.st.  Coll.," 
II.,  viii.,  p.  'H)4 ;  Hutchinson,  "  History  of  Ma.ss.,"  ii.,  p.  273. 


,^l 


^M^L^ 


rt 


i| 


603 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


transport. — liis  stroTig  box,'  papers,  letters,  his  Indian  diction- 
ary, and  even  liis  writing  materials.  Fatiier  Kale  underwent 
great  sufferings  in  the  woods,  and  well-nigh  perished  before 
relief  reached  him  from  Quebec.  His  correspondence  with 
the  Governor-General  of  Canada,  which  was  ca])tured,  in- 
flamed the  Xew  England  authorities  still  more,  and  his  life 
was  in  constant  danger.  His  Indians,  unable  to  cultivate 
their  grounds,  lived  most  precariously,  and  he  bore  them 
company  in  their  wanderings,  often  with  no  food  but  acorns. 


/a 


CUa^ 


W<M* 


FAC-8IMILE  OF  OPENINO    WoliDS   OK   lATIILU   UALE's   UK'TIONAUY 
AND  OK   HIS  SIONATLlfE. 

That  the  Canadian  Govermnent  did  not  recall  him  and 
assign  lands  to  the  flock  which  had  so  manfully  adhered  to 
the  French  cause  seems  unpardonable.  Father  Rale,  him- 
self, in  spite  of  his  sixty-seven  years  and  his  crippled  condi- 
tion, would  not  abandon  his  Indians.  When  Father  de  hi 
Chiisse  urged  him  to  provide  for  his  own  safety,  he  repiicd  : 
"  God  has  connnitted  the  flock  to  my  care,  and  1  will  shaiv 

'  This  strong  Ixix  liiis  loii!/'  been  in  llic  possfssioii  of  tlic  AViiIrir.  n  fiiiii- 
ily,  and  was  for  some  years  in  Uk;  rooms  of  Ihu  Massiicliusclls  llisiuricul 
Society. 


iM3?'.ff' 


^  it 


FATHER  RALE'S  DEATH. 


603 


its  lot,  only  too  happy  if  I  am  allowed  to  lay  down  my  life 
for  it."  When  the  Indians,  in  the  spring  of  1724,  wished  to 
convey  him  to  a  safe  retreat  on  the  route  to  Quebec  he  said  : 
"  Do  you  take  me  for  a  cowardly  deserter  i  What  would 
become  of  your  faitii  if  I  should  forsake  you  'i  Your  salva- 
tion is  dearer  to  me  than  life." 

In  the  summer.  Colonel  Moulton  at  the  head  of  another 
force  of  wliites  and  Mohawks  cautiously  made  his  way  up 
the  Kennebec,  and  under  cover  of  the  thick  brusliwood 
reached  the  Indian  handet  unpcrceived.  A  volley  from  their 
nniskcts  riddling  tlie  cabins,  completely  surprised  the  Abna- 
kis.  There  were  but  few  bi'aves  in  the  village  ;  they  hastily 
seized  tlieir  weapons  and  hastened  to  meet  the  enemy  and 
cover  the  tliiiht  of  their  women  and  children.  Conscious 
tliat  he  was  the  chief  object  of  the  invasion,  Fatlier  Rale 
went  fearlessly  forth  ;  and  as  soon  as  the  assailants  perceived 
the  de\()tod  priest  they  raised  a  shout,  and  a  host  of  gleum- 
in<r  barrels  were  levelled  at  him.  The  next  moment  he  fell 
at  the  foot  of  his  mission  cross  pierced  by  their  balls.  Seven 
Indians  who  had  gathered  around  him  fell  by  his  side,  but 
with  their  fall  all  resistance  ceased.  While  some  of  the  as- 
sailants pursued  the  fugitives,  others  pillaged  the  churcli, 
profaning  the  sacred  vessels;  others  wreaked  their  vengeance 
on  the  dead  missionary,  who  was  scalped,  his  head  cloven 
open,  his  liud)s  broken.  After  setting  lire  to  the  church  and 
houses.  Colonel  Moulton  retired.' 

The  Indians  returned  the  next  day,  and  washing  the  niu- 


I 


'  Tlio  sciOpinsj;  is  rpnonlcd  by  Pciilmllow  without  disicuisc.  Massa- 
clnisctls  coiistiinlly  oiTcrcd  irwiinls  for  sc;il])s  even  of  women  ;uul  cbil- 
drcii,  and  nunisters  who  nccotnpanicd  cxiicdidons,  like  I?cv.  Mr.  Fry. 
scalped  tJKisp  whom  tliey  i<illed.  See  "  New  Yorii  Post  Hoy,"  ^ept.  ~\ 
17tS,  and  July  2!?,  1750  ;  "  New  York  Mereiiry,"  June  23,  1755. 


% 


■ 


% 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


;f  la  iiiiiM 

•^  U^    112.2 


i;£ 


2,0 


.8 


1.4    III  1.6 


v: 


I' 


'# 


0^4 


W 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corponition 


73  WIST  MAIN  STMIT 

WIBSTMNV    I45M 

(716)  •7J.4J03 


m 


^ 


(V 


iV 


N> 


6^ 


E^ 


'^, 


'/x 


604 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


I 


tilated  body,  interred  it  at  the  spot  where  he  had  offered  the 
holy  sacrifice  the  day  before. 

The  Norridgewock  Indians,  after  burying  the  slaughtered 
missionary  and  their  kindred,  retired  to  the  Abnaki  villages 
in  Canada,  and  for  some  years  no  measures  were  taken  to 
restore  the  mission.  Church  plate  and  vestments,  with  fur- 
niture for  a  mission-house  asked  of  the  King  of  France  the 
year  before,  were  granted  in  1738,  but  the  Indians  had  already 
begun  to  occupy  once  more  their  old  home,  and  the  Jesuit  Fa- 
ther de  Syresme,  apparently  in  1780,  erected  a  chapel  on  the 
Kennebec.  When  he  visited  the  St,  Lawrence  the  next 
year,  there  was  a  general  movement  among  the  Abnakis  to 
return  to  the  Kennebec,  and  the  government,  to  prevent  it, 
proposed  to  recall  the  missionary.' 

Soon  after  Father  Lauverjat,  who  had  been  endeavoring 
to  uphold  religion  on  the  Penobscot,  which  the  young  St. 
Castins  dishonored  by  their  disregard  of  all  morality,  was 
transferred  to  Medoctec ;  but  he  was  still  in  charge  of  the 
Indians  at  Panawamske  in  1727,'  though  the  French  Gov- 
ernment was  endeavoring  to  induce  the  Indians  there  and  at 
Medoctec  to  remove  to  Canada. 

After  the  retirement  of  Fathers  Syresme  and  Lauverjat,  wo 
find  no  evidence  of  any  other  resident  pastor  of  the  Cath- 
olic Indians  of  Maine.  Their  intercourst;  with  the  missions 
ut  Saint  Francis  and  Bccancour  was  constant,  and  Father 
Charles  Germain,  who  was  stationed  at  St.  Anne's  mission 
on  the  Saint  John's  liiver,  exercised  a  beneficent  control 
over  the  Indians  on  the  Kennebec  and  Penobscot,  and  ap])ar- 
cntly  visited  them  from  time  to  time,  saying  mass  for  them 


•  "rnllcntion  de  MnnuscriU,"  Hi.,  pp.  186-7,  141,  147,  158,  155.  160; 
IiC!  Hciiu. 

'  Ibid.,  p.  185;  "  N.  Y.  Colonial  Docunu-nts,"  x.,  p.  128. 


CLOSE  OF  THE  MAINE  MISSION. 


605 


by  stealth  like  his  fellow-religious  in  Virginia.  He  may  be 
regarded  as  the  last  of  the  old  missioners  to  the  Indians  of 
Maine,  who  planted  the  faith  so  firmly  in  the  hearts  of  that 
Algonquin  race  that  neither  privation  of  priest  and  altar,  nor 
the  allurements  of  prosperous  and  pretentious  error  could 
lure  them  from  it.' 


'  Fiitlier  Charlea  Germuin,  born  May  1, 1707,  entered  the  Gallo-Belgic 
Province,  Sept.  4,  1728,  and  came  to  America  in  1738. 


'M 


I! 


. 


f 


CHAPTER  in. 

THE    CATHOLIO    CHDRCH   IN   NKW   YORK,    1690-1763.— FRENCH 

CLERGY. 

When  William  III.  was  acknowledged  as  king  bv  the 
Colony  of  New  York,  the  only  Catholics  in  the  territory  of 
the  Five  Nation,  were  the  still  few  lingering  converts  niade 
by  the  Jesuit  Fathers  in  the  period  of  the  missions,  and  the 
French  and  Indian  captives  brought  in  by  the  war  parties  of 
braves,  many  of  them  to  die  in  torments  at  tht  ..^.ke,  after 
enduring  the  most  rofined  torture  at  the  hands  of  their  oun 
people  nither  than  gainsay  the  faith  that  was  in  them. 

The  only  priest  in  the  Iroquois  cantons  was  the  Jesuit 
Pather  Peter  Milet,  a  prisoner  himself  at  Oneida.     His  very 
hfe  was  at  first  in  const^mt  peril,  but  his  old  converts  pro- 
tected him,  and  having  been  adopted  as  a  member  of  the 
tr.!>e  by  a  fe.nale  Agoyander,  he  received  the  hereditary 
name  of  one  of  the  sachemships  of  the  tribe.     The  Iroquois 
wo.nan  who  thus  gave  him  a  place  in  the  councils  of  the 
Kc:.gue  was  apparently  Susan  Gouentagrandi.     Ilin  position 
was  thus  a  curious  one:  he  was  still  a  prisoner,  b;,t  as  Otas- 
eete  he  took  lus  seat  in  the  councils  of  the  Oncidas.     Tlis  in- 
fluence was  so  great  that  the  English  made  every  effort  to 
put  an   end  to  his  captivit:, ,  and  the  French  to  pn,lon<.  it 
Whether  he  was  able  to  obtain  vestments  and  a  chali,.e  in 
order  to  my  mass,  is  not  certain  ;  but  ns  carlv  as  1(101  1...  had 
a  l.ttle  grotto  or  chapel  in  Susam.a's  cabin  dcdicatcl  to  Our 

I)}MMgLord-"Christo  Morituro,"  where  he  a^^nbled  the 
(606) 


IROQUOIS  MARTYRS. 


607 


Christians  to  celebrate  the  Sundays  and  holidays.  Toward 
the  close  of  the  year  1690,  the  Mohawks  invited  him  to  their 
canton  to  hear  the  confessions  of  Christians  there  who  desired 
his  spiritual  aid.  But  Susanna  would  not  allow  him  to  de- 
part, fearing  treachery;  "the  Catholic  Mohawks,"  she  said, 
"  could  always  see  Otasseto  in  her  cabin."  Father  Milct  had 
a  mournful  duty  to  discharge  in  attending  the  French  and 
Iroquois  prisoners  brought  in  by  the  braves  of  tlic  League. 
Many  of  these  died  at  the  stake  supported  and  encouraged 
by  the  brave  missionary  amid  their  excpiisite  torments.  Eec- 
ognizod  by  the  Canadian  authorities  as  parish  jjriest  of 
Oneida,  he  received  their  verbal  wills,  which  he  subsequently 
proved  in  Canada.  His  captivity  and  mission  lasted  till  Oc- 
tober, 1094,  when  he  reached  Montreal,  followed  by  Tarcha 
and  an  Oneida  delegation  to  treat  of  peace. 

It  would  be  wrong  not  to  give  some  details  of  the  Chris- 
tians who  died  in  torments,  displaying  a  holy  fortitude 
worthy  of  record.  Stcjjhen  Te'r. 'ui.okoa,  captured  by  a 
Cayuga  party,  was  taken  to  Onoatlaga ;  he  was  a  fervent 
Christian,  and  had  long  edified  the  mission  at  Sault  Saint 
Louis.  When  reproached  on  the  scaftbld  with  having  left 
his  canton  to  jo-'  n  the  mission,  he  replied :  "  I  am  a  Christian, 
and  I  glory  in  being  one.  Do  with  me  what  you  will :  I 
fear  neither  your  outrages  nor  fires.  I  willingly  give  my 
life  for  a  God  who  shed  all  his  blood  for  me."  On  hearing 
this  courageous  answer  his  countrymen  sprang  upon  him, 
cutting  and  mutilating  his  body  in  every  part.  One  then 
cried  out  tauntingly :  "  Pray."  "  Yes,"  he  replied,  «  I  will 
pray,"  and  as  well  as  his  fettered  hands  permitted,  he  made 
the  sign  of  the  cross,  saying:  "  In  the  name  of  the  Father, 
and  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost."  Furious  at  this, 
his  tormentors  hacked  off  many  of  his  fingers,  yelling: 
"  Now  pray  to  your  God."     Again  he  made  the  sign  of  the 


?■  i  -vl 


m' 


608 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


* 


1 


cross,  and  they  cut  off  all  the  remaining  fingers,  and  for  the 
^nrd  tune  with  every  opprobrious  epithet  bade  him  pray 
Once  more  he  endeavored  to  form  on  his  body  the  symbol 
of  redemption  with  the  stump  of  his  hand,  but  it  was  in- 
stantly severed  at  the  wrist,  and  every  spot  he  had  touched 
was  scored  with  slashes.  This  was  but  the  prelude  to  a  Ion., 
torrib  c  torture,  which  he  bore  without  a  nmr.nur,  till  fed- 
i.ig  that  Ins  end  was  near,  he  asked  a  moment's  respite,  and 
oo.uM.endmg  his  soul  to  God  in  fervent  prayer,  received  the 
uoatli  stroke. 

Two  years  after  the  pious  Frances  Gonannhatenha,  who 
had  been  baptized  at  Ononda^^a,  was  made  a  prisoner  with 
her  husband  and  some  others  near  the  mission  of  the  Sault 
She  was  taken  to  Onondaga  and  given  to  her  own  sister,  but 
fa    pagan,  deaf  to  the  cry  of  nature,  gave  Frances  up  to 
death      On  the  scaifold  she,  too,  professed  the  faith  with 
I'oly  fortitude,  and  again  that  hatred  of  the  Cross,  which 
caused  the  death  of  Rene  Goupil  fifty  years  before,  was  dis- 
played.    One  of  her  kinsmen  sprang  on  the  scaflfold,  and 
tormg  off  the  crucifix  that  hung  on  her  breast,  cut  a  cross 
deep  m  her  flesh.     "  There,"  he  cried,  "  is  the  cross  you 
love  so  much,  and  which  kept  you  from  leaving  the  Sault 
when  I  took  the  trouble  to  go  for  you."     "  Thank  you, 
brother, '  replied  the  holy  sufferer,  "  the  cross  you  wrenched 
from  me  1  might  lose;  but  you  give  me  one  I  cannot  lose 
even  m  death."     She  urged  her  clansmen  to  become  Chris- 
tians, assured  them  of  her  forgiveness,  and  prayed  fervently 
for  them  ;  but  they  prolonged  her  torture  for  three  days,  and 
afterburning  her  from  head  to  foot  with  red-hot  gun-barrels, 
scidped  her,  and  covering  the  bleeding  head  with  hot  coals, 
miloose.!  her,  hoping  to  enjoy  her  frantic  efforts  to  escape. 
But  she,  witnesfl  to  the  faith,  knelt  calmlv  down  to  pray. 
Ihen  a  shower  of  gtones  ended  her  hen.ic  life. 


IROQUOIS  MISSIONS. 


609 


The  Onoudagas  did  not  even  spare  young  Margaret  Garau- 
gouas,  daughter  of  the  TododaJio,  hereditary  chief  of  the 
Iroquois  league.  Taken  prisoner  in  her  field,  she  was  hur- 
ried away  to  lier  native  town.  There  she  was  slaslied  from 
head  to  foot  with  knives  and  left  for  a  time  to  endure  the 
I)ain  of  her  wounds.  When  she  was  a  few  days  after  con- 
demned to  die,  she  endured  the  fearful  torments  with  heroic 
constancy,  the  names  of  "  Jesus,  Mary,  Joseph,"  alone  escap- 
ing her  lips.  Once  she  asked  for  water,  but  reflecting  a 
moment  ehe  told  them  to  refuse  her  :  "  My  Saviour  suifered 
great  thirst  when  dying  for  me  on  the  cross ;  is  it  not  just 
that  I  should  suffer  the  same  torment  for  him  '{ "  Her  tor- 
ture lasted  from  noon  to  sunset ;  when  scalped  and  released, 
she  too  knelt  to  pray.  They  tried  to  sttdi  her  and  to  beat 
her  to  death  ;  but  finally  threw  her  still  quivering  body  on  a 
pile  of  wood  and  consumed  her.' 

Onondaga  with  Oneida  was  ravaged  by  Count  Frontenac 
at  the  head  of  a  large  force  in  169G,  and  when  hostilities 
ceased  the  next  year  after  the  proclamation  of  the  peace  of 
Kyswick,  the  cantons  were  more  disposed  to  respect  the 
French.  Negotiations  wore  begun  under  the  Count  de  Fron- 
tenac and  concluded  by  his  successor,  de  Callieres,  in  1700. 
During  the  negotiations  the  veteran  Father  James  Druyas 
was  sent  with  Mr.  Maricour  to  Onondaga.  He  was  received 
with  great  cordiality,  and  after  addressing  them  as  envoy  of 
the  French  Governor,  and  delivering  the  appropriate  belts, 
lie  begged  the  Onoudagas  to  give  especial  attention  to  a  third 
belt  which  he  gave  them  in  the  name  of  Asendase,  that  is, 
the  Superior  of  the  Jesuit  missions  in  Canada.  He  expatiated 
on  the  love  which  the  Superior  had  always  felt  for  his  Iro- 


'  (niarlevoix,  "  niatory  of  New  Frnnoo,"  \v.,  pp.  290-808  ;  "  L 
EdiflantcH,"  I'aris,  1720.  xiii.  ;  Kip,  "  .JcMuit  Missions,"  p.  in  ;  "  Hcl 
dfs  Airuiri'Hdti  Ciiiiiula,"  New  Yorii,  IHdri  p   17 
31) 


^(•ttres 
Halation 


I 


-'a 


,;f 


III 


1 

ir 

I'! 


610 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


qnois  cliildren,  although  the  sun  had  been  eclipsed  so  many 
years.    "  '  He  wished  to  revive  the  knowledge  which  he  first 
gave  you  of  the  Lord  (^d  of  armies,  the  Master  of  tlie  Uni- 
verse.    You  are  to  be  pitied,'  says  Asendase  by  my  lips. 
Since  the  Blackgowns  left  you,  your  children  die  without 
medicine,  and  what  is  more  to  he  lamented  without  baj)- 
tism.     You  sachems,  you  warriors  and  women  knew  how  to 
pray,  but  you  have  entirely  forgotten,  yet  you  know  the 
:Master  of  Heaven.     Your  Father  Asendase  exhorts  you  by 
this  belt   to  deliberate  whether  you  desire  a  Blackgown. 
There  are  some  ready  to  come.     Do  not  refuse  the  offer 
which  he  makes  you."  ' 

The  Indians  avoided  a  direct  reply  to  this  proposition,  as 
Governor  Bellomont,  of  New  York,  had  been  exerting  his 
influence  to  prevent  the  revival  of  the  missions,  and  secured 
the  pass<ige  of  a  law  by  the  New  York  Legis'ature  punishing 
with  perpetual  imprisonment  any  Catholic  priest  who  should 
attempt  to  announce  Christ  to  the  heathen  within  limits 
claimed  by  that  colony. 

The  missionary  returned  to  Onondaga  again  in  June,  1701, 
but  was  even  less  successful ;  when  he  attended  the'  great 
council  of  all  the  Indian  nations  held  at  Montreal  in  August, 
ho  again  delivered  the  words  of  Governor-General  Callieres 
to  the  Iroquois. 

The  next  year  Catholicity  in  the  cantons  sustained  a  loss 
ill  the  death  of  the  younger  Garakonthie,  inferior  in  ability 
to  his  brother  Daniel,  but  an  earnest  and  unswerving  Chris- 
tian,jipholding  the  missionaries  and  the  cause  of  morality. 
In  1702  t).p  cantons,  of  their  own  accord,  responded  to  the 


,J/,;^'"  ^""'"''''  ""i^K'iro  .10  rAnuTK,,,,.  Ropfntrionrtle,"  iv  p„ 
lf>--*!,  180,  241  ;  Sinitli,  •'  Himory  of  Cuimda  from  its  First  Discovery  " 
QnclKJc,  1815,  i.,  pp.  ]a7-».  '' 


W 


i 


I 


LAST  EFFORTS. 


611 


appeal  of  the  venerable  Father  Bruyas.  They  sent  to  solicit 
the  return  of  missionaries. 

To  restore  the  church  in  the  cantons  the  Superior  of  the 
Society  of  Jesus  in  Canada  selected  as  missionary  to  Onon- 
daga the  veteran  Father  James  de  Lamberville,  who  set  out 
with  a  lay  brother.  Father  Julian  Garnier  proceeded  to  the 
Senecas  with  Father  Vaillant  du  Gueslis.  Early  in  October, 
with  hearty  thanks  to  God,  the  Jesuit  missionaries  reached 
Onondaga,  and  the  chapels  of  truth  were  again  opened  for 
sacrifice  and  prayer.' 

The  missions  thus  restored  were  maintained  during  several 
years,  for  though  England  and  France  again  declared  war, 
the  Iroquois  had  been  won  to  neutrality,  and  that  fierce  na- 
tion remained  at  peace  with  civilized  men  warring  around 
them.  Father  Garnier,  broken  by  years  of  labor,  was  after 
a  time  replaced  by  Father  James  d'lleu,  and  Father  Peter 
de  Mareuil  went  to  assist  Father  de  Lamberville  at  Onondaga. 

The  English  viewed  the  presence  of  Catholic  priests  with 
no  good-will,  and  labored  to  induce  the  Iroquois  to  arm  against 
the  French  ;  the  young  braves  longed  to  go  on  the  war- 
path, and  the  existence  of  the  missions  became  precarious. 

In  1709  Colonel  Schuyler  waited  on  Father  de  Lamber- 
ville at  Onondaga  and  won  his  confidence  by  a  show  of 
friendly  interest.  Expressing  regret  that  the  English  Gov- 
ernor had  induced  the  cantons  to  join  in  the  war,  he  advised 
the  missionary  to  visit  Canada  in  order  to  confer  with  the 
Governor  of  Canada.  No  sooner  had  P'ather  de  Laml)erville 
departed,  however,  than  he  incited  some  drunken  Indians  to 
plunder  the  mission  church  and  house  and  set  them  on  fire. 
Still  professing  the  greatest  friendship  for  the  missionaries, 


'  "N.  Y.  Colonial  Documents,"  ix.,  p.  7!17 ;  "  Rolntion  des  Affaires 
du  Canada,"  p.  35  ;  Cimrlevoix,  "  History  of  New  France,"  v.,  p.  156. 


613 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


be  persuaded  Father  de  Mareiiil  tl.at  \m  life  was  no  longer 
BJife,  and  that  his  only  way  of  escape  was  to  accompany  him 
to  Albany.  He  concealed  the  fact  that  the  Colonial  Govern- 
nient  had,  on  the  29th  of  June,  issued  an  order  for  his  arrest 
Father  de  Mareuil  accompanied  Schuyler  to  Albany,  ^sliere 
provision  was  made  for  his  maintenance,  but  he  was  detained 
as  prisoner  till  1710.' 

The  Onondiiga  mission  was  thus  finally  broken  up,  the 
church  and  residence  were  in  ashes,  tlie  missionaries  had 
l)een  lured  away  by  deceit,  and  never  returned. 

Father  d'lleu  alone  remained  on  his  Seneca  mission,  but 
even  the  influence  of  Joncaire  could  not  ensure  his  safety, 
though  it  effected  his  being  escorted  to  Montreal  before  the 
close  of  the  year  1709.' 

Thus  closed  the  Jesuit  missions  among  the  Five  Nations 
in  their  own  territory. 

Roused  at  last  to  the  vital  importance  of  securing  commu- 
nication with  the  West  and  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi, 
I' ranee  in  1720  begati  a  fort  at  Niagara,  and  in  1731  of  an- 
other at  Crown  Point,  on  Lake  Champhun.     Feeble  at  first, 
these  posts  became  in  time  formidable  fortresses.     At  each' 
<.f  these  strongholds  there  was  a  chapel,  and  a  Recollect 
Father  was  maintained  as  chaplain.     The  Register  of  Niag- 
ara wiis  probably  carried  off  by  Sir  William  Johnson  ;  that 
of  I'ort  Saint  Frederic  survives  like  the  walls  of  the  old  out- 
post of  France,  and  shows  a  series  of  Recollect  Fathers  minis- 
termg  there,  from  John  Baptist  Lajus  in  1732  to  Father 
Anthony  Deperet  in  1759.     The  holy  sacrifice  was  therefore 


'  ';  N«'^ ,y'"-k  <"olonial  Dorumpnts,"  ix..  pp.  829,  830,  838  845  •  Clnr- 

S".:  :  ^':'"T.  •;!  ,f''^!  ^-"-•"  -■•  •'•  21-^  ;  ••  Calendar  k   Y.  Sss 
ang.,    p.  8b,);      (  ollection  do  Mannsorits."  i    p  621 


CHAPLAINS  AT  THE  FORTS. 


013 


offered  at  Crown  Point,  under  the  protection  of  the  French 
flag,  for  more  than  a  (quarter  of  a  century.  As  no  settlement 
of  any  importance  formed  around  either  post,  the  services  of 
the  chaplains  were  evidently  confined  to  the  garrison.  Of 
the  priests  at  these  two  posts,  one,  Father  Emmanuel  Cres- 
pi'l,  was  three  years  at  Niagara,  probably  from  1730  to 
J7;{-?,  and  from  November  IT,  1735,  till  the  Slst  of  Septem- 
b(>r  in  the  following  year  at  Fort  Saint  Frederic,  lie  waa 
then  sent  back  to  France,  but  the  vessel  was  wrecked  on 
Anticosti,  and  nearly  all  perished  by  drowning  or  from  the 
hardships  they  endure  I  after  reaching  that  desolate  island. 
The  Recollect  Father  was  one  of  the  few  sm'vivors,  and  he 
published  an  account  of  his  shipwreck  and  of  his  missionary 
career  in  America.' 

In  1749  the  Jesuit  Father,  Joseph  Peter  de  Bonnecamp, 
who  had  been  professor  of  hydrography  at  Quebec,  accom- 
panied an  ex])edition  under  de  Celoron,  who  was  sent  by  the 
Canadian  Government  to  deposit  evidences  of  French  pos- 
session in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio.  The  party  descended  the 
Ohio  as  far  as  the  great  Miami,  and  then  crossed  to  Lake 
Erie.  Father  Boimecamp  was  the  first  ])riest  apparently 
who  offered  the  holy  sacrifice  in  the  southern  part  of  Ohio.' 

In  1753  and  the  following  year  the  French  erected  Fort 
Presquile  on  the  bay  opening  into  Lake  Erie  that  still  bears 
the  name  ;  the  Fort  de  la  Riviere  anx  Boiufs,  near  the  pres- 
ent Waterford  ;  Fort  Machault,  and  at  the  confluence  of  the 


ii  . 


'  The  otlior  niiasionaries  at  Fort  St.  Frederic  were  FF.  Peter  B.  Resclic, 
1733;  Bernardinc  de  Gannos,  1734;  Peter  Ven|uaillie,  173fi;  Daniel, 
1741  ;  Alexis  du  Biiron,  1743;  Bonaventure  Carpcnticr,  1747;  llypolite 
Collet,  1747;  Didacus  (niche,  1754;  Anthony  Depcret,  H.'iS. 

''  Celoron's  .Tonrnal  in  Tianibinjr,  "  Catholic  Historical  Researches,''  ii., 
pp.  60,  etc.,  to  iii.,  p.  32  ;  ().  II.  Marshall,  "  De  Celoron's  Expedition  to 
the  Ohio,"  in  "  Mag.  American  Hist.,"  March,  1878. 


Ii 


614 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Allcgliany  and  Monongaliolu,  Fort  DuqucHue.     Tl.o  IleglKter 
of  tlio  last  fort  is  still  preservucl,  and  from  it  we  Icai-n  that 
Father  Luke  Collet,  a  Kecollect,  ua«  chaplain  at  Forts  Pres- 
qmle  and  Kiviere  aux  Bci^ufn,  and  Father  Denis  Enron  at 
I'ort  Duquesne.     A  small  silver  chalice,  used  in  all  probahil- 
ity  hy  Father  Luke,  was  dug  up  at  Waterford,  near  the  ruins 
of  the  old  fort,  in  18U4,  and  was  purchased  hy  Mrs.  Vankirk 
a  pious  Catholic  lady,  to  save  it  from  profanation.     Besides 
these  i)osts  the  Jesuit  Father,  Claude  Francis  Virot,  who  had 
labored  on  the  Ahnaki  missions,  was  sent  to  the  Ohio  to 
found  a  mission  among  the  Delawares,  who  had  settled  near 
the  French.     He  planted  his  mission  cross  at  Sakunk,  as  the 
Indians  styled  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Beaver.     Here  he  per- 
severed in  his  good  work  (ill  Pakanke,  Chief  of  the  Wolf 
tribe,  drove  him  off.* 

With  the  fall  of  the  French  power  the  service  of  the 
(.hurch,  maintained  at  CVown  Point,  Niagara,  Erie,  Water- 
ford,  and  Pittsburgh,  ceased. 

Another  French  post  was  connected  with  a  great  Indian 
nn'ssion  and  deserves  a  more  extended  notice.  This  was  Fort 
Presentation,  on  the  site  of  the  present  Ogdensburg,  with 
the  Tiiission  founded  there  by  the  Sulpitian,  Abbe  Francis 
Piquet.  This  energetic  ])riest,  while  serving  in  1745  as 
chaplain  to  an  exjiedition  against  Fort  Edward,  conceived 
the  project  of  establishing  near  Lake  Ontario  a  mission  like 
those  at  Sault  Saint  Louis  and  the  Lake  of  the  Two  Moun- 
tiiins.     From  his  intercourse  with  the  Iroquois  still  in  their 


'^% 


•m 


Zeisberpcr.  .lournal,  April  23,  1770.  Maurnult,  "  Histoire  di-s  Ab6- 
nakis,  p.  400.  Father  Claude  F.  Virot  was  bon.  February  1«  1721  en- 
tered the  Society  of  .lesus  in  tlie  provinee  of  Toulouse,  October  10  17:58 
was  sent  to  Canada  in  1750.  AftcT  his  Delaware  n.is.sion  he  aele.l  a.s 
elmplau,  to  Aub^-'s  force,  and  was  killed  i„  the  attempt  made  to  relieve 
Fort  Niagara  m  July,  1759.     Pouelu.t,  ••  Mcmoire.s,"  i    j,j,  109   no 


fen;; 


THE  ABB£  PIQUET'S  MISSION. 


616 


old  homes,  he  felt  that  a  deaire  for  ChriHtiaiiity  lingered 
ainong  them,  and  that  many  could  be  won  to  join  a  new 
iniHsion  station. 

His  design  was  encouraged  by  Governor  de  la  Jonquicre, 
■who  accompanied  him  in  May,  1748,  to  select  a  site.     The 


POKTIIAIT  OK   IlKV.    KIUNOIH  PIQUET. 

harbor  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oswcgatchic,  with  fertile  lands 
and  abundant  woodlands,  oiTered  every  advantage.  Here  a 
palisaded  work  soon  rose,  and  near  it  a  chapel,  named  in 
honor  of  the  patronal  feast  of  the  Sulpitians,  La  Presenta- 
tion.    He  visited  the  cantons  as  far  as  Niagara,  inviting  the 


i 


616  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

well-disposed  to  join  his  mission.     In  the  erection  of  the 
necessary  buildings  and  defences  at  the  spot  he  had  selected 
the  Abbe  Piquet  expended  thirty  thousand  livres,  and  was 
about  to  reap  the  reward  of  his  zealous  exertion  when,  in 
October,  1749,  a  Mohawk  war  party  made  a  sudden  raid  and 
gave  the  place  to  the  flames.     They  could  not,  however 
drive  the  stout  priest  from  the  work  he  had  undertaken! 
The  Presentation  minion  rose  from  the  ashes,  and  began 


FOKT    I'UKKKNT.VIION    (rHil.KNmuiK.).    WITH    CIlAIMa.    OF    HKV      Fn\N(I<^ 

with  six  families;  but  in  two  yoars  there  had  gathered 
around  the  altar  of  the  Pr-scntation  three  hundred  and 
ninety-six  fauiilioH,  ntunl«>ring  three  thousand  souls,  drawn 
chiefly  from  Onondaga  and  Cayuga,  the  frm't  of  Piquet's 
visits  and  <'xhortntions.  Th.w  who  had  mocked  the  efforts 
of  the  z(.al()UH  priest  to  revive  the  early  mission  spirit  were 
silenced.  The  Alissi.m  of  the  Presentation  of  ()„r  La.iy  was 
a  triumph  for  the  Chun-h  and  a  defence  to  Canada.     Jh'Khoi. 


^Kt 


m 


THE  PRESENTATION  MISSION. 


617 


Dn  Breuil  de  Pontbriand  visited  the  mission  in  May,  1752, 
and  took  part  in  instructing  the  neophytes.  Then  he  bap- 
tized one  hundred  and  twenty  and  continued  many.  It  was 
undoubtedly  the  first  confirmation  within  the  limits  of  the 
State  of  New  York.  The  ladies  of  Montreal  wished  to  en- 
courage the  good  work,  and  sent  to  the  mission  a  beautiful 
banner,  still  j^reserved  at  the  Mission  of  the  Lake  of  the  Two 
Mountains.  It  bears  the  totems  of  the  Iroquois  clans — the 
Bear,  the  AVolf,  and  the  Turtle,  their  council  fires,  and  the 
monogram  of  Christ.  The  new  Iroquois  town  was  governed 
by  twelve  chiefs,  and  became  a  model.  Every  visit  of  the 
Abb6  Piquet  to  the  cantons  drew  new  accessions  to  the  mis- 
sion. With  a  few  zealous  coadjutors,  all  that  was  not  utterly 
degraded  in  the  cantons  might  have  been  won.  Sir  William 
Johnson  called  on  the  Indians  to  extinguish  tlie  fire  at  Oswe- 
gatchie.  "  We  have  no  nearer  place  to  learn  to  pray  and 
have  our  children  baptized,"  answered  the  chieftain  Redhead. 
The  Abb6  Piquet  went  to  France  to  obtain  needed  coad- 
jutors, but  he  had  scarcely  returned  when  the  war  began 
which  was  to  close  the  chapter  of  French  power.  During 
that  strr'jfgle  the  Indians  of  all  the  iriissions  were  called  to 
the  field,  and  as  the  tide  of  hucccks  turned  agiiinst  them,  Mr. 
Piquet  and  his  Indians  in  1751)  abandoned  Fort  Presentation 
and  made  a  new  home  on  Grand  Isle  aux  Galops,  sometimes 
(Milled  Isle  Picjuet,  where  he  erected  a  chapel  for  his  flock. 
When  all  seemed  lost  the  devoted  missionary,  after  making 
a  final  ^'utry  in  his  TJosrister,  Mav  !<•,  17^0,  returned  to 
France  by  way  of  Louisiana.  His  successor,  the  Sulpitian, 
Kev.  John  Peter  Besson  df>  la  Garde,  acting  as  chupliiin  in 
Fort  I^vis,  was  taken  by  the  English,  but  was  allowed  to 
resume  h's  labors  as  an  Iiidian  missionary. 

The  site  of  the  mission  of  The  Presentation  has  become  in 
our  day  a  thriving  town,  the  see  of  a  Catholic  His]io|>.     The 


'i| 


>.'■ 


It 


01«  Tim  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

eoruer-Htone  of  Abb6  Pi.juot'B  chapel  wuh  found  some  yoa.. 
i^fg'of  thrcil  "'""^"""  ""  ''""'''"^^"  ^''"''  '"  '''"  '''''^'*'  •'»"''- 
it  l,ea.-s  the  insc-nption :  "  In  nou.inc  +  Dei  on.nlpotentis 
Innc  huntat-oni  initia  dcdit  Krau.  Picciuet  1740."     ij      1 

Ju8t  a«  this  iniBHiou  wan  about  to  re.novo  fron,  the  soil  ,.f 
^fow  ^  ork  the    e«uit  Kather.  Mark  Authon,  Gordon,  nelct  d 
qua.sa.ne,   >uhe  place  where  the  partridge  drunis,"  an< 
^^""'  ""'  t""-^  "^  ^'-  l-'Pio  of  the  Caughnawaga  nu^iou  a 


rOUNKU-BTONIO  OP   KKV.    r„ANC,«  VX^VK-V'^   .nArK,,.    «T.M,    rUKHKHV,. ,, 

AT  OODKNHUL'ltU. 

Sault  St.  Louis,  founded  that  of  Sah.t  Krancis  Regm,  erecting 
n  l.)g-house  for  a  te.n|)omry  chapel.  This  perislunl  l,y  fire 
JUHt  before  the  clo«.  of  the  war,  so  that  the  year  1703  saw  no 
chaiH'l  At  the  sjwt. 


.  I..'  AM,..  |.,.,,„.,  was  nt  C.ru.um  in  I7«2,  a.ul  on  rom-liinK  Lin  nntiv,. 
I  ..nt.nr.     A    ,T  «,„.„,linff  years  i„  tho  artiv.-  .lisrhar^^.  „f  „„.  „,inis,rv  i 

l-Wln-s  K.llft»nt..s."     Pourhof,  "  Momoin.«."  ii.,  p.  284  •  Ho«mi     •  \„ 
;i-.  H..UU..  -..   „U.ory  of  ...o  .....o.  of  (...L.,..,,,  'Sjl/^lZ' 


0MS^,<ff!>Hmm 


I. 


^-1 


CHAPTER  IV. 


V       1 

I 


TIIK     CHlJKOn     IN    MICinOAN,    INDIANA,    WISCONSIN,    AND    MIN- 
NK80TA,    1690-1703. 

The  inttTcolonial  Htnig^le  which  is  coeval  with  the  acces- 
sion of  William  III.,  HcrioiiHly  affected  Catholicity  in  the 
northwest,  as  the  French  autliorities  in  Caiia<la,  ahsorhed  in 
the  effort  to  preserve  the  province  to  France,  couhl  do  little 
to  extend  civilization  in  the  remote  Lake  region.  The  early 
spirit  of  faith,  too,  had  waned.  If  niissionarieH  were  main- 
tained it  was  less  to  ai<l  them  in  the  conversion  of  the  hoatlien, 
than  to  make  them  agents  in  keeping  trihes  friendly  from 
whom  traders  might  ohtiiin  peltries. 

There  was  not  in  \(>W)  any  French  settlement  on  tlielTppor 
Lakes;  the  projected  Ilecoilect  misHioiiH  liaili)ecn  abandoned  ; 
the  Jcsnit  Fathers  of  whom  Father  Knjalran  was  Superior, 
had  their  Huron  and  Ottawa  mission  at  MichiHmackinac, 
where  that  Father  and  the  veteran  de  (Jarheil  still  labored ; 
Father  Aveneau  was  at  the  Miami  inissicm  on  the  Saint  Jo- 
seph's; the  aged  Father  Noiivel  conducted  the  Christian  In- 
dians on  (Ireen  Hay;  Father  Jose])li  .loim  M  a  rest  was  en - 
(leav(»ring  to  found  a  mission  among  the  Dakotas,  near  the 
banks  of  the  St.  Croix  and  St.  Peter's.  Fathers  Albanel 
and  Bailloquet  were  the  only  other  missionaries  in  the  West. 

Mission  labor  was  daily  becoming  more  ditRcult,  and  the 
danger  of  the  iidssionaries  increaHcd.  Even  at  Mi<'hiiimacki- 
iiac  the  Jesuit  Fathers  were  regarded  as  exposed  to  danger, 
till  Louvigny,  in  1001,  encompassed  their  church  and  resi- 
dence with  u  pulisude. 

(619) 


<  '4 


620 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


The  govorn.nent  grant  for  land  on  which  to  erect  a  chapel 
and  house  near  the  banks  of  the  Saint  Joseph's  had  been  con- 
iinned,  and  the  chief  centre  of  mission  work  on  the  Lakes 
was  likelj  to  be  at  that  point. 

The  appointment  of  La  Motte  Cadillac  as  oonnnandant  at 
Michdunackmac,  in  1094,  foreboded  ill  to  the  cause  of  West- 
ern n„8s.ons.     Chimerical,  grasping,  overbearing,  regarding 
religion  only  as  an  elen.ent  to  be  used  for  purposes  of  gov- 
ernment or  trade,  he  displayed  qualities  that  subsequently 
made  h,e  admmistration  in  higher  position  so  stormy  and 
unprofitable.'    The  missionaries  had  already  learned  his  char- 
acter, when  in  1700  he  was  selected  to  found  not  a  mere 
trading-post,  but  a  fort  and  settlement  on  tho  Detroit  Rivor 
where  temporary  establishments  had  already  been  made,  and 
where  formal  possession  had  been  taken  in  lfi87 

When  peace  had  been  made,  and  the  West  was  again  ope.. 
Hther  Lnjalran  was  dispatched  to  the  West  to  invite  the 
tribes  on  the  Lakes  to  send  their  delegates  to  a  general 
pouneil.'  '^ 

In  the  summer  of   1701   Cadillac,  appointed  con.mand- 
ant  at  Detroit,  and  in  all  the. western  parts,  and  made  Seign- 
eur of  the  j)rojected  settlement,  set  out  from  Three  Rivers 
with  soldicn-s  and  settlers.     The  expedition  was  accompanied 
by  bather  ^lcholas  nernardine  Constantinc  Delhalle  a  IJee 
ollect,  who  was  to  serve  as  chaplain  to  the  troops  and  pastor 
^>  the  people,  and  tho  Jesuit  Father  Francis  Vaillant  d„ 
Guoshs  to  act  as  missionary  to  the   Indians.     Detroit  was 
founded  July  21.1701;  Fort  Pontchartrain,  a  soli<i  work 


p.-... ., «..  ,0.  .4. 03;  ••  ^:w  v....;;^:;;::\;;;;:;;~!'i; ;; 

•  Do  la  Potb..ri,..  •■  IliHtoirt.  ,1.  rA„„'.ri,,u..  S.-pfentrlonul,.  "  iv..  p.  jO'.. 


FIRST  CHURCH  AT  DETROIT. 


621 


of  timber,  wa«  at  once  begun,  and  five  days  later,  on  the  feaet 
of  Saint  Anne,  a  chapel  in  her  honor  was  commenced  near 
it.  Here  the  Recollect  priest  began  the  first  permanent  ser- 
vice for  his  countrymen  in  a  white  settlement  at  the  West.' 

On  learning  during  the  route  Cadillac's  ideas  and  proposed 
system.  Father  Vaillant,  who  seems  to  have  come  with  some 
misgivings,  abandoned  all  intention  of  undertaking  an  Indian 
mission,  and  returned  to  Quebec.  The  project  of  Cadillac 
was  to  gather  at  Detroit,  the  Hurons  and  Ottawas  from 
Michilimackinac ;  the  Miamis  from  St.  Joseph's  Kiver  ;  and 
other  western  bands,  to  form  the  men  into  m'  'itary  organiza- 
tions, teach  the  young  Indians  French,  by  means  of  the  mis- 
sionaries and  Ursuhne  Nuns,  whom  he  was  to  introduce, 
and  to  cause  the  settlers  to  take  wives  among  the  educated 
Indian  girls.  lie  gave  out  that  he  was  a  Moses  raised  up  to 
lead  these  people  out  of  their  bondage ;  as  connnandant  he 
claimed  complete  control  over  all  within  his  jurisdiction,  and 
regarded  a  missionary  as  a  soldier,  whom  he  could  change  as 
he  would  a  sentry.'  The  missionaries  appointed  to  their  sev- 
eral stations  by  their  Superior,  in  concurrence  with  the 
Bishop  of  Quebec,  and  in  his  name,  could  not  recogniz*,^  a 
new  and  independent  authority.  When  Cadillac  ordcM-ed 
the  missionaries  at  Michilimackinac  and  St.  Joseph's  River 
to  come  to  Detroit  with  the  tribes  to  whom  they  had  minis- 
tered, they  did  not  feel  bound  to  comply.  They  left  the  In- 
dians to  decide  for  themselves  on  the  cpiestion  of  removiil. 
The  Ottawiis  were  the  first  to  transfer  their  wigwams  to  De- 
troit. A  portion  of  the  Ilurons  also  went,  till  in  IT*'.']  only 
twenty-five  of  the  tribe  remained  near  Father  de  Carheil's 
chapel,  and  Cadillac  wrote,  "I  am  convinced  that  this  ob- 

'  Miirgry,  v.,  p.  191. 

•  This  is  clenr  in  Marpry,  v.,  pp.  220,  287,  205. 


i 


1:1 


i 


n 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

stinate  parish  priest  will  die  in  bis  pai-isli  church  without 
having  a  parishioner  to  l,urj  him."  '     Fatlier  Aveneau,  who 
had  been  joined  by  Father  Mermet  on  the  St.  Josepli's  was 
soon  after  driven  from  his  mission  by  Cadillac,  Mermet' ,,ro- 
ceeding  to  the  Weas  to  attempt  a  n.ission  among  them      J„ 
1(05  Fathers  de  Carheil  and   James  J.  Marest,   and   ap- 
parently  Enjalran,  finding  themselves  without  a  flock  at 
M.clubmackinac,  and  not  wishing  the  chapel  to  be  profaned 
by  bnshlopers  or  Indians  who  p^issed  that  way,  set  fire  to 
their  buildings,  and  went  down  to  Quebec,  but  their  cou.-se 
was  sharply  censured  by  the  government  in  France.     An 
order  was  sent  ont  that  they  should  return  and  rebuild  their 
chaixl ;  but  as  it  seemed  useless  to  maintain  a  church  where 
there  was  no  congregation,  the  matter  was  dropped 

The  Jesuit  mission  on  the  Lakes  was  thus  reduced  to  that 
at  Green  Bay,  whither  Father  John  B.  Chardon  had  ..one 
m  1701,  to  aid  the  venenible  Henry  IVouvel,  who  had  i,een 
for  nearly  forty  years  on  the  mission  there,  and  who  died  at 
his  post  in  1702.' 

The  next  year  the  little  town  of  Detroit  snffered  from  it« 
first  conflagration ;  a  barn  near  the  fort  took  fire,  and  the 
flames  spreading,  destroyed  the  church  with  the  house  <.f  the 
Recollect  Father,  and  the  residences  of  Cadillac  and  Tonti. 

'  Ciutillnc  in  Mariny.  p.  .104. 

pique        TI.o  qu,.st.on  of  tl...  sale  of  liqt.or  to  tl.c  Indians  ..nteml  Iarg,.lv 
0  11.0  .iisapreomcn.  bHwoon  ('..dillao  and  ,l,c  nussionanVs.     Tla- J,.; 

t.    Pa,  , lino,  following  the  vi,.w«  of  Frontenar.  favoml  it,  but  only  as  a 

U.C  we.  knc«.  of  my  faith  :  Banote  Fronlenac.  ora  pro  „,...-    Marjry. 
v..  p  816,     He  wa«  perpetually  writing,  and  ..on.e  of  his  inmffinarv  eon 
versatOns  with   Pontehartrain  have  been  ludicrously  cl.od  by  81   Idln 
rampU-ll,  and  othere.  as  thouRh  real  and  genuine  ^  »""'^"n. 


^1 


DEATH  OF  FATHER  DELHALLE. 


623 


The  earliest  Register  of  Detroit  perished  witl)  this  primitive 
shrine,  October  5,  1703. 

Cadillac,  who  had  in  liis  arbitrary  and  grasping  course 
seized  the  property  of  two  traders,  was  compelled  to  go 
down  to  Quebec  in  1704,  to  defend  the  civil  suit  brought 
by  those  whom  he  had  wronged,  and  he  used  all  the  arts  of 
chicanery  to  prevent  their  obtaining  redress.' 

After  the  fire  another  church  wiis  erected,  and  Father 
Constantine  resumed  his  labors.  His  Registry,  opening 
February  2,  1704,  with  tlie  baptism  of  Maria  Teresa,  a  child 
of  Cadillac,  but  covering  only  three  pages,  is  still  preserved, 
and  is  the  oldest  of  the  early  French  parish  Registers  of  the 
"West,  beginning  some  months  prior  to  that  of  Mobile.' 

The  withdrawal  of  the  Indian  missionaries  was  soon  fol- 
lowed by  a  dangerous  feeling  in  the  various  tribes.  The 
Ottivwas  were  especiaily  inclined  to  join  the  English  and 
Iroquois,  and  were  full  of  suspicion  of  the  French.  "While 
Father  Marest  in  1700  was  on  his  way  to  Michilimackinac, 
the  crisis  came,  hastened  by  the  rashness  of  de  Bourgmont, 
the  connnandant  at  Detroit.  Provoked  at  a  trifle,  he  beat 
an  Ottawa  so  violently  that  the  man  died.  Convinced  that 
the  conunander  meditated  an  attack  on  them,  that  tribe  pre- 
pared to  fight  the  French  and  the  tribes  favorable  to  them, 
especially  the  Miamis,  of  whom  they  were  jealous. 

Some  of  the  Ottawa  braves  meeting  a  party  of  Miamis 
killed  five,  only  one  succeeding  in  escaping  to  the  French 
fort.  The  Miamis  hearing  this,  all  fled  from  their  village 
to  the  fort,  under  a  heavy  fire  from  the  Ottawas.  Father 
Constantine  was  walking  in  his  garden  unconscious  of  dan- 
ger.    He  was  immediately  seized,  and  bound  by  some  of  the 

'  The  Abbe  Verreau  has  detailed  the  whole  case,  which  is  far  from 
creditable  to  Cadillac. 

'  I  owe  access  to  it  to  the  kindness  of  H.  R.  Klliott,  Esq. 


4 


kM 


I 


te 
le 
te 
tb 


iti 
O 

sti 
w 
m 


of 


ri' 


ro 
lie 
ill 


to 
ca 


nil 

se] 


th 
til 


Co 


DEATH  OF  FATHER  CONSTANTINE. 


625 


.Ottawas,  but  John  le  Blanc,  one  of  their  chiefs  who  had  at- 
tended the  great  congress  at  Montreal,  interposed  and  re- 
leased him.  Le  Blanc  asked  Father  Constantine  to  go  and 
tell  Mr.  Bourgmont  that  the  Ottawas  had  no  designs  against 
the  French,  and  to  ask  hira  to  suspend  the  fire  from  the  fort. 
As  the  Recollect  Father,  anxious  to  put  an  end  to  the  hostil- 
ities, was  entering  the  fort,  some  Miamis  joined  him,  and  the 
Ottawas  opened  fire  on  them.  A  ball  struck  Father  Con- 
stantine, and  he  fell  dead  on  the  spot,  and  a  soldier  near  him 
was  badly  wounded.  The  fire  was  then  renewed,  and  was 
maintained  till  the  Ottawas  withdrew  with  heavy  loss. 

The  first  pastor  of  the  first  French  town  in  the  West  was 
thus  slain  in  the  noble  effort  to  prevent  the  further  effusion 
of  blood.  Unfortmiately  little  is  known  of  him.  He  ar- 
rived in  Canada  June  1,  1696,  and  had  been  engaged  in  pa- 
rochial work  at  Longueuil  and  St.  Fran§ois  de  Sales,  before 
he  was  appointed  chaplain  to  Fort  Pontchartrain.  He  was 
interred  in  the  church  where  he  had  ministered.' 

Father  Dominic  de  la  Marche,  a  Recollect  Father  who  had 
just  arrived  from  France,  was  sent  the  same  year  to  Detroit 
to  rejjiace  the  one  whose  life  had  been  sacrificed  by  the  in- 
capacity of  the  civil  ofiicials.  He  was  missionary  at  Fort 
Pontchartrain  from  August  16,  1706,  to  May  1,  1708. 

Meanwhile  Father  Marest  had  returned  to  Michilimack- 
inae,  and  Father  Aveneau  to  his  mission  on  the  Saint  Jo- 
seph's, for  the  latter  was  sent  to  his  old  flock  when  an  expe- 
dition against  the  Miamis  failed.  There  the  missionary 
labored  to  revive  the  faith  among  the  Indians  who,  amid  all 
this  turmoil,  had  sadly  retrograded.  Charlevoix  assures  us 
that  Father  Aveneau,  who  spent  eighteen  years  with  the 


i 


1 1 


>  i 


'Charlevoix,    "History  of  New  Fnince,"  v.,  pp.   185-6;  "  N.  Y. 
Colonial  Dociinients,"  ix.,  p.  810  ;  Tanguay,  "  Repertoire  General,"  p.  VO. 


.W 


if 

:     (I    ' 


/^^^^^^^^, 


^^;^<9s-»*»<-d{iL^»£^^ 


'Zm^ 


5^^/^dJ^ 


8tGNATtJRE8  OP  PRIESTS  AT  DETROIT. 


ST.  ANNE'S,  DETROIT. 


627 


Miamis,  by  unalterable  mildness  and  invincible  patience, 
succeeded  in  obtaining  great  influence  over  tbem.'  He  did 
not  live,  however,  long  after  being  restored  to  his  mission, 
having  died  in  Illinois  on  the  14th  of  September,  1711. 
Father  Chardon  was  then  for  a  time  at  the  old  mission  sta- 
tion. 

The  next  year  Father  Marest  erected  a  church  on  the  south 
shore,  at  what  is  now  known  as  Old  Mackinac,  where  de 
Louvigny  in  1Y12  built  a  fort. 

The  French  needed,  indeed,  to  strengthen  their  position 
in  the  West,  for  the  Foxes  had  drawn  the  Kickapoos  and 
Mascoutens  into  a  plot  to  destroy  Detroit  and  the  French 
settled  there,  and  hold  the  place  for  the  English,  who  had  in- 
cited them.  Du  Buisson,  the  commandant,  seeing  their  in- 
creasing numbers  and  insolence,  sent  to  summon  the  allies  of 
France,  and  prepared  to  defend  the  post  with  his  little  gar- 
rison of  fifty  men.  The  church  where  Father  Delhalle  re- 
posed stood  outside  the  fort,  with  a  storehouse  and  dwell- 
ing near  it.  After  removing  the  grain  laid  up  there,  the 
commandant,  to  prevent  the  Indians  from  using  the  buildings 
to  attack  the  fort,  or  endangering  it  by  setting  them  on  fire, 
ordered  the  church  and  adjacent  houses  to  be  demolished  ; 
and  in  a  few  hours  tliis  second  church  was  destroyed.  The 
Recollect  Father  Cherubin  Deniau,  the  missionary  of  this 
little  flock  of  whites  from  1707,  erected  within  the  palisade 
a  new  chapel  dedicated  to  Saint  Anne.  When  after  a  series 
of  desperate  engagements  the  Foxes  were  nearly  extermina- 
ted by  the  allies  and  Detroit  was  saved.  Father  Cherubin  cele- 
brated a  solemn  high  mass  of  thanksgiving,  and  the  Te 
Deum  was  chanted  in  the  palisade  fort.* 


.  *' 

■1.^ 


i{ 


'  C?harlevoix,  v.,  p.  202. 

'  Du  Buisson's  Report,  June  15,  1712,  in  Smith,  "  History  of  Wiscon- 
sin," iii.,  pp.  817,  883. 


I 


!i 


628 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


fe 


During  the  troublous  days  when  the  turbulent  Fox  tribe 
menaced  the  power  of  France  in  the  country  of  the  Lakes, 
the  Rev.  Father  Leonard  Vatier,  also  a  Recollect,  is  sjiid  to 
have  been  cut  off  by  the  Foxes  and  Sioux,  but  unfortunately 
we  have  no  details  of  his  death.' 

The  Recollect  Fathers  were  generally  sent  to  stations  for  a 
term  of  three  years,  and  the  isolation  of  the  post  at  Detroit 
was  such  that  few  apparently  sought  to  prolong  their  stay. 
Thus  Father  Hyacinth  Pelfresne  served  from  1715  to  June 
3,  1717.  Father  Anthony  Delino,  who  soon  styled  himself 
"Recollect  priest  discharging  parochial  functions  at  the 
Royal  fort  of  Detroit,  Lake  Erie,  and  Lake  Huron,"  began 
in  Nov.,  1719,  but  was  recalled  in  March,  1722.'  Detroit 
meanwhile  had  declined,  and  the  Hurons  and  Ottawas  who 
had  settled  near  it,  though  many  had  their  children  baptized, 
were  fast  losing  all  trace  of  Christianity.' 

However,  the  mission  among  the  Miamis  had  been  main- 
tained under  the  Jesuit  Father  John  de  Saint  Pe,  who  was 
stationed  there  in  1721,  but  the  tribe  had  begun  to  move 
eastward,  and  the  French  had  already  two  years  previous 
taken  steps  to  establish  Fort  Ouiatenon  on  the  north  bank  of 
the  Wabash,  a  few  miles  from  the  present  town  of  Lafay- 
ette.* The  missionaries  of  Saint  Joseph's  River  probably 
accompanied  their  band  on  its  migrations. 

Father  Bonaventure  Ldonard  arrived  in  Detroit  in  June, 
1722.    He  is  the  first  to  speak  of  St.  Anne's  as  a  parish.    He 


The  date  of  his  death  is 


'  Tanguay,  "Repertoire  General,"  p.  71. 
given  as  Feb.,  1713. 

'Parish  Register  of  Detroit.     Calvarin.  V.O..  Mercier  and  Thaunnir. 
ot  luinuroLs,  wore  at  Detroit  in  Augiiat,  1718. 
^  Charlevoix.  "  Ilistoire  de  la  NouvcUe  Prance,"  iii.,  p.  257. 
*  Vaudrenil  to  the  Council  of  the  Marine,  "  New  Yok  Colonial  Doc- 

)",'•'"'■'•    It'.  P-  ^"^'  ^'"'^^''^^''  "Historic  Notes  ol  m,  ^lortUwest," 
Chicago,  1879,  p.  104.  ' 


SIOUX  MISSION. 


629 


began  a  new  church  within  tlie  paUsades,  which  occupied,  it  is 
said,  a  site  on  the  present  Jefferson  Avenue,  between  Gris- 
wold  and  Shelby  Streets.*  When  the  cliurch  was  sufficiently 
advanced  he  took  steps  to  translate  to  it  the  remains  of  the 
first  pastor,  Father  Constantine  Delhalle.  The  Sieiir  Delisle 
who  had  aided  in  interring  the  Kecollect  Father,  guided  the 
new  pastor  of  Detroit  to  the  spot,  and  two  men  set  to  work. 
The  coffin  was  soon  found,  and  his  skull-cap,  portions  of  his 
Franciscan  habit  and  cord,  and  his  hair  cloth  were  enough 
10  identify  the  remains,  which  were  removed  to  the  new 
church  on  the  14th  of  May,  1723,  and  placed  under  the  plat- 
form of  the  altar.' 

Father  Chardon  seems  to  have  remained  at  Green  Ray  till 
about  1728,  the  solitary  priest  on  the  old  mission  ground 
west  of  Lake  Michigan  for  several  years  ;  but  he  apparently 
withdrew  when  the  expedition  under  de  Lignei-y  was  sent 
against  the  Foxes.  The  forces,  consisting  of  four  hundred 
French  and  twice  as  many  Indians,  were  attended  by  Rev. 
Mr.  Pcset,  a  secular  priest ;  Father  Emmanuel  Crespel,  a 
Kecollect,  and  Father  James  Quentin  de  la  Bretonniere,  a 
Jesuit  Father.  The  expedition  entered  Green  Bay,  and 
ascended  Fox  River  to  the  Indian  town,  which  they  found 
deserted.  On  the  homeward  march,  de  Lignery  demolished 
the  French  fort  at  Green  Bay,  and  the  mission  there  was  ap- 
parently then  abandoned.' 

On  the  17th  of  May,  1727,  the  French  under  Laperriere 
began  the  erection  of  Fort  Beauhamois  on  Lake  Pepin,  the 
first  post  in  our  Minnesota.  The  government  made  an  ap- 
propriation for  the  support  of  two  Jesuit  priests  there,  and 


■■n 
■J 


'  Farmer,  "History  of  Detroit  and  Michigan,"  Detroit,  1884,  p.  529. 

'  Entry  in  Detroit  Register. 

»  Crespel,  "  Voiagea  dans  le  Canada,"  Francfort,  1742,  pp.  15-29. 


:lii 


630 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Father  Louis  Ignatius  Guigiuus,  who  aecouipaniod  the  expe- 
dition, founded  the  mission  of  Saint  Michael  tlie  Arcluuigol 
among  the  Sioux,     lie  was  the  iirst  priest  after  Father  Mu- 
rest  to  attempt  to  gain  souls  to  Clirist  among  the  Dakotaa. 
Father  Guigmw,  after  hegiuiiing  his  mission  labors,  attempted 
t()  reach  the  IIHnois  country  in  1728,  but  was  captured  on 
his  way  down  the  Mississippi  by  the  Mascouteus  and  K'icka- 
l>oos,  allies  of  the  Foxes.     He  remained  a  prisoner  in  their 
hands  for  tive  months,  and  was  .it  one  time  condemned  to 
die  in  torture  at  the  stake,  but  was  saved  by  an  old  man  who 
adopted  him.     His  captors  finally  took  him  to  the  Illinois, 
where  they  left  him  on  parole  till  November,  1729,  when' 
they  removed  him  to  their  own  town.     On  recovering  his 
liberty,  he  seems  to  have  returned  to  his  Dakota  mission, 
where  he  was  still  laboring  iji  17;{(!.' 

About  1730  Father  Crespel  visited  Detroit  and  describe, 
his  fellow-religions.  Father  Honaventure,  as  a  zealous  ])riest, 
given  to  study,  rendering  service  as  priest  and  teacher  to  his 
people,  and  conversiint  with  the  language  of  the  Indians  with 
whom  he  came  most  frecjuently  in  contact.' 

The  Indians  .iround  Detroit  had  been  without  a  missionary 
from  the  time  of  the  foundation  of  the  place.  Father  (^har- 
levoix  represented  strongly  the  necessity  of  reviving  the  early 
efforts,  to  (Christianize  them.  The  Huron  mission  was  reviveil 
ill  172S,  and  soon  after  Father  Armand  do  la  Richardie  ap- 
pears  as  their  spiritual  guide. 

Father  Charles  M.  Mcsaiger  had  been  succeeded  at  the 
Miami   mission   on   the  St.   Joseph's  by  Father  Peter  du 


'  Ouiffniis  in  •' Early  Voya^fs  up  and  (l„wn  the  MMsHipi.i,"  Ml.anv 
801,  j,p.   167-175;    "Now  York  Colonml   DiKuin-nt*."  ix..   pp.   l)0>,.' 


1016-7,  1051 
'  Crc8ppl,  "  Volage,"  pp.  84-5. 


THE  HURONS. 


631 


Jaunay,'  while  Fathers  John  B.  La  Morinie  and  Godfrey 
Coquart  appear  at  Mackinac. 

The  Jesuits  were  still  in  the  advance  with  the  French  ex- 
])lorers  of  the  West.  In  1731  Father  Charles  Mt'saiger  set 
out  from  the  mission  at  Michilimackinac  to  accompany  Pierre 
(raulthier,  Sieur  de  la  Vcrendrye,  on  his  exploration  through 
Minnesota  to  Rainy  Lake,  Lake  Wimiipeg,  and  the  country 
of  the  Mandans. 

Father  Peter  Aulneau,  accompanying  a  son  of  the  Sieur 
de  la  Vcrendrye  in  a  suhsecjuent  exploration,  was  killed  by 
the  Indians  at  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  in  1730.* 

The  leading  Huron  chiefs  at  Detroit  were  hostile  or  indif- 
ferent to  religion,  and  though  Father  Potier  established  a 
mission  on  Pois  Blanc  Island  in  1742,  he  was  forced  to  leave 
them  five  years  afterward.  Father  de  la  Kichardie,  thor- 
oughly discouraged,  had  returned  to  Quebec,  hut  was  recalled 
in  1747.  In  their  winterings  the  FInron  tribe  frcqtiontly  en- 
camped at  Sandusky,  allured  by  the  [)ure  water  found  there. 
In  1751  Father  de  la  Richardie  induced  a  portion  of  the  tribe 
to  go  and  settle  there  permanently.  They  were  the  Indians 
least  able  to  restrain  their  appetite  for  spirituous  licputrs. 
This  mission  was  maintained  here  for  several  years.  iMvi 
Nicholas,  an  ally  of  the  English,  at  last  drove  Father  Potier 
from  his  chapel  on  the  Sandusky,  and  the  mission  closed, 
though  the  faith  was  preserved  among  the  Ilurons  till  the 
present  century. 

The  rest  of  the  tribe  gathered  at  Sandwich,  where  a  churcli 


'  In  1738.  Up  wiih  nt  Mnckitmc  in  1742,  Dctniit  in  1754.  lit-  died 
February  17.  1781.  Murtin,  "  ('«tiiloj,'ue";  Tiingutiy,  "  Itepertoire  UenC'- 
nil." 

»  Murtin,  "Catnlopuo  par  ordre  ClironoloKique";  Mallet,  'Origin  of 
tlie  Oregon  Mission,"  "  Proceedings  U.  8.  Calh.  Hist.  8oc.,  February  11, 
1886,"  p.  11. 


632  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

had  been  erected  for  them  in  1748 ;  and  during  tlie  latter 
part  of  the  period  we  are  treating,  this  Canadian  band  was 
under  the  care  of  Father  J.  B.  Salleneuve.' 

Detroit  had  taken  new  h'fe.  The  population  was  increas- 
ing, so  that  the  Recollect  Father,  Sitnplicius  Bocquet,  who 
had  entered  on  his  duties  as  ijarish  priest  on  the  18th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1754,  undertook  to  build  a  larger  church.     It  stood, 


BIGNATCRE  OF  FATKKR  SIMPlJCirs  BOCQUET. 

according  to  the  historiographer  of  the  city,  west  of  the 
present  Griswold  Street,  on  ground  now  included  in  Jefferson 
Avenue.  The  new  Church  of  Saint  Anne  was  so  far  com- 
pleted in  the  summer  after  his  arrival,  that  on  the  13th  of 
July,  1755,  he  transiciud  to  it  the  remains  of  the  first  pastor 
<»f  Detroit,  depositing  them  under  the  steps  of  the  altar,  to 
remain,  however,  only  till  the  completion  of  the  church. 
"  Which,"  says  the  entry  in  the  Register,  "  will  pennit  us  t.. 
give  him  a  i)ermanent  and  becoming  seiMilture  conformable 
to  his  merit,  and  to  the  miracles  which  many  trustworthy 
IJersons  have  reported  to  us  to  have  been  wrought  througl. 
his  intercession  in  favor  of  the  whole  ])arish." ' 
^le  mtlo  French  city  of  the  West  was  honored,  says  Far- 

'  "  Colloctio,!  ,Io  Manusorits."  iH.,  p.  8487^'  N.  Y.  'coIonJal  Dor^. 
n>.'nt8.  X..  p,,.  114-llB;  ••  History  of  tho  ('atl.olir  Missions"  p  -m 
TI..T..  »rc  still  rxtiuil  two  copies  „f  a  H„ron  (Jra.nmar  writt<.n  by  Fath.T 
I  "lUT.  a  work  on  Huron  Ha.li.als,  an<l  a  (Vnsus  of  the  Hurons. '  Fatlur 
Potit-r  (lied  at  Hamlwlch.  .Inly  16,  17H1. 

•  Ki'gisl<.r  of  till!  parish  of  8t.  Anno,  Detroit. 


"?S^T " 


BISHOP  DE  PONTBRIAND. 


633 


mer,  by  the  presence  of  the  Kt.  Eev.  Henry  Mary  du  Breuil 
de  Pontbriand,  who  extended  his  visitation  to  Detroit.  He 
dedicated  the  new  church  on  the  16th  of  March,  1755,  and 
remained  for  some  weeks  in  this  portion  of  his  diocese. 


Ur.    UlCV.    IIKMIY   MAllY    ui.    uuia  IL  l>i;   roM- 
BUIA.ND,    SIXTH   HISIIOP  OF  CJUEBEC. 

The  Rt.  Rev.  Henry  INfary  (hi  Breuil  de  Pontbriand,  sixth 
Bishop  of  Quebec,'  deserves  esj)ecial  mention  in  a  history  of 


I  Mgr.  Pptcr  lIiTinan  D(W(nift.  a  niitivp  of  Lille,  was  conapcrntcd  Bishop 
of  Hiiinos  at  Home  on  Ciiristiiias  day,  Wir^,  by  Pope  Hciicdict  XIII.  and 
appointed  (^oiidjutor  to  Bishop  Moniay,  whom  ho  sucpicdcd  in  1784. 
He  rcHigncd  the  next  year,  having  spent  less  tluin  six  years  in  Canada. 


634  ™E  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

the  Olmreh  fa  ,I,e  United  Slate,,  a»  l,e  was  tl,e  first  i„c„„,. 

■ent  „   tl,„.  see  wl,„  perf„„„ed  any  epise„,,ai  f„„etio„  wM . 

".  om-  m„l,,  l,„vh,f-  conferred  eo„«r,r,ali„„  at  Ogde.rtur. 

ami  Detro,,,  „,,<!  e.erted  Ui„,self  earnest!,  .„  place  tife  reli,'" » 

.tj  .n  .l,at  prov,„ce  to  more  zealons  „,d  responsive  l,ands 
Ho  was  born  at  Vannes  in  Brittany,  of  a  fann'Iv  „f  ,„,;,•. 

Kanted  to  the  see  of  Qnebec.  Notwitl.standins  l,i,  v„n  1, 
I.e  was  already  Vicar-Gcne^l  and  Canon  of  Sain?  uJ.,:Z 
a  Doctor  „,,l,e  S„r,„n„e.     Having  ebtained  l,is  bnlis    r 

i.e  great  Pope  Benedict  XIV,  „n  the  «th  of  Marel,,  1V41 
Ik.  was  c„nsecr.ate<l  at  I'ari,  „„  rt,„  8„,  „f  ^pril  by  Mgr' 
(.aspar  W,  l,an,  de  VintinuI.e,  a,.hbi,l,„p  „f  tl'at  city.     He 
proceeded  nnn,e,liately  to  Canada  and  tool,  possession  of  Ins 
»ee  on  the    0th  of  Angnst,  1741.    He  was  tile  las.  K.l 
Qnebec  nnder  the  French  sway.    After  an  active  and  zeafon 

<  tse  I  c  beheld  Ins  ep,seopal  city  fall  into  the  !,„,„,,  „f  „,, 

here  gr  ef  at    he  nnsfortnnes  of  the  fl.a^k  confi.led  to  hin 
has  e„„,  Ins  end.     He  e.,„i^|  on  the  «tl,  of  .Inne,  17«, 

pato    and'v;   ■"."""'r'  ""  ''""'"'  »'"«vent„re,  and  a. 
ml,        Sa  Tl""""'   ■    ''"'™'""  '""^  ™"'"-"'  -or  the 
r.  "ad   and  on  the  Lakes,  an,l  to  .c.  Engl h,...  „n. 

rce;^:::o:ir;i!^^^^ 

Mpr.  FranciH  Louis  Poiirroy  de  TAnbr  i?i„{„,„  .       ~  ' 

t'.e  Hbip.     I  tLe  no  8<^t  o   o  h  r  7' m""'"':'.'  ^^''""  """■"'"'^'  <"•'  sick  on 
the  country.  "'  "^  ''''"^'  ^'"^'^P"  "■'"''"*?  to  our  part  of 


f*T?!lSOE«2 


RELICS  OF  OLD  MISSIONS. 


685 


Far  less  tranquil  was  the  lot  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries 
around  him.  As  the  tide  of  war  seemed  to  turn  against 
France,  the  Indians  were  alienated,  and  at  some  missions  the 
Fathers  were  in  want  of  the  merest  necessaries.  Father  de 
la  Morinie  left  the  mission  on  St.  Joseph's  River  and  minis- 
tered to  the  settlers  at  St.  Genevieve,  beyond  the  Mississippi. 
Father  Salleneuve  had  retired  in  1761  for  a  similar  reason 
from  the  Huron  mission  near  Detroit,  bearing  the  chapel 
service.  When  the  irreUgious  Council  of  Louisiana,  veiling 
its  hypocrisy  under  a  specious  pretext  of  zeal  for  the  Church, 
sent  men  to  Illinois  to  enforce  its  shameful  decree,  both  these 
Fathers,  with  the  property  of  the  missions  in  their  hands, 
were  seized,  although  on  British  soil.  The  enemies  of  relio'- 
ion  even  sent  and  kidnapped  Father  Julian  Devernai  at  Vin- 
cennes,  and  selling  his  winter  provisions  dragged  him,  al- 
though he  had  been  suffering  from  disetise  for  six  months,  to 
the  banks  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  men  who  pretended  that  the  Jesuits  had  neglected 
their  missions  tore  them  from  their  churches,  profaned  them, 
broke  up  the  missions,  and,  so  far  as  they  could,  deprived  the 
Catholics  of  the  West  of  priest  and  altar,  of  all  means  of 
worshipping  God  or 
approaching  the  sacra- 
ments  of  the  Church.        ,^^      ^Mvc^/^j 

leathers  du  Jaunay  V  *^*jj 

and    Le   1  ranc    alone         BioNATunE  op  father  deverkai. 
were  left  in  the  north- 
west, though  Father  Meurin,  as  wo  have  seen,  succeeded  in 
returning  to  the  scene  of  his  labors. 

Michilimackinac  was  the  central  point  of  the  missionaries 
at  the  close  of  this  period,  and  the  church  at  Pointe  St. 
Ignaco  preserved,  to  our  times,  a  fine  set  of  heavy  velvet 
vestments,  elaborately  worked,  in  which  perhaps  nia-ss  was 


636  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

said  in  the  days  of  Louis  XIV.  Equally  curious  is  another 
rehc  of  the  past  there  preserved,  a  bread-iron,  wrought  per- 
haps m  the  West  by  the  lay  brother  whose  forge  did  good 
service  for  white  and  Indian.  It  is  a  rude  piece  of  work 
and  the  lettering  was  evidently  first  cut  into  the  iron  by  thJ 
unskiUed  but  earnest  artist.     The  introduction  of  the  figure 


BREAD-raON  PRESERVED  AT  MICHILIMACKINAC. 


in  one  of  the  large  dies  presented  a  difficulty  that  was 
strangely  surmounted. 

The  Church  in  the  northern  parts  whore  the  French  flag 
had  floated,  was  in  a  pitiable  condition.  The  Indian  Catli- 
olics  in  Maine,  New  York,  and  Ohio,  and  the  few  Fre/ich 
lingering  near  them,  were  without  a  single  priest,  or  anything 


THE  WEST  IN  1763. 


637 


worthy  the  name  of  a  church.  The  parish  of  Deiroit  had, 
indeed,  its  priest ;  two  Jesuit  Fathers  attended  the  CathoHcs 
on  the  Great  Lakes  beyond.  Tlie  parishes  of  Vincennes, 
Kaskaskia,  Cahokia,  Prairie  du  Kocher,  and  Fort  Chartres, 
iis  of  St.  Genevieve,  were  without  a  priest  to  minister  at 
their  altars.  The  work  of  six-score  years,  from  the  visit  of 
Fathers  Jogues  and  Eaynibaut,  was  recorded  rather  in  the 
graves  of  the  Faithful  Departed,  than  in  the  living  children 
of  the  Church  and  their  pastors. 


a/fi^ 


BIONATtTRES    OP    FATUKH    fit'    .lArN AY    AND    TiKV.    MESSRS.    TUAUMUB, 
CAI.VAUIN,    AND   MKIUIKK. 


M 
I 


I    SI 

if 


^  n 


CONCLUSIOK 


The  history  of  the  Cathohc  Church  in  our  present  terri- 
tory, from  the  first  landing  of  colonists  in  Florida,  under 
Police  do  Leon,  to  the  year  1763,  has  been  traced;  various 
as  were  the  national  differences,  the  language,  the  ideas  of 
government  in  those  who  came  to  settle,  or  in  those  wJioni 
they  found,  the  Church  one  in  her  government,  her  doctrine 
her  sacrifice,  everywhere  established  the  same  Christianity 
that  she  had  planted  among  the  Gaul,  the  Celt,  the  Saxon 
the  Teuton,  the  Iberian.     Many  as  are  the  tongues  of  men,' 
the  Church  has  but  one,  that  of  unerring  truth. 

The  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States  claims  all  the 
early  struggles  of  the  first  apostles,  their  weary  marci.os 
their  untiring  toil  to  instruct  the  rude  and  the  savage  the 
constant  offering  of  the  Holy  Sacrifice,  the  imparting"of  the 
sacraments  to  men  of  all  races,  as  part  of  her  glorious  licri- 
tage,  the  heroic  days  of  her  history.     Her  ])ricsts  were  the 
pioneers,  first  to  thread  the  great  arteries  of  the  continent 
to  plod  over  the  Indian  trail,  to  study  the  grandeur,  the  veg- 
etal,le  and  mineral  wealth  of  the  land,  to  learn  and  perpet- 
uate in  scientific  form  the  unwritten  languages  of  our  count- 
less Indian  tribes,  to  discharge  unfiinchinglv  the  ministry  of 
the  altar  and  the  Word,  and  to  die,  as  full  a  hundred  did^  by 
savage  hands,  while  heroically  discharging  their  duty. 

Ever  counsellors  of  peace,  toleration,  and  harmonv,  hold- 
ing the  shield  of  the  crucifix  between  the  oppressed  a.id  the 
oppressor,  we  see  them  with  their  fiocks  in  the  English  col- 
onies pursued  for  a  hundred  years  by  the  bloodhounds  of  in- 
(688) 


CONCLUSION. 


639 


satiate  fanaticism,  victims  of  penal  laws  that  did  not  gratify 
the  whole  venom  of  their  inventors,  although  they  left  the 
unhappy  Catholic  hardly  aught  but  life  itself. 

Where  the  Catholic  flags  of  France  and   Spain   floated 
there  were  trials,  too,  from  the  jealousy  or  greed  of  ofiicialB, , 
as  well  fis  from  the  barbarism  of  the  tribes  among  whom 
the  priests  of  old  labored. 

The  Church  was  not  planted  without  tears,  and  at  this  day 
the  homage  of  respect  is  freely  paid  to  the  early  apostles  of 
the  faith.  But  the  old  colonial  feeling  of  misrepresentation 
still  shows  itself  in  two  charges  frequently  made,  the  utter 
mendacity  of  which  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  notice. 

The  first  charge  is,  that  the  Catholic  missionaries  baptized 
the  Indians,  and  received  them  into  the  Church  without  in- 
struction. As  one  elegant  writer  exjiresses  it,  contrasting 
Catholic  and  Protestant  missionaries:  "While  the  former 
contented  themselves  with  sprinkling  a  few  drops  of  water 
on  the  forehead  of  the  warlike  proselyte,  tlie  latter  sought 
to  wean  him  from  his  barbarism,  and  penetrate  his  savage 
heart  with  the  truths  of  Christianity." 

But  this  charge  is  absolutely  false.  The  records  of  the 
missionaries,  English,  French,  and  Spanish,  show  that  instruc- 
tion always  preceded  baptism  in  those  who  had  attained  the 
age  of  reason,  and  that  when  the  fundamental  truths  were 
implanted  in  the  minds  of  the  catechumens,  baptism  was, 
except  in  rare  cases,  long  deferred  in  order  to  test  the  con- 
Htanoy  of  the  candidate.  Baptismal  registers  frequently  refer 
specially  to  previous  instruction.  The  catechisms  prepared  for 
missionary  use  in  Florida,  Texas,  Maine,  New  York,  Michigan, 
Illinois,  are  extant  to  this  day,  and  show  h<nv  laboriously 
the  missionaries  endea\()red  to  convey  to  the  catechumens 
the  fundamental  doctrines  in  terms  that  an  Indian  mind 
could  grasp,  and  with   these  truths  the  whole  scheme  of 


040 


THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  COLONIES. 


Christian  morality.  Tlio  Spanish  confesonarios,  too,  show- 
how  the  minds  wore  trained  to  distinguish  in  detail  between 
right  and  wrong. 

Those  who  make  and  repeat  the  charge  cite  no  proof ;  the 
statements  of  the  missionaries  in  all  pai-ts  of  the  country 
show  its  utter  falsity. 

Another  charge  is  that  the  French  missionaries  taught  the 
Lulians  that  they  would  assure  eternal  happiness  by  killiii<r 
the  English  iieretics.     Bancroft,  Parkman,  and  others,  who 
have  examined  all  the  i)rinted  statements  of  the  early  luis- 
sionaries,  and  numberless  papers  from  their  pens,  will  attest 
that  no  such  doctrine  can  be  found  anywhere.     There  is  not 
the  slightest  ])ro()f  that  can  be  cited,  that  Catholic  priests  in- 
culcated any  such  ideas,     ('anada  never  sought  war;  she  con- 
stantly ])rop()sed  colonial  and  es])ecially  Indian    neutrality. 
Her  clergy  did  not,  as  their  writings  show,  make  denunci- 
ations of  Protestantism  and  Protestants  a  topic  for  constant 
pulpit  use.     These  siune  writers,  from  their  familiarity  with 
early  New  England  history,  will  substantiate  the  assertion 
that  books  like  the  "  Simi)le  Cobbler  of  Aggawam,"  by  Ward, 
and  sermons  by  other  New  England  divines,  teem  with  mat- 
ter intended  and  calculated  to  arouse  the  hatred  of  the  i)eo- 
ple  of  New  England  against  Catholics  personally,  and  that 
more  specimens  of  this  unchristian  spirit  can  bo  found  in  six 
New  England  tracts  than  in  all  Canadian  literature. 

The  feeling  of  hostility  to  ( 'atholics  in  the  English  col- 
onies was  kept  u})  and  maintained  for  political  ends,  iind  was 
a  bond  of  harmony  between  the  PuritiUi  of  New  England 
and  the  Episcopalian  of  Virginia  and  Afaryland.  To  what 
cruel  legislative  acts  it  stimulated  the  Protestants  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  to  what  bloody  deeds  it  incited  the  men  of  Suutli 
('arolina,  we  have  had  the  kkI  necessity  of  stating. 

At  the  period  where  our  narrative  ends  this  spirit  had  a])- 


CONCJAJSION. 


G41 


pareiitly  triuinpliod.  Ciiiiiida  wiiH  ]imril)l(,'(I  in  the  dunt,  lior 
gToat  misHioiiiiry  oriraiiizatioii  Iiad  Imoii  brokciii  up;  tlio  Cntli- 
olies  ill  Florida  saw  no  liopo  c.\ci«pt,  in  eiiiiii,aatioii.  KnglMiid 
Imd  the  will  and  the  power  to  deprive  the  (.'atholi(;H  thron^rl,. 
out  the  land  of  churches,  clergy,  oven  of  n-al  and  personal 
property,  and  deimrt  them  all  as  paupers  to  some  distant  part 
as  she  had  done  the  Acadians. 

A  tract  printed  at  Kdin!)urgh  in  ITOi,  but  voices  the  gen- 
eral feeling  which  had  been  created  against  (Jatholics,  when 
it  advised   the  government  "  chiefly,  to  search  out,  with  re- 
wards for  discovery,  and  make  public  examples  of  those 
j)higues  of  society,  disturbers  of  iMaiikin(l,aii(l  constant  source 
of  mischief  to   lis  in  these  i)arts~whatever  .lesuits,  Moid<s, 
Priests,  etc.,  can  bo  apprehended  anywhere  throiigliout  the 
whole  country  eastward  from  the  Mississippi  and  Iberville."  ' 
The  country  west  and   southwest  of  the  Mississippi  was 
Htill  in  Catholic  hands,  but  the  su])i)ression  of  the  provinces 
of  the  Society  of  Jesus  in  French  and  Spanish  territory,  left 
many  districts  without  priests,  and  the  faith  of  the  people 
was  gradually  yielding  to  decay  like  the  ciumljling  tenant- 
less  churches. 

Darhness  as  of  night  was  settling  on  the  land,  but  it  was 
the  darkness  that  precedes  the  dawn. 


'  "  The  Expodicncy  of  Securing  our  American  Colonics." 


41 


ADDITION  TO  PAGES  105,  200. 
The  band  of  missionaries  who  set  out  in  1028  reached  Santa  F6  on  Whit- 
sunday, one  of  the  number,  Father  Martin  Gonzales,  dyin,!,'  on  tlio  wiiy, 
Missions  were  at  once  be^un  among  the  Ihinianas,  Piros,  and  Tonipiros 
by  Fathers  Anthony  Artiaga,  Francis  of  the  Conception,  Tlionias  of 
San  Diego,  Francis  Lctrado,  Diego  de  la  Fnente,  and  Francis  de  Azevedo. 
An  Apache  mission  was  iinderlakcn  by  Fathers  Biirtholoniew  Hnniero 
and  Francis  AIuuoz.  Father  John  Ramirez  planted  his  mission  cross  at 
Acoma.  Father  Roquc  de  Figueredo,  a  missionary  of  great  aljility  and 
experience,  already  versed  in  several  Indian  languages,  and  a  good  nni- 
sician,  undertook  the  conversion  of  the  Zuni  nation^  taking  up  his  risi- 
dence  at  the  town  of  Cibola,  with  Father  Augustine  de  Cuellar.  Tuc 
Franciscans  encountered  great  opposition  licrc,  the  people  being  strong- 
ly attached  to  their  idolatrous  rites  ;  but  they  finally  triumpiied^  Sorno 
of  the  leading  chiefs  souglit  instrnction,  and  after  being  tested  were  bap- 
tized on  St.  Augustine's  day,  HViQ,  Fafiier  Rotpic  having  on  that  day 
erected  an  altar  in  the  plaza,  and  oiTcrcd  the  holy  sacrilicc  before  ad- 
ministering the  sacrament  to  them  and  to  the  infants  of  some  catechu- 
mens. 

Father  Porras  and  his  cojnpanion,  Father  Andrew  Gulierrez,  encounter- 
ed similar  obstacles  at  :Moqui,  but  at  last  triumphed  by  what  seemed  to 
Father  Perea,  a  miraculous  change  (Pcrca,  "  Verdadera  Kclaeion,"  "  Sc- 
gunda  Rclacion  "). 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Abadejo,  Father  Joseph 494 

AiiNAKis.  .2;i8.  3:57.  594,  596,  00:}-4 

AuiQiJiu 525 

Acadia 431-8 

acadians 422-9 

AcEVEDO,  Fiitlior  Anthony  do, 

212 ;  Hev.  Peter  L 404,  409 

AcoMA 119,  186,  200,  208,  312, 

521,  525 

Acuco 119 

Adayes 490-0 

Aduian  VI.,  Pope 103 

Agueda,  Ven.  Maria  de 197-8 

Ar.iiESKouK 290 

AoKETTi,  Mgr.  Claudius. 08,  79,  80 

AitASisTARi,  Huron  Chief 229 

Ainai 485 

Ako,  Michael 536 

Alabama,  Ciiurch  in.  112,  129-131, 
545-555,  504-7,  580,  591 

Alameda 525 

Alamo,  Father  Gonzalo  del. . .  143 

Alamo 499 

Alaxa,  Joseph  Xavier  de.   . . .  472 

Albadesa,  Father  Josepli 494 

Albanei,,  leather  Charles.  .284,  328 
ALBUiUiUEUcjtiE,  San  Francis- 
co or  San  Felipe  de 522,  525 

Aleman    y    IIurtado,    Rev. 

J-  M 181 

Aloonquins 816 

Alibamons 553,  572,  584,  589 

Allemangel,  Pa 394 


FAGE 

Allouez,  Father  Claude,  2<)7  ; 
Vicar  General,  208,  274,  270, 
277,  320  ;  Deatii,  331 ;  Bishop 

St.  Vallier  on 535 

Ai,mem)ai!EZ  do  Toledo,  Rt. 

Kev.  Alouzo  Ilenriquez 163 

Alpuente,  Father  John  do. . .  513 
Altiiam,  Father  John.  .40,  42, 

53,  54  ;  Death 54 

Amalingans 596 

A5fACAPi 456 

Anacostan  Indians 58 

Analisa,    Father    Lawrence, 

killed 207,  208 

Anda,  Father  Mariano ,501 

Andue,  Fatiier  I;Ouis  275,  277 

Andhew  of  tiie  Assumption, 

Father 215 

Akne,  Queen  of  Enirland,  pro- 
tects Maryland  Catholics,  300; 

Acadians  422 

Anne  Arundell  Co 09 

Anselm  de  Tiangres,  Father. . .  5^0 
Anthony  of  the  Ascension,  F.  215 

Anthony,  Father 500 

Antonico • ]  57 

Apaches  204,  503.  .504,  .508 

Apalaohes.  .108, 164, 107,  ISO, 
4.58,  401,  463  ;  at  Mobile,  552,  .5.54, 
56S,  573,  ,501 
APAnicio,  Father  Francis  .  504,  507 
Aponte  y  Lis,  Father  Cajctan.  .502 
Apoquinimink,  Mission  at 369 

(643) 


644 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

AnAMiPiNCHicwK,  Mary SSO 

Akana,  John  de 125 

Ahhizu,  Falher  Joseph,  killud.  520 

AiuHiiiAU    42 

AiuiAi,,  Siunuel  322 

Ahiuaca   . .   529 

AiuzoNA,  Churfh  iii 520 

AiiK,  Tiio,  aiulTlie  Dove,  briug 

out  Pil;j;niii.s  to  MaryhiiKi. . .     39 
AiiKANSAH,  Chinch  in.. 539,  544-5, 

572,  570 
AuKAKSAS  Iiuluiiis.315,  539,  544-5, 

072,  570 

AuHioi-A,  Don  Andre  do 455 

AiiiioYO  Honda  490 

AurKAOA,  Hev.  Malhias  Joseph  500 

AiiTiit,  Hev.  Uicardo 153 

AiUNDKM.  ol'  Wardour,  Thoni- 


AxACAN. . .    ...  132,  147-150 

Ayala,  Juan  de.  Governor  of 

I'^Jo™!'! 458 

Aykta,  F.  Francis.  .181-2,  200,  211 
Avij,«N,    I,ucas  Va.s<pi(^/,  do, 

101-7  ;  Rev.  Simon  de 102 

^^Y8 4i)o_  .(1)4 

Ayudale 402-3 

AzEVEDO,  Fatlicr  Anthony 519 

Bad.uoz,  TBrother  Anthony, 
152;  killed '. .  154 

Raez,  Brother  Dominic  A  iijius- 
tino U?,,  1.(4 

Bauena,  Fatlier  T^nalius 4!)7 

Bauia  del  E.^piritu  Santo,  Tex- 
as   497,  49S 

BAii-LOQtJET,  Father  Peter  . . .  328 


"•''•''"'•^' ^.25,30,33    R,,,„.p .,^_„3 

.10.),  172,  178,  179  I  Baltiiazat!,  Falher 187 


AsAo. 

AsAi'isTA 325 

AmiiiiCY,  Fal.ier  James 407 

AsinoN,  Fatlier  John 435 

AsiNAis    Indians    (.■^ee    Ceni.-i, 

Texa.'^) 214,  480,  485 

Asoi-o,  O.ssibaw  Island 154 

Ass.vriTA 537 

AssENDAsE,  Peter 297-8 

AsriHi  ANo,  n  Priest 110 

AiTAKArAS,  Loiwsiana 438 

Attwooo,  Father  P.  .3^0,  371,  405 

Ai  in;rtr.  Fatlier  John  B 589 

Ai'itEiiY,  FallK  r  Joseph 594 

AmitY,  Hev.  Nicholas 218 

Afcii,  Arehliishop  of 543 

Ai'i.NAY  de  Charnisay 240 

Al'?,NEAt',  F'ather  Peter 029 

At'SoK.  Father  Miehael,  152; 


BAi.TiMoiiE,  Bdiediet  Leonard.  371 
Bai.timoue,   Sir    George  C,d- 

verl,  Lord 28,  30,  32,  31 

BAM'tMoiiE,  Cecil,  Lord. 37-51,  379 
Baltimoue,    Charles   Calvert, 

I.ord 371 

BAi.TiMoitE,    Charles   Calvert, 

I'ord 371-380 

BAi/riMouE,  Third  Plenary 
Couneil  of,  solicits  Canoniza- 
tion of  Falher  Jou'ue-^,  Bene 
Goiipil,  atid  Catharine  Tc^a- 

koiiita 234 

BAi-VEunK,  Father  Joseph  Nar- 

vac/. 514 

BaSos,  F.  Joachim... 502,  504,  508 

Bahnahas,  Fatlier 591 

B.MtoN',  Falher  Denis 014 


killed,  154  :  Father  Peter  . . .   152    IlviutiiitA,  Father  DIeiro  Joseph  531 
Ariui:HVii,i,E,  Ossernenon  . . .     330  |  Hahhoso.    Falher  Christopher 

AVAI.ON,  Newfoundland 30- 1  |      Alphonsns 510,512 

AvENKAtT,  Fatlier  Claude.  .828,  B24 
Avii,A.  Falher  Frat-cisde.  ,152,  155 


Alphonsns 510, 

Bai'doi'in,     Falher     Michael, 
572;  Vloar-Oenerttl 583 


INDEX. 


645 


PAOK 

Baxtek,  Jervia 88 

Bayagoulab 543 

Beadnall,  Father  James,  ar- 
rested   443 

Beauhois,  Father  Nicholas  Ig- 
natius   558,  569 

Bkaumku  R;)pi(]s 200 

Beaumont,  Fatlier  Francis... .  370 

Belen,  N.  M 525 

Bi:i,r,OMONT,  Earl  of  . .  350-8,  010 
Belthan,  Fiithcr  Bernardino, 

185-0  ;  Fatlier  Manuel,  killed  213 
Benavides,  F.  Alon.sodo.  .195,  199 
Bexezet,  Anthony',  sjiupatliy 

for  Acadiiins 434 

Bennkt,  Father  John,  370-7  ; 

Puritan  Commissioner 73 

Bei!Asc-ula,  Father 159 

BEHcuEii,  Rev.  J.  .541,  543,  551,  5r)S 
Beunaiie  dc  los  Anjri'Us,  F..  173 
Behnaudine  dc    Crespy,   Fa- 

tl'ci' 238,  243 

BEnNAi.,  Father  John,  C'lMos 
of  Xew  3Ie.\ico,  305  ;  kijk'd,  207 

Bkh.saldez,  Hcv.  Peter 107 

Behhoa,  Captain  Stephen  dc. .  400 
Besciiefeh,  Father  Thierry. . .  2S:j 
Bkhwo.n    do    la    Garde,    Kev. 

John  Peter (J17 

Beticia,  Father  Gregory  de. .  122, 

135,  133 

BiARD,  Father  Peter 219-233 

BiUAis  500^  .503 

BiENcouiiT,  Sieur  de 231 

BlEKViM.E,  John  dc,  Governor 

of  Louisiana 548,  551-2,  5')0 

Bid  Heaver,  Mission  at 014 

BidoT,  F.illuT  James,  337;  Fa- 

th'T  Vincent 594,  590-7 

BiNNETEAu,  Father  Julian,  . .  037, 

644,  594 

Bi.ACK  Code,  The 504 

Bi.ADEN,  T.,  Governor  of  Ma- 


PauE 

ryland,  Proclamation  against 

C^atholics ...  4o(j 

BocQUET,  P.  Simplicius.  .  030,  033 

BonEMiA,  Md ;;()8-9,  403-4,  440 

BoisuiiiAM',    Pierre    du    Giiai 

<1" 548,  558,  501 

BoLSAS,  Chief 514,  517 

Boniface,  Father 295-8 

BoNii.i.A,  Father  Francis,  153  ; 

Captain  Louis 186 

BoNNECAMP,  de.  Father  Joseph 

Peter 013 

Bordenave,  Rev.  M 543 

BoiiuoY,  Father  Anthony.. 214,  480 

BoiTNi)  Brook 305 

BounuoN,  John 233 

BuAVO,  Father  Diego 173 

BuAV,  Rev.  Dr.,  Conmiissary.  353 
Buf:uEii.',  F.  John.  .  .234,  243,  348 

BuENT,  George  97 

BuESSANr,  Father  Francis  Jo- 

sepli 331-3 

IluETTON,  "William 70,  70,  78 

i'liriTAix,  TJonel,  convert.. .  .  306 
BiiocK,  Father  John  (Poulton 

Ferdiniuid),  Superior 53,  55 

Bi!0(Kiioi.i:s,     Anthony,    87 ; 

Father  Cliiirlcs 370 

BiiooKE,  F.  Robert,  first  Mary- 
land Priest.. 84,  340,  354,  303,  871 

BiiowN,  Doctor 383-4 

BuowNE,  Hichard 70 

Bm;vAs,  Father  James.  .  .284,  2il0, 
293,  294-5,  297-8,  304,  iM) 

BuENO,  Father  Salvador 183 

Bill,.  Father. 101 

BiissoN,  Father  Luke 831 

CAinozA  de  Vaca 110 

Cahezah  de  Altamirano,  Rt. 
Rev.  John,  Bisho])  of  Santi- 
a.ijo  de  Cubti,  159;  makes 
visitation  of  Florida 100 


HI 


646 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Cabot 13,  100 

Cadrera,  John  Marquez,  Gov- 
ernor of  Florida. .  . .  173,  178.  179 
CADALLOt",  Rev.  Ur.  Joseph  . .  494 

Cadillac,  Gov.  La  Motte 620 

Caddodaciios 481 

Cadina,  Father  Francis  Gomez 

lie 306 

Cahaha  nso 

Caiiokia.  . .  .536,  559,  561,  578,  586 

Calabazas.     ...     529 

Caldkuon.  Rt.  Rev.  Gabriel 
Diaz  V'lira,  IJishop  of  Santi- 
nu;o  tie  ('iil)a,  makes  a  visita- 
tion of  Florida 168 

Callisteu,  II 434 

Calsaoa,  Father,  killed.  . .  207-9 
Calvkrt,    Henedict   Leonard, 

apostasy  of ...  371 

Calvert,  Charles  79 

Calveut,  Sir  George  (sec  Lord 

Ralliinore).    28 

Calvert,  Leonard  .  38,  51,  54,  62, 

68,  6« 

Calvo,  Rev.  ,\ntonio 163-4 

Camarda,  Rev.  Pedro  de  la.. .  162 
Cami'ana,  Father  .John  n.  ...  172 
Campos,  Fallicr  .Vuicustine  de  .  527 

Canary  Islands 490 

Canter,  Father  Louis,  123-5; 

killed 126 

Can(,o,  Governor  of  Flori<la.  .157-8 

Candeleras 524 

Caniras ...  594 

Cai'M.las,  Father  .Tohn,  first 
Provincial  of  Santa  Klena  de 

la  Florida 161 

CAi'r(iiiNs.23rt-*<,  243.  565,  5tl8,  etc. 
Cahiionel,    Father    Anthony, 

.513,  517,519;  killed ".  ,   520 

Cardenas,    Pinilla  y   Runio.s, 

Rev.  John  I^rnatliiH 500 

Caukttk.  Father  Ijoiiis  575  I 


PAOR 

Carew,    Father    Henry,    83 ; 

President  of  the  Mission 96 

Cariieil,  Father  Stephen  de.  .281'- 

294,  297,  303,  328,  332,  536 

Carlos,  Province..  ..103,  172,  1T9, 

456,  472 

Cakniceria 4<j,-, 

Card  v  SEr.\A8,  Rev.  Manuel . .  :m 
Carreha,  Father  John  de  la. .  14:5 
Carroll,  Charles.  .371,  376-7,  408, 
410,  416,  m,  453 
Carroll,  Dr.  Charles,  apos- 
tate   4io_i 

Carroll,  Most  Rev.  John 386 

CasaSas,  Father  Francis  of 
Jesus  Mary,    214,  480,   481, 

513,  518;  killed  ,--,00 

(,'asas  Grandes uy 

Case,  Father  James 377 

CastaSon,  C!apt iHO 

Castellanos,  Father  Manuel .  484 
Castillo,  Jua.i  del,  Rishop  of 

Santiago  de  Cuba 1.(4 

Castro,  Father  John  Munoz 
de,  513;    Custos,   518,   519; 

Father  .Vnthony 533 

Catakocouy 330 

Catholics,  excluded  from 
Maryland  .\ssenibly  in  l(!.->2, 
73;  deprived  of  Cliapcl  at 
St.  Mary's,  3.")6  ;  disiraneiiised 

in  all  the  colonies 305 

Catiti,  Alonzo 206,  511 

Cavelier,  Rev.  John 340 

Caviioa  Mission. 255,  286,  297,  303, 

007,  616 

CEoiLirs,  Father 573 

(^EDAR  Creek,  Pa 394 

Cen-is 214 

Cerov,  Georire I'iO-l 

Cervantes,  Father .\nthonyde  l(«l 
CiiALLo.NEH,  Rt.  Rev.  Richard, 
Vicar- Apostolic  of  London   .     95 


INDEX. 


647 


PAGE 

CiiAMPLAiN,  Samuel  de...  .223,  225 
CiXAi'iiL-iiousE,  used  in  Mary- 
huul  to  comply  with  Queen 

Anne's  permission 363-4 

ClfAPITOULAS 591 

CiiAUDON,  F.  John  B.C23,  625,  627 

C'liAHLEMAGNE,  Father 420 

CiiAUi-EH,  F.,  Carmelite... 552,  562 
CfiAULES  V 103,  106 

ClIAUI.KHKOUT,  a.  C 134 

CiiAUi.Evoix,    Father   Francis 

X.  de 559,  564 

Chaulotte  Harbor 1 13 

CuAUTiiES,  Bishop  of 543 

CirAUcmcTiEHE,  Fatlier  Claude  309 
Chaumonot,  Father  Peter  J. 

M 248,  250,  255 

CiiAUVUEULX,  Rev.  Mr. .... .  430 

CiicKDEViLLE,  Kev.  Mr 340-1 


Chehes 190 

CuiCAOO 537,  530 

C'liic-KAHAWS 573,  575,  585 

Cmi.oMACON  or  Chitoniaclicn, 

Chief  of  Pi.'^cataway 53 

CniPPEWA  Creek 322 

CiiirPKWA  Mission 268 

CIIIPPEWAB 228,  208,  310 

Choctawb 572,  584 

CnoMAs  or  .Tumanas 481 

CiioPAiiT  573 

Ciiozah,  Father  Peter  Fernan- 
dez de 152-3,  159 

Ciu'iicir,  Major     598 

UiU'ucii  of  Knjiland  established 

in  Maryland 346.  380 

Cia 180,  190,  194,  512,  519 

Ciiioi.A 115-7,  118.  119 

CicuYK  or  Old  Pecos  . .  .119, 121-2 

CtPiAH 200 

CisNEHos.  Rev.  John  de 173 

Ci-Auow.  Father 187,  li»0 

C-l,AY»ouNE  .  .  .32-3,  44.  4.S,  62.  73 


Clerke,  Robert 50,  70 

(-'ociiiTi 512,  519,  525 

Cocoa ,1512 

CoLiGNY,  Admiral 1:34 

Collet,  Rev.  Luke 561,  614 

Colombikre,  il.de 543 

CoLUMBUB,  Christopher   . .  11,  100 
Company  of  the  West, 558,  563,  569 
Compostela,  Rt.   Rev.  Diego 
Evelino  de.  Bishop  of  Santi- 
ago (10  C^uba,  sends  Visitors 

to  Florida isi,  463 

Cf^CKPcioN,  La  Purisima 507 

CoNCiios IH6,  212 

Concord 448 

conewago 391,  420 

CoNi-nurATioN  in  Florida,  160, 
170,  469,  476 ;  in  New  Jlex- 
ico,  213  ;  in  Texas,  .500  ;  in 
New  York,  617;  at  La  Prairie  307 

Conm:r,  Philij) 20 

CoNTRERAS,  Father  Biniaven- 
turede,  514;  Father  John  (h'  133 

CooDi:,  97  ;  Hev.  John 315 

Coopi:r,  Father  John (iO 

Coosa 128-9 

CoPLI.Y,     Sir     Lioiiil,     Royal 

Governor  of  Maryland 340 

Copley,  F.  'Ilios.  (i'iiilip  Fi.sh- 
er)..38,  40-7,  5;i,  m,  58,  63,  69,  75 

CofiUART,  Father  Godfrey 029 

CoRCiiADo,  F.  Andrew 187,  190 

CoRNWALEYH,  'I'honuis.OO,  49,  02,  03 

CoKNWALLis,  Governor 424 

CoROAs 543 

CouoNAno,    Francis    Vasque/. 

de. 114,  118,  130 

CJoRDOHA,  Father  Peter  de  ...  102 
CoRPA,  Fnllier  Peter  dc,  152  ; 

killed   153 

CoiiUAL,  Father  Anthony  dc. .  514 
CoRVERA.  Father  Francis,  510- 
13,  518;  killed 520 


643 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

<'<'«v  129-iao 

CouKRiEK,  Rev.  Joseph 577 

Couture,  \Yilliam 229 

Coxi 50(5 

Cubes 316 

(;he8pel,  F.  Emmanuel  613,  637-8 
CuKspo,    Rt.    Rev.    Benedict, 
Bishop    of    DuDingo,    visits 
IS'ew  Mexico,  523  ;  visits  So- 

norii 528 

CuowN  Point,  Fort  at 612-3 

CuiiEHO,    Governor    of    New 

Alc.xico 521 

ClI,UAC.\N 123 

{'iMni-.Ri.AND  Island 142 

Ci  I'AYCA,  Apalache  town 164 

(TIUAMES 186 

Cusiieniiopen,      Cussahopen, 

(see  Goslienhopen) 445 

Cyprian,    Rev.    Ignatius   Au- 
gustine    497 

Dahlon,  F.  Claude..  .248,  252.  272 
I)AKOTA8(see  Siou.\)..316, 619, 627-8 

Dale,  Sir  Thomas 222 

Da.ndkadi:,  Rev.  V.  F 158 

Damim.,  Colonel 4.'>9,  460 

I)'.\ii(ii:\so.\,  Viscount,  Gov.- 
<Sen,  of  Canada. 281 

D'AUTAOUIETTE .WS 

Daidin,  Rev.  Mr.    4:50 

Davion,  Rev.  Anthony. .  .539-542. 

545,  .w;} 

Davis,  Father  Peter !!77 

Daza,  Fallier  John 513 

DE  Bivvniois,  Father  Xicholiis 

Ignatius tui),  .'i73,  .5.S1-2 

PE  HoiiiOMONT   623-4 

DE  UitEiiEiK,  Father  John..,.  224 

DK  Cai.meiies,  Governor 609 

I»K  Caiiiikii,,  F.  Slenhen    619,  621 
DE  Cot  HCEi.i.Es,  Governor  of 

Ciiniida 283 


Deer  Creek,  Md 413 

DE  Guyenne,  Father  Alexis..  .572, 
575,  585,  587 
DE   LA   Barre,   Governor   of 

Canada 3-0 

DE  la  Bretonniere,  Father 

James  Q (J07 

DE  la  Cuasse,  F.  Jo.seph.  .594,  602 

DE  LA  FRENliiRE ,')8H 

DE  LA  Lande,  John 233 

DE  LA  Marche,  Father  Dom- 
inic  624 

DE      Lamberville,      Father 
James,  298-9,  312,  333,  611 ; 

Father  John 295,  297,  332-4 

DE  LA  MoRiNiE,  Father  John  B ,  586, 
589,  590,  629,  633 
DE  LA  RinouRDE,  Father  Ga- 
briel, 321-3;  killed 325 

DE  LA  RiciiARDiE,  Father  John  629 

DE  LA  Verenduye,  Sieur 029 

Delaware,     Early    Catholic- 
ity in ,%9 

Del  Campo,  Andrew ]2l 

Dei.iialle,    Father    Nicholas 
Rernardinc  Con.stantiue,  620 ; 

killed fio.f  i].)^ 

Dr:i,(iAi)o,  Friar  Marcos,  killed  462 
DE  LiMooKS,  Father  Joseph.. .  542 
Delino,  F.ither  Anthony.    . .     626 

De  .Mont's  Island 218 

De.mau,  Falhi  r  Chcnihin 62,"» 

Denonville,  Governor...  530,  503 

HE  Xoi-E,  Fnlher 2a"5 

Deperet,  Father  Anthony. ...  612 
i)'l>ci!AMiiAii,T,  Rev  .Tames  A    595 

DE  S\iNT  Castix,  Baron .'136 

DE  Haint  (^osme.   Rev.  .Lihn 

Francis.  .■ifO-2,  544  ;  killed   .  5,-)0 
DE  Saint  Vai.i.ier,  .ToIim  \V\\v 
tU\  de  la  Croix  de,   Spe(  nd 
Bishop  (if  Qu(l)ec.327,  .'!42.  .'>31-5. 
638,  543.  546.  .557,  561,  5(i3,  595 


INDEX. 


649 


PAGE 

D'esmanville,  Rev.  Mr 340 

DB  Syhesme,  Father 604 

Detkoit 630 

Devernai,  F.  Julian.. 579,  589,  633 

d'Heu,  Father  James 611-13 

Diaz,  Father  Joseph 519 

DiCKEN:*ON,  John 457 

DiDiEii,  Rev 580 

DiEri'E. 134 

DiEZ,  Father  Joseph 513 

DiGGEs,  Father  'I'homas 407 

D'Olbeau,  Father  John 224 

DoLLiER  de  Casson,Rev.Mr.284,311 
DoMi.Nic  of  the  Annuuciution, 

Father 128-131 

Dominic  of  Jesus  Mary,  Father  514 
Dominic  of  St.  Dominic,  F. . ..  128 
Dominic  of  St.  Mary,  Father. .  127 
DoNGAN,   Col.    Thomas,   Gov- 
ernor of  New  York.. .  .89,  97,  333 

Dokantes 110 

Don  AY,  Father  Annstasius...  .340-1 
DouGnonEOAN  Manor.   . .  .363,  435 

Dofoi.As,  William 89,  368 

DouTREi.EAU,  Father. 570,  573,  574 

Druili.ettes,  F.  Gabriel. .  ..238-9, 

241-2,  258,  275-7,  317 

Du  Bois,  Rev.  Mr 283 

Dr    BnKi:n.    de    Pontbriand, 

Bishop 583,  016,  031 

Du.iAtiNAi,  F.  Peter  .  .579,  029,  633 
Du  LiU'T,  Daniel  Greysolon. . . 

Dt'MAB,  Father  .Tohn 572, 

Dii  Pi.Kssis  de  Mornay,  Rt. 
Rev.  r,()iils  Francis,  Coadju- 
tor of  Quebec,  and  Vicar- 
General  for  r-ouisiana  

Di'  PoissoN,  Father  Paul,  573  ; 

killed 573 

Diiui,  F.  Victorin.  .  .553,  573,  5S0 

Dii'i-is,  Zaehary 252 

Di;iiA\,  Father  Andrew,  206; 
Father  Roderic 187 


324 

580 


564 


PAGB 

DuuAND,     Father     Justinian, 

prisoner  in  Boston 423 

DuHANGo 523-4,  538 

Du  Ru,  Father  Paul 543 

Du  TuET,  Brother,  killed 323 

Easton,  Pa 4,53 

EC1.IA 108 

Elizacociiea,  Rt.  Rev.  Mar- 
tin de.  Bishop  of  Durango, 

visits  New  Mexico 523-4 

Ei.  Paso 211,  .519,  524-5 

ELZEARde  St.  Florentin,  Bro..  243 

Enjalran,  Father  John . ,  320,  328, 

334,  619,  631 

Eriwomeck,  N.  J 86 

EscALONA,  Father  John  do,  191, 
193  ;  Brother  Louis  (John  of 
the  Cross),  118,  120;  killed..  123 

Escambia  River 129 

Escobar,  Father  Francis 193 

EsPE.io,  Antonio  de 185 

EsI'INOSA,  F.  Ildefonso,  530  ;  F. 
Isidro  Felis  de,  483-5,  493  ; 
F.  John  of  Jesus,  killed.  .  207-8 
EsriRiTU  Santo,  Iliver  (.Missis- 
sippi), 108  ;  Bay 340 

Ehi'Konzicda,  Rev.  John  Fran- 
cis  500 

Estrada,  Brother  Peter  de.   ..  100 
Eti:ciiemins,  Mission  to. .  337,  504 
Evi;i,i.no  de    Couiposicla,    Rt. 
Hev.   l)i(';,^o,  Bisho]>  of  San- 
tiago de  Cuba 456 

Pai.kner's Swamp(Poltsgrove)  893 

Farean,  Father  Fraiieis, .  .206,  517 

Farmer,  Father  Ferdinand. .  .387, 

420,  446,  448 

Farrar,  Father  .lames 407 

FtCNWicK,  CuthlK'rt  .  .49,  03,  70,  72 

Ferdinand,  Father ,'91 

Feria,  Father  Peter  de.. ..  12S,  DO 


Oi")0 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Fkhnandez  de  Santa  Ana,  Fa- 

tlior  Boiiedict GOl 

Fkunaxdin.v  (IViisiicola  Bay).  VZH 
FioiiKKOA,  Father,  killed. . .  .207-8 
FisiiKH,    Father    Philii)    (see 

Copley). 
FirzuKKUKUT,  F.  Francis. 75,  70,  79 
FiTzwii.i.iAM,  Father  John... .     79 
Fi.oKKNciA,  F.  Franeis  de... 454-5 

Flokida,  Church  in 100,  454 

Fi.oYi),  Fatiier  Franeis 877 

FoNTc'iuiiiouTA,  Father  Michael, 

SuperiorofTexas Mission, dies  480 
FoitoKT      l)iiviinai;u,      Uev. 

Franeis 578,  500 

Foiisri:ii,  F.  Michael. 79,  8!},  90,  95 

Four  IJcauharnois 027 

FoiiT  Caroline l;J4,  l:!9 

FoHT  Chartres. .  .558,  560,  578,  588 

Four  ( 'revocdMir iWU 

Four  (le  la  Kiviereaux  Bocufs.  Ol;J 

Four  Duquesnc 014 

Four  Frontcnac 330 

FoiiT  Hill 001 

Foi'.r  l/ouis,  [,;i  548 

Four  .Miiehault 013 

Four  Mose 47;J 

Four  Oniatenon 020 

Fou  r  Peoria 5!!9 

Four  Presentation 014 

Fou  r  Pres((uilc 013 

F«)UT  St.  Anno 28:5-1 

Fdut  St.  Frederic,  Chai>el  in..  012 
Four  St.  Louis,  328;  (Texas)..  340 

Four  Toulouse 581 

FoiTcAn.T,  Bcv.  Nicholas,  544; 

killed .'545 

ForciiKU,  Kev.  John  Baptist..  578 

FoxKH  lOulngamis) 274,  025 

Fox  llivcr 277 

Francis  of  Jesus,  FatluT.  ...  519 
FitVNCisoo  Ai,oNso  of  Jesna, 

Father,  Provincial  of  Florida  103 


PAQR 

Frankfout ;;o4 

FuAstiUiLLO,  Chief  of  Moquis.  209 

FuicDiiuicK,  Aid.,  Mission  at..  451 

Frkmin,  Father  James.  .  .2.53,  284, 

280,  305,  308,  311.  332 

FuoNTENAC,  Count  de 320,  OO!) 

FUKNTES 1^,5 

Gaiiuiki,  de  Joinville,  Father..  210 

Ga(;i:,  Father  Charles 91-2 

Gaondn,  Bev.  Jose|)h. .  . .  5i'>l,  .■)77 
GAr.iNiK),     lU.     Bev.      Philip 
Charles,  Bishop  of  Guadala- 
jara   483 

Gamnee,  Bev. Rene  Brehautdc  311 

Gai.isteo 51 1,  ,524 

Galleoos,  Uev.  ,Iohn  de Ill 

Galve,  Count  of 511 

G.\NDAOU.\auE 281,  295,  298 

Gan-nao.mk) 29.'),  ;!34 

Ganneaktena,  Catharine.     30,5-',' 
Ganzahai,,      Father      Jo.seph 

Francis,  .501  ;   killed .502 

Gauac-ontiiik,  Daniel,  287-8, 
293;  death,  302-3;  the 
younger 010 

GAUAICOKCItEA,  F.  Jolui  (ie.  .  .    ,521 

Gauanoouas,  Margaret 009 

Gauay,  Francis 108 

Gaucia,  Bev.  Bartholomew, 
103  ;  Father  Bartholomew, 
.5(M),  .509  ;  Father  Di.vro  Mar- 
tin, ,500  ;  I'^ather  John  124 

Gaucia  de  Palaci^  .,  Bt.  Bev. 
John,  Bishop  of  S.intiago  do 
Cuba,  convenes  a  Synod  ....  174 

Gaudau,  See  of 10 

(Saudneu,  T.uke 74 

Oaumku,  Father  Charles,  kill- 
ed, 243,  248;  Father  Julian.. 2.'^5, 
297,  303,  332,  Oil 
OABONniAOuft  (sec   Hot    Cin- 
ders). 


INDEX. 


661 


Gaureau,    Father    Leonard, 

MS;  killed 258 

Gahiuiciio,  Father (iSO 

Gauza,  He  v.  Joseph  de  la 497 

Gahpau,  Father 573 

Gabi'Ksianh,  Mission  to 3H7 

Gaston,  Hev.  Mr.,  killed 577 

Gai'i.in,  Hev.  Anthony 505 

Gawhn,  Father  Thomas,  Supe- 
rior in  Maryland 83 

Geioeu's  House,    Salem    Co., 

N.  J 39.-),  448 

Geouoia,  Catholieity  in.  154-5, 172, 
178-9,  437-8,  458 

Geuaui),  Riehard 39 

Geuauu,  Sir  Thomas 19-20 

Gkuhaud,  Thomas 70 

Gkhmain,  Father  Charles 004-5 

GlOliMANTOWN 394 

GiciiVASK,  Hev.  Mr.,  5^9,  550; 

Tliomas 40,  48 

GiKi'AHi),  Ht.  Rev.  Bonaven- 
tura,  Viear-Apostolie  of  Lon- 
don, 95,  375  ;  death  of 370 

Gila  River 118 

Gn.iiEirr,  Sir  Ilumplircy.  .19,  22-3 
Glass  House,  Salem  Co.,  N.  J.  449 

GoDiNO,  Rev.  flannel 158 

Goi.niNci,  Father  Edward.   . .       82 
GoMi:/.,  Francis,  107 ;  Brother 

Oahriel,  147;  killed 140 

Gomez  dc  Pahna,  Rev.  John..  103 
Go.MEZ  de    Parada,    Ht.    Hev. 

John,  Hisliop  of  Guadalajara  500 
GoNANNiiATEMiA,  Franees....  608 
GoNZAi.i.s,  Brother  Vincent. . .  150 

Goocu,  Gov.  of  Virginia 408 

Oounii.T.o,  Francis 104 

GouDoN,    Father    Mark    An- 
thony,   015;    Father    Peter, 
308  ;"  Lieut. -Gov.  Patrick.. .  .  387 
G()siiENiroPEN.387,  392,  420,  445-0 
fiouENTAdiiANm,  Susan 000 


PAGE 

GoupiL,  Rene,  229  ;  killed 230 

GuANDFONTAiNE,  Chevalier  dc  330 
GuASHOEFEU,  F.  Jolm  Baptist.  529 
GuAviEU,  Father  James,  328; 

Vicar-General 535,  548-9,  552 

Gray  Nuns 540 

Gheaton,  Father  Joseph. 380,  390, 
404,  419 

Gueen  Bay 274,  270,  329,  019, 

022,  027 
Green,  Thomas,  49  ;  Govern- 
or of  Alaryland 00-70 

Guadalajara,  Bishop  of 21)3 

gu.\i)alquini 172,  178 

Guadalupe,  N.  M 525 

GuALE  (Amelia)  Island...  .144,  158, 

171,  178 

Quandape,  San  Miguel  de 100 

GuAY,  Rev 595 

Guerciieville,  Antoinette  dc 

Pons,  Marchioness  de. . .  220-222 
GuEiiitA,  Father  Antonio,  212  ; 

Father  Joseph 494 

GuEVAVi 520-0 

i  GuioNAS,  F.  Louis  Ignatius.. .  027 

j  Gui.KK,  Father  Nicholas. .  .82,  318 

Gutierrez,  Father  Andrew..  200 

GrvMONNEAU,  F.  John  Charles  550 

IIackett,  Rev.  Mr 31 

Haddock,  Father  James  .  371,  377 
Harding,  Father  Robert  .3Hft,  407, 
410,  4-10,  448 
Hardy,  Sir  Charles,  Governor 

of  New  York.. 488 

Harlay,  Most  Rev.   Francis, 

Arelihishop  of  Rouen 240 

Harrison,  F.  Henry...  .91-2,  07-8 
IIartwell,  Father  Bernard.  .05-0 
Hakvky,    Father   Thomas,    in 

New  York 90,97-8,849 

Hatton,  Eleanor 74 

Hawkins,  Sir  John KM 


652 


INDEX. 


PAOR 

IIawley,  Jerome  iS'J 

llEBnoN,  John  and  Joseph 78 

Hennepin,  F.  Louis. .  .88,  331-324 
Henky  a  Sancto  Francisco,  F. .  82 
Heunandez,   Itev.   John  An- 

tliony 474 

lIicKoHY  Mission 413 

IIiDAi.oo,  F.  Francis.  .481,  484,  490 

lIiTA,  Rev.  Pablo  dc 172 

HoALisA,  Fatlicr  Manuel  do. . .  406 
IIoBAUT,  Father  Basil,  82,  96. 

848 ;  dies  851 

IIoiKisoN,  Father  Thomas 370 

Holidays  of  Obligation .  175-0,  209, 
374,  453,  503 
Holy  Cro-ss  Island,  first  Chapel 

in  New  England  on 218 

Holy  Family,  confraternit}'  of 

the 302 

Holy  Orders,  first  conferre<l  in 

1074 170 

HoNoiiATua,  Father 115 

Hot  CiNDEUs,  Chief..    ..  800,  300 

HoTiiEUSALL,  Thonia.t 83 

HowAiiD,  Henry,  Hp.  of  Utiea, 

Coadjutor  of  Bishop  OilLu-d.  370 
HuNTSU,  Father  George,  444, 

449 ;  Father  William  . .  .348-350, 
354,  303,  377 

HcuoNS 213,  204,  208,  019-23, 

020.  029 
HuTcniNsoN,  Lt.-Gov.,  sym- 
pathy with  Acadiaiis 431 

Huve.'Hcv.  Alex. .  .540,  552-;?,  505 

HvAiiNTH,  Father 573 

Hyslop,  Father  Clement 368 

Iceland,  Catholicity  in 16 

Icm-sE  or  Santa  Hosa  Bay 129 

Ici.NATU-H  of  Paris,  Father 239  j 

Illinois  Indians 273,  270 

Illinois,  Church  in 310-7,  320, 

334,  338,  C35-9,  541-4,  etc. 


PAilF, 

Ijimaculate  Conception,  Mis- 
sion of  the  (Ka.skaskia).  .538,  558 
Indian  Reservation  (Maryland)    73 

Indiana,  Church  in 823,  530, 

579,  020 

Ingle,  Captain (jo 

Inscuiption  Rock i-)24 

luEN^us,  Father 590,  591 

luisii  Papists 373,  440 

Isle  la  Motte. 283 

Ibleta 199,  200,  524 

Jackeis,  V.  Rev.  Edward 319 

Jamay,  Father  Denis 224 

James  II 97 

James,  Sir  John  384 

Jemez.119,  190,  194,  517,  518,  520, 

522,  525 

JiCAUiLLA  Apaches  ,524 

J00UE8,  F.  Isaac  .  .57, 128-233,  235 

John  Fkancis,  Father ,580 

Jones,  Grifllth. 307 

John  M.vtthew,  Fntiier,  505  ; 

styles  himself  Vicar-Apostolic  505 
John  of  .Tesus,  F.,  killed  .208,  h\l 
John  of  St.  Mary,  F.,  killed  .  184 

JoLLiET,  Louis 312-5 

J0NE8,  Rev.  Hugh 404-7 

Ji;uiLEE,  First  in  Canada 2l(i 

.riTCHEniCAU,  Sieur 545 

JuiF,  Abbe,  at  Yazoo 5.59,  573 

Ji'.MANAH  (I'atarabueyea,   Clio 

mas) 180,481,  197,213 

Kaskabkia 558-9 

Kaskaskias  .  .310-7,  320,  544.  557, 

500,  580,  589 

Keler,  Father  Ignatius  Xavier  529 

Kknnehkc 320 

Kent  I.sland 4t,  78 

Kehkhen,  Father  Joseph  I'ran- 

cis  de 559 

Keweenaw  Bay 203 


<,  I 
if 

I 


INDEX. 


653 


FAOE 

Key  West 450 

KicKAPOos 625 

KiEFT,  William 331 

KiNGDON,  Father  John 404 

Kl  TTAMAQUINDI 53 

Knoi,le9,  F.  John,  46  ;  dies  . .     47 
KuYN,  "The  Great  Mohawk"  890, 

306 
KuiiN  or  Kino,  Father  Euse- 
bius  Francis,  536  ;  death. . . .  528 

L\  Bazares,  Guido 12S 

La  CaSada  (Villa  nueva   de 

8anta  Cruz) 519 

La  Coi.ombiere,  Rev.  Joseph 

de 545 

La  Dukantaye 330 

Laguna 525 

Lajus,  Father  John  Baptist. . .  612 

Lake  Erie 311 

Lake  Ganentaa 249 

Lake  George 233 

Lake  Meganti(! 598 

Lake  Piniiteouy 500 

Lai.emant,     Father    Charles, 

234  ;  Father  Jerome 846 

La  Motte,  Sicur  de 831 

Lancaster,  Pa 391,  420 

La  Pointe  du  St.  Esprit 267, 

271,  375 

La  Prairie 300,  305 

La  Roche  Daim.on,  F.  Joseph  324 

Las  Ar.AH,  Stephen  de 140 

La  Sam.n'eta 306 

La    Sai,i,e,    Robert    Cavelier, 

Sieiir  de  la. 311,  333-3,  326,  340-1 
Lastra,  Father  Peter  do  la. . .   173 

La  Saussaye,  Sieur  de 221-3 

Laudonniere,  Rene  de 134 

Laurens,  Rev 578 

Lauveujat,  Father  Stephen  .  599, 

601,  604 
Laval  de  Montigny,  Rt.  Rev. 


PAGB 

Francis,  Bishop  of  Petrsca, 
and  Viear-Apo.stolic  of  New 
France,  259,  203,  208,  270, 
307,  809,  312  ;  resigns,  342 ; 

death 343 

La  Vente,  Rev.  Henry  Roul- 
leaux  de,  first  pari.sh  priest 

of  Mobile  ...   540-7,  551-3 

La  Vigne  Voisin 552-3 

Le  Baron,  I)r 94 

Le  Boui.i.enger,  F.  John  .  .558-9 

Le  Caron,  Father  Joseph 224 

Le  Clerc,  Rev.  Mr 436 

Le  Clercq,  Father  jraxiinus.  340 
Lefevre,  Father  Nicliolns. . . .  584 
Le  Franc,  Father  JFarin  Louis  033 

Leguand,  Father  Pacomc 578 

Leisler,  Jacob 97 

Le  Jeune,  Father  Paul 225 

Le    Maire,   Abbe,   430,   436; 

Hev.  F    549,  550,553 

Le  3Iei!cier,  Father  Francis. .  253 

Le  JIotte,  Father  James 407 

Le  Moyne,  Father  Simon,  247, 

251,  281  ;  death 283 

Leo  of  Paris,  Father 288 

Leonard  of  Chartres,  Father  .  287 
Leonard,  Father  Hoiiaveiiture  020 

Le  Pei'it,  Father 570,  573 

Le    Predeur,    Father    John 

Jimiea 539 

Lerdo,  Rev.  John  de 163 

Le  Roy,  Father 584 

Les  Ali.e.mands 508,  573,  591 

Letrado,  F.  Francis,  killed  . .  300 

Lewoar,  John 50,  54 

Lewis,  Father  John 419 

Leyhurn,  Rt.  Rev.  John,  Vic- 
ar-Apostolic of  England,  and 

then  of  London 95 

Liberty,  religious,  established 
in  Maryland  by  Catholics, 
49,  70 ;  abolished  by  Puritans    74 


654 


INDEX. 


LiNARKS,  Brother  Peter  de, 
143;  killed 

LiPAN  Apaches 

Livers,  Father  Arnold 

LoMBARDE,  Fiithor,  killed 

LoKGViLL,  Rev.  Mr  

Lope;;,  Father  Balthazar, 
153-3,  157;  Father  Foliciau, 
457  ;  F.  Franeis,  183  ;  killed, 
184.  190,  195;  F.  Nicholas.. 

Lopez  de  Lara,  Rev.  Casimir  . 

LoRETTE,  C!atholic  Iroquois  at. 

Louis  XIII 

Louis,  Father 

LonisiANA.  .438,  543,  564,  565, 

LoYARD,  Father . . 

Lugo,  Father 187, 

Luna,  Father  Peter  de 

Luna  y  Arell.\no,  Tristan 
de  127 


149 
495 
407 
207 
31 


212 
506 
305 
221 
118 
583 
601 
190 
172 


-133 


Machado,  Dr.  Juau  Ferro,  vis- 
itation of  Florida.      181 

Madawaska 439 

MAGUNscnr 393 

Maine,  Catholicity  in.  32-38,  318-9, 

231-3,  334-343,  310,  593-005 

Maldonado,  Father,  killed. . .  207 

Maitre,  Hev.  Mr.,  killed 281 

Manciiot,  Oneida  Chief 334 

Manners,  George 70 

Manneuw,  Father 420 

Manseij.,  Father  Thomas,  363, 

368  ;  dies 377 

Mante,  Father  Cosinas  de.-338,  340 

Maquacomen 48 

Mahest,  Father  Gabriel,  538, 
539,  551,  560  ;  dies,  585  ;  Fa- 
ther James  Joseph  .338,  619,  621, 

638-5  ; 

Mareuil,  Father  Peter 611-12  I 

Margit-  of  Jesus,  Ven.  Father         | 
Anthony 486-497  i 


PAUB 

Maria  Ano  Francis  do   los 

Dolores,  Father ,")i)o 

Mariano,  Manuel ijoj 

Marin,  Father  Joseph  Garcia    519 

Mark  of  Nice,  Father.   . .  .115-118 

Marquette,  Father  James. . .  .273, 

275-6,  313-319,  535 

Marquez,  Father  Diego 187 

Marron,  Father  Francis    . . .  1,53-3 
Marseilles,  Bishop  of.  .  .543,  547 
Martinez,     Father     Alonso, 
187-8,  191  ;  Father  Francis, 
341  ;    Father  Ignatius,   509 ; 

Father  Peter,  killed 143 

Mai{yland,  Catholicily  in,  34- 
84,  345-379,  406-443  ;  Map  of    45 

Mascoutjns 374-5,  378,  313, 

540,  025 
Massachusetts,  Catholicity  in.397, 
430-1,  438 
Masse,  Father  Enemond    319-333 
JIassey  a  Sancfa  Barbara,  Fa- 
ther Masstcus 81,  96 

Matacu.mbe 163,  457,  473 

Mathews,  Sir  Toby 86 

M.\tiiias  de  Sedan,  F.ither. . .  .  580 
Matiiias,  Father,  573;  Vi'-av- 

General 583 

Matienzo 104,  100 

Mattapvny,  Mattapanien,  67; 

Indians 73 

Matthews,  Thomas 72 

Mauila Ill 

Maunsei.l,  John 70 

Maxetani 392,  304 

Maximin,  Father 573 

Mayaca 157,  165,  182,  4.57 

Mazanet,  Father  Damian.  .479-81 
Mazuelas,  Father  John. .  .128,  130 
McGawley,  Miss  Elizabeth.. .  882 

Meade  Family 367 

Medoctec 594,  599,  601,  604 

Megapolenbis,  Dominie 231 


INDEX. 


655 


7:1 


•  •  • 

72 

.  .  . 

111 

70 

392, 

394 

•  •  • 

573 

182 

457 

.479-81 

128 

1!)0 

1. . . 

382 

3{i7 

601 

004 

831 

Membkk,     Father    Zenobius, 

321-0,  389-40;  killed 341 

Mencheko,  Father  John 524 

Menard,   Father    Rene,    253, 

255,  202-3 ;  death 866 

Mendez,  Brother  John  Bap- 
tist, 143;  killed 149 

Mendoza,  Antonio  de,  Viceroy 
of  New  Spain,  114;  Father 
Manuel  de,  killed,  463;  Fa- 
ther Peter  de 484 

Mendoza  -  Gkajales,  Rev. 
Francis  de,  first  parish  priest 

of  St.  Augustine 136,  140-1 

Menendez,  Peter..  133,  18,5-6,  139- 
143,  145,  150-1 

Menomonees 274-5,  278 

Meucier,  Rev  John 559,  576 

Mekmet,  F.  John,  545-6  ;  dies  585 

Mesaioeu,  F.  Charles  M 028-9 

Mesorcoques 53 

Metchigameas 315,  580 

Meurin,  Father  Louis  Sebas- 
tian  578,  585,  589,  590 

Mexia,  Lt.  John  Ruiz 401 

Mexico,  See  of 11 

MiAMis 876,  813,  385,  334,  530, 

586,  623-4,  626,  628 

Michigan,  Church  in 228,  263, 

271,  276,  030,  etc. 

MicniLiMACKiNAC. 276-7,  313,  318, 

536,  619,  620,  033 

MiLET,  Father  Peter 286,  288, 

302,  832,  334 

MiNiAC,  Abbe 430 

Minnesota,  Church  in. .  .324,  619, 

627 
Miranda,  Father  Angel,  burn- 
ed alive,  462  ;  F.  Anthony.  .531-3 
Mississippi  River,   . .  311  3,  314-5  j 
Mississippi,  Catholicity  in   . . .  129,  I 
541-3,  550,  55s,  572-4 
Missouri,  Catholicity  in  .  089,  633  1 


Missouri  River 120 

Missouuis 536,  ,545 

Mobile. 463,  490,  546,  568,  573,  591 
Mobilians 553 

MOCANA 171 

Mohawk  Mis.sion.232,  284-6,  29,5-9 

Mohawks 603,  616 

3I01NGONAS 314 

Molin,  Father  Lawrence 336 

Molina,  Father  Michael 508 

MoT,YN-.u-x,  Richard.  .401,  407,  408 
3I0NACO,  Father  Joseph  Mary.  472 
Monte,  Father  Bias  Rodriguez 

de,  142  ;   killed 144 

Montekev,  first  JIass  at 215 

Montesinos,  Father  Anthony 

de 101,  106-7 

Montigny,  Very  Rev.  Francis 

Jolliet  de 539-550 

Montour,  Madame 401 

Monts,  Pierre  du  Guast,  Sieur 

de,  218;    first  settlement  on 

Neutral  Island 218 

MooHE,  Governor 4,59 

^loQUi 186,  193,  200,  513,  524 

JIora,  Father,  killed 207 

^louADOR,     I'^ather    John     of 

Jesus,  killed 207 

JNIoRAL,  Father  Alonso  del.  170, 172 

MouAiN,  Father 837 

3roRAND,  Father  William  F. . .  584 
MoRELL  de   Santa   Cruz,   Rt. 

Rev.  Peter  Augustine,  Bishop 

of  Santiago  de  Cuba 47.5-6 

Moreno,  Father  Anthony,  519; 

killed 520 

Mornay,  Bishop  Du  Plessis. . .  576 

Mosi.EY,  Father  Joseph.   449 

MOULTON,  Col 603 

Mountain,  ili.ssion  of  the 305 

MuSiz,  Father  Michael 510 

MuS'oz,  Father  Francis,  642; 

Father  Peter 492 


6o6 


INDEX. 


Nacogdoches.  .  .49a,  495,  490,  507 

Nambe 519 

Nanipacna 129 

Napociiies 129 

Naiivaez,  Pamfilo  tie 108 

Nassoni;* 490 

Natchez   559,  5(59,  573 

NATcniTOCiiES...490,  509,  578,  591 

Navajos 201,  524 

Neai-e,  Archbishop 382 

Neale,  FathiT  Benedict,  392, 

407,  413  ;  FiUlior  Henry 419 

Neoho  Plot,  New  Yorlf 399 

Nkutijai,   Island,    Chapel  on, 

218;   Map  of 217 

New  Albion,  Plowden's  Colony    80 

New  Amsterdam 231 

New  Jersey,  Catholicity  in.  .89,  448 

New  .Mexico,  Catholicity  in. . .  .189 

etc.,  510  etc. 

New  Ohi.eans 5CG-7,  573,  591 

Newiowx,  iMd 70,  78,  444 

New  Youk,  Catholicity  in. 90-1,  97, 

247-302,  332,  334,  433,  438,  007-10 

NiA(iAUA,  Chapels at.322,  334,  012-3 

Nicolas,  leather  Lonis 270 

NicETowN,  Pa .382 

Nicholson,  Lieut. -Gov  ...  97,  347 
No.MitUE  de  Dios,   at  St.   Au- 
gustine. . .   137,  151,  105,  404,  400 
NoiuuDGEWALK,        Norridg(v 

wock 241-2,  594,  590,  003 

NouTHMEX,  Catholic 11 

NoUU.MBEOA ....      22 

NoiiVEL,  Father  Henry 270-7, 

317-8,  328,  530,  022 
NuESTRA  Seiiora  d(>  la  Leche, 

Cha!)el  of 137-8,  404-5 

Nunez,  Father  Michael 497 

OiiKEOON,  F.  Anthony  dc.. 514,  517 

OCCTE 1,59 

Ooi.ETHOUPE,  Qenenil  . . .  .309,  473 


O'Haiia,  Bryan 449 

Old  Village  i'oint 208 

Oley  Hills 394 

Oliek,  Yen.  John 220 

Oliva,  Kev.  Join  de  la 107 

Olivahes,  Father  Anthony  de 

San  Buenaventura  y 483,  491 

OSate,  John  de,  180  ;  prayer 

of 188 

Oneida 285,  302,  000,  009 

Onondaga.  . .  .247-254,  250-7,  281, 
285,  207,  007-11,  010 

Opelousas 438 

OnAYlil 513 

Ore,  F.  Louis  Jerome  de. .  155,  102 

Orista 144 

Ortega,  Father  Diego  de 198 

Ortiz,  Kev.  Alonzo,  1J2;  F. .  474 

OSAGES 530 

Ospo 155 

OssEUNENON 229,  282-3,  285 

Otehmin,   Governor  of    New 

.Alexico,  205 ;   Cuts  his  way 

out  of  Santa  Fe 200 

Ottawa  River 223 

Ottawas.  .  .202,  207,  200,  272,  318, 
019-024,  020 

OuACiiiL  Tamait, 540 

Ot'IATENON 578,  580 

Oumaouha,  Illinois  Chief 324 

OtTMAS ,')42 

OuNspiK 540 

Padilla,  Father  .Tohn  de,  118- 

120;  death 121 

Palmer,  Colonel 405 

Palos,  Brother  John  de 108 

Palou,  Father  Francis 504 

Papagos ,'i30 

Paredes,  Rev.  John  de. .  .404,  474 
Pare.ia,  F.  Francis  142,  1.50-7, 159 
Paroa,  Father  John  de,  401 ; 
burned 461 


I 


INDEX. 


657 


PACIB 

441) 

203 

394 

226 

clii 107 

intlioiiy  de 

y  ...,483,  491 
80 ;  prayer 

188 

5,  302,  (iOO,  009 
154,  250-7,  281, 
or,  GOT-11,  (ilO 

438 

513 

iif  do.  .155,  102 

144 

ijode 198 

1J2;  v..  474 

536 

155 

i29,  282-3,  285 
■  of    IS'ew 
.s  Ills  way 

206 

223 

,  209,  272,  318, 
019-024,  020 

540 

578,  586 

Chief 324 

543 

540 

in  do,  118- 

121 

405 

d(3 108 

;i.s 504 

530 

de...464,  474 

142,156-7,1.59 

.  de,  401  ; 
461 


PAOE 

Parkas,  Father  Peter 504 

Parilla,  Father 501 

Patricio,  Chief  of  Ybitacucho  458 

Patali 461 

Patron  de    Qusman,  Father 

Augustine 484,  490,  497 

Patcxents 48,  51,  58,  76 

Paver,  Father  Francis 530 

Pawnees 545 

Payayas   491 

Peake,  Walter 70 

Peasley,  Mrs 60 

Peckuam,  Sir  George 19,  20,  24 

Pecos.. 189,  190,  199,  205,  512,  515, 

519,  524 

Peinado,  Father  Alonso 194 

Pelcon,  F.  Peter  (Manners). . .  79 
Pelfresne,  Father  Hyacinth .  626 
Pelham,  Father  William,  79  ; 

Father  Henry 79 

Pen  A,  Father  John  de  la 522 

Penal  Laws  against  Catholics 
in  England,  18 ;  in  New 
York,  356-7;  Massachusetts, 
358  ;  Maryland,  351,  359  ;  in 

Virginia 409,452 

PeSalosa,  Diego  de.  Govern- 
or of  New  Mexico  .204,  338,  340 

Penaranda,  Alonso  de 159 

Penicaut 554 

PeScela  y  Almirante,  Mar- 
quis de  la 522 

Peorias 314,  536 

Penn,  William 93-4,  365 

Pennington,  Father  Francis, 

83  ;  Superior 95-6,  348-9 

Pennsylvania,       Catholicity 

in 365-0,  433,  445 

PENonscoTS 594,  601,  604 

Pknsacola 128,  130,  460-7 

Pensacola  Bay 128,  130 

Pentaqoet... 237-8,  310,  335,  337, 
593,  595,  597 
42 


Peorias 58ft 

Perea,    Father    Stephen   de, 

195;  Custos 19ft 

Perdomo,  Father 215 

Perera,  Father  Anthony 480 

Perete,  Father  Francis 170 

Perez,  Father  Francis 165 

Perez  de  la  Cerda,  Rev.  Sebas- 
tian  170,  173 

Perez  de  Mesquia,  F.  Peter. .  484 

Perrot,  Nicholas 328,  329 

Persons,  Father  Robert 27 

Perth,  James,  Earl  of 87 

Peset,  Rev.  Mr 637 

Petatlan  110,  115 

Pfefferkorn,  F.  Ignatius.  . .  531 

Philadelphia 366,  447-S 

Philibert,  Father 573 

Philip  II 133,  143 

Philip  III 159 

Philip,  Father 570,  573 

Phillips,  Father  Vincent 407 

PlANKESHAWS 580- 

PicuKiES 190,  199,  205-6,  519,. 

520,  535. 

PiERRON,  Father  John. 81-2,  285-6, 

303-4,  333 

PiERSON,  Father 318,  336 

PiLABO 300 

PiMAS 530 

Pineda,  Father  Joseph 501 

PiNELLA,  Father  Joseph 501 

Pinet,  Father  Peter,  537,  539  ; 

Rev.  Mr 544 

Piquet,  Rev.  Francis OM-IS 

PiRos 300,  205,  211,  043 

PiscATAWAY,  Md    . .  42,  ,53,  55,  57 
Pita,  Friar  Joseph,  494;  killed  495 

PiZARRO,  F.  John  Moreno 108 

;  Plowden,  Sir  Edmund 80 

PoALA,  Puaray 185,  180 

!  PoiNTE  Coupee. .  .  508,  580,  590-1 
i  PoiNTE  Saint  Ignace 323,  633 


i  \ 


C58 


INDEX. 


\:-.     }0 


PAGE 

PoLANco,  Rev.  Francis  Manuel  500 

Pole,  Father  George 79 

Ponce  y  Caii,vsco,  Rt.  Rev. 

Peter 475 

Ponce  de  Leon,  Antonio,  463  ; 

John 100-3 

PoNCET,  Fatlier  Joseph.  ..244,  247 

Pope,  El 205-6,  511 

PoKRA-   Father  Francis. .  200,  642 
PoKT  Uoyal,  S.  0..  134,  140, 

144  ;  (Acadia) 219-221 

Port  Tobacco 57,  58,  03,  75 

Posadas,  Father  Alonso 204 

PoTANo 1.58,  165 

PoTiER,  Fatlier  Nicholas,  328  ; 

Father 629 

POTO.MAC 56 

PoTor Aco 03 

Pott  AW  ATOM  IE8,  Mission  to  .  .268, 

274,  278 

P0TT8,  John ...     32 

Poi'LTON,    Fadicr    Ferdinand, 
alias  Brook,  55  ;  F.  Tliomas.  407 

PouTUiNcouRT,  Sieur  de 219 

PozADA,  Rev.  Toribio  do 103 

Prauo,  Father  Joseph  Guada- 
lupe  509 

I'ltAiHiE  du  Roeher,  Parish  at.  561 

Priests'  Ford,  Md 413 

Phieto,  Father  Jerome. .  .514,  518 

Puke,  John  70 

Prince.  Mj^r 431 

Puoi-AOANDA  Fide,  Congrejra- 

tion  de Tt'i,  ,59 

I'lEYO,   Itev.   Francis  Gabriel 
•111 464,469 

QiAPPAS 81.5,  326 

QiEHKC 223,225 

Qt  ENTIN.  F.,  221  ;  in  Virginia  223 
QiERETARO,  College  of  Holy 

<"ros8at   496.  509 

(JlERECIIOS .    119 


QPERE8..194,  199,  200,  211,  519,  ,520 

QuExos,  Peter  de 104,  100 

QuiSoNES,  F.  Bartholomew. . .  183 

QtJiNTE  Ray.   . .     226 

QuiRooA  Y  LozADA,  Dicgo  de. 

Governor  of  Florida  179 

QuiRos,  Father  Louis  de,  147  ; 

Ijilled 149 

QuiviRA 119-121 

Reading,  Pa 445 

Rabelo,  Rev.  Francis 474 

Raffei.v,  F..284,  294,  295,  297,  303 

Ragueneau,  Father  Paul 250 

Rag  EOT,  Rev.  Philip .595 

Rai.e,   Fatlier  Sebastian,   ,538, 
596,  598,  600,  602  ;  killed... .  603 

Ramirez,  Father  John 042 

RAPnAEi,,  Father 573,  581 

Rapide  dcs  Peres 277 

Raymuaut,  Father  Charles.  ..  223 
Reuom.kdo,  Dicgo  de.  Govern- 
or of  Florida 105 

Recollects  .   234,  321,  etc. 

Redonpo,  Brother  Christoiiher, 

143  ;  killed 149 

Reynolds,  .lames 447 

Rkynoso,  Father  Alonzo    151 

Rezin;'),     Rt.    Rev.    Dionisio, 

Au.xiliar  Bishop  of  Cuba 404 

RiiiiEi.iEi'.  Cardinal 236-7 

RiDDELL,    Father    Peter,    79; 

Father  William 849 

{{loniE,  Father  Roger,  67  ;  dies    60 

Rio  de  Palmas 108 

Rio  DE  R.\TONEH 472 

Rio  Grande  Missions 488 

Rivera,  Rev.  Christopher  B. .  167 

RiviiiRE  i)i;  Lot'P 887 

RoDRioiEZ,  Brother  Augus- 
tine, 183,  189;  killed.  185  j 
Father  Bias.  152;  killed,  154; 
Father  Josepli 494-5 


INDEX. 


65» 


PAOB 

>,  211,  519,  520 

.  104,  100 

ilomew. . .  18:5 

226 

Diego  de, 

a  1*9 

i  de,  147 ; 

149 

119-121 

445 

8 474 

,  295,  297,  30;J 

Paul 250 

595 

ian,  538, 
killed....  603 

n 642 

.   . .  573,  581 

277 

liarles.  ..  'i'ZS 
,  Goveru- 

105 

,234,  321,  etc. 
:i8toiiher, 

149 

447 

17,0     151 

Dionisio, 
Miba. ...  404 

230-7 

■ter,    79; 

349 

67 ;  dies    60 

108 

472 

483 

|)hcrn..  167 

387 

Augus- 
e.l,  185; 
led,  151; 
494-5 


PAOK 

RoGEL,  Father  John 142-4 

Ro.vEno   Y  MontaSez,   Rev. 

John  Stephen 464 

RoQUE,  Father 200 

Rosas,  Father 187,  190 

RosETTi,  Mgr.  Dom 59 

Rosier,  James 25 

Rouen,  Archbishop  of..  ..226,  234, 
246,  259,  338 

ROUENSAC 536 

RoYALL,  Rev.  John 385 

RuuEN,  F.,  killed  in  Sonora  . .  530 
Ruiz,  Brother  Peter,  143  ;  kill- 
ed, 149 ;  Father  Peter,  152, 
158  ;  Father  Francis 101 

Sabinal  525 

Sachamento 507 

Bacs 274,  278 

Saint  Amand 334 

Saint  Anne  de  Fort  Chartres.  561 

Saint  Anthony 405 

Saint  Augustine,  Florida  .136-7, 
151,  156,  164-5,  169,  458 

Saint  Auoubtin,  Texas  496 

Saint  Clkment's  Island,  llrst 

Mass  in  Maryland  at 41 

Saint  Francis,  Missimi 594 

Saint  Francis  Borgia 142, 

147,  150 
Saint   Francib   Regis,    Mi.s- 

sion  of 618 

Saint  P'ran(,oi8  dc  Sales,  Ab- 

naqui  Mission 337 

Saint  Oenevieve 586,  633 

Saint  Helena 128,  132 

Saint  Iniooes 43,  63 

Saint  John  the  Bapti.it,  River 

and  Land  of 104,  106 

Saint  John's  River 134 

Saint  JosEni's  Chtiroh,  Pliiln..380, 

888.  393,  401,  419,  447 

Saint  JosKPn,  Fla.  .  .456,  400.  472 


PAflB. 

Saint  Joseph's  River. . .  .323,  019, 
620,  028. 

Saint  Lawrence  River 223 

Saint  Mark 400 

Saint  Martin's  River 5,'i4 

Saint  Mary's,  City  of.  .43,  51,  53, 
848,  356 

Saint  Mary's,  Florida 458 

Saint  Mary's  Church,  Phila- 
delphia   447 

Saint  Mary  of  Ganentaa..253,  257 
Saint     Michael's     (Senec'a), 

Church  at,  burned 293 

Saint  Peter's  (Cumberland) 

Island 155 

Saint  Pius  V 143-5 

Saint  Thomas'  Manor 444 

Sakunk 614 

Salas,  Father  John  de 197-8 

Salazar,  Father  Christopher, 

1S7-8;  dies.  191  ;  Father , 

483  ;  Father  Dominie 128-9 

Sai.cedo,  Brother  John. 143 

Salem 394 

Salleneuve,  Father  John  B.  .586, 
589,  030,  683 
Salmeron,  Father  .Teronie  de 

Zarato 194 

Salvador   do    San   Antonio, 

Father 518,  519 

San   Antonio,    Florida,    4."50, 

466  ;  Texas 483,  407,  607 

San   Bt'ENAVENTUnA  de  Goa- 

dalquibi 105,  172,  178 

San  Antonio,  presidio  of 497 

8aN  (  RISTOIIAL 205 

Saniiia .• 195,  199 

San  Dimoo 465 

SANnrsKY 629 

Sandwich 029 

San  Felipe  de  Jesus ."iol 

San  Felipe,, 140,  197,200,512,519 
San  Fernando 498-9 


iLlii 


660 


INDEX. 


PAOE 

San  Francisco  de  los  Texas. .  480 
San   Gauuikl,   second  Settle- 
ment in  New  Mexico 191 

San  Greooiuo,  F.  Peter  de. . .  153 

San  Ildefonso 194 

San  Josi  de  Zapala 165,  172, 

178,  179 
San  Juan  Bautista,  first  Set- 
tlement in  New  Mexico.   . . .  189 
San  Juan  de  los  C'aballeros.  . .  525 

San  Juan  Mission,  Florida 150, 

458,  466 

San  Lazaro 305 

San  Lorenzo 206,  504,  524 

San  Luis 402,  406 

San  Luis  de  Amarillas 502 

San  Luis  Oiiisro  (N.  Mexico)..  200 

San  Marcos 513 

San  Matheo 189 

San  Miouei.,  Father  Francis, 

187:  at  Pecos 190,  193 

San  Miguel,  Churcli  of 516 

San  MiouEii  de  Adayo,  Mar- 

<iuis,  Governor  of  Texas. . . .  494 
San  Mkhei,  (leGuandape,  Va.  106 

San  MiouEi.  del  Hado 525 

San  MrouEi- de  Linares 490 

San  Pedro  Mission,  Fla...l50,  105 

San  Peuro  del  Mocarno 105 

San  Haha 502 

San  Serastian 151 

Santa  Ana 194,  524 

Santa  Catalina  de  Guale. . . .  105, 
172,  178,  458 
Santa  Claha,  519,  525;    dc 

Capoo 201 

Santa  Elena,  (8.  C.)  . . .  128,  lao, 
182,  144,  147 

Santa  Cruz 129-i:i0.  178,  524 

Santa  Ffc,  (N.  M.),  194,  199, 
200,  211.  510,  511,  514,  522, 
.')25 ;  Santa  Fe,  (Florida)  ...  466 
Banta  Lucia  472 


Santa  Maria  Soamca 528 

Santa  Rosa,  Bay,  129  ;  Island  460 
Santiago  de  Cuba,  erection  of 

Seeof  11 

Santiesteban,  Father  Joseph, 

503;  killed 503 

Santo    Domingo,    Provincial 

Council  of 102 

Santo   Domingo   de   Talege, 

105  ;  in  New  Mexico 519 

San  Xavier  del  Bac 527 

Sanz,  Father  JNIathias  of  San 

Antonio 484,  493 

Saonciiiogwa 280,  293 

Sapala  105,  179 

Sata  Yaexa 485 

Saturjova 134 

SACi/r  St.  Mary  .  .271-2,  275.  277, 

312,  310,  334 

Schneider,  Father  Theodore.. 387, 

389,  892,  420,  440,  448 

Schuyler,  Colonel 011-3 

ScoiiAR   de    Sambrana,    Rev. 

Diego 1,53 

Sedel.mayr,  Father 531 

SedeSo,  Father  Antonio 143-5 

Seoesser,  Father  Philip 529 

Seouenot,  l{ev.  Francis 897-8 

Seoura,  Father  John  Baptist, 

Vice-Provincial  of    Florida, 

143;  killed 149 

Seminary  of  Quebec,  Missions 

of 538 

Senat,  F.  Antoninus,  killed , .  5H5 

Seneca  Mission 286,  207,  303. 

811,012 

Senecu 200 

Seville 11 

Sevilleta 800 

Seymour,  John,  Governor  of 

Maryland   854,  850,  358 

8ii.\ni'r.,  Horatio,  Governor  of 

Maryland 416,  417,441-8 


INDEX. 


661 


PAOB 

CA 528 

30 ;  Island  466 
erection  of 

11 

er  Joseph, 

503 

Provincial 

163 

c    Talegc, 

CO 519 

! 527 

as  of  San 

484,493 

280,293 

105,  179 

485 

134 

71-2,  275.  277, 

312,  310,  334 
riicodorc..387, 
,  420,  440,  448 

611-3 

mo,   Rev. 

153 

531 

jnio 143-5 

lilip 529 

iicis 897-8 

II  Raplist, 

Florida, 

149 

,  Missions 

538 

I,  killed .  .  585 

.280,  297.  303, 

Oil,  013 

200 

U 

800 

vernor  of 
.354,  350,  858 
vernor  of 
10,  417,  441-a 


PAOB 

SiGCENZA,  Father  Charles    . . .  455 

SiLLEiiT 337,  594 

SiLVA,  Father  John  de,   153 ; 

Father ,  killed 508 

BiLVY,  Father  Anthony 279 

Simon,  Father 594 

Simon  of  Jesus,  F.,  killed.. 207,  209 
Sioux.  .  .  .269,  310,  334,  619,  627-8 

BiTIMACIIAS 550 

SiTTENSPEKGEn  (Manners),  F .  .393, 

430,  440 
SKALnoi.T,  John,  Bishop  of. . .  11 
Smith,  Ucv.  Peter,  88;  Rev.  —  849 

Smyth,  Anthony 31 

SocouRO 200,  211,  524-5 

BoKOKi  Mifiaion 337 

Soi-ANA,  Rev.  John  Jcseph 404, 

409,  474 
SoLEDAD Hospital,  164;  Chapel, 

409  ;  Mission    466 

8oM8,   Brother  Gabriel,   143 ; 

killed,  149;  Rev.  Lorenzo...  167 

SoLis  de  Meras,  Rev 138 

SONOITAC. 529 

Soto,  Hernando  de 111-118 

SoToi.oNao,  Rev.  Francis  de..  108 
RouEL,  F.  John,  572  ;  killed. .  574 
South  Cahomna,  Catholicity 

in 140,  144 

Stahkey,  Father  Lawrence.  .69,  75 

Stenson,  William 436 

Stephen,  Ne{,'ro...  .110,  114-5,  117 
Steynmi;yi;u    (Fanner),     F'a- 

ther  Ferdinand.  , .  .420,  446,  448 
Stone,  William,  Governor  of 

Maryland CO 

Stourton,  Rev.  Mr 31 

BUBQUEHANNAS 48,  57 

Swan,  Daniel 447 

Stnoi)  of  Santiago  do  Cuba. 
1684,  174 ;  regulations  for 
Florida,  176 ;  of  Quebec. . . .  534 


PAOB 

Tacanes 199 

Tacatacuru  (Cumberland  Isl- 
and)   142 

Taensas  539,  540 

Talon 341 

Tama 1.59,172 

Tamaroib.  .536,  539-541,  544,  550, 
557-559,  578 
Tamabon,    Rt.    Rev.    Peter, 

Bishop  of  Durango 524 

Tampa  Bay 125,  140 

Tanos.  .  .199,  205-0,  212,  610,  511, 
516,  518,  520 
Taos,  Mission  of  San  Gcroni- 
mo. .  .200,  205,  211,  519,  520,  524 

Taragica lC(i,  171 

Tartarin,   Father   Rene 570, 

572,  586 
Tegakouita,  Catharine..  299,  300, 

807-9 
Tegananokoa,  Stephen  ....  607 

Tehuah 518 

TE,rADA,  Rt.  Rev.  Francis  de 
San  Buenaventura,  Bishop  of 
Trioali,   400-471  ;  Bishop  of 

Guadaliijiira 474,  .505 

Te,iua8,  Tc'luias  .205,  211,  520,  523 

Tem,o,  Father,  killed 530 

Teoas,  Ti'juas,  Tcguas. .  .194,  199, 
201,205,  211 

Ticotonharason 249 

Tequesta 144 

Teran  de  los  Kioe,  Domingo, 

Governor  of  Texas 480 

Terheros,  F.  Alonso  Giraldo 

de,  502  ;  killed   503 

Tesuque 519,  534 

Texas,  Chureli  in.  339-41,  470-509 

Texas  or  A.sinais 212,  503 

Thai'MIU  de  la  Source,  Rev. 
DoMiinic  .Anthony.  .544,  .559,  570 

Thevet,  Father  Andrew 210 

Thomas  of  Aipiin,  Father 215 


662 


INDEX. 


FAQB 

TnoKN  BOROUGH,  Thomas 70 

TuouoLD,  Father  George.  .363,  370 
Tuuuv,  Rev.  Louis  Peter.  .337,  594 

TiDDEK,  Father  Edward 79 

TiQUEX 119-121 

TiMUQUANS 161,  178,  180 

Tio.vs,  Tiguas,  199, 211;  submit 

to  Otermin 211 

TioNONTOouEN,  MissioD  at  . .  285, 

296,  304 

TiHso,  Father  Michael 519 

Tl.\8CALans 500 

TocoiiAOA 144 

TocoY 157 

ToLE.MATO  (1)  on  Amelia  Isl- 
and, 153  ;  (2)  near  St.  Augus- 
tine  477 

ToLOSA,  Father  Diego  de,  124 ; 

killed 125 

ToMK 525 

ToMPiuAS 198,  211 

ToNiCAS 539,  553 

ToNTY,  Henri  de 323-4,  539 

TopoQui     153 

ToKouo 456 

ToiiKi:,  Nichola.s  de  la,  Bi.shop 

of  Santiago  de  Cuba  164 

TOTONTEAr 110 

Thacy,  Maniuis  de 283 

TitAMUEPAiNilc  Sf.  Augustin, 
Mother  Mary,  founds  Ursii- 
linc  Convent,  New  ()rlean,s, 

509-570  ;  dealli 581  j 

Till  xii.i.o.  Rev.  Rodrigo  Oar-         i 

eiado 152  [ 

TuuAC 529 

Tucson,  Presidio 530  i 

Tri.PEiiAiu:\  392 

Ti'MACACoiu 529 

TrpATU,  fiouis 511  i 

Tiupin,  Mary,  becomes  an  Ur-         | 

miline 560 

TrsATAN 191  i 


Urango,  John  de,  Bishop  of 

Santiago  de  Cuba 137 

Urciha,  Father  Anthony  de...  170 

Ukiza,  Father 47.4 

Ukrutia,  Don  Toribio  de 507 

Ursumne  Convent,  New  Or- 

leans 570-I 

Ury,  Rev.  John 399 

UsACiiE,  Father  Joseph 4(17 

UsEDA,  Father  John  de 172 

Vacapa 11,5 

V  AHOMONDE,  Father  Anthony.  514 
Vaillant  du  Gueslis,  Father.. 304, 

611,  620 

Vallarde,  Father,  killed 207 

Varei.a,  Father  Renediet 503 

Vargas,  Rev.  Alonso  de,  163 ; 

Father  Francis 519 

Vargas  Zapata  Luxan  Ponce 
•     de  Leon,  Diego,  reconquers 

New  Mexico 510-6 

Vaulet,  Very  Rev.   Dominic 

Mary,    Vicar-General,    555 ; 

Bishop  of  Ascalon 550-7 

Varredo,  Father  Joseph 168 

Vatieh,  Father  Leonard  ....  620 
Vega    Castho,    Damian    de, 

Governor  of  Florida 164 

Velasco,    Louis,   Viceroy    of 

Mexico 127 

Vei-asco,  Don  Luis,  Indian. .  .140, 

147,  150 
Velasco,    Father    Ferdinand, 

205  ;  Fatlier  Francis 192 

Vei.astoi.a,    Father    Francis, 

152;  killed 155 

Vera  Ciu'z 12s 

VEunuoo  do  la  Silvcyra,  Rev. 

Peter 164 

Veroaka,  Father  Gabriel  do, 

4«4-5.  490;   Brother  192 

Vermont,  Catholicity  in  . . .  ,283-4 


INDEX. 


663 


ViCAHrATE-AposTOLic  of  New 
France,  259;  Vicariates- Apos- 
tolic established  in  Missis- 
sippi Valley  and  suppressed. .  337 

Vicak-Apostolic. 505 

Victoria,  Father  Anthony. .  .  118 

ViLLALBA,  Father  John  de 402 

ViLLAFANE,  Angel  de 182 

ViLLANUEVA  de  Santa  Cruz.  .  519 
ViLLAKEAL,  B.  Fraucisde. .  142, 144 
ViLLE,  Father  John  Mary  de  .  559 

ViNCENNES  Register 579 

ViNiEORA,  Brother 1,57 

Virginia,  Catholicity  in 32,  57, 

97,  100,  408-9,  418,  437 
ViROT,  F.  Claude  Fran.,  killed.  014 
ViTRY,  Father  Peter  de,  581  ; 

made  Vicar-General 583 

ViviER,  Father  Louis 579,  585 

Vizcaino,  Sebastian 215 

Walsh,  Robert 430 

Wapeler,  F.  William. 387,  389, 390 

Warren,  Father  William 79 

Watrin,  Father  P.  F..585,  580,  589 
Watteaux,  Father Melithon.. 321-2 

Weas ,580 

Wkhtrrook,  Colonel 001 

Wev.mohtii,  Capt. ,  voyage 
connected  with  Catholic  Set- 
tlement  25-0 

Wiieteniiam,,  Father  Ilcnry..  Z"l 
White,       Father       Andrew, 
founder    of    the    ^Maryland 

Mi.ssion 40-2,  48-9,  53-4,  04 

WiiiTEMARSii,  Mission  of  Saint 

Francis  Borgia 4.50 

WiHTORAvi;,  Father  James  . .  377 
WiCKsTED,  Father  Polycarp  . .     82 

Wilkinson,  Rev.  Mr 84 

WiLLART,  Brother  Nicholas  . ,  851 

WiM-cox  Family.   307,  885 

William  III 845 


PAQK 

Williams,  Father  John 451 

Winnebagoes  274,  278 

WiNSLADE 25 

Wisconsin,  Church  in 205-0, 

274-9,  338-9,  619,  022 
Wood,  Father  William.. .  .363,  370 

WOODBUIDOE,   N.  J 90 

Wriotiiesley,  Henry,  Earl  of 
Southampton 25 

Xahame  Mis.sion 491 

XfMENEz,  F.  Diego..  .502,  504,  .508 
Ximeno,  Father  Custodius. ...  532 
Xuarez,  Father  John.  108, 110,  111 
Xumanas  (see  Jumanas). 

Yamassees  179,  405,  460 

Yascomocos 43,  46 

Yatases 490 

Yazoos 540,  559,  572,  574 

Ybarra,  Governor  of  Florida.  101 

YBiTAciTcno 458,  402-3 

Ye,  .John,  Gov.  of  Pecos.  .205,  515 

Yeo,  Rev.  Mr 84 

YauASA  Nation 460 

YoNG,  Capt.  Thomas 86 

Yu-MAS 212 

YuQUAYUNQUE  (San  Gabriel). .  119 

Zaboleta,  Father  John  de, .  .  212 
Zac.\tecas,  Apostolic  College 

of,  founded  by  Vcn.  Father 

Margil  482-4 

Zamora,  Father  Francis,  187 ; 

at  Picuries . .  190,  192 

Zapata.  Father  Diego 497 

Zapoteca  Indians 121 

Zavaleta,  Father  ,Tohn 513 

Zeinos,  Father  Diem. 514,  510,  518 
Zevallos,     Brother     Sancho, 

147;  killed 149 

ZiA  524 

ZcSl 180,  193,  200,  512,  521 

ZcSiOA,  Governor  .loseph  tic. .  459 


